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Swan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"79802",title:"Bats and Ecosystem Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101600",slug:"bats-and-ecosystem-management",body:'Many ecosystems worldwide have become more threatened than ever before through many anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, deforestation and different kinds of pollution. Healthy ecosystems are crucial for human wellbeing improvement, since they provide various ecological services (e.g., insect suppression, pollination, seed dispersal, water and air purification, stabilization of soils, decomposition of wastes, binding of toxic substances, mitigation of diseases, mitigation of floods, and regulation of climate, etc.), many provisions (e.g., food, fuel, fiber, and medicines), and cultural benefits (e.g., esthetic, spiritual, educational, and recreational) [1]. These processes and products are commonly referred to as ecosystem services [2, 3] and have been duly recognized by the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [4, 5].
Furthermore, ecosystem services mainly depend on the type of ecosystem as well as the organisms that they constitute. In this chapter, the ecosystem services provided by bats are considered. Bats have been on Earth for over 52 million years [6], with over 1400 species worldwide. They are classified as the second-largest mammalian order with great physiological and ecological diversity [7]. Due to their diverse behavioral, roosting, and feeding habits, many species of bats roost during the daytime in foliage, caves, rock crevices, hollows of trees, beneath exfoliating bark, and different manmade structures [8, 9, 10, 11]. While during the night, bats fill the sky to forage on a variety of food items ranging from insects, nectar, and fruit, to seeds, frogs, fish, small mammals, and even blood.
Bat-human interrelationships are probably as old as humanity itself. However, the oldest bat fossils are estimated to date back to the Eocene, exceeding 50 million years ago [6]. These nocturnal, fast-flying, and secretive mammals may have been as enigmatic to human ancestors as they are to most of us today. The ancient coexistence of people and bats has been translated into enormous historical and contemporary cultural representations of bats in local folklore [12, 13, 14]. This ancient connection exquisitely celebrated in abundant reddish-terracotta rock paintings of bats was made by hunter-gatherer colonizers of the northwest Amazon during the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene transition [15]. Human still considers bats to be loathsome and fearful creatures, despite the countless research investigating the contributions of bats to the ecosystem and the benefits they provide to human wellbeing [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21].
Contrary to popular belief, bats do not attack people; they do not get tangled in people’s hair; and even vampire bats are not real vampires (vampire bats lick blood but do not suck blood). Underlying these negative sentiments are relatively pervasive associations between bats and death [22, 23], witchcraft [24, 25, 26], vampires [27, 28, 29], malevolent spirits [30, 31, 32], and evil [33, 34].
Across much of Europe, disdain and fear of bats are largely embroiled in Church doctrine, where bats are often used to symbolize Satan [35]. However, elsewhere (particularly throughout Southeast Asia, China, and Japan), bats are also associated with luck and good fortune [13, 36] and used as spiritual totems [37, 38]. Among several indigenous groups in Mexico, bats have been considered messengers from the underworld and important symbols of fertility [39].
Furthermore, as human numbers increase and people encroach deeper into the remaining natural habitats, human-bat interactions are becoming more frequent, often with undesirable consequences for both humans and bats.
Human-bat conflicts often arise from damage to buildings or as a result of noise/smelly caused by synanthropic species [14, 40] or due to fruit crop invasion by frugivorous species [21, 41]. These are other key areas in which ethnobiological work can substantially contribute to support evidence-based and culturally sensitive strategies aimed at reducing negative feelings toward bats.
An ecosystem is a system consisting of biotic and abiotic components that function together as a unit. The biotic components include all the living things whereas the abiotic components are the non-living things. Thus, an ecosystem science definition entails an ecological community consisting of different populations of organisms that live together in a habitat. Ecology, which is the scientific study of the interactions between populations or between organisms and the environment, can be viewed at the level of an individual, population, community, or ecosystem. Ecology at the level of individuals is mainly concerned with the physiology, reproduction, and development of an organism. At the level of population, ecology deals primarily with the attributes and the various factors affecting the population. At the level of community, ecology investigates the interactions between populations and community patterns. At the ecosystem level, ecology brings them all together to understand how the system functions as a unit [42].
Ecosystem services are the benefits obtained from the environment that increase human well-being. Economic valuation is conducted by measuring the human welfare gains or losses resulting from changes in the provision of ecosystem services. Bats, which live on all continents except Antarctica, are essential members of many types of ecosystems, ranging from rainforests to deserts. By fulfilling their ecosystem roles, bats promote biodiversity and support the health of their ecosystems. Due to the rich diversity of dietary habits of bats, ranging from species that feed on insects and other arthropods to those that feed on fruit, nectar, and flowers, they have long been postulated to play important roles in ecological and economic services. Moreover, other species that feed on seeds, frogs, fish, small mammals, and even blood also play important roles in ecosystems as predators or prey in ecosystems sustainability. Modifying ecosystems to facilitate socioeconomic development is necessary but how can we avoid damaging important ecosystem services? As a prerequisite, we need to understand how ecosystem services contribute to people’s livelihoods and well-being.
Bats have long been known as the main contributor to remarkable ecosystem benefits, are significant suppressors of agricultural pests [43, 44, 45, 46], consume important disease vectors, such as malaria-bearing mosquitos [47], with an important role in seed dispersal, pollination, material and nutrient distribution, and recycle [48].
One of the most troubling problems of the farming industry is insect pests, which affect crop production worldwide. Inhibitors of natural insect pests such as bats, as major predators of arthropods, provide valuable ecosystem benefits for crops cultivation [48, 49]. Indeed, herbivorous arthropods destroy approximately 25–50% of crops worldwide [50, 51], in response to these threats, it is clear that the application of synthetic pesticides has increased which in turn has led to several unintended consequences including human health risks, degradation of ecosystem function, evolved toxicity resistance by pests, and severe alterations in the agribusiness dynamics [50, 52, 53].
Indeed, the elimination of beneficial vertebrate predators that act as biocontrol of insects, such as bats, insect species that are not normally considered pests are often elevated to pest status [53, 54]. Thus, the promotion of biological controls can reduce the widespread and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides [55]. About 99% of potential crop pests are limited by natural ecosystems [53, 56] of which some fraction can be attributed to predation by bats [57]. For example, a colony of 150 big brown bats (
Insectivorous bat species (a) big brown bats (
Therefore, insectivorous bat species, which largely feed on airborne insects and other arthropods, considerably contribute to the suppression of insects that harm the agricultural industry or transmit specific pathogens to humans, consequently contributing to the maintenance of ecosystem stability.
Another important ecosystem service provided by bats is pollination. Although, bat pollination is relatively uncommon when compared with bird or insect pollination, it involves an impressive number of economically and ecologically important plants [63]. Plant-visiting bats play a remarkable role in facilitating reproductive success and the recruitment of new seedlings [48]. For instance, bat-pollinated columnar cacti (Cactaceae) and agaves (Asparagaceae) are among the most important species as dominant vegetation elements in arid and semiarid habitats (Figure 2) [48].
A lesser long-nosed bat (
Furthermore, seed dispersal is a major way in which animals contribute to ecosystem succession by depositing seeds from one area to another [64]. Frugivorous bats play a tremendous role in dispersing the seeds of tropical trees and shrubs to produce fleshy fruits as 50–90% of these trees are adapted to the consumption of vertebrates [65]. Generally, frugivorous bats help maintain the diversity of forests by dispersing seeds across different ecosystems, often introducing novel plant species into previously disturbed landscapes [64].
In contrast to predation, which is an antagonistic population interaction, pollination, and seed dispersal are mutualistic population interactions in which plants provide a nutritional reward (nectar, pollen, and fruit pulp) for a beneficial service [48]. Indeed, frugivorous bats as well as nectarivorous bats provide valuable ecosystem services by pollinating plants, dispersing pollen, and thus helping to maintain the genetic diversity of flowering plants.
Bats offer an important multisensory role in assessing ecosystem health either by directly contributing to regulating services to agricultural production or indirectly by providing forage and nesting habitat for pollinators and seed dispersers. To some extent, bat guano has great ecological potential for soil fertility and nutrient distribution, as bats sprinkle them over the landscape overnight, they facilitate nutrient redistribution within ecosystems [66]. In other words, bat guano supports a great diversity of organisms including arthropods, fungi, bacteria, and lichens representing different trophic levels by supporting their ecosystems [67].
Moreover, bats have enormous potential as bioindicators of both disturbance and the existence of contaminants [68]. They show taxonomic stability, trends in their populations can be monitored, short- and long-term effects on populations can be measured and widely distributed worldwide [68, 69, 70]. Since insectivorous bats occupy high trophic levels, they are sensitive to the accumulations of pesticides and other toxins, and changes in their abundance may reflect changes in populations of arthropod prey species [71]. In particular, changes in bat numbers or activity can be related to climate change, deterioration of water quality, agricultural intensification, loss and fragmentation of habitats, fatalities at wind turbines, disease, pesticide use, and overhunting [68], and hence bat populations are affected by a wide range of stressors that affect many other taxa. Overall, there is an urgent need to implement a global effort for monitoring bat populations, to ensure that their role as bioindicators can be used to their full potential.
Estimating the economic importance of bats in agricultural systems is challenging; however, the bats value in pest suppression illustrates an important agricultural service by increasing the monetary gain of farmers, and consequently supporting food security [49]. They consume enormous quantities of insect pests that cost farmers and foresters billions of dollars annually [59]. In USA, due to the fact of insect pests are eliminated by bat predation, the estimated value of bats as a result of reduced costs of pesticide applications is in the range of $3.7–$53 billion per year [66]. These estimates include the reduced costs of unnecessary pesticide applications to suppress insects consumed by bats [72].
Bats provide substantial ecosystem services worldwide, and their benefits to human economies are not limited to agricultural pest control. For example, pioneering research in tropical ecosystems shows the importance of plant-visiting bats in the pollination of valuable fruit crops [73, 74]. There are 289 Old World tropical plant species, which rely on pollination and seed dispersal services by bats for their propagation, providing human with about 448 products in a variety of categories, for instance, wood products (23%); food, drinks and fresh fruit (19%); medicine (15%); dye, fiber, animal fodder, fuel wood, and others (43%) [57]. In addition to some cash crops such as wild bananas (
Bats provide some of the world’s finest natural fertilizers known as Guano [78]. Since there are high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous in guano [79], it provides some of the world’s finest natural fertilizers [78]. For instance, in Texas the Brazilian free-tailed bat guano has been extracted for fertilizer in thousands of tons from Bracken Cave alone with the current retail sales ranging from $2.86 to $12.10 per kilogram [78].
Finally, it is important to recognize the extraordinary value of bats to ancient and contemporary traditions and science. Recently, bats provide esthetic contributions through cave visits, nocturnal tours in national parks, and educational nature programs. Like other wildlife recreational activities, bat watching is considerably growing [80]. Besides providing adventure and life memories to the public, it generates income for the communities and companies involved [80]. For instance, Congress Avenue Bridge, one of the largest urban bat colonies in the USA, is visited by 200–1500 visitors every evening with a value of $3 million per year [80, 81]. Bats also commonly appear as symbols or logos in popular movies (e.g., Batman), products (e.g., Bacardi rum), and holidays (e.g., Halloween), and all major revenue-generating endeavors [82]. Moreover, many novel technological advances have been inspired by bat echolocation and locomotion, such as sonar systems, biomedical ultrasound, sensors for autonomous systems, wireless communication, and BATMAVs (bat-like motorized aerial vehicles) [83]. Also, in the medical sector, the saliva of vampire bats with its anticlotting chemicals has been investigated as a potential anticoagulant for people who are at high risk of blood clots and strokes [84].
Although, some of these services provide direct benefits to humans (e.g., food, fuel, fiber, and fertilizer), most ecosystem services offer indirect benefits (e.g., pest suppression, seed dispersal, and pollination). Often, little attention is paid to “free” services provided by ecosystems either because the benefits of the services are not fully understood by decision makers or because the benefits accrue to non-owners of the ecosystem providing the service [48]. Information on nonmarket values of ecosystem services can be used to inform decisions regarding whether to protect existing ecosystem services, improve the current provision of ecosystem services, or restore previously lost ecosystem services [4, 85].
Finally, although much of the public and some policy makers may view the precipitous decline of bats worldwide as only of academic interest, the economic and ecological consequences of losing so many bats could be substantial. Thus, a deeper understanding of bat-human inter-relationships, the importance of bat diversity, and ecosystem management is crucial for healthy ecosystems and human well-being (Figure 3).
Ecosystem services provided by bats by
The management and protection of ecosystems are essential to the functioning of ecosphere processes and for the well-being of the biotic and abiotic components of the Earth. Different sectors of society view ecosystem management in terms of their own economic, cultural and societal needs. Management should involve all stakeholders and balance local interests with the broader public interest. Effective ecosystem management depends on both cultural and biological diversity, the dynamic relationship within a species, among species and between species and their abiotic environment, as well as the physical and chemical interactions within the environment [87].
There are different perspectives of environmental management, one of which deals with human needs as central such as protecting a young forest because it may be able to be logged in the future which is known as anthropocentric perspective. While the egocentric perspective deals with the needs of environments as central, for example allowing farmers to extract less water from the river to permit more water to flow downstream [88]. Thus, we must appropriately value and manage ecosystems because of their multiple values to humanity and/or because of their value to other ecosystems and both scenarios lead to a healthier environment and more human well-being.
As human numbers increase and people encroach deeper into the remaining natural habitats, human-bat interactions are becoming more frequent, with often undesirable consequences for both humans and bats [14]. However, bats are often considered keystone species, as they play an important role in many ecosystem services [89], bat populations are declining worldwide mainly because of habitat destruction [90] and increased population control [91, 92]. Additionally, the lack of knowledge about bats makes them an easy target for disease-related fears [93, 94, 95] and a potential target for persecution [28, 96].
Indeed, bat management requires a comprehensive approach that must consider the development of culturally appropriate strategies that minimize zoonotic health risks and support bat diversity and its associated ecosystem services [97]. However, even with some communities expressing positive attitudes toward bats, bat control efforts and roost destruction are significant threats to the taxon. Thus, healthy comprehensive management depends on a robust understanding of the importance of bat diversity and emphasizes the non-lethal actions by the general public, health officials, and pest/wildlife managers [98]. It is essential to document people’s relationship with bats and to incorporate these perceptions into educational efforts and management decisions, consequently increasing the potential for successful conservation efforts. While comprehensive management can be more costly in the short term (compared to typical pest control efforts), the long-term results should provide the best sustainable outcomes that are satisfactory to people, bats, and the environment [99].
The key to sustainable development is to strike a balance between the exploitation of natural resources for socio-economic development and the preservation of ecosystem services. In other words, healthy ecosystems are a prerequisite for sustainable development and all ecosystem services provided by different vertebrate animals, such as bats, compromise options for present and future generations. Hence, it is important to demonstrate that undervaluing one ecosystem service is likely to lead to the loss of many.
In conclusion, for the benefit of present and future generations, bat management by governmental agencies and NGOs needs to be evaluated. Additionally, more understanding is needed of how ecosystem services provided by bats contribute to livelihoods and how far the benefits provided by bats elevate their detrimental impact. Furthermore, in the context of accelerating environmental change, there is an urgent need to identify ecosystem conservation, restoration, and management strategies that are likely to support biodiverse and adaptive ecosystems in the future. We hope that increased awareness about these nocturnal, fast-flying, and secretive mammals can help build synergies between international scientific knowledge, conservation priorities, and local cultural values, which together can promote the benefits of the ecosystem services provided by bats (Video 1, https://www.merlintuttle.org/video/the-importance-of-bats/).
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to Dr. Merlin D. Tuttle “Founder & Executive Director, Merlin Tuttle’s Bat Conservation” and Dr. Ramírez-Fráncel for their worthwhile support to our work.
The Internet has irrevocably changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing. Consequently, we find it necessary to indicate, unambiguously, our definition of what we consider to be a published scientific work.
",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\n\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\n\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
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Epigenesis relies on signal transduction from the surrounding tissues to instruct a group of cells to acquire PGC identity. Preformation, thought to be the more derived PGC specification mode, is instead based on the maternal inheritance of germ cell-determining factors. We use the zebrafish as a model system, in which PGCs are specified through maternal inheritance of germ plasm, to study this process in vertebrates. In zebrafish, maternally inherited germ plasm ribonucleoparticles (RNPs) have co-opted the cytoskeletal machinery to reach progressive levels of multimerization, resulting in the formation of four large masses of aggregated germ plasm RNPs. At later stages, germ plasm masses continue to use components of the cell division machinery, such as the spindles, centrosomes, and/or subcellular organelles to segregate asymmetrically during cell division and subsequently induce germ cell fate. This chapter discusses the current knowledge of germ cell specification focusing on the zebrafish as a model system. We also provide a comparative analysis of the mechanism for germ plasm RNP segregation in zebrafish versus other known vertebrate systems of germ cell preformation, such as in amphibian and avian models.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Celeste Eno and Francisco Pelegri",authors:[{id:"177209",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Pelegri",slug:"francisco-pelegri",fullName:"Francisco Pelegri"}]},{id:"62171",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79106",title:"Intraoviductal Instillation of a Solution as an Effective Route for Manipulating Preimplantation Mammalian Embryos in vivo",slug:"intraoviductal-instillation-of-a-solution-as-an-effective-route-for-manipulating-preimplantation-mam",totalDownloads:1159,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Preimplantation embryos of mammals are enclosed by a translucent layer called zona pellucida (ZP), which is composed of glycoproteins. ZP is important for protecting against infection by virus and bacteria, and to prevent attachment of embryos to the oviductal epithelia. Due to the presence of ZP, it has been difficult to transfect preimplantation embryos existing within the oviductal lumen, with exogenous nucleic acids, such as DNA and mRNA. However, intraoviductal instillation of nucleic acids, and subsequent in vivo electroporation in pregnant females, enables transfection of these embryos, leading to the production of gene-modified animals. This new method for production of genetically modified animals does not require any ex vivo handling of embryos, which has been essential for traditional transgenesis. In this article, we describe recent advances in the in vivo transfection of preimplantation mammalian embryos, and also the possibility of simple transfection of these embryos through intraoviductal instillation of a solution, alone.",book:{id:"7233",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology"},signatures:"Masahiro Sato, Masato Ohtsuka and Shingo Nakamura",authors:[{id:"177440",title:"Dr.",name:"Masato",middleName:null,surname:"Ohtsuka",slug:"masato-ohtsuka",fullName:"Masato Ohtsuka"},{id:"177444",title:"Dr.",name:"Shingo",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",slug:"shingo-nakamura",fullName:"Shingo Nakamura"},{id:"245795",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"masahiro-sato",fullName:"Masahiro Sato"}]},{id:"50061",doi:"10.5772/62470",title:"Sperm Motility Regulatory Proteins: A Tool to Enhance Sperm Quality",slug:"sperm-motility-regulatory-proteins-a-tool-to-enhance-sperm-quality",totalDownloads:2163,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Sperm forward motility is an essential parameter in mammalian fertilization. Studies from our laboratory have identified and characterized a few unique sperm motility regulatory proteins/glycoproteins from the male reproductive fluids and mammalian blood serum. The purified sperm motility-initiating protein (MIP) from caprine epididymal plasma as well as the forward motility-stimulating factor (FMSF) and motility-stimulating protein (MSP) from buffalo and goat serum, respectively, have high efficacy to initiate or increase motility in nonmotile or less motile sperm. Antibody of sperm motility inhibitory factor (MIF-II) has the high potential to enhance sperm vertical velocity and forward motility by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level. The appearance and disappearance of D-galactose–specific lectin and its receptor along the epididymis has been reported to be involved in motility regulation in spermatozoa. A novel synthetic cryopreservation method and role of lipid to protect membrane damage during cryopreservation have been demonstrated. Motility-promoting proteins may be extremely useful for improving cattle breeding and breeding of endangered species, thereby helping in enhanced production of animal products as well as in the conservation of animals. Isolated proteins and developed cryopreservation technology may also be beneficial in human infertility clinics to increase the chance of fertilization.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Sandhya R. Dungdung, Arpita Bhoumik, Sudipta Saha, Prasanta\nGhosh, Kaushik Das, Sandipan Mukherjee, Debjani Nath, Jitamanyu\nChakrabarty, Chanakyanath Kundu, Bijay Shankar Jaiswal, Mahitosh\nMandal, Arunima Maiti, Saswati Banerjee, Madhumita\nRoychowdhury, Debleena Ray, Debdas Bhattacharyya and Gopal C.\nMajumder",authors:[{id:"50052",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahitosh",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"mahitosh-mandal",fullName:"Mahitosh Mandal"},{id:"177044",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandhya",middleName:null,surname:"Dungdung",slug:"sandhya-dungdung",fullName:"Sandhya Dungdung"},{id:"177920",title:"Dr.",name:"Arpita",middleName:null,surname:"Bhoumik",slug:"arpita-bhoumik",fullName:"Arpita Bhoumik"},{id:"177921",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudipta",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"sudipta-saha",fullName:"Sudipta Saha"},{id:"177922",title:"MSc.",name:"Prasanta",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"prasanta-ghosh",fullName:"Prasanta Ghosh"},{id:"177923",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaushik",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"kaushik-das",fullName:"Kaushik Das"},{id:"177924",title:"MSc.",name:"Sandipan",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"sandipan-mukherjee",fullName:"Sandipan Mukherjee"},{id:"177925",title:"Dr.",name:"Debjani",middleName:null,surname:"Nath",slug:"debjani-nath",fullName:"Debjani Nath"},{id:"177927",title:"Dr.",name:"Jitamanyu",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarty",slug:"jitamanyu-chakrabarty",fullName:"Jitamanyu Chakrabarty"},{id:"177928",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanakyanath",middleName:null,surname:"Kundu",slug:"chanakyanath-kundu",fullName:"Chanakyanath Kundu"},{id:"177929",title:"Dr.",name:"Bijay Shankar",middleName:null,surname:"Jaiswal",slug:"bijay-shankar-jaiswal",fullName:"Bijay Shankar Jaiswal"},{id:"177930",title:"Dr.",name:"Arunima",middleName:null,surname:"Maiti",slug:"arunima-maiti",fullName:"Arunima Maiti"},{id:"177931",title:"Dr.",name:"Saswati",middleName:null,surname:"Banerjee",slug:"saswati-banerjee",fullName:"Saswati Banerjee"},{id:"177932",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhumita",middleName:null,surname:"Roychowdhury",slug:"madhumita-roychowdhury",fullName:"Madhumita Roychowdhury"},{id:"177933",title:"MSc.",name:"Debleena",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"debleena-ray",fullName:"Debleena Ray"},{id:"177934",title:"Dr.",name:"Debdas",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharyya",slug:"debdas-bhattacharyya",fullName:"Debdas Bhattacharyya"},{id:"177935",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Majumder",slug:"gopal-chandra-majumder",fullName:"Gopal Chandra Majumder"}]},{id:"63404",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80229",title:"Subclinical Endometritis in Dairy Cattle",slug:"subclinical-endometritis-in-dairy-cattle",totalDownloads:1859,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Subclinical endometritis is recognized as a cause of poor reproductive performance in dairy cows. Inflammation of the endometrium persisting after postpartum uterine involution has been related with prolonged calving-conception intervals and low fertility in dairy cows. The subclinical nature of this condition makes it necessary in the use of endometrial cytology or biopsy for diagnosing it. There are some controversies among authors in relation to the postpartum period from which a physiological endometrial inflammation should be considered a pathological subclinical endometritis. Therefore, depending on the sampling period after calving, different studies establish a different degree of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration as cutoff point to diagnose subclinical endometritis. Controversies also exist regarding the pathogenesis of the disease and its consequences on the fertility of dairy cattle. The aim of this chapter was to review the current knowledge on this uterine pathology.",book:{id:"7233",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology"},signatures:"Luis Angel Quintela Arias, Marcos Vigo Fernández, Juan José\nBecerra González, Mónica Barrio López, Pedro José García Herradón\nand Ana Isabel Peña Martínez",authors:[{id:"243272",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Quintela Arias",slug:"luis-angel-quintela-arias",fullName:"Luis Angel Quintela Arias"},{id:"243886",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Peña Martínez",slug:"ana-isabel-pena-martinez",fullName:"Ana Isabel Peña Martínez"},{id:"243887",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Herradón",slug:"pedro-garcia-herradon",fullName:"Pedro García Herradón"},{id:"243888",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Becerra González",slug:"juan-jose-becerra-gonzalez",fullName:"Juan José Becerra González"},{id:"256852",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Barrio López",slug:"monica-barrio-lopez",fullName:"Mónica Barrio López"},{id:"256854",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Vigo Fernández",slug:"marcos-vigo-fernandez",fullName:"Marcos Vigo Fernández"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49736",title:"Chromosome Abnormalities in Domestic Animals as Causes of Disorders of Sex Development or Impaired Fertility",slug:"chromosome-abnormalities-in-domestic-animals-as-causes-of-disorders-of-sex-development-or-impaired-f",totalDownloads:4190,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Cytogenetic evaluation is an important step in the diagnosis of infertile or sterile animals. Moreover, the analysis of sex chromosomes is crucial for a proper classification of disorders of sex development (DSD). For many years, chromosome studies mainly addressed the livestock species, while recently, increasing interest in such analysis in companion animals is observed. New molecular and cytogenetic tools and techniques have given opportunities for a precise identification of chromosome mutations. Among them, fluorescence in situ hybridization, besides chromosome banding, has become a gold standard. In this chapter, recent advances in the cytogenetic diagnosis of cattle, pigs, horses, dogs and cats are presented.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Izabela Szczerbal and Marek Switonski",authors:[{id:"177030",title:"Prof.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Switonski",slug:"marek-switonski",fullName:"Marek Switonski"},{id:"177045",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Szczerbal",slug:"izabela-szczerbal",fullName:"Izabela Szczerbal"}]},{id:"50144",title:"Proliferative Endometrial Lesions Hidden behind the Feline Pyometra",slug:"proliferative-endometrial-lesions-hidden-behind-the-feline-pyometra",totalDownloads:2542,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The literature refers to pyometra as the most important pathology in the feline uterus, which is often associated with cystic endometrial disease (cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra complex or CEH-Pyo). The etiology of pyometra is complex and probably multifactorial, but hormonal influences are suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis. Progestagen-based contraceptives may be risk factors for the CEH-Pyo syndrome, for endometrial adenocarcinoma and also to mammary tumors in this species.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Maria dos Anjos Pires, Hugo Vilhena, Sónia Miranda, Miguel\nTavares Pereira, Fernanda Seixas and Ana Laura Saraiva",authors:[{id:"41065",title:"Dr.",name:"Sónia",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",slug:"sonia-miranda",fullName:"Sónia Miranda"},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires"},{id:"179547",title:"MSc.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Vilhena",slug:"hugo-vilhena",fullName:"Hugo Vilhena"},{id:"179548",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares Pereira",slug:"miguel-tavares-pereira",fullName:"Miguel Tavares Pereira"},{id:"179549",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Seixas",slug:"fernanda-seixas",fullName:"Fernanda Seixas"},{id:"179550",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Saraiva",slug:"ana-laura-saraiva",fullName:"Ana Laura Saraiva"}]},{id:"49944",title:"The Use of Reproductive Technologies to Produce Transgenic Goats",slug:"the-use-of-reproductive-technologies-to-produce-transgenic-goats",totalDownloads:2465,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the production of therapeutic proteins. Thus, genes of a great number of human proteins have already been identified and cloned. The use of farm animals as bioreactors may be the better choice to produce recombinant therapeutic proteins. For this activity, the term “pharming” was created, referring to the use of genetic engineering to obtain a transgenic or genetically modified animal. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of livestock species, goats appear as a very good model. In addition, the first human commercially approved biological drug (antithrombin (AT)) was produced from the milk of transgenic goats. The aim of this chapter is to present various reproductive technologies used to obtain transgenic goats secreting recombinant proteins in milk. Initially, this chapter presents the methods for embryo production (in vivo and in vitro) to realize the DNA microinjection in pronuclear embryos. Thus, the techniques of superovulation of donors (in vivo embryo production) and ovarian stimulation for oocyte recovery (in vitro embryo production) are described. Also, the methods for DNA microinjection and embryo transfer are detailed in this chapter. Finally, this chapter describes the reproductive procedures used for obtaining transgenic goats by cloning.",book:{id:"5105",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Insights from Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Vicente J. F. Freitas, Luciana M. Melo, Dárcio I.A. Teixeira, Maajid H.\nBhat, Irina A. Serova, Lyudmila E. Andreeva and Oleg L. Serov",authors:[{id:"177122",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",slug:"vicente-freitas",fullName:"Vicente Freitas"},{id:"177194",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",slug:"luciana-melo",fullName:"Luciana Melo"},{id:"177195",title:"Dr.",name:"Dárcio",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"darcio-teixeira",fullName:"Dárcio Teixeira"},{id:"177196",title:"Dr.",name:"Maajid",middleName:null,surname:"Bhat",slug:"maajid-bhat",fullName:"Maajid Bhat"},{id:"185365",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Aleksandrovna SEROVA",slug:"irina-aleksandrovna-serova",fullName:"Irina Aleksandrovna SEROVA"},{id:"185366",title:"Dr.",name:"Lyudmila",middleName:null,surname:"Evgenievna ANDREEVA",slug:"lyudmila-evgenievna-andreeva",fullName:"Lyudmila Evgenievna ANDREEVA"},{id:"185367",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Leonidovich SEROV",slug:"oleg-leonidovich-serov",fullName:"Oleg Leonidovich SEROV"}]},{id:"63404",title:"Subclinical Endometritis in Dairy Cattle",slug:"subclinical-endometritis-in-dairy-cattle",totalDownloads:1859,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Subclinical endometritis is recognized as a cause of poor reproductive performance in dairy cows. Inflammation of the endometrium persisting after postpartum uterine involution has been related with prolonged calving-conception intervals and low fertility in dairy cows. The subclinical nature of this condition makes it necessary in the use of endometrial cytology or biopsy for diagnosing it. There are some controversies among authors in relation to the postpartum period from which a physiological endometrial inflammation should be considered a pathological subclinical endometritis. Therefore, depending on the sampling period after calving, different studies establish a different degree of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration as cutoff point to diagnose subclinical endometritis. Controversies also exist regarding the pathogenesis of the disease and its consequences on the fertility of dairy cattle. The aim of this chapter was to review the current knowledge on this uterine pathology.",book:{id:"7233",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology"},signatures:"Luis Angel Quintela Arias, Marcos Vigo Fernández, Juan José\nBecerra González, Mónica Barrio López, Pedro José García Herradón\nand Ana Isabel Peña Martínez",authors:[{id:"243272",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Quintela Arias",slug:"luis-angel-quintela-arias",fullName:"Luis Angel Quintela Arias"},{id:"243886",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Peña Martínez",slug:"ana-isabel-pena-martinez",fullName:"Ana Isabel Peña Martínez"},{id:"243887",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Herradón",slug:"pedro-garcia-herradon",fullName:"Pedro García Herradón"},{id:"243888",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Becerra González",slug:"juan-jose-becerra-gonzalez",fullName:"Juan José Becerra González"},{id:"256852",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Barrio López",slug:"monica-barrio-lopez",fullName:"Mónica Barrio López"},{id:"256854",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Vigo Fernández",slug:"marcos-vigo-fernandez",fullName:"Marcos Vigo Fernández"}]},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:230,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The development in cryobiology in animal breeding had revolutionized the field of reproductive medicine. The main objective to preserve animal germplasm stems from variety of reasons such as conservation of endangered animal species, animal diversity, and an increased demand of animal models and/or genetically modified animals for research involving animal and human diseases. Cryopreservation has emerged as promising technique for fertility preservation and assisted reproduction techniques (ART) for production of animal breeds and genetically engineered animal species for research. Slow rate freezing and rapid freezing/vitrification are the two main methods of cryopreservation. Slow freezing is characterized by the phase transition (liquid turning into solid) when reducing the temperature below freezing point. Vitrification, on the other hand, is a phenomenon in which liquid solidifies without the formation of ice crystals, thus the process is referred to as a glass transition or ice-free cryopreservation. The vitrification protocol applies high concentrations of cryoprotective agents (CPA) used to avoid cryoinjury. This chapter provides a brief overview of fundamentals of cryopreservation and established methods adopted in cryopreservation. Strategies involved in cryopreserving germ cells (sperm and egg freezing) are included in this chapter. Last section describes the frontiers and advancement of cryopreservation in some of the important animal models like rodents (mouse and rats) and in few large animals (sheep, cow etc).",book:{id:"10664",slug:"animal-reproduction",title:"Animal Reproduction",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction"},signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",authors:[{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1382",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). 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Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. 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His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. 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