More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
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Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
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“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
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Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
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We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
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Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
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IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
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Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
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\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6172",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Creep",title:"Creep",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book contains 12 chapters with original and innovative research studies in the issues related to the broadly defined creep effect, which concerns not only the area of construction materials but also natural phenomena. The emphasis on the discussion of a new trend of experimental creep testing, which binds the classic creep methods to seek the correlation of parameters obtained in tests, deserves particular attention. This book aims to provide the readers, including, but not limited to, students and doctoral students and also the research personnel and engineers involved in the operation of equipment and structural components as well as specialists in high-temperature creep-resisting materials, with a comprehensive review of new trends in the field of creep-exposed materials and their research methodology. The chapters of this book were developed by respected and well-known researchers from different countries.",isbn:"978-953-51-3725-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3724-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4052-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68393",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"creep",numberOfPages:268,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e4bebb76aea6fbaad3502b8de2a43e7c",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tanski, Marek Sroka and Adam Zielinski",publishedDate:"January 10th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6172.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18088,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:60,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 20th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 10th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 25th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 5th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",middleName:null,surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/15700/images/system/15700.png",biography:"Prof. Tomasz Tański is the Head of the Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland, and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee of Metallurgy. He is a specialist in non-ferrous alloys, composite materials, and nanostructured, manufacturing engineering. He has authored or co-authored more than 400 scientific publications worldwide, including 15 monographs and books and more than 116 publications on the Thomson Scientific Master Journal List. He has won twenty national and international awards. He is and has been a supervisor or contractor for more than fifteen research and didactic projects in Poland and abroad. He is a reviewer and promoter of numerous scientific papers, including eight doctoral theses in the field of nanotechnology and materials.",institutionString:"Silesian University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:{name:"Silesian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"205603",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Sroka",slug:"marek-sroka",fullName:"Marek Sroka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205603/images/system/205603.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Marek Sroka, Ph.D. and MSc in Engineering, is an assistant professor in the Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials at the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Poland. During his scientific activity, he participated and organizer of many scientific international conferences. His scientific interests include materials science, materials for service at elevated temperatures, in high-temperature creep resistance, in the creep tests and computer aid in material engineering. He is an author and coauthor of ca. 70 scientific publications worldwide including more than 15 publications in the Philadelphia list, he won 10 awards and honors, national and international, he is and/or was a contractor of more than 5 research and didactic projects in Poland and abroad and a reviewer of numerous scientific publications.",institutionString:"Silesian University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"205602",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"Zieliński",slug:"adam-zielinski",fullName:"Adam Zieliński",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205602/images/system/205602.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Adam Zieliński is researcher at the Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy. Expert in the area of materials engineering. He is well versed in materials for service at elevated temperatures, in high-temperature creep resistance, in the creep tests, and in diagnostics of the high pressure power-, chemical-, and petrochemical installations. He collaborates closely with the power boilers manufacturers, as well as the power industry repair plants in the area of the power installations diagnostics, residual life and damage processes. He is an author and coauthor of ca. 135 scientific publications worldwide including more than 30 publications in the Philadelphia list, he won 10 awards. He is an author and coauthor more than 400 research and expertise on the direct instructions of the energy industry and petrochemical industry.",institutionString:"Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"930",title:"Metallurgy",slug:"materials-science-composite-materials-metallurgy"}],chapters:[{id:"58082",title:"Introductory Chapter: Why Creep is Continuously Interesting for Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72495",slug:"introductory-chapter-why-creep-is-continuously-interesting-for-science",totalDownloads:1220,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tomasz Tański, Marek Sroka and Adam Zieliński",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58082",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58082",authors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"},{id:"205603",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",surname:"Sroka",slug:"marek-sroka",fullName:"Marek Sroka"},{id:"205602",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",surname:"Zieliński",slug:"adam-zielinski",fullName:"Adam Zieliński"}],corrections:null},{id:"57860",title:"A Modern Philosophy for Creep Lifing in Engineering Alloys",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71829",slug:"a-modern-philosophy-for-creep-lifing-in-engineering-alloys",totalDownloads:1260,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lifing of components which are likely to be subject to high temperature creep deformation is a critical area to a range of industries, particularly power generation and aerospace. In particular, extrapolation of short term data to predict long-term allowable creep stresses is an area of significant importance, since no appropriate method of accelerating tests has been discovered. Traditional methods for extrapolation are mainly based around power law type equations that have historically formed the basis of creep mechanism understanding. The current chapter however, seeks to offer alternative approaches in the field, particularly emphasising the need to link lifing approaches to observable micro-mechanical behaviour.",signatures:"Mark Whittaker, Veronica Gray and William Harrison",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57860",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57860",authors:[{id:"43526",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Whittaker",slug:"mark-whittaker",fullName:"Mark Whittaker"},{id:"207720",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",surname:"Gray",slug:"veronica-gray",fullName:"Veronica Gray"},{id:"208364",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Harrison",slug:"william-harrison",fullName:"William Harrison"}],corrections:null},{id:"56841",title:"Degradation of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Chromium Steels Used in the Power Industry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70552",slug:"degradation-of-the-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-high-chromium-steels-used-in-the-powe",totalDownloads:1254,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High-chromium martensitic steels are one of the basic creep-resisting construction materials used for the modernization of old and the construction of new power units. During the service under creep conditions, the metastable microstructure of martensitic steels undergoes gradual degradation. The rate of degradation mostly depends on the operating temperature, but it is also affected by stresses. The changes in the microstructure of martensitic steels have an influence on the decrease in their mechanical properties, including creep resistance. The knowledge and description of the changes in the microstructure of steels working under creep conditions allow extending the time of safe operation of the elements of power systems. The paper presents and describes the main mechanisms of degradation of 9–12%Cr martensitic steels on the basis of the independent studies and literature data.",signatures:"Grzegorz Golański, Cezary Kolan and Joanna Jasak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56841",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56841",authors:[{id:"206667",title:"Prof.",name:"Grzegorz",surname:"Golański",slug:"grzegorz-golanski",fullName:"Grzegorz Golański"},{id:"208837",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",surname:"Jasak",slug:"joanna-jasak",fullName:"Joanna Jasak"},{id:"216926",title:"Dr.",name:"Cezary",surname:"Kolan",slug:"cezary-kolan",fullName:"Cezary Kolan"}],corrections:null},{id:"57166",title:"High Temperature Creep of Metal Oxides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70876",slug:"high-temperature-creep-of-metal-oxides",totalDownloads:1399,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the creep technique used for the study of defect structure and diffusion in metal oxides, both single crystals and ceramics. At high temperatures, the creep rate is proportional to the diffusion coefficient of the slowest species in solid compounds, whatever deformation mechanisms are present (Nabarro viscous creep, recovery creep or pure climb creep). The creep rate dependence on deviation from stoichiometry can be determined from this diffusion. In the case of metal oxides, the departure from stoichiometry is controlled by the oxygen activity which usually is identified with oxygen partial pressure, pO2. The pO2 dependence of the creep rate provides direct information about the nature of minority point defects. On the other hand, studies of the temperature dependency of the creep rate inform us about the activation energy of the diffusion coefficient.This review focuses primarily on the creep behavior of transition metal oxides such as Ni1−yO, Co1−yO, Fe1−yO exhibiting disorder in metal sublattice, as well as ZrO2−x with majority defects in oxygen sublattice. The advantage of these studies is determination of both defect structure and diffusion coefficients of minority defects namely in oxygen sublattice in iron-triad oxides and in zirconium ZrO2 sublattice.",signatures:"Krystyna Schneider and Mieczyslaw Rekas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57166",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57166",authors:[{id:"208702",title:"Prof.",name:"Mieczyslaw",surname:"Rękas",slug:"mieczyslaw-rekas",fullName:"Mieczyslaw Rękas"},{id:"216276",title:"Dr.",name:"Krystyna",surname:"Schneider",slug:"krystyna-schneider",fullName:"Krystyna Schneider"}],corrections:null},{id:"57480",title:"A Unified Creep-Fatigue Equation with Application to Engineering Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70877",slug:"a-unified-creep-fatigue-equation-with-application-to-engineering-design",totalDownloads:1249,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: Creep-fatigue damage occurs under cyclic loading at elevated temperature. The existing creep-fatigue models have limited ability to cover the full combination of creep and fatigue behaviours, except with extensive prior empirical testing. Consequently, they cannot effectively and efficiently be used for early engineering design.",signatures:"Dan Liu and Dirk John Pons",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57480",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57480",authors:[{id:"207496",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Dan",surname:"Liu",slug:"dan-liu",fullName:"Dan Liu"},{id:"207973",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk John",surname:"Pons",slug:"dirk-john-pons",fullName:"Dirk John Pons"}],corrections:null},{id:"58385",title:"Review of Long-Term Durable Creep Performance of Geosynthetics by Constitutive Equations of Reduction Factors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72330",slug:"review-of-long-term-durable-creep-performance-of-geosynthetics-by-constitutive-equations-of-reductio",totalDownloads:1442,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In an elastic solid the strain stays constant with time and is constant and the stress decays slowly with time. The increase in strain is not linear, and the curve becomes steeper with time and also as the stress-rate is increased. The slope of the curve tends to decrease with time, but it is steeper for higher strain rates. The variation of both strain and stress with time is linear for constant stress- and strain-rate tests upon elastic materials. The final comment about the compressive creep test and data interpretation is as follows: (1) Description of the creep mechanism of the geosynthetics (exactly not compression but perpendicular compression) is very important because the creep mechanism of tension and compression is quite deferent. (2) To reduce the specimen-to-specimen, many ramp-and-hold (in the case of tension creep: 1 h) tests are recommended. (3) Loading rate is also important because it make initial strain value. To check the nonaffected loading rate, prior to the main creep test, some kind of short-term test is needed. (4) The method to assess the reduction factor by creep also will be reviewed because the value will be changed according to the applied load.",signatures:"Han-Yong Jeon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58385",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58385",authors:[{id:"114618",title:"Prof.",name:"Han-Yong",surname:"Jeon",slug:"han-yong-jeon",fullName:"Han-Yong Jeon"}],corrections:null},{id:"58367",title:"Creep Lifing Models and Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71826",slug:"creep-lifing-models-and-techniques",totalDownloads:1931,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The deformation of structural alloys presents problems for power plants and aerospace applications due to the demand for elevated temperatures for higher efficiencies and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The materials used in such applications experience harsh environments which may lead to deformation and failure of critical components. To avoid such catastrophic failures and also increase efficiency, future designs must utilise novel/improved alloy systems with enhanced temperature capability. In recognising this issue, a detailed understanding of creep is essential for the success of these designs by ensuring components that do not experience excessive deformation which may ultimately lead to failure. To achieve this, a variety of parametric methods have been developed to quantify creep and creep fracture in high temperature applications. This study reviews a number of well-known traditionally employed creep lifing methods with some more recent approaches also included. The first section of this paper focuses on predicting the long-term creep-rupture properties which is an area of interest for the power generation sector. The second section looks at pre-defined strains and the re-production of full creep curves based on available data which is pertinent to the aerospace industry where components are replaced before failure.",signatures:"Zakaria Abdallah, Karen Perkins and Cris Arnold",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58367",authors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],corrections:null},{id:"56801",title:"Small Punch Creep",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70375",slug:"small-punch-creep",totalDownloads:1431,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A thorough characterisation of the creep properties of any modern alloy designed for a structural application can be an expensive and timely process. As such, significant effort is now being placed in identifying suitable alternative characterisation techniques. The small punch creep (SPC) test is now widely regarded as an effective tool for ranking and establishing the creep properties of a number of critical structural materials from numerous industrial sectors. Over recent years, the SPC test has become an attractive miniaturised mechanical test method ideally suited for situations where only a limited quantity of material is available for qualification testing. Typically, the method requires only a modest amount of material and can provide key mechanical property information for highly localised regions of critical components. As such, SP creep testing offers a feasible option of determining the creep properties of novel alloy variants still at the experimental stage and the residual life of service-exposed material.",signatures:"Robert J. Lancaster and Spencer P. Jeffs",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56801",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56801",authors:[{id:"207762",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Lancaster",slug:"robert-lancaster",fullName:"Robert Lancaster"},{id:"208043",title:"Dr.",name:"Spencer",surname:"Jeffs",slug:"spencer-jeffs",fullName:"Spencer Jeffs"}],corrections:null},{id:"58167",title:"Thermomechanical Time-Dependent Deformation and Fracturing of Brittle Rocks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72326",slug:"thermomechanical-time-dependent-deformation-and-fracturing-of-brittle-rocks",totalDownloads:1359,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A thermomechanical numerical model is proposed to describe the time-dependent brittle deformation of brittle rocks under different constant temperatures and confining pressures. The mesoscale model accounts for material heterogeneity and local material degradation, and the model introduces the concept of a mesoscopic renormalization to capture the cooperative interaction between microcracks in the transition from distributed to localized damage. The thermophysical parameters for the model were determined based on creep experiments of granite at temperatures of 23, 50, and 90°C. The numerical simulations agree well with the experimental data. We then explore the influence of temperature, differential stress, confining pressure, and sample homogeneity on brittle creep in granite using the same parameters. The simulated results show that the creep strain rate increases with an increase in temperature and differential stress and time to failure decreases, while creep strain rate decreases with an increase in confining pressure and sample homogeneity, and therefore time to failure increases. The proposed model is of great help to control and optimize rock engineering in granite.",signatures:"Tao Xu and Guang-lei Zhou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58167",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58167",authors:[{id:"208107",title:"Prof.",name:"Tao",surname:"Xu",slug:"tao-xu",fullName:"Tao Xu"},{id:"208751",title:"Mr.",name:"Guanglei",surname:"Zhou",slug:"guanglei-zhou",fullName:"Guanglei Zhou"}],corrections:null},{id:"57867",title:"Review on Creep Analysis and Solved Problems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71184",slug:"review-on-creep-analysis-and-solved-problems",totalDownloads:2210,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a useful literature reviews and applied solved problems that focus on the creep phenomenon and behavior of it in the solids. Various insights and available studies are reviewed and investigated regarding the creep behavior analysis in three categories such as analytical, numerical and experimental methods. In addition, novel and recent findings are presented in this chapter such as predicting and obtaining the viscosity of the solids at high temperatures using steady state creep phenomenon (i.e., introducing a simulation and analogy between creeping solids and viscous fluids).",signatures:"Vahid Monfared",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57867",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57867",authors:[{id:"195492",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",surname:"Monfared",slug:"vahid-monfared",fullName:"Vahid Monfared"}],corrections:null},{id:"58091",title:"Advanced Methods for Creep in Engineering Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72319",slug:"advanced-methods-for-creep-in-engineering-design",totalDownloads:1737,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There are many applications where the combination of stress and elevated temperature require creep to be considered during the design process. For some applications, an evaluation of rupture life for given conditions is sufficient, however, for components such as those in gas turbine aeroengines, the accumulation of creep strain over time and the effect this has on other phenomena, such as high-temperature fatigue must be considered. In this chapter, modern creep curve modelling methods are applied to alloys used in gas turbine applications over a wide range of test conditions. Also, different creep hardening modelling methods are discussed along with their application to transient creep showing the deficiencies of simplistic models. Models are related to micromechanical properties where possible, and creep damage models are evaluated and applied to different applications using finite element analysis (FEA).",signatures:"William Harrison, Mark Whittaker and Veronica Gray",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58091",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58091",authors:[{id:"43526",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Whittaker",slug:"mark-whittaker",fullName:"Mark Whittaker"},{id:"207720",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",surname:"Gray",slug:"veronica-gray",fullName:"Veronica Gray"},{id:"208364",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Harrison",slug:"william-harrison",fullName:"William Harrison"}],corrections:null},{id:"56982",title:"Fundamental Models for the Creep of Metals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70726",slug:"fundamental-models-for-the-creep-of-metals",totalDownloads:1601,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Analysis of creep properties has traditionally been made with empirical methods involving a number of adjustable parameters. This makes it quite difficult to make predictions outside the range of the original data. In recent years, the author has formulated basic models for prediction of creep properties, covering dislocation, particle and solid solution hardening. These models do not use adjustable parameters. In the present chapter, these models are further developed and utilised. The dislocation mobilities play an important role. The high-temperature climb mobility is extended to low temperatures by taking vacancies generated by plastic deformation into account. This new expression verifies the validity of the combined climb and glide mobility that has been used so far. By assuming that the glide rate is controlled by the climb of the jogs, a dislocation glide mobility is formulated. The role of the mobilities is analysed, and various creep properties are derived. For example, secondary creep rates and strain versus time curves are computed and show good agreement with experimental data.",signatures:"Rolf Sandström",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56982",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56982",authors:[{id:"191540",title:"Prof.",name:"Rolf",surname:"Sandström",slug:"rolf-sandstrom",fullName:"Rolf Sandström"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5474",title:"Study of Grain Boundary Character",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"591ee927a4e438667ce39c8251cdacfa",slug:"study-of-grain-boundary-character",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tanski and Wojciech Borek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5474.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz 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Orthodontics and orthodontists have always worked towards delivering better care for patients. This has led to the invention of various bracket systems along with the changes in the protocol of management of extraction cases.
The Self Ligating Brackets (SLB) has come into orthodontic practice since 1930’s with the invention of Boydband bracket. These bracket systems along with the thermally activated NiTi wires have reduced the treatment duration, chair-side time, and improved the treatment efficacy and patient co-operation. This led to the invention of Damon’s system by Dr. Dwight Damon in the year 1996. It is called as “System” rather than “Brackets” because it utilizes the benefits of both the brackets and copper NiTi wires, thus delivering a “low force- low friction” mechanics for the management of dental malocclusion [1].
There has been lot of evidence in literature which states that “atraumatic” remodeling of periodontal tissues was rarely achieved using conventional orthodontic bracket system. This is mainly because the tooth was always moved in group. In Damon’s system, the tooth is allowed to move individually, yet stay in the group. The bracket system allows for easy sliding of the tooth along the path of least or no resistance thus leading to faster leveling and alignment and reduced treatment duration [2]. The aim of this chapter is to describe the bracket prescription, efficiency of the appliance, the possible outcomes and its influence on orthodontic therapy.
2. Why choose Damon?
Damon philosophy uses the concept of passive self-ligation technique which claims to have the lowest frictional resistance of any ligation system. Reduction in friction helps the force to transmit directly from the arch wires to the teeth and its supporting structures without any force dissipation by the ligature system [3].
Comparing the other prescriptions, Damon system has lots of benefits:
Limitations in the use of intraoral expansion appliances such as quad-helix or jack-screw as the optimal forces from the arch wires completely allows the connective tissue and alveolar bone to follow tooth movement with uninterrupted vascular supply to the tooth and its surrounding system thereby providing the necessary expansion [3, 4, 5].
In a study stated that Damon System produced a significant transversal increase in the posterior region of the arches with differences in teeth buccolingual inclinations at post-treatment [6].
Faster alignment of teeth as passive self-ligation produces lower resistance thus allowing a wire to slide.
Reduced amount of pain experienced by patients, and higher treatment efficiency as this friction-free system produces less forces on the teeth [4, 5].
Reduction in the need for extraction as the force applied is minimal that the pressure from lips can control unwanted tipping of incisors during alignment stage [5].
Decreased demand for the use of anchorage devices comparing the conventional appliances as there is reduced friction between the ligation for better tooth control [7].
Reduction in the overall duration of orthodontic treatment up to 7 months and also reduced number of appointments have been found in few researches [8, 9].
Control of tooth position because there is an edgewise slot of adequate width and depth [3].
Decreased discomfort experienced by the patients with the Damon prescription as the forces applied to the teeth are kept minimal throughout the treatment [4].
More efficient chair-side due to reduced ligation time [10].
Promotes periodontal health with better infection control [11].
3. Classification of Damon’s system
In orthodontics achieving ideal inclination of anterior using the edgewise system is challenging. In an attempt to overcome this drawback, Damon’s system has different torque prescription. This includes:
3.1 High torque brackets
These brackets can be used in cases where the incisors or cuspids are severely retroclined or palatally placed. Examples are:
Class I extraction cases with proclined of anterior.
Class II division 1 malocclusion.
Class II division 2 malocclusion with retroclined incisors.
Palatally placed incisors or cuspids.
3.2 Standard torque brackets
These brackets can be used in cases where the inclination of anterior is satisfactory and when there will not be any obvious change in the inclination during the course of the treatment.
3.3 Low torque brackets
Examples of the cases include:
Anterior open bite cases with severe proclination of anteriors.
Moderate and severe crowding.
Treatment mechanics which may result in proclination of anteriors.
Incisors with palatally positioned roots.
In class II fixed functional cases or class II elastics cases where control of lower incisor proclination is necessary.
The tip and torque values of Damon’s system are as in Tables 1 and 2.
Upper arch
U1
U2
U3
U4
U5
U6
U7
+5°
+9°
+6°
+2°
+2°
Lower arch
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
+2°
+2°
+5°
+2°
+2°
Table 1.
Tip values in Damon’s system.
Upper arch
U1
U2
U3
U4
U5
U6
U7
High torque
+17°
+10°
+7°
Standard torque
+12°
+8°
0°
−7°
−7°
−18°
−27°
Low torque
+7°
+3°
Lower arch
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
High torque
+7°
Standard torque
−1°
−1°
0°
−12°
−17°
−28°
−10°
Low torque
−6°
−6°
Table 2.
Torque values in Damon’s system.
5. Advantages and disadvantages
5.1 Advantages
Clinically proven
Enhances facial esthetics
More comfortable than traditional braces
Reduced friction and faster tooth movement
Shorter treatment duration
Lesser visits
5.2 Disadvantages
Expensive than traditional braces
“Metal Mouth” look
6. Arch wire sequencing
The phases of tooth movement are generally.
Initial leveling and aligning – where initial round wires made of multistranded steel or NiTi are used, starting from the smaller dimensions then proceeded with the larger dimensions.
Retraction and space closure – where rigid rectangular wires are used for major mechanics like torque expression and space closure.
Finishing and detailing – round steel wires are usually used.
There are two sequences which are generally followed in pre-adjusted edgewise prescription.
6.1 Universal arch wire sequencing
An older concept of a sequence which initially uses round steel wires from sizes.014, .016, .018 and .020 followed by rectangular steel wires from dimensions.018 × .025, .019 × .025 and.021 × .025 in.022 slots.
Multi-stranded wires of dimensions .015 and .0175 were used for initial aligning before .014 round Steel wire came into practice and finishing and detailing was done with.014 steel wires.
Later with the introduction of MBT prescription, arch wire sequencing started with initial .016 CuNiTi wire followed by .019 × .025 CuNiTi and then .019 × .025 Steel wire was used for major biomechanics and detailing was done with .014 round steel wire [12, 13].
A clinical research by Mandall, in which three wire sequences were randomly allocated to patients to compare are as follows:
Group A - 0.016 NiTi, 0.018 × 0.025nNiTi, and .019 × 0.025 Steel wires.
Group B- 0.016 Niti, 0.016 SS and finally 0.020-inch Steel wires.
Group C - 0.016 × 0.022 CuNiTi wire, followed by 0.019 × 0.025 CuNiTi, and ending with 0.019 × 0.025 Steel wire,
And found that all sequences were equally effective. However, the CuNiTi may be preferred by the clinicians as it reduces the number of appointments [14].
In another study by Ong, the three different archwire sequences were applied are as follows:
0.014 Niti, 0.017×0.017 HANT, 0.016×0.022 Steel
0.014 Sentalloy, 0.016×0.022 Bio force, 0.016×0.022 Steel
And found that there were no differences among the archwire sequences in terms of aligning or discomfort [15].
6.2 Damon arch wire sequencing
Phase 1: Light Round Wires
This phase of treatment uses 0.013, 0.014, or 0.016 CuNiTi arch wires. The aim of this first phase of treatment is to achieve tooth alignment including rotation correction except second molars, level the arches and initiate arch development with light forces to permit the soft tissues to desired arch shape. This phase of treatment normally extends from 10 to 20 weeks and the intervals between appointments are about 10 weeks.
Phase 2: High Rectangular Wires
Phase 2 uses two arch wires: 0.014 × 0.025 CuNiTi followed by 0.018 × 0.025 CuNiTi wires. In case of well aligned arches only 0.016 × 0.025 CuNiTi are used in this phase. If intrusion of anteriors is planned, 0.017× 0.025 or 0.019× 0.025 CuNiTi arch wires with preformed curves or reverse curves of Spee or additional torque can be applied anteriorly in this stage.
The main purposes of this phase are:
Continue arch development
achieve complete alignment of all teeth including second molars,
consolidate anterior spaces and maintain tooth contact,
Initiate torque control and bite opening,
The duration of this phase ranges from 20 to 30 weeks. The first archwire is placed from 8 to 10 weeks and the second is from 4 to 6 weeks.
Phase 3: Major Mechanics
Preposted stainless steel arch wires of size 0.019 × .025 are used. Presence of cross bite at this stage when persisted can be corrected with the use of 0.016 × 0.025 preposted stainless steel arch wire with the use of cross elastics where buccal and lingual tipping can be achieved at this stage.
The main purposes of this phase are:
Finish torque control,
Consolidate posterior space and
Maintain the arch form which developed during the initial two phases,
Completely correct the tooth position in all the three relationships.
This phase of treatment extends from 8 to 10 weeks with an interval about 10-weeks between appointments.
Phase 4: Finishing and Detailing
The stainless steel arch wires continued in this phase with elastics for achieving proper interdigitation. But for individual teeth position 0.019× 0.025 ß-titanium arch wires may also be used [2, 3, 16].
In a study by Handem, used the arch sequence with initial round wires 0.014 or 0.016, followed by rectangular 0.016 × 0.025, 0.018 × 0.025, and 0.019 × 0.025 CuNiTi arch wires subsequently, rectangular 0.017 × 0.025 or 0.019 × 0.025 Steel arch wires [17].
7. Bracket placement in Damon system
Various clinicians have put forth bracket placement methodologies of the Damon bracket system to achieve the desired smile arc protection, functional occlusion and enhancing the facial esthetics.
According to him, the arch wire slot should be at the distances mentioned below from the incisal edge.
Maxillary
U-l 4.75 mm.
U-2 4.50 mm.
U-3 5.00 mm.
U-4 4.50 mm.
U-5 4.25 mm.
Mandibular
L-l 4.75 mm.
L-2 4.50 mm.
L-3 5.00 mm.
L-4 4.50 mm.
L-5 4.25 mm.
7.1 Placement tips
The upper brackets open occlusally and the lower brackets open gingivally.
The mesiodistal width of the pad and the mesiodistal edges of the teeth should be given importance.
Panorex view prior to bracket placement allows to identify root position.
The internal slot and the horizontal components should be parallel to the occlusal plane. This is of greater importance in the lower anteriors.
The scribe line of the bracket and crown long axis should be focused while placing the bracket.
Dr. Dwight Damon advises placement of the bracket within the green zone (in between the green lines). The Damon prescription has variable torque prescriptions to foster the need for different clinical cases. A clinician can place the upper and lower mid-bracket slot within the green lines without dramatically impacting torque.
Dr. Thomas. R. Pitts worked with a philosophy of “beginning with the end in mind”. He believed that developing acumen in precise bracket placement is the single most important protocol to achieve an esthetically pleasing smile and functional occlusion.
Basic principles of the Pitts placement protocol:
Detailed bonding plan before the day of bonding and to select brackets of appropriate torque based on the demand of the case.
Ensure tray setup entails all items for an efficient bonding.
Use two assistants to assist in bonding.
Recontour teeth for esthetics and bracket fit.
Follow an exacting placement protocol to achieve an ideal smile arc in the anteriors and leveling buccal cusps and marginal ridges in the posteriors.
Dr. Pitts bonds the maxillary anteriors to achieve a consonant smile arc at the end of the treatment, the mandibular anteriors for overjet and overbite and the remaining teeth for a good occlusion. He first bonds the mandibular teeth, from the second molar to canine on one side, and repeats the same on the opposite side, followed by lateral to lateral. This is followed to achieve symmetry on either side. The same sequence is repeated in the upper arch. He believed in keying off the maxillary canine to ensure that the canine-lateral and canine- premolar contacts are esthetic and functional.
In the posteriors, to achieve leveled marginal ridges and contact points, the teeth are bonded using the contact points as reference. This is done up to the canine and then the incisors are bonded based on the slot of the maxillary canine to give a sweep in the smile arc which gives a pleasing appearance Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1.
Standard bracket placement of damon bracket.
Figure 2.
Picture depicting the “green zone” for bracket placement in the Damon system.
Dr. Pitt’s occluso gingival positioning of brackets is slightly more gingival to the conventional placement on both arches. He believed positioning the brackets more incisally will prevent us from achieving the ideal smile arc and hinders torque control (Figure 3). Dr. Pitts along with Dr. Mike Steffan developed a method to making the bracket positioning easier by drawing lines on the stone models from contact points for the canine, premolars and molars to prevent mistakes in bracket positioning in the transition of contact points from posteriors to anteriors (Figure 4).
Figure 3.
Gingival bracket placement for smile arc protection by Dr. Thomas Pitts.
Figure 4.
Marking the contact points reference for establishing occlusogingival positioning of brackets.
7.2 Maxillary anteriors
The position of the maxillary canine is given the prime importance for the sweep in the smile arc. Based on the positioning of this bracket, other anterior brackets were placed. In this method, the incisal edge of the canine bracket wing needs to be placed on a line drawn from mesial to distal contact at the height of contour interproximally. This line was called the mesiodistal (M-D) contact line. The level of the slot of this bracket was used as a reference for maxillary central and lateral incisor positioning. The maxillary lateral incisor bracket is placed 0.5 mm gingival to the canine bracket and central incisor bracket 0.25 mm gingival to this to achieve the ideal smile arc (Figure 5) Further to avoid the bracket positioning error, the author advises the use of a two inch large front surface mirror to avoid any error in bracket positioning (Figure 6).
Figure 5.
Bracket positioning in the maxillary incisors and canines.
Figure 6.
Use of a large front surface mirror to prevent errors in bracket positioning.
7.3 Maxillary premolars
The maxillary premolars are positioned by aligning the scribe line with the crown long axis at the height of contour paralleling the central groove and the M-D buccal line angle. Following correct bracket placement, the bracket on the first premolar would seem too distal to the height of contour and the second premolar at times would appear mesial to the height of contour when viewed from the buccal aspect. The occlusal edge of the brackets should touch the M-D contact line (Figure 7).
Figure 7.
Bracket positioning in the maxillary premolars.
7.4 Maxillary molars
The mesiodistal positioning of the buccal tube is done by centering the buccal tube pad over the buccal groove of the teeth and the occluso gingival positioning is done by placing the occlusal edge of the pad on the M-D contact line of the first molar. The second molars follows the same rule for mesiodistal positioning but placed 1.5 mm more occlusally to the first molar tube (Figure 8).
Figure 8.
Bracket positioning in the maxillary molars.
7.5 Mandibular incisors
The mandibular incisors are placed such that the scribe line is aligned with the long axis of the tooth. The bracket position is viewed from the incisal aspect. For deep bite, the position of the top of the slot is 3.5 mm from the incisal edge to reverse the curve of spee and for open bite; the position of the top of the slot is 5 mm from the incisal edge to open the curve of spee (Figure 9).
Figure 9.
Bracket positioning in the mandibular anteriors.
7.6 Mandibular canines
The mesiodistal positioning is done by aligning the scribe line to the long axis of the crown at the height of contour. The position is verified by viewing from the incisal aspect. The occluso gingival positioning is placing the incisal edge of the bracket wing at the M-D contact line (Figure 10).
Figure 10.
Bracket positioning in the mandibular canine.
7.7 Mandibular premolars
The mesiodistal positioning is done by aligning the scribe line to the crown long axis and viewed from the occlusal aspect. The occluso gingival positioning is based on positioning the occlusal edge of the bracket wing 0.5 mm gingival to the M-D contact line (Figure 11).
Figure 11.
Bracket positioning in the mandibular premolars.
7.8 Mandibular molars
The mandibular molars are placed in the same way as the maxillary molars in terms of mesiodistal positioning by orienting the center of the buccal tip of the buccal tube with that of the buccal groove of the tooth. Unlike the maxillary molars, both the mandibular molars are placed at the same height, which is 0.5 mm gingival to the M-D contact line (Figure 12).
Figure 12.
Bracket positioning in the mandibular molars.
Another technique that was proposed was the bracket placement in Beethoven’s Orthodontic center. The bracket placement was similar to that given by Dr. Pitts except some modifications that were made in the maxillary canines. According to him, the maxillary canine bracket is placed by aligning it 1 mm mesially away from the long axis of the crown. The slot of the canine was used as a reference for placing the incisor brackets. The slots of the central and lateral incisor brackets are raised 0.5 mm consecutively (Figure 13).
Figure 13.
Figure showing placement of brackets in the maxillary anteriors.
8. Ideal cases for Damon
Dr. Damon has said that force applied to the bracket should be as light as possible to stimulate tooth movement. His philosophy was to employ the concept of biological adaptation and facially driven treatment plan that focuses on facial esthetics as a critical foundation for diagnosis.
The treatment objective in Damon cases is to
Gain maxillary and mandibular arch length.
Establish upper and lower incisor position to give lip support.
Establish maxillary and mandibular posterior arch width to support mid-face.
Design treatment mechanics to eliminate need for higher force rapid palatal expansion.
With low-force mechanics to work with the orofacial muscle complex, bone, and tissue to establish a physiologic tooth position
Damon system can be used in the following cases
Class I- Non Extraction- Young patient with severe crowding and a flat profile
Class I- Non Extraction- Adult patient with severe crowding and a flat profile
Class I- Non Extraction- Young patient- Open bite with posterior crossbite and very narrow deep palate.
Class I- Non Extraction- Adult patient- Open bite with posterior crossbite and very narrow deep palate.
Class I- Extraction- Bimaxillary protrusion and crowding.
Class II division I subdivision with functional shift- Non Extraction
Class II division I- Severe crowding and deep bite
Class II division II- Severe crowding and deep bite
Class III- Severe crowding.
Using the light forces from the Copper NiTi wires and friction less passive self-ligating brackets along with Superelastic NiTi open coil springs wherever required we can achieve a desired treatment outcome with the Damon system.
In case of Class II patients with retrognathic mandibles we can go for Phase 1 therapy with functional appliances or fixed functional appliances.
9. Recent advances
The Damon self-ligating appliances have certain characteristics such as ease in ligation, wire engagement without undesirable force relaxation of elastomeric modules, which helps in maintaining a constant active status of engaged wires. This makes the Damon appliance more suitable than conventional appliances. This is in agreement with the findings by various other orthodontists, Berger [20], Harradine [9], Turnbull and Birnie [4].
They are completely esthetic passive self-ligating brackets made of polycrystalline alumina (PCA) material, which is resistant to staining from coffee, mustard, red wine and other agents. It eliminates the need for the use of elastomers (modules) which generally stain and collect bacteria during the course of the treatment.
Removable positioning gauge with scaler notch is present in each of the clear brackets for easy and efficient placement of the bracket (Figure 19). There are color-coded positioning gauges on brackets (13–23) present that denote torque values.
Figure 19.
Removable position gauge with scalar notch.
For a higher efficient and quality treatment, proper wire sequencing must be employed. The initial arch wires being the Damon Optimal-Force Copper Ni-Ti® to low-friction TMA and stainless-steel arch wires. Each wire must have sufficient time to express itself before progression to the next wire. For anterior torque expression, either pre-torqued nickel titanium arch wires or TMA arch wires are to be used. For rotational bends, TMA arch wires or titanium niobium arch wires are to be used. However, care should be taken in employing finishing bends in stainless steel wires, since such bends may result in fractures.
Completely re-engineered tie-wing is said to improve the ability to engage and ligate elastomeric chains (Figure 20).
Smoother tie wings were designed for a better patient comfort and minimal occlusal interference (Figure 21).
The base of the bracket with 80 gauge mesh designed for reliable and increased bond strength throughout treatment and for a predictable debonding experience (Figure 22).
Easy to open and close the slot door design with low reciprocal forces and tactile feedback. The bracket door and wire are designed to reduce door closure interference (Figure 23).
Rhomboid shaped pad with enhanced scribe line help in guiding bracket placement (Figure 24).
Presence of vertical slot for convenient placement of drop-in hooks (Figure 25).
The retrocline and procline bracket options were introduced for enhanced torque control. Brackets were designed from the centre point of the clot to the line-up with the FA point to express desired torque and provide easier and more precise placement (Figure 26).
Additionally, extra arch wire options were included, for torque control when needed. Sizes available are: 0.019*0.0275, 0.0020*0.0275, and 0.021*0.0275 in Copper NiTi, TMA and SS (Figure 27).
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This chapter aims to bring the reader a first-meeting introduction for quickly knowing about MREs, instead of a very deep understanding of MREs.",book:{id:"7685",slug:"smart-and-functional-soft-materials",title:"Smart and Functional Soft Materials",fullTitle:"Smart and Functional Soft Materials"},signatures:"Taixiang Liu and Yangguang Xu",authors:[{id:"283475",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yangguang",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"yangguang-xu",fullName:"Yangguang Xu"}]},{id:"59283",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73824",title:"Zeolite Mixed Matrix Membranes (Zeolite-MMMs) for Sustainable Engineering",slug:"zeolite-mixed-matrix-membranes-zeolite-mmms-for-sustainable-engineering",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) could provide a solution to the permeability and selectivity trade-off in polymeric membranes and bridge the gap with inorganic membranes. MMM could offer the physicochemical stability of a ceramic material while ensuring the desired morphology with higher permeability, selectivity, hydrophilicity, fouling resistance, as well as greater thermal, mechanical, and chemical strength over a wider temperature and pH range. Zeolites are fascinating and versatile materials, vital for a wide range of industries due to their unique structure, greater mechanical strength, and chemical properties. This chapter focused on zeolite-MMM and characterized various zeolite-reinforced polymeric membrane types and applications. Several key rules in the synthesis procedures have been comprehensively discussed for the optimum interfacial morphology between the zeolites and polymers. Furthermore, the influence of the zeolite filler incorporation has been discussed and explored for a range of applications. This chapter provided a broad overview of the MMM’s challenges and future improvement investigative directions.",book:{id:"6499",slug:"zeolites-and-their-applications",title:"Zeolites and Their Applications",fullTitle:"Zeolites and Their Applications"},signatures:"Mahboobeh Maghami and Amira Abdelrasoul",authors:[{id:"151521",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelrasoul",slug:"amira-abdelrasoul",fullName:"Amira Abdelrasoul"},{id:"239836",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mahboobeh",middleName:null,surname:"Maghami",slug:"mahboobeh-maghami",fullName:"Mahboobeh Maghami"}]},{id:"38416",doi:"10.5772/50504",title:"Carbon Fibre Sensor: Theory and Application",slug:"carbon-fibre-sensor-theory-and-application",totalDownloads:3966,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"3052",slug:"composites-and-their-applications",title:"Composites and Their Applications",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Applications"},signatures:"Alexander Horoschenkoff and Christian Christner",authors:[{id:"142113",title:"Dr",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Horoschenkoff",slug:"alexander-horoschenkoff",fullName:"Alexander Horoschenkoff"},{id:"142207",title:"Mr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Christner",slug:"christian-christner",fullName:"Christian Christner"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"61328",title:"Introductory Chapter: Adsorption and Ion Exchange Properties of Zeolites for Treatment of Polluted Water",slug:"introductory-chapter-adsorption-and-ion-exchange-properties-of-zeolites-for-treatment-of-polluted-wa",totalDownloads:2142,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"6499",slug:"zeolites-and-their-applications",title:"Zeolites and Their Applications",fullTitle:"Zeolites and Their Applications"},signatures:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed and Pachagoundanpalayam\nNachimuthugounder Palanisamy",authors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}]},{id:"66197",title:"Magnetorheological Elastomers: Materials and Applications",slug:"magnetorheological-elastomers-materials-and-applications",totalDownloads:2164,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are a type of soft magneto-active rubber-like material, whose physical or mechanical properties can be altered upon the application of a magnetic field. In general, MREs can be prepared by mixing micron-sized magnetic particles into nonmagnetic rubber-like matrices. In this chapter, the materials, the preparing methods, the analytical models, and the applications of MREs are reviewed. First, different kinds of magnetic particles and rubber-like matrices used to prepare MREs, as well as the preparing methods, will be introduced. Second, some examples of the microstructures, as well as the microstructure-based analytical models, of MREs will be shown. Moreover, the magnetic field-induced changes of the macroscopic physical or mechanical properties of MREs will be experimentally given. Third, the applications of MREs in engineering fields will be introduced and the promising applications of MREs will be forecasted. This chapter aims to bring the reader a first-meeting introduction for quickly knowing about MREs, instead of a very deep understanding of MREs.",book:{id:"7685",slug:"smart-and-functional-soft-materials",title:"Smart and Functional Soft Materials",fullTitle:"Smart and Functional Soft Materials"},signatures:"Taixiang Liu and Yangguang Xu",authors:[{id:"283475",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yangguang",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"yangguang-xu",fullName:"Yangguang Xu"}]},{id:"67279",title:"Development, Characterization and Properties of Silk Fibre and Grafted Silk Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Films",slug:"development-characterization-and-properties-of-silk-fibre-and-grafted-silk-fibre-reinforced-polymer-",totalDownloads:1107,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The use of natural fibres over synthetic fibres is gaining widespread importance due to its availability; renewability, low density and satisfactory mechanical properties making them an ecological alternative to synthetic fibres. The innumerable properties of silk fibre have made it superior to be used by researchers both in the plastic and biomedical sector. Silk fibre reinforced PVA (polyvinylalcohol) and PVA/PVP (polyvinyl pyrrolidone) films were prepared via solution casting technique. The effect of silk fibre concentration, on the structural, thermal, mechanical, bio-degradable and the morphological properties of the composite films was assessed. The results indicated that the addition of silk fibres improved the thermal, morphological, mechanical and biodegradable properties of the films. The extensive use of silk fibroin in the biomedical field, due to its robust properties has made it a promising material, suitable in tissue engineering applications. Keeping this in view, the current study also focuses on re-tailoring the properties of silk fibres by grafting a natural polysaccharide like chitosan and thereby fabricate composite films of PVA reinforced with this grafted fibre. The films were tested for their potential applications in tissue engineering, by subjecting them to in vitro biocompatibility tests. The films were also tested for their antibacterial properties. The results thus obtained indicated that the films were non-toxic in all concentrations and were found to be suitable for biomaterial applications.",book:{id:"8162",slug:"generation-development-and-modifications-of-natural-fibers",title:"Generation, Development and Modifications of Natural Fibers",fullTitle:"Generation, Development and Modifications of Natural Fibers"},signatures:"Sareen Sheik and Gundibasappa Karikannar Nagaraja",authors:[{id:"285152",title:"Prof.",name:"G.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Nagaraja",slug:"g.k.-nagaraja",fullName:"G.K. Nagaraja"},{id:"285153",title:"Ms.",name:"Sareen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheik",slug:"sareen-sheik",fullName:"Sareen Sheik"}]},{id:"38395",title:"Structural Health Monitoring for Composite Materials",slug:"structural-health-monitoring-for-composite-materials",totalDownloads:7746,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"3052",slug:"composites-and-their-applications",title:"Composites and Their Applications",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Applications"},signatures:"Jian Cai, Lei Qiu, Shenfang Yuan, Lihua Shi, PeiPei Liu and Dong Liang",authors:[{id:"140597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Cai",slug:"jian-cai",fullName:"Jian Cai"},{id:"140715",title:"Prof.",name:"Shenfang",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",slug:"shenfang-yuan",fullName:"Shenfang Yuan"}]},{id:"69714",title:"Natural Fibers: Applications",slug:"natural-fibers-applications",totalDownloads:1668,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Fibers derived from bio-based sources such as vegetables and animal origin are termed as natural fibers. This definition includes all natural cellulosic fibers (cotton, jute, sisal, coir, flax, hemp, abaca, ramie, etc.) and protein-based fibers such as wool and silk. There are also man-made cellulose fibers (e.g., viscose rayon and cellulose acetate) that are produced with chemical procedures from pulped wood or other sources (cotton, bamboo). Natural fibers being cost effective and abundantly available yields high potential in various industrial and commercial applications such as in the interior applications of the passenger cars, panels for partition and false ceiling, partition boards, roof tiles, coir fibers in packaging, furniture applications, as insulating materials in low energy houses, geo-textiles for soil protection and erosion control, enhancing barrier properties, composites etc. Due to research and developmental work in modification and treatment methods of natural fibers, utilization of natural fibers has observed a significant growth in various applications. The chapter addresses the potential applications of natural fibers in various commercial sectors for the development of environment-friendly products with an aim to replace synthetic fibers or inorganic fillers with cost-effective and efficient products.",book:{id:"8162",slug:"generation-development-and-modifications-of-natural-fibers",title:"Generation, Development and Modifications of Natural Fibers",fullTitle:"Generation, Development and Modifications of Natural Fibers"},signatures:"Jatinder Singh Dhaliwal",authors:[{id:"272683",title:"Mr.",name:"Jatinder Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Dhaliwal",slug:"jatinder-singh-dhaliwal",fullName:"Jatinder Singh Dhaliwal"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"934",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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