Misuse or signature-based detection schemes.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5253",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Grape and Wine Biotechnology",title:"Grape and Wine Biotechnology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Grape and Wine Biotechnology is a collective volume divided into 21 chapters focused on recent advances in vine pathology and pests, molecular tools to control them, genetic engineering and functional analysis, wine biotechnology including molecular techniques to study Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeast in enology, new fermentative applications of nonconventional yeasts in wine fermentation, biological aging on lees and wine stabilization, advanced instrumental techniques to detect wine origin and frauds, and many other current applications useful for researchers, lecturers, and vine or wine professionals. The chapters have been written by experts from different universities and research centers of 13 countries being representative of the knowledge, research, and know-how of many wine regions worldwide.",isbn:"978-953-51-2693-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2692-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5457-0",doi:"10.5772/61694",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"grape-and-wine-biotechnology",numberOfPages:470,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5626f83050894f6dfc5640fa908dc920",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata and Iris Loira",publishedDate:"October 19th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5253.jpg",numberOfDownloads:48682,numberOfWosCitations:123,numberOfCrossrefCitations:91,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:178,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:11,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:392,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 23rd 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 13th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 17th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 12th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 16th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180952/images/system/180952.png",biography:"Antonio Morata is a Professor of Food Science and Technology at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain, specialized in wine technology. He is a coordinator of the module of enology and winemaking in the Master of Viticulture and Enology, and a coordinator of the Master of Food Engineer at UPM. Dr. Morata is also a professor of enology, and wine technology at the European Master of Viticulture and Enology, Euromaster Vinifera-Erasmus+. He is a Spanish delegate to the group of Experts in wine microbiology of the International Organizations of Vine and Wine (OIV). He authored more than 80 research articles, 2 books, 5 edited books, 6 special issues, and 20 book chapters.",institutionString:"Technical University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Technical University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"186423",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Loira",slug:"iris-loira",fullName:"Iris Loira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186423/images/system/186423.jpg",biography:"Iris Loira is an Associate Professor of Food Science and Technology at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain, and a professor of the module of enology and winemaking at the Master of Viticulture and Enology. She is an academic secretary for the Master of Food Engineer at UPM. Dr Loira is a professor of wine analysis at the European Master of Viticulture and Enology, Euromaster Vinifera-Erasmus+. She is the author of 50 research articles, 3 books, and 14 book chapters.",institutionString:"Technical University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Technical University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"344",title:"Viticulture",slug:"viticulture"}],chapters:[{id:"52240",title:"Grapevine Biotechnology: Molecular Approaches Underlying Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses",doi:"10.5772/64872",slug:"grapevine-biotechnology-molecular-approaches-underlying-abiotic-and-biotic-stress-responses",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Grapevine is one of the most abundant crops worldwide, with varieties destined for fresh and dry consumption, as well as wine production. Unfortunately, grapevine plants are affected by both biotic and abiotic stresses, generating significant economic losses. These conditions can negatively impact grape cultivation at different stages: plant and berry development during pre- and post-harvest, production, fresh fruit processing and export, along with wine quality. Most of the grapevine varieties are susceptible to several pathogens and within this chapter, particular attention is given to fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Erysiphe necator) and viruses, since they are a worldwide concern. Within the latter, special focus is given to the grapevine leafroll disease, a complex and destructive infection. On the other hand, abiotic stress is also relevant in grapevine, and in this chapter it will be exemplified by UV-B radiation and its impact on growth and fruit development, plant adaptive responses and its relationship with the quality of grape berries for winemaking. The main biotic and abiotic grapevine stress factors are reviewed in this chapter, considering a special focus on biotechnological approaches carried out in order to address them and minimize their detrimental consequences.",signatures:"Grace Armijo, Carmen Espinoza, Rodrigo Loyola, Franko Restovic,\nClaudia Santibáñez, Rudolf Schlechter, Mario Agurto and Patricio\nArce-Johnson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52240",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52240",authors:[{id:"181474",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricio",surname:"Arce-Johnson",slug:"patricio-arce-johnson",fullName:"Patricio Arce-Johnson"},{id:"182101",title:"Dr.",name:"Grace",surname:"Armijo",slug:"grace-armijo",fullName:"Grace Armijo"},{id:"182102",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Espinoza",slug:"carmen-espinoza",fullName:"Carmen Espinoza"},{id:"182108",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Loyola",slug:"rodrigo-loyola",fullName:"Rodrigo Loyola"},{id:"186721",title:"Dr.",name:"Franko",surname:"Restovic",slug:"franko-restovic",fullName:"Franko Restovic"},{id:"186722",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Santibáñez",slug:"claudia-santibanez",fullName:"Claudia Santibáñez"},{id:"186723",title:"MSc.",name:"Rudolf",surname:"Schlechter",slug:"rudolf-schlechter",fullName:"Rudolf Schlechter"},{id:"186724",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",surname:"Agurto",slug:"mario-agurto",fullName:"Mario Agurto"}],corrections:null},{id:"51935",title:"Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Grape",doi:"10.5772/64873",slug:"pathogenesis-related-proteins-in-grape",totalDownloads:2285,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An overview of major pathogens and their control, plant defense mechanisms, and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and their roles in pathogen control is presented herein. Vitis vinifera, including wine grape and table grape, is one of the most valuable horticultural crops in the world because of its commercial use. However, V. vinifera cultivars are extremely susceptible to pathogens, particularly fungi and oomycetes, such as Botrytis cinerea and Plasmopara viticola, respectively. Plants have various defense mechanisms to counter these pathogens. One example is induced resistance, which involves the induction of the immune system in the event of a pathogen attack, including the generation of PR proteins. Some PR proteins possess antimicrobial activity. PR proteins are classified into 17 families, some of which are found in grape. Thus, their roles in grape have been actively studied. A new strategy to increase plant resistance to pathogens has been developed. A good understanding of grape defense mechanism through PR proteins is expected to open new doors to improve grape quality and yield by efficiently controlling pathogens in the future.",signatures:"Shinichi Enoki and Shunji Suzuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51935",authors:[{id:"13729",title:"Dr.",name:"Shunji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"shunji-suzuki",fullName:"Shunji Suzuki"},{id:"181668",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinichi",surname:"Enoki",slug:"shinichi-enoki",fullName:"Shinichi Enoki"}],corrections:null},{id:"52039",title:"Evaluation of the Cultivar Effect on Wine Grape Fungal Diseases with a Use of a Low-Input Fungicide Regimen in Southeastern Virginia, USA",doi:"10.5772/64845",slug:"evaluation-of-the-cultivar-effect-on-wine-grape-fungal-diseases-with-a-use-of-a-low-input-fungicide-",totalDownloads:1650,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wine grape cultivar selection was examined as a use of biotechnology and a part of integrated plant disease management in grape and wine production. The efficacy of 18 wine grape cultivars against various wine grape diseases was examined using a relatively low-input fungicide regimen to determine whether these diseases can be managed under hot and humid southeastern Virginia conditions over 5 years. Disease developments of black rot, Botrytis bunch rot, downy mildew, Phomopsis cane and leaf spot, and powdery mildew was evaluated. Although overall level of disease was low in each year, we observed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect of cultivar in many cases, indicating the importance of cultivar selection. Cultivars such as ‘Norton’, ‘Noire’, ‘Traminette’, ‘Vidal blanc’, and ‘Viognier’ were found to be less susceptible to the major diseases under Virginia environmental conditions.",signatures:"Mizuho Nita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52039",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52039",authors:[{id:"98153",title:"Dr.",name:"Mizuho",surname:"Nita",slug:"mizuho-nita",fullName:"Mizuho Nita"}],corrections:null},{id:"52108",title:"Development and Use of Biotechnology Tools for Grape Functional Analysis",doi:"10.5772/64915",slug:"development-and-use-of-biotechnology-tools-for-grape-functional-analysis",totalDownloads:2049,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to provide a description of the latest scientific advances in the field of gene functional analysis in grapevine. It provides general information about the studies conducted during the past decade to understand the natural variation of this plant and how this information has been exploited for the understanding of traits of interest. Likewise, it is exposed how the use of biotechnology tools have helped to characterize the mechanisms of gene expression and its regulation, as well as the subcellular localization of proteins and their interactions with other molecules. Finally, an approximation to the new technologies of gene editing and their potential application in the functional study of grapevine has been carried out.",signatures:"Constanza Chialva, Estefanía Eichler, Claudio Muñoz and Diego\nLijavetzky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52108",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52108",authors:[{id:"181826",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Lijavetzky",slug:"diego-lijavetzky",fullName:"Diego Lijavetzky"},{id:"182507",title:"MSc.",name:"Estefania",surname:"Eichler",slug:"estefania-eichler",fullName:"Estefania Eichler"},{id:"182520",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Muñoz",slug:"claudio-munoz",fullName:"Claudio Muñoz"},{id:"182624",title:"Dr.",name:"Constanza",surname:"Chialva",slug:"constanza-chialva",fullName:"Constanza Chialva"}],corrections:null},{id:"51977",title:"Phenolic Compounds Recovery from Grape Fruit and By- Products: An Overview of Extraction Methods",doi:"10.5772/64821",slug:"phenolic-compounds-recovery-from-grape-fruit-and-by-products-an-overview-of-extraction-methods",totalDownloads:2635,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are considered as bioactive compounds having beneficial effects on human health. Because of their biological properties, they have wide applications on pharmaceutical and food industries, and for this reason, it is important to identify most appropriate procedures, which permits the standardization for recovery of these compounds from several plant materials including grapes. Grape fruit and by-products are excellent sources of bioactive compounds such as pigments, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. Several convectional and emerging technologies have been evaluated in order to recover phenolic compounds from grape fruits and wastes such as chemical, physical, and biotechnological techniques, which offer different advantages related to economic, environmental, time-saving, and yield aspects. Nowadays, there is no updated information, which provides an overview about the techniques applied of these bioactive compound recovery in order to obtain high-quality and high-activity extracts rich in phenolic compounds from grape fruit and by-products. This chapter offers relevant aspects related to the techniques employed during the last five years by researches for phenolic compound recovery from grapes.",signatures:"Cecilia Castro-López, Romeo Rojas, Ernesto J. Sánchez-Alejo,\nGuillermo Niño-Medina and Guillermo C.G. Martínez-Ávila",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51977",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51977",authors:[{id:"180962",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo Cristian",surname:"Martinez-Avila",slug:"guillermo-cristian-martinez-avila",fullName:"Guillermo Cristian Martinez-Avila"},{id:"186728",title:"Dr.",name:"Romeo",surname:"Rojas",slug:"romeo-rojas",fullName:"Romeo Rojas"},{id:"186729",title:"Ms.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Castro-López",slug:"cecilia-castro-lopez",fullName:"Cecilia Castro-López"},{id:"186730",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernesto",surname:"Sánchez-Alejo",slug:"ernesto-sanchez-alejo",fullName:"Ernesto Sánchez-Alejo"}],corrections:null},{id:"52147",title:"Benefits of Vine Leaf on Different Biological Systems",doi:"10.5772/64930",slug:"benefits-of-vine-leaf-on-different-biological-systems",totalDownloads:2597,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"For centuries, the therapeutic benefits of grapes and other byproducts have been empirically used for medical purposes such as bleeding, pain, inflammation, nausea, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, or skin diseases. Moderated intake of the red wine improves parameters as blood lipids, endothelial dysfunction, platelet aggregation, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, few studies have been explored the potential benefits from vine byproducts. Vine leaves, a waste product from the vine, are also rich source of polyphenols and other therapeutic compounds. In this chapter, we explored the therapeutic properties from vine leaf in different biological systems.",signatures:"Denise S. Lacerda, Pedro C. Costa, Cláudia Funchal, Caroline Dani\nand Rosane Gomez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52147",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52147",authors:[{id:"181880",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rosane",surname:"Gomez",slug:"rosane-gomez",fullName:"Rosane Gomez"},{id:"186847",title:"MSc.",name:"Denise",surname:"Lacerda",slug:"denise-lacerda",fullName:"Denise Lacerda"},{id:"186849",title:"MSc.",name:"Pedro",surname:"C. Costa",slug:"pedro-c.-costa",fullName:"Pedro C. Costa"},{id:"186850",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Funchal",slug:"claudia-funchal",fullName:"Claudia Funchal"},{id:"186851",title:"Dr.",name:"Caroline",surname:"Dani",slug:"caroline-dani",fullName:"Caroline Dani"}],corrections:null},{id:"52017",title:"Grape Drying: Current Status and Future Trends",doi:"10.5772/64662",slug:"grape-drying-current-status-and-future-trends",totalDownloads:2988,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With high moisture and sugar content, fresh grapes respire and transpire actively after harvest, which contribute to quality loss. Drying can process grapes into raisins for longer shelf-life as well as dehydrated grapes, which can be used for wines or juice production. The pre-treatments, drying method and drying conditions, can significantly influence the quality of final products. In this chapter, firstly, different pre-treatments as a necessary operation previous to the drying of grapes into raisins is introduced. These pre-treatments include chemical pre-treatment, physical pre-treatment, and blanching. In addition, the quality and drying characteristics of different pre-treatments is summarized too. Secondly, the current status of different technologies for grape drying and their effects on drying kinetics and quality attributes of seedless grapes are described to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each drying method. These drying methods include the traditional open sun drying, shade drying, hot-air drying, freezing drying, microwave drying, as well as the vacuum impulsed drying. Thirdly, influences of drying on bioactive substances (flavonoids, phenolics, anthocyanin, and resveratrol) and antioxidant capacity of grape by-products including seed, skin, stem, and stalk are also examined. Finally, the future research trends of grape and its by-product drying are indentified and discussed.",signatures:"Jun Wang, Arun S. Mujumdar, Weisong Mu, Jianying Feng,\nXiaoshuan Zhang, Qian Zhang, Xiao-Ming Fang, Zhen-Jiang Gao\nand Hong-Wei Xiao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52017",authors:[{id:"28871",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenjiang",surname:"Gao",slug:"zhenjiang-gao",fullName:"Zhenjiang Gao"},{id:"180873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong-Wei",surname:"Xiao",slug:"hong-wei-xiao",fullName:"Hong-Wei Xiao"},{id:"181023",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",surname:"Wang",slug:"jun-wang",fullName:"Jun Wang"},{id:"186411",title:"Prof.",name:"Arun S",surname:"Mujumdar",slug:"arun-s-mujumdar",fullName:"Arun S Mujumdar"},{id:"186412",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoshuan",surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiaoshuan-zhang",fullName:"Xiaoshuan Zhang"},{id:"186413",title:"Prof.",name:"Weisong",surname:"Mu",slug:"weisong-mu",fullName:"Weisong Mu"},{id:"186414",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",surname:"Zhang",slug:"qian-zhang",fullName:"Qian Zhang"},{id:"186415",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao-Ming",surname:"Fang",slug:"xiao-ming-fang",fullName:"Xiao-Ming Fang"}],corrections:null},{id:"51823",title:"Earthworms and Grape Marc: Simultaneous Production of a High-Quality Biofertilizer and Bioactive-Rich Seeds",doi:"10.5772/64751",slug:"earthworms-and-grape-marc-simultaneous-production-of-a-high-quality-biofertilizer-and-bioactive-rich",totalDownloads:2189,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Winemaking produces annually millions of tons of grape marc as a byproduct, which is a revaluable resource having many potential uses, including a nutrient‐rich organic soil amendment. However, its application as untreated raw material can damage crops owing to the release of phytotoxic polyphenols. This agronomic problems can be minimized by vermicomposting, as earthworms can partly digest polyphenols. This chapter reports the results obtained in the processing of grape marc derived from white wine through vermicomposting on an industrial scale to yield both a high quality organic, polyphenol‐free fertilizer and grape seeds as a source of bioactive compounds. Vermicomposting reduced substantially the residue biomass. In a very short‐term, the process yielded a nutrient‐rich, microbiologically active and stabilized peat‐like material that can be easily separated from the seeds by sieving. The isolation of the seeds eliminates the polyphenol‐associated phytotoxicity from the vermicompost and left those seeds prepared to be easily processed to get different bioactive compounds, mainly rich‐polyphenols extracts but also rich‐fatty acids seed oil. The procedure described is effective, simple, environmental‐friendly and economical, and can easily be scaled up for industrial application yielding a variety of added‐value products from the initial grape marc.",signatures:"Jorge Domínguez, Hugo Martínez‐Cordeiro and Marta Lores",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51823",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51823",authors:[{id:"97521",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Domínguez",slug:"jorge-dominguez",fullName:"Jorge Domínguez"},{id:"187971",title:"MSc.",name:"Hugo",surname:"Martínez-Cordeiro",slug:"hugo-martinez-cordeiro",fullName:"Hugo Martínez-Cordeiro"},{id:"187972",title:"Prof.",name:"Marta",surname:"Lores",slug:"marta-lores",fullName:"Marta Lores"}],corrections:null},{id:"52146",title:"Grape and Wine Metabolites: Biotechnological Approaches to Improve Wine Quality",doi:"10.5772/64822",slug:"grape-and-wine-metabolites-biotechnological-approaches-to-improve-wine-quality",totalDownloads:3030,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Grape metabolites can be affected by many extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as grape variety, ripening stage, growing regions, vineyard management practices, and edaphoclimatic conditions. However, there is still much about the in vivo formation of grape metabolites that need to be investigated. The winemaking process also can create distinct wines. Nowadays, wine fermentations are driven mostly by single-strain inoculations, allowing greater control of fermentation. Pure cultures of selected yeast strains, mostly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are added to grape must, leading to more predictable outcomes and decreasing the risk of spoilage. Besides yeasts, lactic acid bacteria also play an important role, in the final wine quality. Thus, this chapter attempts to present an overview of grape berry physiology and metabolome to provide a deep understanding of the primary and secondary metabolites accumulated in the grape berries and their potential impact in wine quality. In addition, biotechnological approaches for wine quality practiced during wine alcoholic and malolactic fermentation will also be discussed.",signatures:"Fernanda Cosme, Berta Gonçalves, António Inês, António M. Jordão\nand Alice Vilela",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52146",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52146",authors:[{id:"60559",title:"Prof.",name:"Berta",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"berta-goncalves",fullName:"Berta Gonçalves"},{id:"181011",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice",surname:"Vilela",slug:"alice-vilela",fullName:"Alice Vilela"},{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"},{id:"186820",title:"Prof.",name:"António",surname:"Inês",slug:"antonio-ines",fullName:"António Inês"},{id:"186821",title:"Prof.",name:"António",surname:"M. Jordão",slug:"antonio-m.-jordao",fullName:"António M. Jordão"}],corrections:null},{id:"51863",title:"Grape Microbiome: Potential and Opportunities as a Source of Starter Cultures",doi:"10.5772/64806",slug:"grape-microbiome-potential-and-opportunities-as-a-source-of-starter-cultures",totalDownloads:2470,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Grape microbiome is the source of a vastly diverse pool of filamentous fungi, yeast and bacteria that will play a coordinated role for the quality of the produced wines. In recent times, the significance of this pool of microorganisms with a long list of studies of the microbial ecology of grape berries of different geographical origin, cultural practices, grape varieties and climatic conditions has been acknowledged. Similarly, the ongoing microbial evolution of must fermentations has been fully uncovered. All these ecology studies, along with detailed metabolic studies and sensorial characterisations of the produced wines, led to the suggestion of the microbial terroir. These new concepts are today leading worldwide research efforts to the production of unique wines, preserving their historical identity and verifying their quality and geographical origin. This chapter is a quick but thorough and up-to-date review of how autochthonous microbiota highlight the terroir in wines, a comparison of commercial and wild yeast strains and how this biodiversity has been explored. Moreover, technological, physiological and oenological selection criteria will be under consideration. At the end, the positive and negative aspects of wild vinifications, the technological problems of wild strains and some suggestions for the future in starter cultures will be presented.",signatures:"Despina Bozoudi and Dimitris Tsaltas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51863",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51863",authors:[{id:"180885",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dimitris",surname:"Tsaltas",slug:"dimitris-tsaltas",fullName:"Dimitris Tsaltas"}],corrections:null},{id:"52041",title:"Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts: Biotechnological Role for Wine Production",doi:"10.5772/64957",slug:"non-saccharomyces-yeasts-biotechnological-role-for-wine-production",totalDownloads:2625,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:26,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Non-Saccharomyces yeasts play a substantial role in the early stages of wine fermentation. With the increase in alcohol concentration, indigenous or commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae take over and complete the transformation of the grape must sugars into ethanol, CO2, and other secondary metabolites. The presence of non-Saccharomyces during the fermentation has an impact on the wine composition, and consequently, their contribution during the fermentation process cannot be ignored. The new challenges to enhance the appeal and value of wine elaborated by traditional technology are being achieved by selecting and using autochthonous non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces strains that may enhance regional identity of wines. Greater understanding of yeast biochemistry and physiology is enabling the selection and development of yeast strains that have defined specific influences on process efficiency and wine quality. The aim of this chapter was to show the different aspects of non-Saccharomyces species that may play a positive incidence in the biotechnological process to conduct to wine elaboration.",signatures:"Margarita García, Braulio Esteve-Zarzoso and Teresa Arroyo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52041",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52041",authors:[{id:"182064",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Arroyo",slug:"teresa-arroyo",fullName:"Teresa Arroyo"},{id:"182068",title:"Ms.",name:"Margarita",surname:"García",slug:"margarita-garcia",fullName:"Margarita García"},{id:"182089",title:"Dr.",name:"Esteve-Zarzoso",surname:"Braulio",slug:"esteve-zarzoso-braulio",fullName:"Esteve-Zarzoso Braulio"}],corrections:null},{id:"52244",title:"Aroma Compounds in Wine",doi:"10.5772/65102",slug:"aroma-compounds-in-wine",totalDownloads:3145,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:20,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Volatile aroma compounds are very important to grape wine quality. In order to understand the flavor of wine, a multitude of scientific investigations was carried out and a number of appropriate analytical tools for flavor study were developed in the past few decades. This chapter deals with major achievements reported in wine aroma and flavor. Firstly, we illustrate the existing knowledge on aroma compounds contributing to wine flavor, as well as the types of wine aroma compounds. Furthermore, the main factors affecting flavor quality in wine are discussed. Finally, the genomics and biotechnology of wine flavor are also summarized. This chapter broadens the discussion of wine aroma compounds to include more modern concepts of biotechnology and also provides relevant background and offers directions for future study.",signatures:"Fengmei Zhu, Bin Du and Jun Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52244",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52244",authors:[{id:"180555",title:"Dr.",name:"Fengmei",surname:"Zhu",slug:"fengmei-zhu",fullName:"Fengmei Zhu"},{id:"180943",title:"Dr.",name:"Bin",surname:"Du",slug:"bin-du",fullName:"Bin Du"},{id:"180945",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",surname:"Li",slug:"jun-li",fullName:"Jun Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"52380",title:"Influence of Yeasts in Wine Colour",doi:"10.5772/65055",slug:"influence-of-yeasts-in-wine-colour",totalDownloads:2387,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:25,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Colour is the first impression that the consumer receives from wine and it influences the taste. Colour gives an idea about wine quality, age, oxidation and structure, so it has an important repercussion on the consumer perception of wine. Yeasts promote the formation of stable pigments by the production and release of fermentative metabolites affecting the formation of vitisin A and B type pyranoanthocyanins. The hydrox- and ycinnamate decarboxylase activity showed by some yeast strains produces highly reactive vinylphenols stimulating the formation of vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins from grape anthocyanin precursors during fermentation. Some yeasts also influence the formation of polymeric pigments by unclear mechanisms that can include the production of linking molecules such as acetaldehyde. Grape anthocyanins adsorbed in yeast cell walls during fermentation are removed from wine after racking processes affecting final pigment content. Moreover, the intensive use of non‐Saccharomyces yeasts in current oenology makes it interesting to assess the effect of new species in the improvement of wine colour.",signatures:"Morata Antonio, Loira Iris and Suárez Lepe Jose Antonio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52380",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52380",authors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"},{id:"186423",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",surname:"Loira",slug:"iris-loira",fullName:"Iris Loira"},{id:"186424",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Antonio",surname:"Suárez Lepe",slug:"jose-antonio-suarez-lepe",fullName:"Jose Antonio Suárez Lepe"}],corrections:null},{id:"51980",title:"New Trends in Schizosaccharomyces Use for Winemaking",doi:"10.5772/64807",slug:"new-trends-in-schizosaccharomyces-use-for-winemaking",totalDownloads:2018,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Several researchers are studying the winemaking potential of non-Saccharomyces yeast strains in order to improve wine quality. For that purpose, yeast species such as Torulaspora delbrueckii, Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Candida zemplinina, Kloeckera apiculata, Hansenula anomala and Pichia guilliermondii were studied in the past. Yeasts from the genus Schizosaccharomyces have been traditionally studied from a winemaking point of view due to its rapid malic acid deacidification, by converting malic acid to ethanol and CO2. Nevertheless, during the last 5 years, it has been discovered that Schizosaccharomyces pombe possesses several remarkable metabolic properties different from its traditional malic acid deacidification that may be useful in modern quality winemaking, including a malic dehydrogenase activity, high autolytic polysaccharides release, ability of gluconic acid reduction, urease activity in order to avoid ethyl carbamate formation, elevated production of pyruvic acid related to colour improvement, and low production of biogenic amines.",signatures:"Ángel Benito, Fernando Calderón and Santiago Benito",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51980",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51980",authors:[{id:"180457",title:"Prof.",name:"Santiago",surname:"Benito",slug:"santiago-benito",fullName:"Santiago Benito"}],corrections:null},{id:"52025",title:"The Use of Indigenous Yeast to Develop High-Quality Patagonian Wines",doi:"10.5772/64750",slug:"the-use-of-indigenous-yeast-to-develop-high-quality-patagonian-wines",totalDownloads:1743,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In young wines, the compounds responsible for wine flavor come from two possible origins: grapes and microorganisms involved in winemaking. Yeasts play the most important role in flavor influence because of their role in conducting the alcoholic fermentation (FA), the key process of winemaking. Ecological studies show that yeast diversity is significantly influenced by geographical and technological features of each particular winegrowing region. Wines from Argentine have achieved high-quality certifications, and particularly, in the Comahue region, wine production is mainly oriented to young red wines varieties, some of which found in this region optimal ecological condition to express all their enological potential. Despite this, the need to satisfy the demands of an increasingly competitive and globalized international market and the consumer demand for new wine styles with the best quality/price ratio imposes the regional productive sector new challenges that require technological innovation. The use of starter cultures developed from indigenous yeast isolated from our region, specially selected for its enological properties, appears as a valuable tool for differentiation, diversification, and quality improvement of wines. In this context, conventional and non-conventional yeasts were isolated and selected over the years and used for vinifications in red grape varieties (Pinot noir and Malbec). Assays were carried out at laboratory and pilot scale, in the 2010–2015 vintages. The experiences developed along the years contribute to a better understanding of the processes involved in the production of improved wines by autochthonous strains, an important practice to develop a more competitive regional wine industry.",signatures:"Silvana María Del Mónaco, Yolanda Curilen, Ramona Del Carmen\nMaturano, Sebastián Mario Ezequiel Bravo, Adriana Beatriz Simes\nand Adriana Catalina Caballero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52025",authors:[{id:"181832",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvana María",surname:"Del Mónaco",slug:"silvana-maria-del-monaco",fullName:"Silvana María Del Mónaco"},{id:"181834",title:"Prof.",name:"Yolanda",surname:"Curilen",slug:"yolanda-curilen",fullName:"Yolanda Curilen"},{id:"181835",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramona Del Carmen",surname:"Maturano",slug:"ramona-del-carmen-maturano",fullName:"Ramona Del Carmen Maturano"},{id:"181837",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana Catalina",surname:"Caballero",slug:"adriana-catalina-caballero",fullName:"Adriana Catalina Caballero"},{id:"182115",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana Beatriz",surname:"Simes",slug:"adriana-beatriz-simes",fullName:"Adriana Beatriz Simes"},{id:"186940",title:"Mr.",name:"Sebastián Mario Ezequiel",surname:"Bravo",slug:"sebastian-mario-ezequiel-bravo",fullName:"Sebastián Mario Ezequiel Bravo"}],corrections:null},{id:"52292",title:"Wine Lees: Traditional and Potential Innovative Techniques for their Exploitation in Winemaking",doi:"10.5772/65043",slug:"wine-lees-traditional-and-potential-innovative-techniques-for-their-exploitation-in-winemaking",totalDownloads:2137,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aging of wine on lees enhances the sensorial characteristics of wine. Only a small part of the lees produced in winemaking are used in traditional aging. Most are collected and then distilled or processed to obtain low quality wine. For these reasons, lees are currently an undervalued by-product of winemaking. A new technique was tested on an industrial scale to provide wine from lees of different origin. After racking, the lees were collected in an innovative steel system and processed by cycles of mixing in controlled condition of temperature and micro-oxygenation. The processing technique contributed to improving the chemical characteristics of wine from the lees. Wines obtained from the treated lees were characterized by color intensity, total polyphenols and total polysaccharides significantly higher compared to those from not treated lees, used as control. The addition of small quantities of wine from lees to a base wine led to a significant decrease of astringency and increase in body, overall aroma, olfactory intensity, and sweet sensation. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method could be an effective tool to exploit lees on a winery scale.",signatures:"Giovanna Fia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52292",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52292",authors:[{id:"182071",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Giovanna",surname:"Fia",slug:"giovanna-fia",fullName:"Giovanna Fia"}],corrections:null},{id:"52255",title:"Viticultural and Biotechnological Strategies to Reduce Alcohol Content in Red Wines",doi:"10.5772/64982",slug:"viticultural-and-biotechnological-strategies-to-reduce-alcohol-content-in-red-wines",totalDownloads:1970,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Viticultural and biotechnological strategies are two approaches to deal with higher must sugar levels at harvest time. A wide range of factors could significantly affect sugar accumulation in the grape such as choice of vineyard site, soil composition, irrigation strategy, rootstock, and grape cultivar selection as well as grape yield. In this sense, approaches to canopy management are continually evolving in response to changes in other vineyard management practices; some of these could contribute to reduce soluble sugars on grape berries at harvest time. On the other hand, among possible biotechnological strategies, one of the most relevant is the control of the fermentative process by using selected yeast strains. In this chapter, we will show how some viticultural practices have influenced the accumulation of soluble sugars and other enological parameters in grape berries at harvest time. We will also report how a careful yeast selection and the implementation of different fermentation strategies can also contribute to reduce ethanol content in wines.",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Olego, José Manuel Álvarez-Pérez, Miguel Javier\nQuiroga, Rebeca Cobos, Mario Sánchez-García, Jesús Esteban\nMedina, Sandra González-García, Juan José Rubio Coque and José\nEnrique Garzón-Jimeno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52255",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52255",authors:[{id:"180800",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Ángel",surname:"Olego",slug:"miguel-angel-olego",fullName:"Miguel Ángel Olego"},{id:"180814",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",surname:"Rubio Coque",slug:"juan-jose-rubio-coque",fullName:"Juan José Rubio Coque"},{id:"180816",title:"Dr.",name:"José Enrique",surname:"Garzón Jimeno",slug:"jose-enrique-garzon-jimeno",fullName:"José Enrique Garzón Jimeno"},{id:"187324",title:"Dr.",name:"José Manuel",surname:"Álvarez Pérez",slug:"jose-manuel-alvarez-perez",fullName:"José Manuel Álvarez Pérez"},{id:"187325",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Javier",surname:"Quiroga Martínez",slug:"miguel-javier-quiroga-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Javier Quiroga Martínez"},{id:"187326",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebeca",surname:"Cobos",slug:"rebeca-cobos",fullName:"Rebeca Cobos"},{id:"187327",title:"Mr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Sánchez García",slug:"mario-sanchez-garcia",fullName:"Mario Sánchez García"},{id:"187328",title:"Mr.",name:"Jesús Esteban",surname:"Medina",slug:"jesus-esteban-medina",fullName:"Jesús Esteban Medina"},{id:"187329",title:"Ms.",name:"Sandra",surname:"González García",slug:"sandra-gonzalez-garcia",fullName:"Sandra González García"}],corrections:null},{id:"51885",title:"Innovations in the Use of Bentonite in Oenology: Interactions with Grape and Wine Proteins, Colloids, Polyphenols and Aroma Compounds",doi:"10.5772/64753",slug:"innovations-in-the-use-of-bentonite-in-oenology-interactions-with-grape-and-wine-proteins-colloids-p",totalDownloads:2318,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Bentonite is used in oenology to improve the limpidity and the stability of wine and to predict the formation of deposits in the bottle. The exchangeable cations in its lamellar structures strongly influence some properties, such as the specific surface, the exchange capacity and the adsorption behavior. The unintended use of bentonite for juice settling and/or for wine fining produces jeopardized effects on colloidal and protein stability, the aroma compounds and sensory profiles. The interactions with haze-forming proteins, other colloids, as well as aroma compounds and phenols would have been to discover as the modulation of wine colloids by an adjuvant severely affects the wine resilience and the sensory profile. This chapter reviews several studies that focus on the impact of commercial bentonite samples used for both juice clarification and wine fining on the colloids, proteins, phenols and aroma compounds of white and red wines. Some parameters of practical value, such as the wine heat stability, the concentrations of total and haze-forming proteins and the content of the most relevant aromas, have been assessed to track the effects of bentonite and to achieve findings that are applicable to the field of oenology.",signatures:"Milena Lambri, Donato Colangelo, Roberta Dordoni, Fabrizio\nTorchio and Dante Marco De Faveri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51885",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51885",authors:[{id:"180897",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",surname:"Lambri",slug:"milena-lambri",fullName:"Milena Lambri"},{id:"186709",title:"MSc.",name:"Donato",surname:"Colangelo",slug:"donato-colangelo",fullName:"Donato Colangelo"},{id:"186710",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",surname:"Torchio",slug:"fabrizio-torchio",fullName:"Fabrizio Torchio"},{id:"186711",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",surname:"Dordoni",slug:"roberta-dordoni",fullName:"Roberta Dordoni"},{id:"186783",title:"Prof.",name:"Dante Marco",surname:"De Faveri",slug:"dante-marco-de-faveri",fullName:"Dante Marco De Faveri"}],corrections:null},{id:"52103",title:"The Trends and Prospects of Winemaking in Poland",doi:"10.5772/64976",slug:"the-trends-and-prospects-of-winemaking-in-poland",totalDownloads:2055,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Viticulture and winery origins in Poland date to the tenth century, but their tradition has been reborn in the last ten years, resulting in a development of small vineyards producing excellent wines not only for the local market. Due to the cold climate, usually short summers with moderate and low temperatures, the grapes are characterized by lower sugar content and higher acidity compared to those grown in the south of Europe. According to the European Union regulations, Poland was classified as the coldest wine-growing region (A) and officially acknowledged as a wine-producing country. The grapevine cultivars adopted to the harsh climatic conditions give the Polish grape wines some unique sensory features. The most popular varieties of grapes for the production of red wine are Regent, Rondo, Pinot Noir, Maréchal Foch, Cabernet Cortis, Tryumf Alzacji, Cascade and Dornfelder. For white wine production, Solaris, Riesling, Seyval Blanc, Pinot Gris, Johanniter, Jutrzenka, Hibernal, Aurora, Bianka, Traminer, Jutrzenka and Siberia are mostly used in Poland. This chapter presents Polish grape winery with its specificity and prospects for the future. The traditional products of Polish fermentation industry, fruit wines and meads, are also mentioned.",signatures:"Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska, Agata Czyżowska, Katarzyna Rajkowska,\nAgnieszka Wilkowska and Piotr Dziugan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52103",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52103",authors:[{id:"181647",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Alina",surname:"Kunicka-Styczyńska",slug:"alina-kunicka-styczynska",fullName:"Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska"},{id:"189006",title:"Dr.",name:"Agata",surname:"Czyżowska",slug:"agata-czyzowska",fullName:"Agata Czyżowska"},{id:"189007",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",surname:"Rajkowska",slug:"katarzyna-rajkowska",fullName:"Katarzyna Rajkowska"},{id:"189010",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Wilkowska",slug:"agnieszka-wilkowska",fullName:"Agnieszka Wilkowska"},{id:"189012",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Dziugan",slug:"piotr-dziugan",fullName:"Piotr Dziugan"}],corrections:null},{id:"52026",title:"Determination of Trace Elements in Wine by Atomic Spectroscopy and Electroanalytical Methods",doi:"10.5772/64932",slug:"determination-of-trace-elements-in-wine-by-atomic-spectroscopy-and-electroanalytical-methods",totalDownloads:2003,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter will outline the basic theory, advantages and disadvantages, experimental considerations and set up of various atomic spectroscopy, and electroanalytical quantification methods and their specific application to trace element determination in wines. The reader will gain an introduction to most popular elemental analysis methods used in beverage analysis. Copper, iron, manganese, and zinc will be used as examples of essential trace elements throughout the chapter that at high levels may affect the properties of wine as well as the sensory experience of the consumer. Furthermore, special considerations that should be given to wine as a sample matrix for quantitative analysis of inorganic elements and the use of standard addition methods will be described.",signatures:"Niina J. Ronkainen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52026",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52026",authors:[{id:"182161",title:"Dr.",name:"Niina",surname:"Ronkainen",slug:"niina-ronkainen",fullName:"Niina Ronkainen"}],corrections:null},{id:"52205",title:"D-O-C Stable Isotopes, 14C Radiocarbon and Radiogenic Isotope Techniques Applied in Wine Products for Geographical Origin and Authentication",doi:"10.5772/64933",slug:"d-o-c-stable-isotopes-14c-radiocarbon-and-radiogenic-isotope-techniques-applied-in-wine-products-for",totalDownloads:1882,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oxygen, deuterium and carbon isotopes were measured in wine products in two Greek vineyards, Amydaio (north) and Nemea (south). The enriched isotope values in Nemea reflects the higher evapo-transpiration rate and the more arid condition of Southern Greece. White wines were slightly more depleted than red wines of the same year and the same growing region probably due to different harvest periods. Further was pointed out the variety of isotope values with respect to vintage year indicating that the vintage year contributes to the development of isotopes in wine water. In both vineyards the trend lines intersect the oxygen and deuterium isotopes of irrigation water highlighting the source water and the initial isotopic composition of grape berries. δ13C values of ethanol confirmed the origin of C3 plants and the authentication of wine products without detecting adulteration with industrial alcohol. The results of 14C measurements in ethanol extracted from Greek wines follow the known pattern of 14C variations in atmospheric CO2. The homogeneity of 87Sr/86Sr and 144Nd/143Nd isotope values confirms that the territorial and geological signal is transferred through the vineyards in the final product, wine, certifying the exclusively provenance of the wine areas Amydaio and Nemea.",signatures:"Paraskevi Chantzi, Anastasia-Elektra Poutouki and Elissavet Dotsika",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52205",authors:[{id:"182605",title:"Dr.",name:"Elissavet",surname:"Dotsika",slug:"elissavet-dotsika",fullName:"Elissavet Dotsika"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6293",title:"Yeast",subtitle:"Industrial Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46632cf5c744c601f5c36175e8dc8dc4",slug:"yeast-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata and Iris Loira",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8054",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b9b3b3d887ed9e7c0ad09cb07edf2b",slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata and Iris Loira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8054.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3143",title:"The Mediterranean Genetic Code",subtitle:"Grapevine and Olive",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d7eb54003319184bf057161248f1ee3",slug:"the-mediterranean-genetic-code-grapevine-and-olive",bookSignature:"Danijela Poljuha and Barbara Sladonja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3143.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88464",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Sladonja",slug:"barbara-sladonja",fullName:"Barbara Sladonja"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-potassium-channels-as-a-potential-target-spot-for-drugs",title:"Corrigendum to: Potassium Channels as a Potential Target Spot for Drugs",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72181.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72181",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72181",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72181",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72181",chapter:{id:"71907",slug:"potassium-channels-as-a-potential-target-spot-for-drugs",signatures:"Vladimir Djokic and Radmila Novakovic",dateSubmitted:"October 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 28th 2020",datePublished:"December 16th 2020",book:{id:"10143",title:"Molecular Pharmacology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Pharmacology",slug:"molecular-pharmacology",publishedDate:"December 16th 2020",bookSignature:"Angel Catala and Usama Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10143.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"313382",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Radmila",middleName:null,surname:"Novakovic",fullName:"Radmila Novakovic",slug:"radmila-novakovic",email:"radmila.novakovic@med.bg.ac.rs",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"71907",slug:"potassium-channels-as-a-potential-target-spot-for-drugs",signatures:"Vladimir Djokic and Radmila Novakovic",dateSubmitted:"October 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 28th 2020",datePublished:"December 16th 2020",book:{id:"10143",title:"Molecular Pharmacology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Pharmacology",slug:"molecular-pharmacology",publishedDate:"December 16th 2020",bookSignature:"Angel Catala and Usama Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10143.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"313382",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Radmila",middleName:null,surname:"Novakovic",fullName:"Radmila Novakovic",slug:"radmila-novakovic",email:"radmila.novakovic@med.bg.ac.rs",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10143",title:"Molecular Pharmacology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Pharmacology",slug:"molecular-pharmacology",publishedDate:"December 16th 2020",bookSignature:"Angel Catala and Usama Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10143.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11692",leadTitle:null,title:"Updates in Neurosurgery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tNeurosurgery is one of the most rapidly evolving areas in medicine. Every day our understanding of the complex biology of tumors evolves, and this expanding knowledge shapes our everyday treatment routines. The surgical approaches are becoming more minimally invasive. The microscope is still the essence of neurosurgery; however, the endoscope and exoscope also find room in the surgical management of the tumors. Medical treatment alternatives are promising, and every day we are getting closer to better medical alternatives. Radiosurgery also keeps its place in the management of some tumors, and every day it is also becoming much safer. Staying up-to-date in the field of neurosurgery is becoming much more important than ever before. In this book, we will focus on the recent advances in neurosurgery, and we would like to invite researchers to share their valuable experiences.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-228-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83769-997-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-229-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"932191f01172af37c1842cead04da142",bookSignature:"Prof. Bora Gürer and M.D. Pinar Kuru Bektaşoğlu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11692.jpg",keywords:"Neuro-Oncology, Embolization, Hydrocephalus, Functional Neurosurgery, Deep Brain Stimulation, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Brain Injury, Concussion, Management, Diagnosis, Neuroanesthesia, Neurorehabilitation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Youngest Professor of neurosurgery in his country with a keen interest in complex neurovascular, neuro-oncological, and skull base surgeries. Dr. Gürer previously worked as Research Fellow at the University of Wisconsin, Department of Neurological Surgery and he is currently a professor of neurosurgery at Istinye University and continuing his clinical practice in VM Medical Park Mersin Hospital.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Kuru Bektaşoğlu is a neurosurgeon with an interest in neurovascular and neurooncological surgeries who has more than 70 presentations both in international and national meetings and 40 published papers in international and national peer-reviewed journals.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"95341",title:"Prof.",name:"Bora",middleName:null,surname:"Gürer",slug:"bora-gurer",fullName:"Bora Gürer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/95341/images/system/95341.png",biography:"Dr. Gürer graduated from the Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey, in 2007. He completed his neurosurgical residency in 2013. For six months, he worked as a research fellow in the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, USA, where he studied cranial base and neurovascular surgery. \r\n\r\nIn 2016, he became the youngest associate professor of neurosurgery in his country. Until 2021 he worked as an educational supervisor at the University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey. In May 2021, he was appointed Professor of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.\r\n\r\nDr. Gürer has published more than eighty papers in international and national journals. He has also written three books and seven book chapters. He has a keen interest in complex neurovascular, neuro-oncological, and skull base surgeries.\r\n\r\nHe is currently continuing his clinical practice at VM Medical Park Mersin Hospital, Turkey.",institutionString:"Istinye University School of Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"244230",title:"M.D.",name:"Pinar",middleName:null,surname:"Kuru Bektaşoğlu",slug:"pinar-kuru-bektasoglu",fullName:"Pinar Kuru Bektaşoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/244230/images/system/244230.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kuru Bektaşoğlu was graduated from Marmara University, School of Medicine in 2014. She had completed her neurosurgical residency in 2021. Also, she had completed her PhD in 2021 in the field of Physiology at Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences. She had worked as Research fellow at Yeditepe University, Department of Neurological Surgery for 6 months, and studied white matter fiber dissection. \n\tShe had more than 70 presentations both in international and national meetings and 40 published papers both in international and national peer-reviewed journals. Till today she had 2 written book and 8 book chapters. These publications were cited more than 500 times and her h-index is 11.\n\tShe has a keen interest in neurovascular and neurooncological surgeries. Besides, she would like to pursue her research career in translational neuroscience with special emphasis on vascular and tumor biology.",institutionString:"Sivas Numune Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429343",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Ivancic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429343/images/19998_n.jpg",email:"martina@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6374",title:"Hydrocephalus",subtitle:"Water on the Brain",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b431d113b9d7fca7e67c463f0970ed04",slug:"hydrocephalus-water-on-the-brain",bookSignature:"Bora Gürer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6374.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95341",title:"Prof.",name:"Bora",surname:"Gürer",slug:"bora-gurer",fullName:"Bora Gürer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8204",title:"Vascular Malformations of the Central Nervous System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b6a8a26a78af3ac73731663a494fbad",slug:"vascular-malformations-of-the-central-nervous-system",bookSignature:"Bora Gürer and Pinar Kuru Bektaşoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8204.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95341",title:"Prof.",name:"Bora",surname:"Gürer",slug:"bora-gurer",fullName:"Bora Gürer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11018",title:"Cerebrospinal Fluid",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84f0493743795b6fadfbcec7e62872f9",slug:"cerebrospinal-fluid",bookSignature:"Pınar Kuru Bektaşoğlu and Bora Gürer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95341",title:"Prof.",name:"Bora",surname:"Gürer",slug:"bora-gurer",fullName:"Bora Gürer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"29718",title:"Chemical Kinetics in Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure",doi:"10.5772/38396",slug:"chemical-kinetics-in-air-plasmas-at-atmospheric-pressure",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/29718.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29718",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29718",totalDownloads:3768,totalViews:119,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:81,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 19th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 23rd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 29th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/29718",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/29718",book:{id:"1523",slug:"chemical-kinetics"},signatures:"Claudia Riccardi and Ruggero Barni",authors:[{id:"117032",title:"Dr",name:"Ruggero",middleName:null,surname:"Barni",fullName:"Ruggero Barni",slug:"ruggero-barni",email:"ruggero.barni@mib.infn.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"117037",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Riccardi",fullName:"Claudia Riccardi",slug:"claudia-riccardi",email:"claudia.riccardi@mib.infn.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1523",type:"book",title:"Chemical Kinetics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Chemical Kinetics",slug:"chemical-kinetics",publishedDate:"February 29th 2012",bookSignature:"Vivek Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1523.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0132-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4965-1",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:75,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"99391",title:"Mr.",name:"Vivek",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",slug:"vivek-patel",fullName:"Vivek Patel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"503"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29710",type:"chapter",title:"Chemical Kinetics, an Historical Introduction",slug:"chemical-kinetics-an-historical-introduction",totalDownloads:6792,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stefano Zambelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111189",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Zambelli",fullName:"Stefano Zambelli",slug:"stefano-zambelli"}]},{id:"29711",type:"chapter",title:"On the Interrelations Between Kinetics and Thermodynamics as the Theories of Trajectories and States",slug:"on-the-interrelations-between-kinetics-and-thermodynamics-as-the-theories-of-trajectories-and-states",totalDownloads:2107,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Boris M. Kaganovich, Alexandre V. Keiko, Vitaly A. Shamansky and Maxim S. Zarodnyuk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114848",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Keiko",fullName:"Alexandre Keiko",slug:"alexandre-keiko"},{id:"115785",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Kaganovich",fullName:"Boris Kaganovich",slug:"boris-kaganovich"},{id:"115786",title:"Dr.",name:"Vitaly",middleName:null,surname:"Shamansky",fullName:"Vitaly Shamansky",slug:"vitaly-shamansky"},{id:"115787",title:"MSc.",name:"Maxim",middleName:null,surname:"Zarodnyuk",fullName:"Maxim Zarodnyuk",slug:"maxim-zarodnyuk"}]},{id:"29712",type:"chapter",title:"Chemical Kinetics and Inverse Modelling Problems",slug:"chemical-kinetics-and-inverse-modelling-problems",totalDownloads:2506,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Victor Martinez-Luaces",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"112457",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Martinez-Luaces",fullName:"Victor Martinez-Luaces",slug:"victor-martinez-luaces"}]},{id:"29713",type:"chapter",title:"Model Reduction Techniques for Chemical Mechanisms",slug:"model-reduction-techniques-for-chemical-mechanisms",totalDownloads:2214,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Terese Løvås",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111613",title:"Prof.",name:"Terese",middleName:null,surname:"Løvås",fullName:"Terese Løvås",slug:"terese-lovas"}]},{id:"29714",type:"chapter",title:"Vibrational and Chemical Kinetics in Non-Equilibrium Gas Flows",slug:"vibrational-and-chemical-kinetics-in-non-equilibrium-gas-flows",totalDownloads:2620,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"E. V. Kustova and E. A. Nagnibeda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41971",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kustova",fullName:"Elena Kustova",slug:"elena-kustova"},{id:"52758",title:"Prof.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Nagnibeda",fullName:"Ekaterina Nagnibeda",slug:"ekaterina-nagnibeda"}]},{id:"29715",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Inhomogeneous Pre-Mixture on Pressure Rise Rate in HCCI Engine by Using Multi-Zone Chemical Kinetics",slug:"numerical-analysis-of-the-effect-of-inhomogeneous-pre-mixture-on-pressure-rise-rate-in-hcci-engine-b",totalDownloads:1639,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ock Taeck Lim and Norimasa Iida",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111622",title:"Prof.",name:"Ocktaeck",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",fullName:"Ocktaeck Lim",slug:"ocktaeck-lim"}]},{id:"29716",type:"chapter",title:"Ignition Process in a Non-Homogeneous Mixture",slug:"ignition-process-in-a-non-homogeneous-mixture",totalDownloads:1979,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hiroshi Kawanabe",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111543",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kawanabe",fullName:"Hiroshi Kawanabe",slug:"hiroshi-kawanabe"}]},{id:"29717",type:"chapter",title:"Chemical Kinetics in Cold Plasmas",slug:"chemical-kinetics-in-cold-plasmas",totalDownloads:2959,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ruggero Barni and Claudia Riccardi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117032",title:"Dr",name:"Ruggero",middleName:null,surname:"Barni",fullName:"Ruggero Barni",slug:"ruggero-barni"},{id:"117037",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Riccardi",fullName:"Claudia Riccardi",slug:"claudia-riccardi"}]},{id:"29718",type:"chapter",title:"Chemical Kinetics in Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure",slug:"chemical-kinetics-in-air-plasmas-at-atmospheric-pressure",totalDownloads:3768,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Claudia Riccardi and Ruggero Barni",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117032",title:"Dr",name:"Ruggero",middleName:null,surname:"Barni",fullName:"Ruggero Barni",slug:"ruggero-barni"},{id:"117037",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Riccardi",fullName:"Claudia Riccardi",slug:"claudia-riccardi"}]},{id:"29719",type:"chapter",title:"The Chemical Kinetics of Shape Determination in Plants",slug:"the-chemical-kinetics-of-shape-determination-in-plants",totalDownloads:2457,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"David M. Holloway",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111296",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Holloway",fullName:"David Holloway",slug:"david-holloway"}]},{id:"29720",type:"chapter",title:"Plasma-Chemical Kinetics of Film Deposition in Argon-Methane and Argon-Acetylene Mixtures Under Atmospheric Pressure Conditions",slug:"plasma-chemical-kinetics-of-film-deposition-in-argon-methane-and-argon-acetylene-mixtures-under-atmo",totalDownloads:3289,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ramasamy Pothiraja, Nikita Bibinov and Peter Awakowicz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14068",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikita",middleName:null,surname:"Bibinov",fullName:"Nikita Bibinov",slug:"nikita-bibinov"},{id:"109776",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Pothiraja",fullName:"Ramasamy Pothiraja",slug:"ramasamy-pothiraja"},{id:"123551",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Awakowicz",fullName:"Peter Awakowicz",slug:"peter-awakowicz"}]},{id:"29721",type:"chapter",title:"Recent Developments on the Mechanism and Kinetics of Esterification Reaction Promoted by Various Catalysts",slug:"recent-developments-on-the-mechanism-and-kinetics-of-esterification-reaction-promoted-by-various-cat",totalDownloads:16288,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Zuoxiang Zeng, Li Cui, Weilan Xue, Jing Chen and Yu Che",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115608",title:"Prof.",name:"Zuoxiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",fullName:"Zuoxiang Zeng",slug:"zuoxiang-zeng"},{id:"117177",title:"Mr.",name:"Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Che",fullName:"Yu Che",slug:"yu-che"},{id:"117180",title:"Prof.",name:"Weilan",middleName:null,surname:"Xue",fullName:"Weilan Xue",slug:"weilan-xue"},{id:"138000",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Li Cui",slug:"li-cui"},{id:"140954",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jing Chen",slug:"jing-chen"}]},{id:"29722",type:"chapter",title:"Progresses in Experimental Study of N2 Plasma Diagnostics by Optical Emission Spectroscopy",slug:"progresses-in-experimental-study-of-n2-plasma-diagnostics-by-optical-emission-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:6069,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Hiroshi Akatsuka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108608",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Akatsuka",fullName:"Hiroshi Akatsuka",slug:"hiroshi-akatsuka"}]},{id:"29723",type:"chapter",title:"Nanoscale Liquid is Second Liquid",slug:"nanoscale-liquid-is-second-liquid",totalDownloads:1775,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Boris A. Mosienko",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"113176",title:"MSc.",name:"Boris",middleName:"Alexandrovich",surname:"Mosienko",fullName:"Boris Mosienko",slug:"boris-mosienko"}]},{id:"29724",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Catalysts to Metal Microreactor Systems",slug:"application-of-catalysts-to-metal-microreactor-systems",totalDownloads:4857,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pfeifer Peter",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111628",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Pfeifer",fullName:"Peter Pfeifer",slug:"peter-pfeifer"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1605",title:"Petrochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc04b8c922e6b886453baa0438bd5e44",slug:"petrochemicals",bookSignature:"Vivek Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1605.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99391",title:"Mr.",name:"Vivek",surname:"Patel",slug:"vivek-patel",fullName:"Vivek Patel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"34190",title:"Petrochemicals: Cellulosic Wastes as an Alternative Source of Feedstock",slug:"petrochemicals-cellulosic-wastes-as-an-alternative-source-of-feedstock",signatures:"Solomon Gabche Anagho and Horace Manga Ngomo",authors:[{id:"114300",title:"Dr.",name:"Solomon",middleName:"Gabche",surname:"Anagho",fullName:"Solomon Anagho",slug:"solomon-anagho"},{id:"137990",title:"Dr.",name:"Horace Manga",middleName:null,surname:"Ngomo",fullName:"Horace Manga Ngomo",slug:"horace-manga-ngomo"}]},{id:"34191",title:"A Possibility to Use a Batch of Ashless Additives for Production of Commercial Transmission and Motor Oil",slug:"a-possibility-to-use-a-batch-of-ashless-additives-for-production-of-commercial-transmission-and-moto",signatures:"Milena Dimitrova and Yordanka Tasheva",authors:[{id:"113755",title:"Dr.",name:"Yordanka",middleName:null,surname:"Tasheva",fullName:"Yordanka Tasheva",slug:"yordanka-tasheva"},{id:"117132",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Dimitrova",fullName:"Milena Dimitrova",slug:"milena-dimitrova"}]},{id:"34192",title:"Chemical Reactor Control",slug:"chemical-reactor-control",signatures:"Azzouzi Messaouda and Popescu Dumitru",authors:[{id:"113749",title:"Dr.",name:"Messaouda",middleName:null,surname:"Azzouzi",fullName:"Messaouda Azzouzi",slug:"messaouda-azzouzi"},{id:"117057",title:"Prof.",name:"Dumitru",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",fullName:"Dumitru Popescu",slug:"dumitru-popescu"}]},{id:"34193",title:"Modeling and Simulation of Water Gas Shift Reactor: An Industrial Case",slug:"modeling-and-simulation-of-water-gas-shift-reactors-an-industrial-case",signatures:"Douglas Falleiros Barbosa Lima, Fernando Ademar Zanella, Marcelo Kaminski Lenzi and Papa Matar Ndiaye",authors:[{id:"111634",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Douglas",middleName:"Falleiros Barbosa",surname:"Lima",fullName:"Douglas Lima",slug:"douglas-lima"},{id:"117218",title:"BSc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Ademar Zanella",fullName:"Fernando Ademar Zanella",slug:"fernando-ademar-zanella"},{id:"117222",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Kaminski Lenzi",fullName:"Marcelo Kaminski Lenzi",slug:"marcelo-kaminski-lenzi"},{id:"117229",title:"Prof.",name:"Papa",middleName:null,surname:"Matar Ndiaye",fullName:"Papa Matar Ndiaye",slug:"papa-matar-ndiaye"}]},{id:"34194",title:"Simulation of Non-Newtonian Fluids Through Porous Media",slug:"simulation-of-non-newtonian-fluids-through-porous-media",signatures:"José Luis Velázquez Ortega and Suemi Rodríguez Romo",authors:[{id:"110096",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Velazquez-Ortega",fullName:"Jose Luis Velazquez-Ortega",slug:"jose-luis-velazquez-ortega"},{id:"117298",title:"Dr.",name:"Suemi",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Romo",fullName:"Suemi Rodríguez-Romo",slug:"suemi-rodriguez-romo"}]},{id:"34195",title:"Simultaneous Elimination of Carbon and Nitrogen Compounds of Petrochemical Effluents by Nitrification and Denitrification",slug:"simultaneous-elimination-of-carbon-and-nitrogen-compounds-of-petrochemical-effluents-by-nitrificatio",signatures:"Anne-Claire Texier, Alejandro Zepeda, Jorge Gómez and Flor Cuervo-López",authors:[{id:"114922",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez",fullName:"Jorge Gómez",slug:"jorge-gomez"},{id:"114923",title:"Dr.",name:"Flor De María",middleName:null,surname:"Cuervo Lopez",fullName:"Flor De María Cuervo Lopez",slug:"flor-de-maria-cuervo-lopez"},{id:"139552",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne-Claire",middleName:null,surname:"Texier",fullName:"Anne-Claire Texier",slug:"anne-claire-texier"},{id:"139553",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Zepeda",fullName:"Alejandro Zepeda",slug:"alejandro-zepeda"}]},{id:"34196",title:"Attenuation of Guided Wave Propagation by the Insulation Pipe",slug:"attenuation-of-guided-wave-propagation-by-the-insulation-pipe",signatures:"Jyin-Wen Cheng, Shiuh-Kuang Yang, Ping-Hung Lee and Chi-Jen Huang",authors:[{id:"112466",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyin-Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Jyin-Wen Cheng",slug:"jyin-wen-cheng"}]},{id:"34197",title:"Radioisotope Technology as Applied to Petrochemical Industry",slug:"radioisotope-technology-as-applied-to-petrochemical-industry",signatures:"Rachad Alami and Abdeslam Bensitel",authors:[{id:"117001",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachad",middleName:null,surname:"Alami",fullName:"Rachad Alami",slug:"rachad-alami"},{id:"117004",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdeslam",middleName:null,surname:"Bensitel",fullName:"Abdeslam Bensitel",slug:"abdeslam-bensitel"}]},{id:"34198",title:"Resonance in Electrical Power Systems of Petrochemical Plants",slug:"resonance-in-electrical-power-systems-of-petrochemical-plants",signatures:"Job García and Gabriel García",authors:[{id:"115640",title:"MSc.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Job Garcia",slug:"job-garcia"},{id:"138150",title:"BSc.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Gabriel Garcia",slug:"gabriel-garcia"}]},{id:"34199",title:"Causes of Floccules Formation in Hydro-Treated Lubricating Base Oil",slug:"causes-of-floccules-formation-in-hydro-treated-lubricating-base-oil",signatures:"Tao Huang, Hong Gao and Xingguo Cheng",authors:[{id:"116281",title:"Dr.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Tao Huang",slug:"tao-huang"}]},{id:"34200",title:"Analysis of the Seismic Risk of Major-Hazard Industrial Plants and Applicability of Innovative Seismic Protection Systems",slug:"analysis-of-the-seismic-risk-of-major-hazard-industrial-plants-and-applicability-of-innovative-seism",signatures:"Fabrizio Paolacci, Renato Giannini and Maurizio De Angelis",authors:[{id:"116859",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Paolacci",fullName:"Fabrizio Paolacci",slug:"fabrizio-paolacci"},{id:"116866",title:"Prof.",name:"Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Giannini",fullName:"Renato Giannini",slug:"renato-giannini"},{id:"138172",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"De Angelis",fullName:"Maurizio De Angelis",slug:"maurizio-de-angelis"}]},{id:"34201",title:"New Trends in Hydroprocessing Spent Catalysts Utilization",slug:"reuse-and-treatment-of-hydrotreating-spent-catalyst",signatures:"Hoda S. Ahmed and Mohammed F. Menoufy",authors:[{id:"118228",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Ahmed",slug:"ahmed"},{id:"154843",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Fathy Haggad",fullName:"Mohammed Fathy Haggad",slug:"mohammed-fathy-haggad"}]},{id:"34202",title:"Research on Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soil by Plant-Inoculation Cold-Adapt Bacteria",slug:"research-on-remediation-of-petroleum-contaminated-soil-by-plant-inoculation-cold-adapt-bacteria-",signatures:"Hong-Qi Wang, Ying Xiong, Qian Wang, Xu-Guang Hao and Yu-Jiao Sun",authors:[{id:"115903",title:"Prof.",name:"Wang",middleName:null,surname:"Hongqi",fullName:"Wang Hongqi",slug:"wang-hongqi"},{id:"117587",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Xiong",fullName:"Ying Xiong",slug:"ying-xiong"},{id:"117591",title:"Ms.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Qian Wang",slug:"qian-wang"}]},{id:"34203",title:"Removal of Effluent from Petrochemical Wastewater by Adsorption Using Organoclay",slug:"removal-of-effluent-from-petrochemical-wastewater-by-adsorption-using-organoclay",signatures:"Jorge V. F. L. Cavalcanti, César A. M. Abreu, Marilda N. Carvalho, Maurício A. Motta Sobrinho, Mohand Benachour and Osmar S. Baraúna",authors:[{id:"111743",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Cavalcanti",fullName:"Jorge Cavalcanti",slug:"jorge-cavalcanti"},{id:"117093",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurício",middleName:null,surname:"Motta Sobrinho",fullName:"Maurício Motta Sobrinho",slug:"mauricio-motta-sobrinho"},{id:"120195",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohand",middleName:null,surname:"Benachour",fullName:"Mohand Benachour",slug:"mohand-benachour"},{id:"120240",title:"Prof.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Abreu",fullName:"Cesar Abreu",slug:"cesar-abreu"},{id:"120241",title:"Dr.",name:"Osmar",middleName:null,surname:"Baraúna",fullName:"Osmar Baraúna",slug:"osmar-barauna"},{id:"130158",title:"Dr.",name:"Marilda",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Marilda Carvalho",slug:"marilda-carvalho"}]},{id:"34204",title:"Prediction of the Biodegradation and Toxicity of Naphthenic Acids",slug:"prediction-of-the-biodegradation-and-toxicity-of-naphthenic-acids",signatures:"Yana Koleva and Yordanka Tasheva",authors:[{id:"113755",title:"Dr.",name:"Yordanka",middleName:null,surname:"Tasheva",fullName:"Yordanka Tasheva",slug:"yordanka-tasheva"},{id:"117210",title:"Dr.",name:"Yana",middleName:null,surname:"Koleva",fullName:"Yana Koleva",slug:"yana-koleva"}]},{id:"34205",title:"Safety Cognitive Concept and Countermeasure Analysis for Petrochemical Industry",slug:"safety-cognitive-concept-of-research-and-countermeasure-analysis",signatures:"Mu Shan-Jun, Shi Hong-Xun, Wang Xiu-Xiang, Zhang Xiao-Hua and Bian Min",authors:[{id:"114108",title:"MSc.",name:"Shi",middleName:null,surname:"Hongxun",fullName:"Shi Hongxun",slug:"shi-hongxun"},{id:"114442",title:"Dr.",name:"Mu",middleName:null,surname:"Shan-Jun",fullName:"Mu Shan-Jun",slug:"mu-shan-jun"},{id:"116534",title:"Mrs.",name:"Wang",middleName:null,surname:"Xiu-Xiang",fullName:"Wang Xiu-Xiang",slug:"wang-xiu-xiang"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1523",title:"Chemical Kinetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89c216a8b5833c7145ecc78c10b50f79",slug:"chemical-kinetics",bookSignature:"Vivek Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99391",title:"Mr.",name:"Vivek",surname:"Patel",slug:"vivek-patel",fullName:"Vivek Patel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6082",title:"Advanced Chemical Kinetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d96d5f701addf76fa71abff142b8574a",slug:"advanced-chemical-kinetics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6082.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6445",title:"Introducing the Effective Mass of Activated Complex and the Discussion on the Wave Function of this Instanton",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"359bf84daa00bab5e8a5f05860b2f3b7",slug:"introducing-the-effective-mass-of-activated-complex-and-the-discussion-on-the-wave-function-of-this-instanton",bookSignature:"Petr Ptáček, Tomáš Opravil and František Šoukal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6445.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"76186",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",surname:"Ptáček",slug:"petr-ptacek",fullName:"Petr Ptáček"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"7486",title:"Advanced Sorption Process Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc77a8d4e58d7c7eb4d2137adb0f0f34",slug:"advanced-sorption-process-applications",bookSignature:"Serpil Edebali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223744",title:"Dr.",name:"Serpil",surname:"Edebali",slug:"serpil-edebali",fullName:"Serpil Edebali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8012",title:"Sorption in 2020s",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a89bf0c99155aa01dc2f2ba46cbdbb8b",slug:"sorption-in-2020s",bookSignature:"George Kyzas and Nikolaos Lazaridis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8012.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"152296",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Kyzas",slug:"george-kyzas",fullName:"George Kyzas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1523",title:"Chemical Kinetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89c216a8b5833c7145ecc78c10b50f79",slug:"chemical-kinetics",bookSignature:"Vivek Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99391",title:"Mr.",name:"Vivek",surname:"Patel",slug:"vivek-patel",fullName:"Vivek Patel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72542",title:"Machine Learning Applications in Misuse and Anomaly Detection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92653",slug:"machine-learning-applications-in-misuse-and-anomaly-detection",body:'\nCyberinfrastructures are vulnerable to various possible attacks due to the flaws in their design and implementation. The major flaws that cause most of the critical vulnerabilities are errors in system programs and faulty design of the software. Malicious attackers can exploit these system vulnerabilities by following a sequence of activities, either from inside or from outside of the infrastructure, and cause significant damage. These events manifest themselves in the form of different distinct characteristics that are defined as patterns of attacks. Misuse or signature detection techniques attempt to proactively detect the presence of such patterns so that any malicious attack on the infrastructure can be effectively defended against. It is possible to defend against all known vulnerabilities in cyberinfrastructures by using supervised learning approaches for misuse and signature detection. The most convenient method of signature detection is measuring the similarity between the patterns recognized in the current network activity and the already known patterns of various types of cyber-attacks. However, execution signatures may vary substantially from one attack category to another, so that specific detection methods are required to classify attack patterns and, thus, to improve detection capability.
\nAnomaly detection systems, however, work in a different way. The objective of these systems is to proactively detect any activity or event in a network or host computer that exhibits aberration from the normal behavior of the network or the host. The normal behavior is described by a predefined set of activities. The working principle of an anomaly detection system is fundamentally different from that of misuse or signature detection system. Misuse or signature detection systems first need to be equipped with a well-defined set of attack signatures populated in their database. An anomaly detection system, on the other hand, defines a detailed and accurate profile of the normal behavior of the networks and hosts. The normal state of the cyberinfrastructure, consisting of networks and hosts, indicates an attack-free state. When an anomalous activity occurs in the cyberinfrastructure, the anomaly detection system notices a state change from the normal state to a state that is no longer normal. On observing this state change, the anomaly detection system raises an alert of a possible attack on the cyberinfrastructure. Unlike the signature or misuse detection systems, the anomaly detection systems are capable of detecting novel attacks as the detection strategy for these systems is based on the state change information, rather than a matching of attack signatures. It is precisely for this reason that anomaly detection schemes are capable of detecting various different types of attacks. Some of these attacks include: (i) segmentation of binary code in a user password, (ii) backdoor service on a malicious process on a well-known port number in a computing host, (iii) stealthy reconnaissance attempts, (iv) novel buffer overflow attacks, (v) direction of hypertext transmission protocol (HTTP) on a nonstandard port number, (vi) stealthy attacks on protocol stacks and (vii) different variants of denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS), and so on. Early and accurate detection of these attacks poses significant challenges in the design of a robust and accurate anomaly detection system.
\nIn this chapter, we have briefly reviewed some of the well-known misuse and anomaly-based detection systems that are proposed in the literature. We have also discussed some hybrid approaches in intrusion detections that effectively combine misuse and anomaly detection approaches so as to improve the detection accuracy and reduce false alarms. The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a brief discussion on misuse or signature-based detection approach. In Section 3, we discuss how various machine learning approaches can be applied in misuse or signature-based systems. Section 4 provides a brief overview of anomaly detection, while in Section 5, we discuss how machine learning and data mining algorithms can be effectively deployed in anomaly-based detection systems. In Section 6, we briefly discuss the working principles of some of the well-known hybrid detection systems. Section 7 concludes the chapter while highlighting some of the recent trends in machine learning approaches in network security applications.
\nMisuse detection, also called signature detection, is an approach in which attack patterns or unauthorized and suspicious behaviors are learned based on past activities and then the knowledge about the learned patterns is used to detect or predict subsequent similar such patterns in a network. The attack or misuse patterns, which are also called signatures, include patterns of log files or data packets that were found to be malicious and identified as threats to the network and the computing hosts. Each log file consists of its own signature that exhibits a unique pattern consisting of binary bits 0 and 1. For intrusion detection systems protecting host computers, that is, for host-based intrusion detection systems (HIDSs), the attack signature databases may contain various patterns of system calls that represent a different attack on the host. In the case of a network-based intrusion detection system (NIDS), attack signatures reveal specific patterns in data packets. These patterns may include signatures of the data payload, the packet header, unauthorized activities, such as improper file transfer protocol (FTP) initiation, or failed login attempt in Telnet. A typical data packet includes several fields such as: (i) the source Internet protocol (IP) address, (ii) the destination IP address, (iii) the source port number for transmission control protocol (TCP) or user datagram protocol (UDP), (iv) the destination port number for TCP or UDP, (v) the protocol description such as UDP, TCP or Internet control message protocol (ICMP), and (vi) the data payload. An attack signature can be detected in any specific field, or in any combination of these fields.
\n\nFigure 1 shows how a typical misuse or signature detection system works. These detection systems execute algorithms that attempt to match learned patterns or signatures from past attacks with the current activities in a network in order to detect any possible attack or malicious activities. If the signature of any current activity in the network matches with the signature of any activity in the attack signature database, the detection system raises an alert. A module in the detection system initiates a further investigation of the attack and starts invoking appropriate security modules to defend against such attacks. If the attack is found to be a real attack and not a false alarm by the detection system, the existing database of the attack signatures is updated with the signature of the new attack. For example, if the signature of an attack is:
Working of misuse or signature detection: Illustration of “if-else” rules.
This approach adopted in a signature-based detection system is primarily meant for detecting already known threats and vulnerabilities in a network. However, these systems suffer from a drawback of producing too many false alarms. A false alarm or a false positive refers to a situation where the system raises an alert of an attack while no attack has really happened on the network. As an example, let us consider the case where a user logs into a remote server. If the user forgets the login password and makes multiple attempts of login, the account of the user is most likely to be locked after a certain number of such failed attempts. As the signature-based detection system cannot differentiate between a failed login attempt by a legitimate user, and a malicious user attempting to login in an unauthorized way into some legitimate user’s account, both the activities are considered as attacks.
\nThe efficacy of misuse or signature detection system largely depends on the completeness and sufficiency of the knowledge of attack patterns and signatures captured in the attack signature database of the system. It is a nontrivial task to capture and represent the knowledge of attacks and system vulnerabilities in a cyberinfrastructure or in a network of computing machines, and the job heavily depends on domain experts. Since the knowledge and skills of domain experts may vary significantly from person to person, the design of signature detection systems, quite often, can be incomplete and inaccurate. Moreover, a slight variation, evolution, blending, or a combination of already known attacks can make signature detection an impossible task. This is a typical problem with any similarity-based learning system like a signature-based intrusion detection system.
\n\nFigure 2 depicts the working mechanism of misuse or signature detection consists of five major steps: (i) data collection, (ii) data preprocessing, (iii) misuse or signature identification using a matching algorithm, (iv) rules regeneration and (v) denial of service (DoS) or other security response strategy. In most of the cases, the data sources are: network and host audit logs, packets transmitting over the network, and windows registry. Data preprocessing is a critical step that prepares the raw data for learning patterns. These steps involve the reduction of noise by eliminating outliers, normalizing or standardizing of data, and finally selecting and extracting features. After the data preprocessing step is over, an automatic intelligent learning system is deployed to build a learning model and extract rules using prior knowledge of the execution of malicious programs, network traffic data, and vulnerabilities in network infrastructure. The model is now ready for signature and misuse detection. The learned classification model is applied to the incoming network traffic for signature detection. If any part of the network traffic is found to be similar to attack patterns learned by the model, then an alarm is raised and the traffic is further analyzed for identifying whether it is really an attack or a false alarm. Consequently, misuse or signature detection can be simply understood as an “if-then” sequence as shown in Figure 1.
\nSequence of execution of misuse or signature detection modules.
We present a variety of misuse detection techniques that are based on machine learning methods. In the following, we discuss some examples of machine learning methods applied in misuse detection systems.
\nAgrawal et al. proposed an elegant approach to discover underlying association rules to identify and then establish causal relationships among attributes that may exist in a multidimensional database [1]. Association rules mining identifies the frequent existing patterns in a dataset. This may help, for example, in designing algorithms for a computer antivirus software. A computer antivirus attempts to identify viruses that exhibit some frequently occurring patterns in a transaction dataset. The use of association rules mining and frequently occurring episodes from the computer audit data and exploiting those rules in feature selection had also been described in the literature [2]. Fuzzy association rules were designed for misuse and signature detection on 1998 DARPA intrusion detection dataset [3]. For the purpose of feature selection, 41 features were extracted for each connection record that included 24 different attack types. The attack traffic in the network was essentially of four types: (i) denial of service (DoS), (ii) remote to user (R2L), (iii) user to root and (iv) probes. Including the normal traffic in the network, the association rule mining algorithms extracted the essential features of five types of network data—four categories of attack traffic and one type of normal traffic.
\nIn a connectionist approach, ANNs carry out the task of pattern recognition and pattern matching using very complex nonlinear transformation functions and the use of multiple hyperplanes separating data of one class from the other. The dynamic nature of the network traffic and the ever-changing characteristics of various attacks on the networks require a very flexible and adaptive misuse detection system that can efficiently and effectively identify a variety of intrusions. Application of ANNs in designing a misuse detection system incorporates the ability to analyze data even if the data may be noisy, distorted, and incomplete. Since ANNs have the ability of learning very accurately from training data, these models can very effectively detect misuse attacks and identify suspicious events in a network. However, this hypothesis is based on the assumption that attackers usually deploy the same approach of an attack on multiple networks, and ANNs can effectively detect similar attacks that had been used by the attackers in the past. Use of ANNs for misuse and signature-based intrusion detection is discussed in [4]. The intrusion detection system (IDS) presented by the author exploits the ability of ANN in classifying nonlinearly separable data into various classes even if the data sources are noisy and limited. The ANN, which is also called a feed-forward multi-layer perceptron (MLP), is equipped with four fully connected layers of nodes with nine nodes in the input layer, two nodes in the output layer, and two hidden layers between the input and the output layers. The two nodes in the output layer are used to indicate the classification results of the network traffic—the normal traffic data being classified with a label of 1, and the attack traffic with a label of 0. Nine important features were extracted by the ANN from the network event data. The network event data are gathered from the data packets transmitted over the network. The nine features of network data traffic that are extracted by the ANN are: (i) protocol, (ii) source port number, (iii) destination port, (iv) source internet protocol (IP) address, (v) destination IP address, (vi) internet control message protocol (ICMP) type, (vii) ICMP code, (viii) data payload length, and (ix) data payload content. Each record of network traffic data was first preprocessed, its features were extracted, and then the features having categorical values were transformed into some standardized numeric values. Around 10,000 network traffic records were synthetically generated for the training and the testing of the ANN model, and approximately 3000 among those records were detected to be anomalous.
\nBecause of its intrinsic characteristics, support vector machines (SVMs) are capable of minimizing the structural risk of a dataset by reducing its classification error on unseen records, unlike ANNs which focus more on minimization of empirical risk of the dataset. In order to achieve its goal, a model based on the SVM approach determines its number of parameters based on the margin that separates the data points. This margin is determined by the number of support vectors present in the dataset. The support vectors are those data points that lie nearest to the hyperplane but belong to different classes. In contrast to an ANN, the number of parameters in an SVM model does not depend on the number of feature dimensions in the dataset. This unique property of an SVM makes it so powerful in many practical machine learning applications. In the context of intrusion detection applications, SVMs present two distinct advantages over their ANN counterparts. SVM models execute much faster and they are more scalable. High speed in execution is crucial for detecting attacks in real-time, while scalability is a mandatory requirement for deployment in a complex cyberinfrastructure. Moreover, SVM models can be made to adapt fast based on changes introduced in the training dataset. This feature of SVM is critical when the patterns in the attack traffic change very rapidly. Mukkamala et al. demonstrated how SVM models can be deployed for the purpose of detection of an attack and misuse patterns in context to computer security breaches [5]. The security breaches considered by the authors were bugs in system software bugs, hardware or software failures, incorrect system administration procedures, or failure of the system authentication. For the purpose of building the SVM model, the authors used a training set of 699 data points that contained some records representing actual attack traffic, some records that represented probable attacks, and remaining records exhibiting normal traffic patterns. Eight features were extracted after the initial cleaning and preprocessing phase of the data. Finally, all feature values for each record were normalized to [0, 1]. The test dataset consisted of 250 data points and 8 features. In the confusion matrix yielded by the classification model produced a precision value of 85.53% on the training dataset, and the corresponding value for the test dataset was 94%. This experiment clearly demonstrated the fact that SVM is, in general, more efficient and accurate in identifying misuse and signature-based attack traffic than its ANN counterpart. It also validated the hypothesis that an SVM can effectively simulate security scenarios using its component to adapt to a given information system. Once adapted to a given system, an SVM model can carry out real-time detection of attack traffic, and minimize false alarms while yielding a very high true detection rate.
\nDecision tree is a nonparametric machine learning method of model building that does not impose any preconditions or requirements on the data. A typical decision tree uses a classification algorithm that labels a data point based on the feature values in the data record corresponding to that node in the decision tree. In order to arrive at a classification decision corresponding to a leaf node in a decision tree, one has to trace the path from the root node to the leaf node. The trace of the path from the root node to a given leaf node can then be converted to a classification rule. If designed optimally, decision trees can yield high classification accuracy, while they involve less complexity in implementation, and have the ability to model intuitive knowledge stored in a high-dimensional dataset. It is precisely these characteristics that make decision trees a very popular choice in many real-world applications. Among the decision tree algorithms, CART represents trees in a form of binary recursive partitioning. It classifies objects or predicts outcomes by selecting from a large number of variables. The most important of these variables determine the outcome variable. Kruegel and Toth proposed a signature and misuse detection system following a decision tree-based approach [6]. In the scheme proposed by the authors, the original rules were partitioned into a smaller subset of rules in such a way that the analysis of a single subset is enough for each input element in the signature detection system [6]. The decision tree algorithm was utilized for detecting the feature that most effectively discriminated against the rule sets of different classes. The algorithm is executed in parallel for evaluating each feature on all the rules in a subset. In the decision tree, the root node corresponded to the universal set of rules. In other words, the root node contained all the rules. The children nodes represented the direct subsets of rules that were partitioned from the rule set based on the first feature in the dataset. The splitting of the nodes in the tree continued till a stage was reached where each node was found to contain one rule only. Labeling was done on each node using the feature that was used for splitting the node. Each directed edge emanating from a node and impinging on its child was marked with the value of the feature specified in the child node. Each leaf node contained either one rule or a set of rules that were not distinguishable by the features in the dataset. During splitting, the sequence of features encountered had an impact on the shape and depth of the tree structure. The authors had also proposed an algorithm that generated a decision tree for detecting malicious events using a limited number of comparisons on the set of rules extracted. Chebrolu et al. used KDD cup 1999 intrusion detection dataset to build a classification and regression tree (CART) [7]. The dataset included 5092 cases and 41 variables. There were 208,772 possible splits in the CART algorithm. Gini index was used for determining the optimal splitting at the nodes.
\nThe major shortcoming of most of the rule-based approaches to classification is that these methods treat each event in isolation and never consider the entire gamut of events together taking into account their contextual and temporal relationships. A rule is derived based on the signature of a packet. The signature of a packet is determined using a set of protocols. Many a time, the signature exhibited by a subset of packets belonging to the activities of a malicious user may match that of a normal user; rule-based misuse detection systems often suffer from high rates of false alarm. In the case of a false alarm, the intrusion detection system erroneously identifies an activity in a network as malicious while the activity is actually perfectly normal. Bayesian network (BN)-based models get rid of this problem of rule-based detection systems. Using Bayesian statistics, BN represents problems in networks by specifying the causal relationships between subsets of variables. Typically, a BN is presented as a directed graph that does not contain any cycle. Hence, a BN is also referred to as a DAG-directed acyclic graph. Each node in a BN represents a random variable. A random variable is a variable that can assume a set of values; each value has a specified probability of occurrence. Each arc in a BN depicts a causal relationship with the dependence of the child node on the parent node being expressed as a conditional probability value. The head node and the tail node of an arc are referred to as the parent node and the child node respectively. For example, if in a BN, there is an arc
The naïve Bayes classifier makes the assumption of class conditional independence. Given a data sample, its features are assumed to be conditionally independent of each other. This is in contrast with a BN that assumes dependencies among the features. Schultz et al. used the naïve Bayes approach to detect new, previously unseen malicious executables accurately and automatically [11].
\nMost of the machine learning methods for misuse and signature detection are in the initial stages of research and are yet to find any commercial deployment. Moreover, feature selection before traffic classification is a challenging task. Detection quality heavily depends on the experience and knowledge of the security experts dealing with the problem. It also depends on an exhaustive testing and refining process. The use of decision trees for the selection of a significant feature subset has only partially solved this problem. Table 1 summarizes the signature-based detection schemes we discussed in this section. We have categorized the schemes based on their approach, input data used, and level of detection.
\nDetection mechanism | \nInput data format | \nDetection level | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Rule-based signature detection | \nFrequency of system calls, offline | \nHost | \n[2] | \n
Fuzzy association rules | \nFrequency of system calls, online | \nHost | \n[3] | \n
Artificial neural networks | \nTCP/IP packets, offline | \nHost | \n[4, 12] | \n
Support vector machines | \nTCP/IP packets, offline | \nNetwork | \n[5] | \n
Linear genetic programs | \nTCP/IP packets, offline | \nNetwork | \n[3] | \n
Decision tree | \nTCP/IP packets, online | \nNetwork | \n[6] | \n
Classification and regression trees | \nFrequency of system calls, offline | \nHost | \n[7] | \n
Statistical method | \nExecutables, offline | \nHost | \n[11] | \n
Bayesian networks | \nFrequency of system calls, offline | \nHost | \n[7] | \n
Misuse or signature-based detection schemes.
When a novel attack is launched on a network, misuse detection systems cannot detect the attack as the attack signature is not present in the existing database of attack signatures. However, an anomaly detection system has the ability to detect new and unseen attacks and raise an early alarm before any substantial damage to the network could be done by the attack. Like the misuse detection approach, anomaly detection relies on determining a clear boundary between the normal and the anomalous traffic. The profile of the normal behavior is assumed to be significantly different from that of the anomalous behavior. The profile of the normal events and the normal traffic should preferably satisfy a set of criteria in the sense that it must contain a very clearly defined normal behavior. For example, the normal behavior specification must include the IP address or the hostname of a computing machine, or it should include a virtual local area network’s (VLAN) details to which it belongs and have the ability to track the normal behavior of the target environment sensitively. In addition, the normal profile should include the following details: (i) occurrence patterns of some specific system calls in the application layer of the communication protocol stack, (ii) association of data payload with different fields of application protocols, (iii) connectivity patterns between secure servers and the Internet and (iv) the rate and the burst length distributions of all traffic types [13]. In addition, profiles based on a network must be adaptive and have the ability of self-learning from complex and challenging network traffic to preserve the accuracy and in achieving a low false acceptance rate (FAR).
\nIn a large data network, detection of malicious and anomalous traffic is a complex task that poses some significant critical challenges. It is difficult to analyze and monitor a huge volume of traffic that contains network data with a very high-dimensional feature space. Such monitoring and analysis of network traffic data calls for highly efficient computational algorithms in data processing and pattern learning. Moreover, the anomalous traffic in a network exhibits a common behavior. In large volume network traffic data, the malicious and anomalous traffic of the same type tends to occur repeatedly, while the number of occurrences of malicious and anomalous data is much smaller than the number of occurrences of normal data. This makes the network traffic data highly imbalanced. It is also difficult, if not impossible, to determine accurately a normal region, or define the boundary between the normal and the anomalous traffic. To complicate the issue further, the concept of anomaly varies among different application domains. In many situations, labeled anomalous data are not available for the training and validation processes. Training and testing data contain the noise of unknown distributions, and the normal and anomalous behavior constantly changes. All these issues make anomaly detection in a network a particularly difficult task.
\n\nFigure 3 depicts the schematic diagram of a typical anomaly detection system. Anomaly detection systems broadly work in the five steps: (i) data collection, (ii) data preprocessing, (iii) normal behavior learning phase, (iv) identification of misbehaviors using dissimilarity detection techniques and (v) security responses. In a large-scale network, the data collection phase involves a large volume of data to be collected from the network. In the data preprocessing phase, the volume of data is reduced as this step includes feature selection, feature extraction, and finally dimensionality reduction processes.
\nSequence of execution of modules in an anomaly detection system.
Machine learning algorithms can be very effective in building normal profiles and then in designing intrusion detection systems based on anomaly detection approach. In the anomaly detection approach, the network traffic data belonging to a normal class are usually available for training the model. However, in most of the applications, labeled data for anomalous traffic are not available. We have already seen that supervised machine learning algorithms need attack-free training data. In other words, supervised learning needs labeled network data for both types of traffic—normal and attack. However, in most of the real-world situations, such prelabeled training data for both classes are very difficult to get. In most cases, not only are the prelabeled training data not available, but also the traffic data in networks exhibit highly imbalanced characteristics. A large majority of normal traffic record is mixed with a tiny minority of attack traffic records. To make the challenge even bigger, with the change in the network environment, patterns of normal traffic also exhibit substantial changes. The significant difference in the characteristics of training and test datasets most often leads to high false positive rates (FPRs) for supervised intrusion detection systems (IDSs). Unsupervised learning methods as adopted by anomaly detection systems can potentially get rid of this problem by building a normal profile of network traffic and by defining a normal state of the system. Any deviation from the normal state indicates the presence of an anomalous activity in a network. Hence, semi-supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods are frequently deployed in real-world security applications [14].
\nIn misuse detection, rules depict the strength of correlation between the conditions of the attributes and class labels. In the context of anomaly detection, the rules are the descriptors of normal profiles of users, application and system programs, and other resources in the computing and network infrastructures. An anomaly detection system is expected to raise an alarm of a potential attack if it observes any inconsistency among the current activities of the programs and the users with the established rules in the system. For an anomaly detection system to work effectively, it is critical to have an exhaustive set of rules working. The use of associative classification and association rules in anomaly-based intrusion detection systems is quite common. A number of propositions exist in the literature that has exploited the power of association rules in designing anomaly detection models [2, 15, 16]. Anomaly detection systems using association rules broadly work in two steps. In the first step, effective data mining operations are carried out on the system and network audit data for identifying consistent and useful patterns of the behaviors of the programs and the users. In the second step, robust classifiers are inductively learned using the training dataset on the relevant features in the patterns to recognize any anomalous behavior in the system or in the network traffic. The concept of frequent episodes is presented in [17]. Lee and Stolfo utilized the concept of frequent episodes introduced in [17] to characterize the audit sequences occurring in normal data [2]. Based on the frequent episodes in the network, the authors designed a small set of rules that could effectively capture the frequent behaviors in those sequences. During the monitoring phase of the detection system, the event sequences that were found to violate the rules are identified as the anomalous events in the cyberinfrastructure.
\nThe anomaly detection systems working on the association rules use a deterministic value or an interval to quantify the rules. In such a scenario, the normal and anomalous records are separated by clearly defined and sharp boundaries in the
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) allow for generalization in incomplete data and enable the detection of anomalous behavior in anomaly detection systems. The standard feed-forward multi-layer perceptron (MLP) with the ability of backpropagation of errors is particularly suited for carrying out anomaly detection. In the forward propagation phase, the ANN is trained on the training dataset. The data are fed into the network through the nodes in the input layer. The nodes at each layer are activated and their output passed on to the nodes in the next layer till the output values come out of the nodes at the output layer. The output values produced by the output layer nodes are then compared with the desired or target values at the corresponding nodes. The difference between the actual output value and the target output value signifies the error at the node at the output layer. The error values are backpropagated through the links in the network from the nodes at the output layer back to the nodes at the input layer so that the weights in the links and the biases at the nodes can be updated. This process of forward and back propagation continues until the error values at the output nodes fall below a threshold value. At this point the training process completes. Ghosh et al. [12, 20] and Liu et al. [21] applied ANNs in anomaly detection methods in computer networks.
\nSupport vector machines (SVMs) outperform ANNs in many situations as they have the ability to attain the global optimum state more efficiently and can control the model overfitting problem more effectively by fine-tuning the model parameters. SVMs can be gainfully deployed in anomaly detection by training them on datasets containing attack traffic and normal traffic. This is a supervised way of learning for SVMs. However, SVMs can also be applied effectively in an unsupervised way of identifying anomalous traffic in a network. Chen et al. used BSM audit data from the 1998 DARPA intrusion detection evaluation datasets and trained an SVM-based anomaly detection system using the dataset [22]. Hu et al. presented a comparative study on the performance of a robust support vector machine (RSVM) and a conventional SVM based on the nearest neighbor classification in separating normal traffic from attack traffic generated by various computer programs [23]. The results presented by the authors clearly showed that RSVMs had higher detection accuracy with a much lower value of false positives as compared with their conventional SVM counterparts. RSVMs also exhibited higher generalization ability in extracting information from noisy data.
\nNearest neighbor-based machine learning programs assume that the normal pattern of an activity displays a close displacement measured by a distance metric, while anomaly data points lie far from this neighborhood. K-nearest neighbor (KNN) method is a classification approach that uses a voting score among all the neighbors of a given data point in determining its class membership. The KNN learning-based anomaly detection method is effective only if the value of
Hidden Markov model (HMM) considers transition properties of events. In network security applications it can be effectively deployed for detecting anomalous activities and events. In anomaly detection, HMMs can very accurately model the temporal variations in program behavior [25, 26, 27]. Before the deployment of an HMM in anomaly detection, the definition of a normal sate of activity
Supervised learning methods for the detection of anomalous activities in a network require prior labeling of the traffic types. However, it is very difficult to have prior labeling of audit data in real-world network environments. Signature-based detection suffers from this problem as carrying out a manual classification in a huge volume of network traffic to identify a small number of attack traffic records poses a significant challenge. Unsupervised learning-based anomaly detection methods do suffer from this drawback as these methods can work on unlabeled network traffic data. These methods attempt to detect malicious traffic in a network even without any prior knowledge about the traffic data labels. Unsupervised learning-based anomaly detection methods work under the following premise: in a network, characteristics of traffic are highly imbalanced—normal traffic constitutes a vast majority, while anomalous traffic represents a tiny minority. Moreover, attack traffic and the normal traffic exhibit similar statistical distributions in their respective group, while the distributions of the two groups are different from each other. Learning from an imbalanced data so that the anomalous and normal traffic can be categorized into two different clusters is the prime focus in unsupervised anomaly detection methods. Hence, cluster-based anomaly and outlier detection is the most fundamental approach in an unsupervised intrusion detection method. Portnoy et al. proposed a clustering-based anomaly detection method using DARPA knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) Cup 1999 dataset [32]. DARPA KDD Cup 1999 dataset consisted of a network traffic record of 4,900,000 data points. The dataset contained 25 different types of traffic—24 attack types and 1 normal traffic. Each data point represented a set of extracted feature values from a connection record obtained between different IP addresses of hosts during a period of time in which attacks were simulated in a network. The authors observed that clustering with unlabeled data resulted in a lower detection rate of attacks than attack classification using a supervised learning method. However, unsupervised detection methods on unlabeled data can potentially detect unknown attacks through an automated or semi-automated process that cannot be done using supervised detection methods.
\nRandom forests are powerful machine learning models based on ensemble approach. They build multiple decision trees by randomly choosing a subset of features and then combine those decision tree results to arrive at a much more robust prediction. Due to their higher accuracy of prediction, random forests have been deployed in a variety of applications including multimedia information retrieval, network security and intrusion detection systems design. The algorithms used in random forests usually yield higher accuracy, and they work very efficiently on large datasets with high-dimensional feature space. Traffic in a large network is an example of a large volume of high-dimensional data, and such data can be very effectively classified in real-time by random forest-based classification approach. The use of random forest algorithms for detecting outliers in datasets containing network traffic without attack-free training data has been proposed in the literature [33, 34].
\nOther machine learning methods have been proposed for learning the probability distribution of data and in applying statistical tests to detect outliers. Eskin proposed a mixture probability model on normal and anomalous data based on expectation maximization (EM) algorithms [35]. Other statistical machine learning methods have been investigated in anomaly detection applications, such as mean and variance [4, 30], Hotelling’s T2 test and the Chi-square test [36, 37], Hellinger score [38], histogram density [39], Bayesian law [40], cumulative summation (CUMSUM) and statistical test [30]. Ye et al. used a series of probability techniques of anomaly detection, including decision tree, Hotelling’s T2 test, Chi-square multivariate test, and Markov chain in an information system for detecting intrusions [41]. Network-wide anomaly detection using principal component analysis (PCA) has been proved very effective [42, 43, 44]. Several studies have also found that a wide range of anomalies in networks can be detected by computing the entropy in the network flow and feature distributions [37, 42, 45]. Table 2 presents a summary of the anomaly-based detection schemes.
\nDetection mechanism | \nInput data format | \nDetection level | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Statistical methods | \nFrequency of system calls, offline | \nHost | \n[36, 37] | \n
Statistical methods | \nTCP/IP packets, online | \nNetwork | \n[30, 38, 40] | \n
Clustering algorithms | \nFrequency of system calls, online | \nNetwork | \n[25, 32, 33] | \n
Information theoretic | \nTCP/IP packets, offline | \nNetwork | \n[37, 42, 45] | \n
Association rules | \nTCP/IP packets, offline | \nHost | \n[2, 15, 16, 17] | \n
Fuzzy association rules | \n\n | \n | [18] | \n
Kalman filter | \nTCP/IP packets, online | \nNetwork | \n[30] | \n
Hidden Markov model | \nFrequency of system calls, offline | \nHost | \n[25, 26, 27] | \n
Artificial neural network | \nExecutables, offline | \nHost | \n[12, 20, 21] | \n
Principal component analysis | \nFrequency of system calls, offline | \nNetwork | \n[42, 43, 44] | \n
Support vector machine | \nTCP/IP packets, offline | \nNetwork | \n[22, 23] | \n
K-nearest neighbors | \nFrequency of system calls, offline | \nHost | \n[24] | \n
Random forests | \nTCP/IP packets, offline | \nNetwork | \n[33, 34] | \n
Anomaly-based detection schemes.
Since misuse detection systems work on matching already known attack signatures with the current events in a network, they usually have high detection rates and low false alarm rates. However, these systems cannot detect novel attacks. On the other hand, anomaly detection systems define normal sates in a network and then detect system states that significantly differ from the normal states. Any state that significantly differs from the normal state of the network indicates the possible event of an attack. The anomaly detection system can detect new attacks launched on a network. There is a challenge in the anomaly detection system design. If the normal state patterns do not significantly differ from patterns exhibited by any anomalous state, the attack state will go undetected. This leads to an increase in the false alarm rate. Hence, it is critical to design a normal state in such a way that while the detection rate is maximized, the number of false alarms does not exceed beyond an acceptable limit. If the normal state is too wide, then the detection rate will suffer. On the other hand, too narrow a normal state will lead to a high false alarm rate. The hybrid detection approach combines the adaptability and the powerful detection ability of an anomaly detection system with the higher accuracy and reliability of the misuse detection approach.
\nDesigning an efficient and accurate hybrid detection system involves two critical issues: (i) the most ideal misuse or anomaly detection systems are to be first identified that can be integrated with anomaly detection systems, so that hybrid detection is possible and (ii) the two systems are to be integrated in the most optimal way so that the balance between the detection rate and false alarm rate is achieved while retaining the ability of detecting novel attacks.
\nThe selection of misuse and anomaly detection systems for designing a hybrid detection system is dependent on the application in which the detection system is to be deployed. Following a combinational approach, the integration of an anomaly detection system with a misuse detection counterpart has been classified into four categories [46, 47]. These types are: (i) anomaly-misuse sequence detection, (ii) misuse-anomaly sequence detection, (iii) parallel detection and (iv) complex mixture detection (Figure 4). The complex mixture model is highly application-specific.
\nThree categories of hybrid detection systems. (a) Anomaly-misuse sequence, (b) misuse-anomaly sequence, (c) parallel detection system (adapted from [
Barbara et al. presented a hybrid detection system on the principle of the anomaly-misuse sequence [48]. The proposed system, which is known as audit data analysis and mining (ADAM), minimizes false alarm rates by not raising any alarm for those patterns that are not classified attacks by the misuse detection system. Misuse-anomaly sequence detection systems primarily focus on detecting novel attacks that are missed by the misuse detection module. The machine learning algorithms used by these hybrid detection models are mainly based on different variants of random forests [47, 49]. Anderson et al. proposed the design of a parallel intrusion detection system that provided a very accurate and robust detection decision by correlating the outputs of the misuse detection and the anomaly detection modules [50]. Agrawal et al. proposed an illustrative complex intrusion detection system [51]. The system worked on the AdaBoost algorithm of classification and both the misuse and the anomaly detection systems are trained on the training data simultaneously. The detection results on the test data are also presented separately for the misuse detection module and the anomaly detection module. Sen et al. proposed various architecture of complex detection systems based on cooperating agents [52, 53, 54]. The audit trails in the basic security module (BSM) of a Solaris system were exploited by Endler in designing a hybrid detection system [55]. An ANN-based hybrid detection system for detecting both signature-based and anomaly-based attacks is proposed by Ghosh and Schwartzbard [12]. Lee et al. presented a data mining-based hybrid intrusion detection system for identifying attack traffic from the audit data in a host [2]. Table 3 presents a summary of the hybrid detection systems discussed in this section.
\nDetection mechanism | \nInput data format | \nDetection level | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Random forests | \nTCP/IP packets, online | \nNetwork | \n[46, 47, 49] | \n
Association rules | \nTCP/IP packets, online | \nNetwork | \n[48] | \n
Association rules | \nFrequency of system calls, online | \nHost | \n[2] | \n
Cooperating agents | \nTCP/IP packets, online | \nNetwork | \n[52, 53, 54, 55, 56] | \n
Correlation | \nTCP/IP packets, online | \nNetwork | \n[50] | \n
Clustering | \nTCP/IP packets, offline | \nNetwork | \n[51] | \n
Statistical analysis and ANN | \nSequences of system calls, offline | \nHost | \n[55] | \n
ANN | \nTCP/IP packets, online | \nNetwork | \n[12] | \n
Hybrid intrusion schemes based on machine learning.
In this chapter, we have discussed various approaches to misuse and anomaly detection systems design using machine learning and data mining techniques. Some of the well-known systems in the literature have also been reviewed briefly. We have also discussed the pros and cons of various systems in context to their applications and deployment in real-world networks.
\nA fundamental challenge in designing an intrusion detection system is the limited availability of appropriate data for model building and testing. Generating data for intrusion detection is an extremely painstaking and complex task that mandates the generation of normal system data as well as anomalous and attack data. If a real-world network environment, generating normal traffic data is not a problem. However, the data may too privacy-sensitive to be made available for public research.
\nClassification-based methods require training data to be well balanced with normal traffic data and attack traffic data. Although it is desirable to have a good mix of a large variety of attack traffic data (including some novel attacks), it may not be feasible in practice. Moreover, the labeling of data is mandatory with attack and normal traffic data clearly distinguished by their respective labels.
\nUnlike classification-based approaches, which are mostly used in misuse detection, unsupervised anomaly detection-based approaches do not require any prior labeling of the training data. In most of the cases, the attack traffic constitutes the sparse class, and hence, the smaller clusters are most likely to correspond to the attack traffic data. Although unsupervised anomaly detection is a very interesting approach, the results produced by this method are unacceptably low in terms of their detection accuracies.
\nIn a pure anomaly detection approach, the training data are assumed to be consisting of only normal traffic. By training the detection model only on the normal traffic data, the detection accuracy of the system can be significantly improved. Anomalous states are indicated by only a significant state change from the normal sate of the system.
\nIn a real-world network that is connected to the Internet, an assumption of attack-free traffic is utopian. A pure anomaly detection system can still be trained on training data that include attack traffic. In that case, those attack traffic data will be considered as normal traffic and the detection system will not raise an alert when such traffic is encountered in real-world operations. Hence, in order to increase the detection accuracy, attack traffic should be removed from the training data as much as possible. The removal of attack traffic from the training data can be done using updated misuse detection systems or by deploying multiple anomaly detection systems and combining their results by a voting mechanism.
\nFor an intrusion detection system that is deployed in a real-world network, it is mandatory to have a real-time detection capability under a high-speed, high-volume data environment. However, most of the cluster techniques used in unsupervised detection require quadratic time. This renders their deployment infeasible in practical applications. Moreover, the cluster algorithms are not scalable, and they need the entire training data to reside in the memory during the training process. This requirement puts a restriction on the model size. The future direction of research may include studies on the scalability and performance of anomaly detection algorithms in conjunction with the detection rate and false positive rate. Most of the currently existing propositions on intrusion detection have not paid adequate attention to these critical issues.
\nAll publications on this website are published under the Open Access model, without any subscription, registration, or access fees required from the user or his/her institution. In accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative's (BOAI) definition of Open Access, users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the full text versions of all Chapters. To read more about our Open Access Statement click here.
\n\nFor Editorial Policies for journals please consult individual journal pages.
',metaTitle:"Editorial policies",metaDescription:"Editorial policies",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/editorial-policies",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\\n\\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\\n\\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\\n\\n\\n\\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\n\\n\\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\\n\\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\\n\\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\\n\\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\\n\\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\\n\\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\\n\\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\\n\\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\\n\\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\n\n\n\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\n\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\n\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\n\n\n\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\n\n\n\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\n\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\n\n\n\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\n\n\n\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\n\n\n\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\n\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\n\n\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"11"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11513",title:"Gas Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Soumen Dhara and Dr. Gorachand Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11513.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11514",title:"Vision Sensors - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6da8427ef3062c142b4e9650a5fed534",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11514.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2868",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Gallegos-Funes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11520",title:"Direct Torque Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6504dee75dbbfd7792308293a8f1a27f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Moulay Tahar Lamchich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11520.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"21932",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Tahar",surname:"Lamchich",slug:"moulay-tahar-lamchich",fullName:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11521",title:"Internal Combustion Engines - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99cc881bcb3efe05085f2728ccbeab6b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Akaehomen Akii Ibhadode",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11521.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"253342",title:"Prof.",name:"Akaehomen",surname:"Ibhadode",slug:"akaehomen-ibhadode",fullName:"Akaehomen Ibhadode"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11526",title:"Mass Production in the Industry 4.0 Era",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"082678c3d4e60a3ac282f3f2309379d4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tamás Bányai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11526.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11535",title:"Recent Research Trends in Sustainable Energy Conversion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8a29db15e41fcfcb6d49fa1ecc670318",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Arunkumar Chandrasekhar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11535.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226215",title:"Prof.",name:"Arunkumar",surname:"Chandrasekhar",slug:"arunkumar-chandrasekhar",fullName:"Arunkumar Chandrasekhar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11538",title:"Updates on Supercapacitors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"defe620d92b00d7a1b12b939941b7528",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zoran M. Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11538.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11539",title:"Thermal Power Plants - Modeling, Control, and Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1c3acd9b5f01439c18515d73d41b830d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paweł Madejski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11539.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179645",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Madejski",slug:"pawel-madejski",fullName:"Paweł Madejski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11543",title:"Energy Consumption, Conversion, Storage, and Efficiency",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ad63fe95611354246fb73cb3653b6348",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jiajun Xu and Prof. Bao Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11543.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"233386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiajun",surname:"Xu",slug:"jiajun-xu",fullName:"Jiajun Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11546",title:"Smart and Sustainable Transportation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"88ccbca0fb32b8f905e4307bfe485862",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Arshad Jamal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11546.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"339925",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",surname:"Jamal",slug:"arshad-jamal",fullName:"Arshad Jamal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:61},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"265",title:"Education",slug:"social-sciences-education",parent:{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"},numberOfBooks:35,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:682,numberOfWosCitations:196,numberOfCrossrefCitations:388,numberOfDimensionsCitations:612,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"265",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11004",title:"Medical Education for the 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8863875cdefa578f26a438ea21bdc1e",slug:"medical-education-for-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11004.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10495",title:"Insights Into Global Engineering Education After the Birth of Industry 5.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e83ddb1aa8017926d0635bbe8a90feca",slug:"insights-into-global-engineering-education-after-the-birth-of-industry-5-0",bookSignature:"Montaha Bouezzeddine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10495.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313464",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Montaha",middleName:null,surname:"Bouezzeddine",slug:"montaha-bouezzeddine",fullName:"Montaha Bouezzeddine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9558",title:"Active Learning",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c55b272766d51c3d563abc25c026b939",slug:"active-learning-theory-and-practice",bookSignature:"Olena Lutsenko and Gregory Lutsenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena",middleName:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Lutsenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9535",title:"Education in Childhood",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"edc0b902fe67ee1b6fab1df4992cb55d",slug:"education-in-childhood",bookSignature:"Olga María Alegre de la Rosa, Luis Miguel Villar Angulo and Carla Giambrone",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9535.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"338767",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga María",middleName:null,surname:"Alegre de la Rosa",slug:"olga-maria-alegre-de-la-rosa",fullName:"Olga María Alegre de la Rosa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10807",title:"Teacher Education",subtitle:"New Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3baeedd4e6dfcdbccca461891bd66a8d",slug:"teacher-education-new-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ulas Kayapinar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10807.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"232425",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulas",middleName:null,surname:"Kayapinar",slug:"ulas-kayapinar",fullName:"Ulas Kayapinar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10229",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",subtitle:"Emerging Skills for a Changing World",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b01f9136149277b7e4cbc1e52bce78ec",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",bookSignature:"Maria Jose Hernández-Serrano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10229.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187893",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Serrano",slug:"maria-jose-hernandez-serrano",fullName:"Maria Jose Hernández-Serrano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10191",title:"Health and Academic Achievement",subtitle:"New Findings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ee3f57e3911318305ac5c2eef39f8ab",slug:"health-and-academic-achievement-new-findings",bookSignature:"Blandina Bernal-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174721",title:"Dr.",name:"Blandina",middleName:null,surname:"Bernal-Morales",slug:"blandina-bernal-morales",fullName:"Blandina Bernal-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:35,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"59705",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74943",title:"Augmented Reality Trends in Education between 2016 and 2017 Years",slug:"augmented-reality-trends-in-education-between-2016-and-2017-years",totalDownloads:2504,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to review literature regarding using augmented reality (AR) in education articles published in between 2016 and 2017 years. The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"63639",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81086",title:"Cooperative Learning: The Foundation for Active Learning",slug:"cooperative-learning-the-foundation-for-active-learning",totalDownloads:3475,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"The role of instructors is evolving from the presenter of information to the designer of active learning processes, environments, and experiences that maximize student engagement. The more active a lesson, the more students tend to engage intellectually and emotionally in the learning activities. Cooperative learning is the foundation on which many of the active learning procedures are based. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximize their own and each other’s learning. Most of the active learning procedures, such as problem-based learning, team-learning, collaborative learning, and PALS, require that students work cooperatively in small groups to achieve joint learning goals. Cooperative learning is based on two theories: Structure-Process-Outcome theory and Social Interdependence theory. Four types of cooperative learning have been derived: formal cooperative learning, informal cooperative learning, cooperative base groups, and constructive controversy. There is considerable research confirming the effectiveness of cooperative learning. To be cooperative, however, five basic elements must be structured into the situation: positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, social skills, and group processing.",book:{id:"6929",slug:"active-learning-beyond-the-future",title:"Active Learning",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Beyond the Future"},signatures:"David W. Johnson and Roger T. Johnson",authors:[{id:"259976",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"},{id:"263004",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"roger-johnson",fullName:"Roger Johnson"}]},{id:"58060",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72341",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8826,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"59468",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74344",title:"Virtual and Augmented Reality: New Frontiers for Clinical Psychology",slug:"virtual-and-augmented-reality-new-frontiers-for-clinical-psychology",totalDownloads:2359,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the last decades, the applied approach for the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) on clinical and health psychology has grown exponentially. These technologies have been used to treat several mental disorders, for example, phobias, stress-related disorders, depression, eating disorders, and chronic pain. The importance of VR/AR for the mental health field comes from three main concepts: (1) VR/AR as an imaginal technology, people can feel “as if they are” in a reality that does not exist in external world; (2) VR/AR as an embodied technology, the experience to feel user’s body inside the virtual environment; and (3) VR/AR as connectivity technology, the “end of geography’. In this chapter, we explore the opportunities provided by VR/AR as technologies to improve people’s quality of life and to discuss new frontiers for their application in mental health and psychological well-being promotion.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Sara Ventura, Rosa M. Baños and Cristina Botella",authors:[{id:"106036",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Baños",slug:"rosa-maria-banos",fullName:"Rosa Maria Baños"},{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"},{id:"229056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Botella",slug:"cristina-botella",fullName:"Cristina Botella"}]},{id:"64583",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81714",title:"Evaluating a Course for Teaching Advanced Programming Concepts with Scratch to Preservice Kindergarten Teachers: A Case Study in Greece",slug:"evaluating-a-course-for-teaching-advanced-programming-concepts-with-scratch-to-preservice-kindergart",totalDownloads:1419,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Coding is a new literacy for the twenty-first century, and as a literacy, coding enables new ways of thinking and new ways of communicating and expressing ideas, as well as new ways of civic participation. A growing number of countries, in Europe and beyond, have established clear policies and frameworks for introducing computational thinking (CT) and computer programming to young children. In this chapter, we discuss a game-based approach to coding education for preservice kindergarten teachers using Scratch. The aim of using Scratch was to excite students’ interest and familiarize them with the basics of programming in an open-ended, project-based, and personally meaningful environment for a semester course in the Department of Preschool Education in the University of Crete. For 13 weeks, students were introduced to the main Scratch concepts and, afterward, were asked to prepare their projects. For the projects, they were required to design their own interactive stories to teach certain concepts about mathematics or physical science to preschool-age students. The results we obtained were more satisfactory than expected and, in some regards, encouraging if one considers the fact that the research participants had no prior experiences with computational thinking.",book:{id:"6936",slug:"early-childhood-education",title:"Early Childhood Education",fullTitle:"Early Childhood Education"},signatures:"Stamatios Papadakis and Michail Kalogiannakis",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8832,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"61746",title:"Facilitation of Teachers’ Professional Development through Principals’ Instructional Supervision and Teachers’ Knowledge- Management Behaviors",slug:"facilitation-of-teachers-professional-development-through-principals-instructional-supervision-and-t",totalDownloads:3384,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"With the rise of global competition and the focus on teacher quality, teacher professional development is becoming increasingly crucial, and the stress and challenges for principals are more severe than ever. Teachers can improve their professional abilities through principals’ instructional supervision and their own knowledge-management (KM) behaviors to benefit students. Thus, this chapter analyzes the relationship among principals’ instructional supervision, teachers’ KM, and teachers’ professional development. The author believes that principals’ instructional supervision and effective KM can facilitate the professional development of teachers. The author also believes the readers can know the relationships among them, and teachers’ professional development can be improved through principal’s instructional supervision and teachers’ KM behaviors.",book:{id:"6674",slug:"contemporary-pedagogies-in-teacher-education-and-development",title:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development",fullTitle:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development"},signatures:"Chien-Chin Chen",authors:[{id:"232569",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chien Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-chih-chen",fullName:"Chien Chih Chen"}]},{id:"75908",title:"From the Classroom into Virtual Learning Environments: Essential Knowledge, Competences, Skills and Pedagogical Strategies for the 21st Century Teacher Education in Kenya",slug:"from-the-classroom-into-virtual-learning-environments-essential-knowledge-competences-skills-and-ped",totalDownloads:519,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"As teachers in Kenya begin to migrate from the classroom to virtual learning spaces following COVID 19 pandemic, there is pressing need to realign Teacher Education to requisite Knowledge, competences, skills, and attitudes that will support online teaching. This chapter explores these needs using a combination of lived experiences and literature review that captured a meta-analysis of research trends on e-learning. While trends in Teacher Education indicate progression towards adoption of technology, there are disparities between the theory and practice. Evidence from recent research and reports; and the recollected experiences confirmed knowledge, competence, skills and pedagogical gaps in the implementation of online learning, that have been exacerbated by COVID-19. The researcher recommends that teacher education should sensitize and train teacher trainees on how to access, analyze and use new knowledge emerging with technology; they also should be coached on how learners learn with technology and on fundamentals of the communication process. Particularly the course on educational technology, should focus on how to create and manage online courses. The 5-stage E-Moderator Model and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) are recommended as effective pedagogical scaffold for online teaching.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Catherine Adhiambo Amimo",authors:[{id:"333482",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine Adhiambo",middleName:null,surname:"Amimo",slug:"catherine-adhiambo-amimo",fullName:"Catherine Adhiambo Amimo"}]},{id:"75224",title:"Decoding the Digital Gap in Teacher Education: Three Perspectives across the Globe",slug:"decoding-the-digital-gap-in-teacher-education-three-perspectives-across-the-globe",totalDownloads:589,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Educational use of technology is regularly assessed, and results often show a gap between educational policies and what is actually practiced. This chapter will help clarify how teacher educators experience the changing educational contexts due to the digital revolution, how their meaning-making shifts, and how outside forces influence those processes. The results are based on comparative international studies. Central for this study is practitioners’ professional digital competence, their attitudes towards digital technology and the use of digital technology in education. We found that the influence and contribution of digital practice is carried out quite differently across the globe. Our research questions were: How do practitioners experience teaching in a rapidly changing context? How do attitudes change due to top-down governing of education? and What motivates teacher educators to implement digital technology?",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Steinar Thorvaldsen and Siri Sollied Madsen",authors:[{id:"332624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Siri Sollied",middleName:null,surname:"Madsen",slug:"siri-sollied-madsen",fullName:"Siri Sollied Madsen"},{id:"332626",title:"Prof.",name:"Steinar",middleName:null,surname:"Thorvaldsen",slug:"steinar-thorvaldsen",fullName:"Steinar Thorvaldsen"}]},{id:"75416",title:"Self-Study Research: Challenges and Opportunities in Teacher Education",slug:"self-study-research-challenges-and-opportunities-in-teacher-education",totalDownloads:777,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This article aims to describe what self-study research is, why self-study can be a good approach to teacher educators’ professional development and improvements in practice and highlight some challenges and opportunities in this research approach. In addition, the article will shed light on some methodological aspects related to self-study. Self-study refers to teacher educators who in an intentionally and systematically way examine their practice to improve it, based on a deeper understanding of practice, as well as the context practice takes place. In the article, I argue that engaging in self-study is a learning and development process and an approach to developing personal professionalism, collective professionalism and improvements in practice.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Kåre Hauge",authors:[{id:"332053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kåre",middleName:null,surname:"Hauge",slug:"kare-hauge",fullName:"Kåre Hauge"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"265",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. He worked as assistant Professor of Genetic, biostatistics and animal biotechnology at INAT since 2013.",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? The Evolution of the EU Financial Contribution to Climate Change",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105541",signatures:"Cecilia Camporeale, Roberto Del Ciello and Mario Jorizzo",slug:"kept-promises-the-evolution-of-the-eu-financial-contribution-to-climate-change",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Mario",surname:"Jorizzo"},{name:"Cecilia",surname:"Camporeale"},{name:"ROBERTO",surname:"DEL CIELLO"}],book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81920",title:"Rethinking an Approach for Sustainable Globalization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105141",signatures:"Parakram Pyakurel",slug:"rethinking-an-approach-for-sustainable-globalization",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/29718",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"29718"},fullPath:"/chapters/29718",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()