\r\n\t1. Emphasizing the unique power of the molecular docking method in new drug discovery;
\r\n\t2. Demonstration of how the molecular docking technique has led to the discovery of new molecules in cancer therapy, proteasome, and STAT3 inhibition, and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease;
\r\n\t3. Underlining the importance of molecular docking-based modeling methods in the various branches of biotechnology
\r\n\tWe hope that this book will be a common point where researchers working in the fields of life sciences and drug development will eventually meet.
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Kuschak and May Chu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"94079",title:"Dr.",name:"Shamir",middleName:"N",surname:"Mukhi",fullName:"Shamir Mukhi",slug:"shamir-mukhi"},{id:"129686",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Kuschak",fullName:"Theodore Kuschak",slug:"theodore-kuschak"},{id:"129687",title:"Dr.",name:"Lai King",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Lai King Ng",slug:"lai-king-ng"},{id:"129688",title:"Dr.",name:"May",middleName:null,surname:"Chu",fullName:"May Chu",slug:"may-chu"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1329",title:"New Research on Knowledge Management Models and Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc95c6bc5f24c4b7df2b010eeead0d0f",slug:"new-research-on-knowledge-management-models-and-methods",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1329.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"33406",title:"Three Postulates That Change Knowledge Management Paradigm",slug:"three-postulates-that-change-knowledge-management-paradigm",signatures:"Michel Grundstein",authors:[{id:"90741",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Grundstein",fullName:"Michel Grundstein",slug:"michel-grundstein"}]},{id:"33407",title:"Analytical Models for Tertiary Education by Propaedeutic Cycles Applying Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management",slug:"analytical-model-for-tertiary-education-by-propaedeutic-cycles-applying-knowledge-engineering-and-kn",signatures:"Alfonso Perez Gama",authors:[{id:"94203",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Gama",fullName:"Jesus Alfonso Perez-Gama",slug:"jesus-alfonso-perez-gama"}]},{id:"33408",title:"Knowledge Recycling and Transformation in Design",slug:"inter-disciplinary-knowledge-recycling-and-transformation",signatures:"Buthayna Hasan Eilouti",authors:[{id:"92094",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Eilouti",fullName:"Eilouti",slug:"eilouti"}]},{id:"33409",title:"A Stakeholder Model for Managing Knowledge Assets in Organizations",slug:"a-stakeholder-model-for-managing-knowledge-assets-in-organizations",signatures:"Constantine Imafidon Tongo",authors:[{id:"115999",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantine",middleName:null,surname:"Tongo",fullName:"Constantine Tongo",slug:"constantine-tongo"}]},{id:"33410",title:"Performance Innovation Through Applied Knowledge Management: Thought Leadership in Organizations",slug:"performance-innovation-through-applied-knowledge-management-thought-leadership-in-organizations",signatures:"Michel Soto Chalhoub",authors:[{id:"108542",title:"Dr.",name:"Michel Soto",middleName:null,surname:"Chalhoub",fullName:"Michel Soto Chalhoub",slug:"michel-soto-chalhoub"}]},{id:"33411",title:"Managing Tacit Knowledge in Strategic Outsourcing",slug:"managing-tacit-knowledge-in-strategic-outsourcing",signatures:"Karin Širec, Miroslav Rebernik and Barbara Bradač Hojnik",authors:[{id:"100778",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Rebernik",fullName:"Miroslav Rebernik",slug:"miroslav-rebernik"},{id:"100784",title:"Prof.",name:"Karin",middleName:null,surname:"Širec",fullName:"Karin Širec",slug:"karin-sirec"},{id:"100785",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Bradač Hojnik",fullName:"Barbara Bradač Hojnik",slug:"barbara-bradac-hojnik"}]},{id:"33412",title:"Assessment of Operational Experience as Strategy for Knowledge Acquisition and Learning in Organizations",slug:"assessment-of-operational-experience-as-strategy-for-knowledge-acquisition-and-learning-in-organizat",signatures:"Pedro Solana González and Daniel Pérez González",authors:[{id:"97040",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:"Solana",surname:"Gonzalez",fullName:"Pedro Gonzalez",slug:"pedro-gonzalez"},{id:"97046",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez González",fullName:"Daniel Pérez González",slug:"daniel-perez-gonzalez"}]},{id:"33413",title:"What's Wrong with Knowledge Management? 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Muntean",authors:[{id:"90498",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihaela",middleName:null,surname:"Muntean",fullName:"Mihaela Muntean",slug:"mihaela-muntean"}]},{id:"33424",title:"The Liberation of Intellectual Capital Through the Natural Evolution of Knowledge Management Systems",slug:"the-liberation-of-intellectual-capital-through-the-natural-evoluion-of-knowledge-management-systems",signatures:"Harold M. Campbell",authors:[{id:"112032",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold",middleName:"Moody",surname:"Campbell",fullName:"Harold Campbell",slug:"harold-campbell"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2126",title:"New Research on Knowledge Management Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1028c6da3f138fdaf63031c351d08116",slug:"new-research-on-knowledge-management-technology",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2126.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3782",title:"Knowledge Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc642f87e3f6298c002e762bcff71dfb",slug:"knowledge-management",bookSignature:"Pasi Virtanen and Nina Helander",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3782.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"125157",title:"MSc.",name:"Pasi",surname:"Virtanen",slug:"pasi-virtanen",fullName:"Pasi Virtanen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8850",title:"Harnessing Knowledge, Innovation and Competence in Engineering of Mission Critical Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25ef9074be50f4e5c1f6cb7298e1b68d",slug:"harnessing-knowledge-innovation-and-competence-in-engineering-of-mission-critical-systems",bookSignature:"Ali G. Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8850.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. Hessami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2126",title:"New Research on Knowledge Management Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1028c6da3f138fdaf63031c351d08116",slug:"new-research-on-knowledge-management-technology",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2126.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82286",title:"Internal and External Influences on Hydro-Thermal Behavior of Micro-channel Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105111",slug:"internal-and-external-influences-on-hydro-thermal-behavior-of-micro-channel-flow",body:'With the rapid development of electronic technologies towards miniaturization and high power density, heat generation becomes a major problem in high-powered electronic systems, batteries, fuel cells, etc. High-temperature operation of these electronic devices reduces their performance, reliability, and life span, so thermal management has become the prime concern in modern electronic equipment. Researchers have developed various thermal management methods using compact heatsinks like mini-channel heatsinks, micro-channel heatsinks with forced and natural convection, flow boiling and phase change materials, etc.; according to the heat dissipation requirement, heat transfer modes were implemented. In the natural convection method, fluid was driven by buoyancy force generated by the temperature gradient, and this was implemented for low heat dissipation applications. For large heat transfer requirements forced convection and flow boiling was used. Forced convection and flow boiling in microchannels are effective methods to deal with the immense heat dissipation requirement in modern electronics.
From the initial research on microchannel flows, there is uncertainty in implementing conventional theories of hydrodynamics and heat transfer to the micro, and mini channel flows. Some studies on microfluidics stated that the correlations applied for pressure drop in conventional channel flow were not valid for micro and mini channel flow. Finally, this ambiguity came to a concussion that the discrepancies in the outcomes when conventional theories are used for micro and mini channels are because of errors in channel measurements and neglected influences, which are significant microchannels flow.
The experimental study of J. Judy et al. [1] is evident that the uncertainties in the conventional flow theories are significantly influenced by the uncertainties in the diameter measurement, which may cause up to 20% discrepancy in Poiseuille’s number. In this analysis, from Poiseuille’s number data, it was observed that there is no distinguishable between the microscale and macroscale strokes flow. Bruno Agostini et al. [2] witnessed the 21% divergence in the friction factor due to the 3% error in estimating channel width and height. Apart from measurement errors, other possible causes for uncertainties are viscous dissipation, entrance effect, the influence of electric double layer and surface effects, etc. Some authors developed, advanced thermal characterization techniques for finding the probable sources of uncertainties in the microchannel flow [3]. Some external influences like electric field and magnetic field also show a noticeable influence on the hydrothermal behavior of the microchannel flow.
M.R. Akhtari and Nader Karimi [4] investigated the characteristics of micro-channels with varying super-phobic surface roughness with four different micro-structured configurations. Outcomes of this work witnessed the decrease of Poiseullie number and Nusselt number with increasing the cavity fraction. They also reported that the triangular pattered structure showed the best performance among the four because in triangular patterned structure, the influence of shear-free interface on the drag reduction is more dominant than the reduction of heat transfer. Mohit Trivedi et al. [5] conducted a numerical study on electro-osmotic coupled pressure-driven flow of simplified Phan Thien Tanner fluids in a diverging micro-channel. They found that the velocity of the flow decreases moderately with the increasing the diverging angle when the other parameters were fixed.
Hang Xu [6] analyzed the mixed convection flow by buoyancy and pressure gradient in inclined micro-channel by considering the electric double layer effect and discussed the various parameters influence on the temperature distribution and velocity. It was noticed that the streaming potential raised with increasing the electrical-double-layer thickness and the zeta potential.
In this chapter, possible internal and external influences on microchannel flow are discussed (Figure 1). These influences can be also helpful to improve the heat transfer performance and development of innovative flow and heat transfer devices. Electro-osmosis was used in the development of electro-osmotic pumps, they have considerable advantages of no moving parts and less power requirement. Surf ace roughness of the channel has a considerable effect on the improvement of heat transfer. Surface wettability is also a significant parameter to enhance the boiling heat transfer. This chapter gives an overview of the recent works that have been done on electro-osmosis, surface roughness, surface wettability, external magnetic and electric field in microchannel flow.
Influences on micro-channel flow.
Pumping Mechanism of electro-osmotic flow [
Schematic image of the physical model developed by Souvik Pabi et al. [
Variation of Nu with Peclet number
Schematic image of the physical model used by Edgar A. Ramos et al. [
Velocity analysis of a particle in electrophoretic motion in rectangular micro-channel. The background presents the electric field and lines [
Schematic image of converging–diverging nanotube filled with an electrolyte containing spherical charged particle [
Isometric view of bottom surface of microchannel with six different cases of relative roughness [
Normalized average Nusselt numbers (
Schematic representation of water contact angle on hydrophilic, hydrophobic surfaces [
Schematic image of dynamic contact angles in slug flow [
Slug flow in microchannels at different wettabilities (a) Superhydrophobic (b) Hydrophobic (c) Hydrophilic (d) Superhydrophilic [
Lateral electric field influence on Nu with
Nu variation with shear rate parameter for the dilatant fluids (
Schematic image of the physical model used by M.M. Rashidi et al. [
Schematic representation of micropump with symmetric configuration of electrode [
Electro-osmosis refers to the movement of ionic fluid concerning the stationary charged surfaces with the development of an electric double layer (EDL) under the imposition of an external electric field [7, 8, 9, 10]. Electro-osmotic actuated flow (electro-osmotic flow EOF) captured massive interest in the field of microfluidics because of its superior features of less pressure drop, no moving parts etc. Electro-osmosis is the modern pumping method for fluid transport and has advantages compared to the sure-driven flows [11, 12]. So much research work has been carried out on EOF-based micropumps and electronic cooling systems to analyze the thermo-hydraulic aspects [13]. V K Narla et al. [14] performed the theoretical analysis on EOF of nanofluid in curved microchannel. In this work, authors have studied the influence of Helmholtz-Smoulochowski velocity, inverse EDL thickness, Brinkman number, Joule Number, Curvature parameter, entropy generation and Nano particle concentration. It was found that the increasing inverse EDL thickness generates the flow acceleration in the microchannel upper region. The curved surface of the microchannel acts as the source of entropy generation. Schematic representation of pumping mechanism of electro-osmotic flow is presented in the Figure 2.
Michael O. Oni and Basant K. Jha [16] studied the viscous dissipation and Joule heating influence on the EOF in a vertical microchannel with asymmetric heating. Results of this work revealed that viscous dissipation and Joule heating reduces the temperature distribution and the asymmetric heating tends to increase the pressure gradient and induced electric potential. M Peralta et al. [17] was also examined the asymmetric zeta potential influence on the EOF of Maxwell fluid in parallel plate microchannel. They observed the fluctuations in the velocity profiles with increasing the angular Reynolds number and elasticity number because of viscous, elastic, electric and inertial forces in the flow.
An experimental and numerical study performed on the microfluidic chip witnessed the stable EOF on the super wettability surface [18]. M S Saravani and M Kalteh [19] conducted numerical study on combined pressure driven and electroosmotic flow of Newtonian nanofluid in the microchannel using Lattice-Boltzmann method. They have studied the influence of different parameters like slip coefficient, volume fraction of Nano-particles, Smolochowski velocity on the heat transfer. It was observed that the Nusselt number was decreases with increasing the pressure force at fixed electric field and Nusselt number was increases with increasing the electric field at fixed pressure force. Souvik Pabi et al. [20] investigated the hydrothermal and entropy generation characteristics of EOF in a hydrophobic micro-channel. Schematic image of physical model developed by Souvik Pabi et al. shown in the Figure 3. It was found that the value flow velocity (
Edgar A. Ramos et al. [21] examined the EOF in rectangular microchannel by considering the temperature dependent absolute viscosity and slip boundary condition at the walls (Figure 5). In this study they implemented the asymptotic analysis by using the perturbation methods. The outcomes of this analysis revealed that the influence temperature depended viscosity and slip increases the flow rate in the microchannel. Jacky S.H. Lee et al. [22] studied the behavior of electro-osmotic flow in a cylindrical microchannel with non-uniform zeta potential distribution. Results of this study reveals that, the non-uniform distribution of zeta potential generates the various types of velocity profiles in both downstream and upstream sections. It was noticed that, flow circulation cannot be generated a simple step change, if such a change does not have polarity change of the surface charge. Various heterogeneous patterns with change in zeta potential polarity was observed to be able to produce different types of flow circulations.
Electrophoresis is the phenomena of movement of charged particles in the colloidal solution under the influence of the imposed electric field. As a result of, applied electric field and viscous resistance imposed by the liquid on the colloidal particles, the stationary particles moves with constant velocity [23]. So many researchers has been working on the electrophoresis in straight and curved micro-channels with constant and variable cross-section by applying the uniform and non-uniform electric field [24, 25, 26]. Litao Liang et al. [27] performed the experimental demonstration on uniform straight rectangular microchannel with lateral migration in particle electrophoresis and developed an analytical model to predict the outcomes (Figure 6). The results of this work revealed that, the particle stream width at the exit of channel was noticed to be diminishes with the increment in either electric field or particle size and the predicted value of width of the steam through analytical model has good agreement with measured values.
P.H. Wiersema et al. [28] presented a correlation between the electrophoresis mobility and the Zeta potential of spherical shaped colloidal particles. They found that the correction for diminished values of dielectric constant in the double layer was negligible. Shizhi Qian et al. [29] performed numerical investigation on electrophoretic mobility generated in the convergent-divergent nanotube containing electrolyte solution with spherical charged particles by applying the electric field. Authors found that, when the nanotube wall was uncharged and the particle was charged the motion of the particle attained the noticeable acceleration and retardation as the particle moves in converging–diverging section in the direction of opposite electrode and achieved the maximum velocity at the throat. However, the mentioned effect is not always correct because when the charge density of wall of tube is of same sign and magnitude as the charge density of particle surface, the flow generated by the electrostatic force and the induced pressure gradient will reverse the direction of motion of particles. The schematic image of converging–diverging nano-tubes presented in Figure 7.
Surface of the fluid flowing channel have noticeable influence on the hydrothermal characteristics of the microchannel flow. Surface morphology, wettability, hydrophilic and hydrophobic behavior of the surface shows significant influence on the heat transfer [30]. Recent studies on surface effects on microchannel flow is presented in this section.
Earliest investigations on the microchannel flows showed that the hydrothermal behavior of microchannel is differ from macrochannel. However, researchers concluded about this divergence as, some of the factors neglected in the macro scale shows significant effect on microscale and these factors are the reason for discrepancies [1]. Surface roughness is an important factor which has considerable influence on microchannel flow. An experimental investigation done by Yuan Xing et al. [31] on microchannel surface roughness and witnessed the remarkable influence of roughness on heat transfer and hydraulic characteristics. At larger relative roughness, Nusselt number and the Poiseuille was found to be higher and the friction factor and Nusselt number increases with increasing the Reynolds number consistently. Benedikt Sterr et al. [32] performed the stochastic analysis on MCHS with random Roughness (Figure 8). It was revealed that the local surface height is inadequate to define the behavior of Nusselt number and the dependency of Nusselt number on various factors was increase with the value of roughness. The variation of normalized average Nusselt numbers, pressure drop and performance factor are depicted in the Figure 9.
Rahim Jafari et al. [33] conducted experimental analysis on flow boiling in microchannel to study the influence of surface roughness on micro-scale boiling. They found the 45% enhancement in heat transfer coefficient, when the roughness increased from 2.03 μm to 15.86 μm. Considerable increase of heat transfer during the phase change was obtained with low heatflux value at high roughness.
Surface wettability is aptness of a fluid to spread over a surface. It is identified as an important factor in microfluidic devices, especially in case two-phase flows in microchannels, where the surface tension becomes presiding force as the channel size reduces [34]. Many researchers are focused on the influence of surface wettability on two-phase flow in microchannels. If water is considered, the characteristics of water droplets on a surface can be explored by surface energies and wettability. When Surface energies are high, the water droplets area attracted towards the surface resulting low contact angle, it is called hydrophilic surface and in the reverse case surface is called hydrophobic surface [35]. Important findings of various researchers on surface wettability is discussed in this section. Figure 10 indicates the schematic representation of water contact angle on hydrophilic, hydrophobic surfaces.
Konstantinos Vontas et al. [37] studied the flow boiling in and hydrophobic surfaced microchannels under various heat fluxes and mass fluxes and observed the slug flow regime in the both cases. Authors revealed that liquid film and contact line evaporation are the prime heat transfer mechanism for hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces respectively. Prakash Rapolu and Sang Young Son [38] conducted an experimental analysis on geometry and wettability influence on pressure drop in 2-Phase microchannel flow and witnessed the rise in pressure drop with reducing the surface Wettability (Figures 11 and 12). They also revealed that the effect of the capillary resistance on the pressure drop in a hydrophilic channel was comparatively less.
Ming Yu Zhou et al. [39] examined behavior of monodisperse poly n-isopropylacrylamide microspheres in microchannels with biphilic surfaces. Outcomes of this work disclosed that the mean fluid velocity in hydrophobic surfaced microchannel without microspheres is higher than hydrophilic surfaced microchannel. Wei Deng et al. [40] studied the bubble behavior and heat transfer in a boiling flow over the biphilic surfaces and found that at low heatflux values the bubbles prone to grow first on the hydrophobic surfaces because of low attractive force. Authors also stated that they noticed a different behavior of bubble characteristics at the wall temperature of 150 K and 200 K. Ali Heidarian et al. [41] conducted the hydrodynamic study on the nanofluid flow in the hydrophobic and super hydrophobic surfaced microchannel. Results of this study showed that the pressure drop of nanofluid flow in case of hydrophilic surface was increased by 74% and in case of hydrophobic surface was decreased by 47%. The wall shear stress was found to be reduced by 65%.
Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) is the study of behavior of an electrically conducting fluid under the magnetic field and it has many applications in engineering field including the cooling of liquid metals in nuclear reactors, design of MHD flow meters and MHD pumps etc. [42, 43, 44]. In the field of microfluidics, MHD is promising method for pumping applications because of its benefits of simple design, no moving parts and less power consumption [45, 46, 47, 48]. Chunhong Yang et al. [49] performed theoretical analysis on the thermal behavior of a incompressible MHD flow in a rectangular microchannel. In this study the cumulative influence of the Joule heating, viscous dissipation and electromagnetic coupled heat was considered. A gradual decrease of normal velocity was noticed with rising the Hartmann number (Ha) without implementing the lateral electric field. When lateral electric field was imposed, increasing-decreasing trend is observed for velocity and temperature but the Nu exhibited the adverse trend (Figure 13).
Velocity and temperature but the Nu exhibited the adverse trend.
Mehdi Kiyasatfar and Nader Pourmahmoud [50] studied the hydrothermal characteristics of non-Newtonian, conducting fluid flow in a square microchannel, imposed to the transfers magnetic field. I their study the decrease of velocity gradient was found near the wall with increasing the flow index of Power law which tend to decrease the Nu. Magnetic field showed the large influence on the velocity field, as Ha increases, maximum velocity was decreases and wall velocity gradient was increases. Nu variation with shear rate parameter for the dilatant fluids is presented in Figure 14. M.M. Rashidi et al. [51] examined the mixed convective HT in sinusoidal microchannel with nanofluid flow under the influence of external magnetic field (Figure 15). From the results, improvement of average Nu and decrement in Poiseuille’s number was observed with increasing the concentration of nanoparticles. An enhancement of Nu and Poiseuille’s number was also noticed with increasing Ha at constant Re, Grashof number (Gr) and particles concentration. Basant Kumar Jha et al. [52] performed the magnetohydrodynamic analysis on natural convection flow formed in the micro-gap between two infinitely long parallel vertical plates. By the asymmetric heating of the plates, the natural convection is created between the plates in presence of the Hall current. The increase of fluid velocity was observed with the ratio of wall ambient temperature and rarefaction parameter.
Electro-hydrodynamics (EHD) is the study of characteristics of electrically conducting fluid under the external electric field. The bulk fluid motion created due to the interactions between imposed electric field and the gradients electrical conductivity of the fluid is referred as the Electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) flow [53, 54]. In the field of microfluidics, EHD used for fluid pumping applications. Brian D. Storey [55] conducted a numerical study on instabilities generated in microchannel flow between the two parallel plates due to the gradients of electrical conductivity of fluid. They also investigated the turbulence generated at low Reynolds number due to the instabilities in the flow by considering the electro-osmotic effect. Author found that the existence of shallow walls of the channel can modify the flow stability and flow characteristics remarkably. When walls are shallow with regard to the dimension of gradient of electric conductivity, the fluid motions are considerably suppressed and the wavenumber of instability increased. P. Zangeneh Kazemi et al. [56] investigated the performance of the EHD micro-pump under the influence of spacing of micro pillar electrode. Schematic representation of micropump with symmetric configuration of electrode is presented in Figure 16. Considerable higher pressure head was observed in case of micropump with asymmetric design compared to symmetric design of electrode under the equal applied voltage by consuming the lower power. The reduction in the spacing of the micro-pillar electrodes enhanced the performance of pump for the symmetric design, while diminished the performance for the asymmetric design.
Some researchers analyzed the combined effective applied magnetic field and electric field. Guillermo Ibáñez and Sergio Cuevas [57] investigated the electromagnetic interactions in the micro-channel by considering the influence of the Lorentz force generated by injected electric current and transvers magnetic field to diminish the entropy generation. Li Fengqina et al. [58] investigated the electro-magnetohydrodynamic flow in a microchannel with 3D corrugated walls. The flow in the present work was driven by a non-uniform electric field and uniform magnetic field. The effect of corrugations and Hartmann number (Ha) was analyzed by implementing the perturbation method. The results of this study reveal that maximum flow rate was achieved by increasing the Ha (magnetic field strength parameter).
Along with the mentioned influences, some other geometry-related effects like internal structure of the geometry, topology and internal fins etc., were also examined in some research works. Yongqi Lan et al. [59] performed the numerical simulation on effect of relative height and relative offset values of truncated and offset pin-fins on performance and entropy generation of MCHS. Enhancement of heat transfer and flow resistance was noticed in the MCHS with pinfins compared to the smooth MCHS. Increasing pinfin height ratio, increases the heat transfer and the flow resistance. Increasing the offset ratio also improved the heat transfer but extreme increase in offset ration leads to the decrease in heat transfer improvement. Prasenjit Dey et al. [60] conducted the experimental and numerical study on hydrothermal characteristics of MCHS with bio-inspired novel fish scale structure. It was found that the fish scale structure can enhance the heat transfer compared to the plan structure. At 0.026 inclination angle of fish scale, friction factor was reduced by maximum 5% and Nusselt number increased by maximum of 14% compared to the plan surface structure. The performance evaluation factor was noticed as 1.75 at the inclination angle of 0.26 and Reynolds number of 1050. Xiaohu Li et al. [61] performed the topology optimization study on MCHS to augment its heat transfer performance by adopting iso-geometric analysis (IGA) approach. It was observed that the IGA approach produced the better outcomes compared to the traditional finite element analysis (FEA) approach.
The fluid flow and heat transfer behavior of the micro-channel flow under some internal and external influences is presented in this chapter. Latest works that has been performed on these influences are discussed so far. The prime conclusion from this chapter is,
In micro-scale studies, the reason for the deviation of conventional theories and correlations was concluded as the neglected effects, which has a considerable influence on microscale flow.
Electro-osmotic, MHD and EHD pumping methods have enormous significance in the field of microfluidics because of the advantages of no moving parts and low power consumption.
Surface wettability plays key role hydrothermal performance of two-phase flow in microchannels.
Surface roughness also has considerable influence on enhancing heat transfer in both single-phase and two-phase flow through micro-channels.
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She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. 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His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. 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He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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