Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
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We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
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Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5740",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective",title:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective highlights latest advancements of research undertaken in multidisciplinary fields where the smartphone plays a central role. Smartphone is synonymous to innovation in today's society. Very few visionaries predicted its social, cultural, technological and economic impacts, although the usage of smartphone is almost pervasive and transcendental. This book is meant for researchers and postgraduate students looking forward for hot topics for their final year projects, doctoral or even postdoctoral studies. Practitioners too will find food for thought and will surely be amazed by the broadness of the topics presented.",isbn:"978-953-51-3590-6",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3589-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4618-6",doi:"10.5772/65172",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"smartphones-from-an-applied-research-perspective",numberOfPages:222,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"10f605202aae0cd293bfc2b4e5027e5c",bookSignature:"Nawaz Mohamudally",publishedDate:"November 2nd 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5740.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18225,numberOfWosCitations:48,numberOfCrossrefCitations:52,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:77,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:177,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 5th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 19th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 17th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 15th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 14th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"119486",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamudally",slug:"nawaz-mohamudally",fullName:"Nawaz Mohamudally",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/119486/images/system/119486.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Nawaz Mohamudally graduated in telecommunications from the University of Science and Technology of Lille I in France. He is presently an Associate Professor at the University of Technology, Mauritius, where he has occupied the posts of Head of School of Business Informatics and Software Engineering and recently the Chairman of the Research Degrees Committee. He was formerly the Chairman of the Internet Management Committee at the national level and a member of the Mauritius Academy of Science and Technology. He is an academic researcher and practitioner in the fields of pervasive computing and data science. His latest ongoing research and development work with the industry is on customers behaviors insights. He is the recipient of the Outstanding Contribution in Education award from Stars of The Industry-Indo-African Forum and Best Professor in Industrial Systems Engineering from Africa Leadership Awards.",institutionString:"University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Technology, Mauritius",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mauritius"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1368",title:"Telecommunication",slug:"information-and-communication-telecommunication"}],chapters:[{id:"56349",title:"Smartphone and Portable Media Device: A Novel Pathway toward the Diagnostic Characterization of Human Movement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69961",slug:"smartphone-and-portable-media-device-a-novel-pathway-toward-the-diagnostic-characterization-of-human",totalDownloads:1432,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The application of wearable and wireless systems offers the capacity to ameliorate considerable strain on medical resources. In particular the smartphone and portable media device for quantifying human movement characteristics offers the opportunity to evaluate patients in a homebound environment remote from clinical resources and post-processing. Trial data can be easily transmitted as an email attachment with wireless connectivity to the Internet. The utility of the smartphone and portable media device has been demonstrated for quantifying gait, tendon reflex response, movement disorder, and rehabilitation exercise. Further evolution and potential has been demonstrated through the integration of machine learning to provide classification accuracy for differentiating between disparate human movement scenarios. The role of the smartphone and portable media device for quantifying human movement characteristics is further elucidated.",signatures:"Robert LeMoyne and Timothy Mastroianni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56349",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56349",authors:[{id:"2168",title:"Mr.",name:"Timothy",surname:"Mastroianni",slug:"timothy-mastroianni",fullName:"Timothy Mastroianni"},{id:"197088",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"LeMoyne",slug:"robert-lemoyne",fullName:"Robert LeMoyne"}],corrections:null},{id:"56044",title:"The Geometry and Usage of the Supplementary Fisheye Lenses in Smartphones",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69691",slug:"the-geometry-and-usage-of-the-supplementary-fisheye-lenses-in-smartphones",totalDownloads:1628,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, mobile phones are more than a device that can only satisfy the communication need between people. Since fisheye lenses integrated with mobile phones are lightweight and easy to use, they are advantageous. In addition to this advantage, it is experimented whether fisheye lens and mobile phone combination can be used in a photogrammetric way, and if so, what will be the result. Fisheye lens equipment used with mobile phones was tested in this study. For this, standard calibration of ‘Olloclip 3 in one’ fisheye lens used with iPhone 4S mobile phone and ‘Nikon FC‐E9’ fisheye lens used with Nikon Coolpix8700 are compared based on equidistant model. This experimental study shows that Olloclip 3 in one fisheye lens developed for mobile phones has at least the similar characteristics with classic fisheye lenses. The dimensions of fisheye lenses used with smart phones are getting smaller and the prices are reducing. Moreover, as verified in this study, the accuracy of fisheye lenses used in smartphones is better than conventional fisheye lenses. The use of smartphones with fisheye lenses will give the possibility of practical applications to ordinary users in the near future.",signatures:"Cumhur Sahin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56044",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56044",authors:[{id:"201823",title:"Dr.",name:"Cumhur",surname:"Şahin",slug:"cumhur-sahin",fullName:"Cumhur Şahin"}],corrections:null},{id:"56057",title:"SOS Message Distribution for Searching Disaster Victims",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69690",slug:"sos-message-distribution-for-searching-disaster-victims",totalDownloads:1254,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the design and implementation of the SOSCast application which enables SOS message distribution for searching victims in a disaster-damaged area. During catastrophic disasters such an earthquake or tsunami, people may be injured or trapped in fallen buildings and debris. In situations like these, it is critical that rescue operations must be done within the first 72 h to save many lives. It is also during these events where communication infrastructures are severely damaged, and thus, makes it difficult for victims to ask for help due to the absence of communication channels. By using the SOSCast application in such scenario, victims are able to exchange SOS messages automatically by communicating directly among smartphones with less operation. By collecting these SOS messages, rescuers can find the existences of the victims as mapped on their smartphones. We have shown in our preliminary experiment within a residential area that SOSCast is capable of determining the existence of a propagator based on the collected SOS messages.",signatures:"Jane Louie Fresco Zamora, Noriyuki Suzuki and Shigeru Kashihara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56057",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56057",authors:[{id:"199636",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Louie",surname:"Zamora",slug:"louie-zamora",fullName:"Louie Zamora"},{id:"199895",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigeru",surname:"Kashihara",slug:"shigeru-kashihara",fullName:"Shigeru Kashihara"},{id:"200862",title:"Mr.",name:"Noriyuki",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"noriyuki-suzuki",fullName:"Noriyuki Suzuki"}],corrections:null},{id:"56004",title:"Smartphone as a Portable Detector, Analytical Device, or Instrument Interface",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69678",slug:"smartphone-as-a-portable-detector-analytical-device-or-instrument-interface",totalDownloads:2349,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The Encyclopedia Britannia defines a smartphone as a mobile telephone with a display screen, at the same time serves as a pocket watch, calendar, addresses book and calculator and uses its own operating system (OS). A smartphone is considered as a mobile telephone integrated to a handheld computer. As the market matured, solid-state computer memory and integrated circuits became less expensive over the following decade, smartphone became more computer-like, and more more-advanced services, and became ubiquitous with the introduction of mobile phone networks. The communication takes place for sending and receiving photographs, music, video clips, e-mails and more. The growing capabilities of handheld devices and transmission protocols have enabled a growing number of applications. The integration of camera, access Wi-Fi, payments, augmented reality or the global position system (GPS) are features that have been used for science because the users of smartphone have risen all over the world. This chapter deals with the importance of one of the most common communication channels, the smartphone and how it impregnates in the science. The technological characteristics of this device make it a useful tool in social sciences, medicine, chemistry, detections of contaminants, pesticides, drugs or others, like so detection of signals or image.",signatures:"Diana Bueno Hernández, Jean Louis Marty and Roberto Muñoz\nGuerrero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56004",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56004",authors:[{id:"6218",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Louis",surname:"Marty",slug:"jean-louis-marty",fullName:"Jean-Louis Marty"},{id:"23084",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Munoz",slug:"roberto-munoz",fullName:"Roberto Munoz"},{id:"196112",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",surname:"Bueno",slug:"diana-bueno",fullName:"Diana Bueno"}],corrections:null},{id:"56711",title:"Semantic Annotation of Mobile Phone Data Using Machine Learning Algorithms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70255",slug:"semantic-annotation-of-mobile-phone-data-using-machine-learning-algorithms",totalDownloads:1341,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Cell phone call location data has been utilized for the study of travel patterns, but the underlying activities that originate the movement are still at a less explored stage. Resulted from routine and automated features of decision-making processes, human activity and travel behaviour exhibit a high level of spatial-temporal periodicities as well as a certain order of the activities. In this chapter, a method has been developed based on these regularities, which predicts activities being conducted at call locations. The method includes four steps: a set of comprehensive variables is defined; feature selection techniques are applied; a group of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms and an ensemble of the above algorithms are employed; an additional enhancement algorithm is designed. Using data gathered from natural communication of 80 users over a period of 1 year, the proposed method is evaluated. Based on the ensemble of the models, prediction accuracy of 69.7% was achieved. Using the enhancement algorithm, the performance obtained 7.6% improvement. The experimental results demonstrate the potential to annotate call locations based on the integration between machine learning algorithms and the characteristics of underlying activity and travel behaviour, contributing towards the semantic interpretation and application of the massive data.",signatures:"Feng Liu, JianXun Cui, Davy Janssens, Geert Wets and Mario Cools",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56711",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56711",authors:[{id:"55720",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",surname:"Liu",slug:"feng-liu",fullName:"Feng Liu"},{id:"57852",title:"Prof.",name:"Geert",surname:"Wets",slug:"geert-wets",fullName:"Geert Wets"},{id:"206585",title:"Dr.",name:"JianXun",surname:"Cui",slug:"jianxun-cui",fullName:"JianXun Cui"},{id:"206586",title:"Dr.",name:"Davy",surname:"Janssens",slug:"davy-janssens",fullName:"Davy Janssens"},{id:"206587",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Cools",slug:"mario-cools",fullName:"Mario Cools"}],corrections:null},{id:"57284",title:"Examining Merchants’ Refusal to Adopt Mobile Payment Systems in Spain",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70284",slug:"examining-merchants-refusal-to-adopt-mobile-payment-systems-in-spain",totalDownloads:1559,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Over the past years, traditional company management has been undergoing major changes regarding the adoption, implementation, and development of new technologies. Even if Internet commerce has the potential to revolutionize consumer behavior and the way merchants communicate with their customers, it is true that several activities related to the new technologies are still in the early stages of development or implementation. The main purpose of this study is to assess the determinants of m-payments from the point of view of merchants through an exploratory and qualitative analysis (literature review, focus groups, and in-depth interviews) in order to find the drivers and deterrents influencing the use of mobile payment systems in retail business. In order to properly approach the proposed research, a theoretical review of the actual situation of the different mobile payment systems across the different markets was carried through several personal interviews with merchants in the first place and, secondly, surveying over 151 retail companies in Spain. Conclusions and implications are discussed from the data and results drawn from this research, suggesting strategies to overcome some of the identified barriers and deterrents while also proposing some suggestions for future research opportunities.",signatures:"Francisco Liébana-Cabanillas, Francisco Muñoz Leiva and Juan\nSánchez Fernández",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57284",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57284",authors:[{id:"197387",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Liebana-Cabanillas",slug:"francisco-liebana-cabanillas",fullName:"Francisco Liebana-Cabanillas"}],corrections:null},{id:"56113",title:"Smartphone: The Ultimate IoT and IoE Device",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69734",slug:"smartphone-the-ultimate-iot-and-ioe-device",totalDownloads:2900,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:37,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Everything (IoE) are emerging communication concepts that will interconnect a variety of devices (including smartphones, home appliances, sensors, and other network devices), people, data, and processes and allow them to communicate with each other seamlessly. These new concepts can be applied in many application domains such as healthcare, transportation, and supply chain management (SCM), to name a few, and allow users to get real-time information such as location-based services, disease management, and tracking. The smartphone-enabling technologies such as built-in sensors, Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tracking, and near-field communications (NFC) allow it to be an integral part of IoT and IoE world and the mostly used device in these environments. However, its use imposes severe security and privacy threats, because the smartphone usually contains and communicates sensitive private data. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive survey on IoT and IoE technologies, their application domains, IoT structure and architecture, the use of smartphones in IoT and IoE, and the difference between IoT networks and mobile cellular networks. We also provide a concise overview of future opportunities and challenges in IoT and IoE environments and focus more on the security and privacy threats of using the smartphone in IoT and IoE networks with a suggestion of some countermeasures.",signatures:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar and Mohammed Boulmalf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56113",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56113",authors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar"},{id:"209424",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Boulmalf",slug:"mohammed-boulmalf",fullName:"Mohammed Boulmalf"}],corrections:null},{id:"56310",title:"Positioning Techniques with Smartphone Technology: Performances and Methodologies in Outdoor and Indoor Scenarios",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69679",slug:"positioning-techniques-with-smartphone-technology-performances-and-methodologies-in-outdoor-and-indo",totalDownloads:1983,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Smartphone technology is widespread both in the academy and in the commercial world. Almost every people have today a smartphone in their pocket, that are not only used to call other people but also to share their location on social networks or to plan activities. Today with a smartphone we can compute our position using the sensors settled inside the device that may also include accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers, teslameter, proximity sensors, barometer, and GPS/GNSS chipset. In this chapter we want to analyze the state-of-the-art of the positioning with smartphone technology, considering both outdoor and indoor scenarios. Particular attention will be paid to this last situation, where the accuracy can be improved fusing information coming from more than one sensor. In particular, we will investigate an innovative method of image recognition based (IRB) technology, particularly useful in GNSS denied environment, taking into account the two main problems that arise when the IRB positioning methods are considered: the first one is the optimization of the battery, that implies the minimization of the frame rate, and secondly the latencies due to image processing for visual search solutions, required by the size of the database with the 3D environment images.",signatures:"Paolo Dabove, Vincenzo Di Pietra and Andrea Maria Lingua",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56310",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56310",authors:[{id:"86028",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Dabove",slug:"paolo-dabove",fullName:"Paolo Dabove"},{id:"203902",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Andrea",slug:"andrea-andrea",fullName:"Andrea Andrea"},{id:"203904",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Di Pietra",slug:"vincenzo-di-pietra",fullName:"Vincenzo Di Pietra"}],corrections:null},{id:"57007",title:"Where Is the Smartphone Leading the Health of Children?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70260",slug:"where-is-the-smartphone-leading-the-health-of-children-",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Smartphones allow users to carry a mobile phone, games console, music player, camera, calendar, and Internet browser all in one small handheld device, with their limitations governed only by the types of applications downloaded onto them. They have become an indispensable part of the daily life. While smartphones have made life more convenient with their advantages, they have also brought many side effects especially on the health. This chapter crosses literature data on the side effects of smartphone in terms of health, especially in children. Nonetheless, it may affect people’s psychology, behavior, and health especially those of children. A mobile phone battery when heated explodes as a bomb. Awareness should be raised on the dangers of smartphones for children as telephone has become a real life partner in everything. Telephony companies as well as parents should join their effort, and measures should be taken to protect children and teenagers to ensure their welfare as they use smartphones. It is not enough to say that the humanity is in permanent danger. It is necessary to prioritize the protection of health while we rejoice in these technological advances.",signatures:"Simlawo Kpatékana, Boumé Missoki Azanlédji, Kanassoua Kokou,\nMihluedo-Agbolan Komlan Anani and Bouame Kokou Tsolanyo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57007",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57007",authors:[{id:"204309",title:"Dr.",name:"Missoki Azanlédji",surname:"Boume",slug:"missoki-azanledji-boume",fullName:"Missoki Azanlédji Boume"}],corrections:null},{id:"57271",title:"Malware Analysis and Detection on Android: The Big Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69695",slug:"malware-analysis-and-detection-on-android-the-big-challenge",totalDownloads:2393,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The popularization of the use of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, has accelerated in recent years, as these devices have experienced a reduction in cost together with an increase in functionality and services availability. In this context, due to its openness and free availability, Android operating system (OS) has become not only a major stakeholder in the market of mobile devices but has also become an attractive target for cybercriminals. In this chapter, we advocate to present some current trends and results in the Android malware analysis and detection research area. We start by briefly describing the Android’s security model, followed by a discussion of the static and dynamic malware analysis techniques in order to provide a general view of the analysis and detection process to the reader. After that, a description of a particular set of software developments, which exemplify some of the discussed techniques, is presented accompanied by a set of practical results. Finally, we draw some conclusions about the future development of the Android malware analysis area. The main contribution of this chapter is a description of the realization of static and dynamic malware analysis techniques and principles that can be automated and mapped to software system tools in order to simplify analyses. Moreover, some details about the use of machine learning algorithms for malware classifications and the use of the hooking software techniques for dynamic analysis execution are provided.",signatures:"Abraham Rodríguez-Mota, Ponciano J. Escamilla-Ambrosio and\nMoisés Salinas-Rosales",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57271",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57271",authors:[{id:"203558",title:"Dr.",name:"Abraham",surname:"Rodríguez-Mota",slug:"abraham-rodriguez-mota",fullName:"Abraham Rodríguez-Mota"},{id:"204121",title:"Dr.",name:"Ponciano",surname:"Escamilla-Ambrosio",slug:"ponciano-escamilla-ambrosio",fullName:"Ponciano Escamilla-Ambrosio"},{id:"204123",title:"Dr.",name:"Moisés",surname:"Salinas Rosales",slug:"moises-salinas-rosales",fullName:"Moisés Salinas Rosales"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6543",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"287d44bcf4ef446e6e077ec9f1ec501e",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",bookSignature:"Nawaz 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1. Introduction
Insertion of intercostal drainage (ICD) tube is a common procedure that is required to drain the abnormal intrapleural collection. As the name implies, it is insertion of a tube through the intercostal space to facilitate the drainage of abnormal collection in the pleural cavity. The procedure is also known as tube thoracostomy and thoracostomy drainage. The earliest reports of thoracic drainage dates back to 5th century BC [1, 2].
The aim of thoracostomy drainage is to:
Remove fluid and air from pleural cavity as promptly as possible.
Prevent drained air and fluid from returning to pleural cavity.
Restore negative pressure in pleural cavity to help re-expand the lung.
Although, the procedure has been in practice since long, there is still no consensus in the management of chest tubes and there remains great variability in practice. The procedure of inserting a chest tube is simple, definitive in treating a majority of thoracic pathologies and may be life-saving in certain situations. However, improperly placed chest tubes and poor post-procedural care may increase the morbidity and is associated with complications in up to 40% of patients [3, 4]. It is therefore imperative that all clinicians should be well versed with this simple yet life-saving procedure.
In this chapter, we will discuss various aspects of intercostal drainage including the prerequisites, technique of insertion, post-procedural care, complications and common pitfalls in the management of chest tubes in the light of the recent advances and updates.
2. Characteristics of an ideal thoracostomy tube
An ideal thoracostomy tube should:
Allow collected air and fluid to drain out from the chest.
Contain a one-way valve to prevent air and fluid from returning back into the chest.
Allow maintenance of negative intra-pleural pressure (the normal intrapleural pressure is −3 mmHg that decreases further on inspiration).
Have provision for applying higher negative pressure to help in expanding the lung.
Allow accurate measurement of drained fluid and air.
3. Indications for inserting chest tube
Tube thoracostomy is required to drain any abnormal collection in the pleural cavity, that includes:
Air: Pneumothorax
Fluid: Pleural effusion
Blood: Hemothorax
Pus: Empyema
Chyle: Chylothorax
Prophylactically following cardio-thoracic surgery to drain post-operative collection of air, fluid or blood
4. Commercially available chest tubes
The modern, commercially available chest tubes are soft and pliable that are either made up of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or silicone (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Intercostal drainage tube (chest tube).
The red rubber or malecot tube drains (Figure 2) are sometimes used as thoracostomy tubes mostly in resource constraint settings because of their low-cost, however their use is not advisable as they are difficult to retain, get kinked easily, wither rapidly and at times may break.
Figure 2.
Malecot (red rubber) tube drain.
Chest tubes come in various sizes from 6 French gauge (F) to 40 F. Larger the size of the tube, greater is its diameter. One F is equal to 0.033 cm. To know the diameter of the tube from the F size, one need to multiply F size by a factor of 0.033, so a chest tube of size 24 F will have an internal diameter of approximately 0.8 cm.
Some chest tubes are available with metallic trocar that has a pointed end (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Chest tube with metallic trocar.
These are meant to insert in intercostal space after making a small skin incision, without dissecting the intercostal muscles. Although, this makes the procedure fast, there is a higher risk of injury to the intrathoracic organs and as such use of chest tubes with trocars should be discouraged [3, 5, 6]. Most of the chest tubes are open from one end while the other end is sealed. There are side holes or eyes on the tube and the markings are printed on it. There also is a radiopaque line all along the length of the tube that helps in identifying the position of the chest tube on X-ray (Figures 1 and 4).
Figure 4.
Radiopaque line in the chest tube visible on x-ray (arrow).
5. Before inserting the chest tube- the preparation
5.1 Consent
Insertion of ICD tube is a surgical procedure and like any other surgery, a written informed consent is required prior to the procedure. Consent may not be possible in cases where the patient requires urgent tube thoracostomy as a lifesaving measure and when he/ she is unconscious, unattended or is in extremis.
5.2 Preparing the trolley: Equipment required
Following instruments and equipment are required for inserting the chest tube. One must ensure the availability of all necessary equipment beforehand to avoid any difficulty during the procedure.
5 ml syringe with a suitable local anesthetic. Preferably 2% lidocaine with adrenaline.
Sponge holding forceps
Bowl with solution for painting
Number 11 surgical blade with handle
Sheets for draping
A pair of medium sized curved artery forceps
An appropriately sized chest tube: See the section on ‘selecting the size of chest tube.
Silk No.1 suture on cutting needle
Needle holder
A pair of tooth forceps
Prepared underwater seal bottle or bag.
Gauze pieces
Adhesive tape for dressing
5.3 Selecting the size of chest tube
The chest tubes are available in various sizes ranging from 6 F to 40 F. There is a general understanding that large-bore tubes are required to drain fluid and small-bore tubes are sufficient to drain air. There have been numerous studies on this issue, however there is no conclusive scientific data to support this idea. Large-bore tubes have been related to higher incidence of pain and patient discomfort without any significant advantage in draining the intra-pleural fluid. In various studies, small-bore tubes have been found to be equally effective to drain pleural effusion and hemothorax [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. This has generated wider interest in use of small-bore tubes for thoracostomy. Conventionally, for most of the clinical conditions requiring tube thoracostomy a 24–32 F chest tube is inserted, depending on the expected underlying pathology, however tubes smaller than 24 F may be sufficient to drain pneumothorax.
5.4 Preparing the under-water seal
The reservoirs for collecting the pleural drainage are available either in the form of bags or single or multiple chambered plastic bottles (Figure 5A and B).
Figure 5.
A: Two chambered plastic bottle and B: ICD bag.
In both of these reservoirs, there are markings for calculation of effluent. In addition, there is also a marking for ‘initial fluid level’. Before connecting the reservoir to the chest tube, a sterile fluid like normal saline should be filled till this mark. As the chest tube is connected with the tube in the reservoir that remains below the ‘initial fluid level’, the air from the environment cannot gain access to the pleural cavity, however the intrapleural collection may egress easily into the reservoir, thus it functions as a one-way valve or ‘under water seal’.
5.5 Local anesthesia: type, amount and technique
Any suitable local anesthetic is appropriate for the procedure. Plain Lidocaine 2% solution and Lidocaine 2% with adrenaline are commonly used drugs for ICD insertion. A volume of nearly 5 ml is sufficient to anesthetize the local site. Local anesthesia may not be required where the patient is obtunded or unconscious and ICD insertion is required urgently.
6. Inserting the chest tube
The step by step procedure is demonstrated in the video supplemented with this article.
Inserting Intercostal drainage tube: step by step.
6.1 Position of the patient
Although the ICD can be inserted while the patient is sitting, leaning forward with the forearms resting over a stool, the supine position is less cumbersome and more comfortable for both patient and the doctor. In addition, the patient may not be able to sit for the procedure due to the underlying clinical condition. We prefer to insert ICD tube in supine position. The patient lies on the table close to the edge with arm abducted over the head if possible.
6.2 Identifying landmarks
The ideal site of inserting ICD is 4th or 5th intercostal space just anterior to the mid axillary line. One may calculate the desired intercostal space by considering sternal angle as landmark. The rib attached to the level of sternal angle is the second rib, subsequent ribs can be counted while palpating the chest wall distally and laterally. There is an alternative way of counting the ribs and the intercostal spaces which is quick and is particularly helpful in obese patients and in presence of subcutaneous emphysema. The level of the nipple in males and inframammary crease in females can be taken as a reference point- a line drawn from this point laterally to a point where it intersects the mid-axillary line is marked and the site for insertion of the chest tube is just anterior to this.
In case, the chest tube is being inserted prophylactically during thoracic surgery, the site of insertion is selected under vision in appropriate intercostal space.
6.3 Steps of the procedure
A wide area around the predetermined site of ICD insertion is painted with a suitable antimicrobial solution (Chlorhexidine or Povidone-iodine) and is draped. If the patient is awake and conscious, 5 ml of local anesthetic solution (preferably 2% lidocaine with adrenaline) is infiltrated in the overlying skin, intercostal muscles and pleura at the site of ICD insertion. Before injecting the local anesthetic, one should ensure that the needle is not in a blood vessel by pulling the plunger of the syringe back. For the adequate effect of local anesthesia, it is prudent to wait for at least 2 minutes before making the incision.
An incision measuring nearly 1.5–2 cms is made by a number 11 surgical blade at the predetermined site of ICD insertion along the long axis of the rib in the intercostal space just over the upper border of the lower rib. This is done to prevent injury to the neurovascular bundle that runs along the lower border of the ribs.
Using a medium sized curved hemostatic clamp, the subcutaneous tissues and inter-costal muscles are dissected bluntly till the parietal pleura is reached. By the tip of the closed hemostatic clamp, gentle pressure is then applied till there is a feeling of ‘give way’ which marks the entry into the pleural cavity. The entry into the pleural cavity is also confirmed by the escape of intra-pleural collection like air, fluid or blood (as the case may be). One should be careful enough not to apply undue force while puncturing the pleura as this may cause injury to lungs or mediastinal structures. The jaws of the hemostatic clamp are then opened while withdrawing the instrument to increase the size of the thoracostomy wide enough to allow the entry of index finger. This should be followed by ‘finger thoracostomy’. The index finger is inserted through the thoracostomy site to explore the pleural cavity for presence of any pleuro-pulmonary adhesions. In case they are present, adhesiolysis is performed to create space inside the pleural cavity for the chest tube. This step is important as attempts to insert a chest tube without ensuring space between the lung and the chest wall may injure the lung, cause air leak from the damaged lung parenchyma and such improperly placed tube may fail to drain the intra-pleural collection.
Following finger thoracostomy and ensuring safe space inside the pleural cavity to accommodate the chest tube, an adequately sized chest tube is then taken. The tip of the tube from the open end (the end that should lie inside the thoracic cavity) is held with the tip of the hemostatic clamp and the rest of the tube is held parallel to the instrument. The tube is introduced inside the pleural cavity, the instrument is then released and the tube is inserted gradually by guiding it to lie posteriorly and superiorly by using the same instrument aided by the index finger of the opposite hand to the point till the last eye (hole) on the chest tube is at least 5 cms inside the pleural cavity (this can be confirmed by looking at the markings over the chest tube). The limit to which the ICD tube needs to be put in depends on the build of the patient. In a patient with an average built a length till 8–12 cms inside the chest is sufficient.
The tube is then clamped by using an artery forceps (hemostatic clamp) close to its distal (closed) end. The end of the chest tube is now cut and is connected with the tubing of the underwater seal using the connector provided with the chest tube. The length of the tube of under-water seal apparatus should not be unduly long as the fluid column in the tube will provide resistance to the egress of intrapleural collection compromising the drainage. A good rule is not to allow any loop in the draining tube between the connector and the tubing of the reservoir.
The chest tube is then fixed by silk suture no.1. For better fixity, it should be anchored on either side. While fixing, one must ensure to take deep bites through the soft tissues close to the tube. Fixing the tube by taking superficial bites (including skin only) may leave potential space around the tube at the site of entry in the intercostal space which may lead to subcutaneous emphysema in cases of pneumothorax and may increase morbidity. Some clinicians prefer purse string suture for fixation of the tube but that leaves an ugly scar following removal of the chest tube and as such is not necessary. A dressing is now applied at the ICD site and the tube may then firmly be reinforced at the site by using adhesive tapes. This completes the procedure.
The free drainage of the collected material from the pleural cavity and the movement of the column of the fluid in the tube confirms the adequate position of the chest tube. The chest should now be auscultated, improvement in the breath sounds suggests success of the procedure. A chest X-ray is then performed for confirmation of proper positioning of the tube radiologically.
Some authors advocate creation of an oblique passage or ‘tunnel’ in the chest wall to insert the tube, primarily to decrease the incidence of recurrent pneumothorax following removal of the chest tube [12]. In this technique incision is made one intercostal space below the pre-determined site of thoracostomy, the skin and soft tissues of the chest wall are then bluntly dissected to reach the site of thoracostomy thereby creating a curved passage through the chest wall for introduction of the chest tube. This requires additional time at the expense of no added advantage and therefore is not required.
7. Post-procedural care
7.1 Nursing the patient with chest tube
Utmost care should be exercised while nursing a patient with chest tube. The reservoir should remain below the level of the chest at all times. Raising the reservoir above the chest level may result in passage of the fluid from the reservoir back into the pleural cavity. While turning or shifting the patient, one must ensure that the tube is not held or entangled in the patient’s bed. This may result in accidental displacement or dismantling of the tube. The outlet of the reservoir should remain open at all times especially in patients with pneumothorax or air leak. The closed outlet of the reservoir may lead to failure of decompression of pneumothorax leading to development of life-threatening tension pneumothorax. For the same reason, the tube should not be clamped at any time except while changing the fluid in the reservoir, collecting a sample of effluent or while planning to remove the chest tube. The patient should be closely monitored during this period.
The patient should be motivated for active physiotherapy and incentive spirometry (Figure 6).
Figure 6.
Patient performing incentive spirometry.
This aids in faster resolution of pleural collection and thereby early removal of the ICD tube. In case, the patient is unable to do active physiotherapy, passive physiotherapy should be performed. All efforts must be made to ambulate the patient early. The chest tube must be secured carefully while patient mobilizes and the drainage bag (reservoir) should be kept well below the thoracostomy site.
The ICD site should be carefully examined every day for signs of local infection like peri-tubal inflammation or tenderness. The dressing needs to be changed in case it is soaked. Extreme care must be taken while dressing the ICD site lest the tube is displaced or dismantled. The patient should be clinically monitored every day and the volume of drained fluid should be charted carefully in the patient’s record. The reservoir should be emptied once it is full up to 3/4 of its capacity. A new reservoir with prepared under water seal or disposable reservoir (in case of digital chest tube drainage systems) is kept ready while changing the reservoir. In resource constraint settings the same reservoir may be reused. It is important to follow universal precautions while changing the reservoir. The chest tube is clamped and the filled reservoir is disconnected from the tube, the new reservoir is then connected or fluid is filled up to the ‘initial water level’ mark (or till the outlet tube is at least 2 cms below the water level) in case one contemplates to use the same reservoir. Once the reservoir is reattached, the tube is unclamped. It is important to prepare the equipment beforehand while changing the reservoir to keep the time of occlusion of the chest tube to minimum possible.
The practice of performing daily x-ray has been questioned by many authors and it is suggested that this may not be required if there is pleura to pleura apposition in the post-procedure x-ray and the patient is improving clinically [13].
7.2 Use of analgesics and antibiotics
Appropriate oral or parenteral analgesics are administered depending on the underlying condition for which tube thoracostomy was necessitated. There has been much debate on the use of antibiotics following tube thoracostomy. There is no evidence to support the routine use of prophylactic antibiotic therapy following the procedure [14, 15]. However, the antibiotics may be needed for other associated causes for which tube thoracostomy was performed like in empyema thoracis or in a patient of trauma with soft tissue injuries.
7.3 Use of suction
The use of controlled suction (−10 to −15 cm saline) to the outlet of the reservoir may help in faster resolution of intrapleural collection and promote early pleura to pleura approximation. This is most useful following pulmonary resections and may decrease the incidence of persistent post-operative space problems. In our practice, we apply overnight suction in patients undergoing pulmonary resection surgery (except following pneumonectomy). At times, the application of suction may result in pleural pain, the amount of suction should be decreased in such situations. In case of increased air leak on application of suction, the suction may be decreased or avoided altogether.
7.4 What to do in case the tube is blocked?
Blockage of thoracostomy tube is not uncommon and occur frequently in hemothorax. Careful observation of the ICD tube and the ensuring drainage of the fluid are paramount to detect this complication early. If appropriate measures are taken in time, the possibility of maintaining the tube patency are high.
Various manipulations can be performed to restore the patency of blocked ICD tube. These include tapping, milking and stripping of the tube. These measures are successful only with partial blockage of the tube and should not be performed routinely to prevent blockage. There is theoretical possibility of generation of high intrapleural pressures with stripping and milking. Some authors have raised concern that this may cause pulmonary injury, however we have not observed any clinically significant adverse effects of these procedures. The practice of flushing the blocked tube by instilling sterile solutions should be discouraged as this may increase the chances of introducing infection from outside with resultant increase in the incidence of empyema. Some clinicians have used novel methods like using a fogarty balloon catheter to unblock the chest tube [16] or use of advanced systems to either prevent clot formation inside the tube [17] or wipe the inside of tube to unblock it [18].
7.5 How to collect a sample from the chest tube
A loop is formed in the ICD tube and the intrapleural fluid is allowed to accumulate in this loop. The tube is then clamped proximal to this collected fluid. With all aseptic measures the external surface of the ICD tube near its connection with the tubing of the reservoir is cleaned with alcohol based antiseptic solution. The tube is then disconnected from this end and the sample is collected in a sterile container. The ICD tube is then reconnected with the reservoir tube and is unclamped.
8. Removing the chest tube: when and how?
There are no fixed or universally agreed criteria that applies to all patients for guiding removal of the thoracostomy tube. There is great heterogeneity in practice, however the rule of thumb is that the chest tube should be removed once it has served its purpose. If the patient is clinically well, there is no more air leak than on forced expiration, no expanding subcutaneous emphysema, no blood, pus or chyle in the effluent and the volume of the fluid being drained is less than 250 ml, the tube can be safely removed. In case of residual space following pulmonary resection with persistent low volume air leak (no more than on forced expiration) beyond day 5, the chest tube may be clamped for up to 24 hours and a repeat x-ray is performed. The patient should be closely monitored during this period for tachypnoea or dyspnea. In case the patient remains asymptomatic and the pneumothorax does not worsen, the chest tube may be removed. The same may be done in case of persistent non-expanding effusion. This practice however, carries the risk of serious side effects if the patient monitoring following clamping of the tube is not diligent. The use of digital chest tube drainage devices might obviate this risk. The chest tube may be safely removed if the air leak is <40 ml/ min over 24 hours [19]. Alternatively, in patients with prolonged air leak (beyond day 5), a Heimlich valve may be applied to the chest tube and the patient may be followed on outpatient basis with a plan to remove the tube later allowing more opportunity for the residual lung to expand. We have recently proposed a protocol for removal of chest tubes following thoracic surgery that have enabled us to decrease the chest tube indwelling time [20].
In some specialties like Colorectal and Gynecological Surgery, the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol has been well established. This has recently been proposed for patients undergoing oncological major lung resection surgery too. The guidelines suggest that chest tubes may safely be removed with a non-chylous fluid output of up to 450 ml/ day in absence of air leak or minimal air leak detected by the digital chest tube drainage systems [21].
The view is equally divided regarding removal of the chest tube during end-inspiration or end-expiration [22, 23]. In a Randomized Controlled Trial by Bell RL et al., there was no significant difference between the complications following removal of the chest tube at either the height of inspiration or expiration and both methods were considered safe [23]. The incidence of recurrent pneumothorax is likely to be multifactorial and correlates poorly to the method of chest tube removal alone [23, 24]. We prefer to remove the chest tube by a swift motion followed immediately by sealing of the thoracostomy wound by appropriate dressing material irrespective of the phase of respiration.
9. Complications
The complications of tube thoracostomy may be divided into 3 phases:
During insertion of the tube:
Hemorrhage from the ICD site
Injury to the lung and the mediastinal structures
Misplacement of the tube
During the indwelling time of the chest tube:
Displacement or dislodgement of the tube
Subcutaneous emphysema
Kinking
Blockage
Fracture of the tube
Empyema thoracis
Wound infection
Re-expansion pulmonary edema
Following removal of the tube
Recurrent pneumothorax or pleural effusion
Thoracostomy site pain
Hemorrhage from the ICD site may be avoided by carefully siting the thoracostomy incision on the upper border of the lower rib in the desired intercostal space. This avoids the damage to the neurovascular bundle that runs along the lower border of the rib. All aseptic measures should be taken while inserting the chest tube and later while handling the tube during the post procedural care to prevent wound infection and empyema. Care should be exercised while nursing and mobilizing the patient with chest tube to prevent accidental displacement or dislodgement of the tube.
To prevent re-expansion pulmonary edema, the pleural cavity should be gradually decompressed. Sudden evacuation of more than one liter of fluid from the thoracic cavity should be avoided. It is desirable to monitor the intrapleural pressure while draining large amount of fluid from the pleural cavity. The intrapleural pressure should not be allowed to fall below −20 cm saline at any point of time.
10. Common pitfalls in chest tube management
A pitfall is different from complication and is defined as a hidden or unsuspected danger or difficulty that may lead to adverse events. The awareness of a pitfall and preparation to act swiftly in such eventuality may help in averting the complication arising from it. Following are the common pitfalls in ICD tube management:
Missed diagnosis: ICD tube placed in a patient with large diaphragmatic hernia suspecting it to be a loculated pneumothorax. A careful history and diligent look at the x-ray will avoid this pitfall (Figure 7A and B).
Placement of ICD on wrong side: One should confirm the side with pathology before putting the chest tube. The history of the patient, clinical notes and the radiological findings should be correlated to correctly identify the side of pathology.
A large thoracostomy incision may result in potential space around the chest tube. This coupled with fixation of the tube by superficial skin suturing results in development of a closed plane in the subcutaneous tissues. Peri-tubal air leak in this situation may lead to massive surgical emphysema with attended morbidity and mortality.
Avoiding digital exploration of the pleural cavity may result in injury to pulmonary parenchyma in addition to improper positioning and kinking of the tube (Figure 8).
One must perform ‘finger thoracostomy’ before inserting the chest tube to avoid this from happening.
Use of tubes with trocar and applying undue force while gaining entry to the pleural cavity may result in injury to various thoracic, mediastinal or intra-abdominal organs.
Poor placement result in a tube that may be:
Too in: may impinge on to the mediastinal structures (Figure 9A and B).
Too out: the eye (hole) of the tube may lie in the subcutaneous tissues with resultant subcutaneous emphysema (Figure 10).
Mispositioned or kinked resulting in poor drainage (Figures 11–14).
Poor fixation of the chest tube may result in accidental displacement or dislodgement (Figure 11). The chest tube should be anchored properly with number 1 silk suture. An additional suture from the opposite side improves the fixation and decreases the chances of this mishap.
Improper filling of the reservoir (under water seal) with sterile solution so that the outlet tube is not beneath the water column may result in pneumothorax.
Raising the reservoir above the level of the chest may result in drainage of the collected material back into the thoracic cavity. The reservoir should remain below the chest level of the patient at all times.
Clamping the tube while shifting or mobilizing the patient may result in tension pneumothorax. The outlet of the reservoir should be kept open at all times to prevent this.
Figure 7.
A: Left sided diaphragmatic hernia with large gastric shadow. B: Chest tube inserted in a patient of diaphragmatic hernia misdiagnosed as hydropneumothorax.
Figure 8.
A kinked chest tube.
Figure 9.
A & B: Chest tube impinging on mediastinal structures.
Figure 10.
Eye of chest tube in subcutaneous tissues with subcutaneous emphysema.
Figure 11.
Chest tube (arrow) about to come out.
Figure 12.
Chest tube lying outside the chest wall.
Figure 13.
Mispositioned tube over the diaphragm (arrow).
Figure 14.
Mispositioned tube lying in abdomen (arrow).
11. Advances in chest tube drainage systems
With the advancement in technology, newer equipment has become available that may help in decreasing some of the complications associated with the tube thoracostomy, make the assessment of drainage more objective and accurate thus helping in better management of ICD tubes. Some of the advancement in the recent times are:
Devices for better fixation of the chest tubes: Some devices are available that claim better fixation of the chest tubes [25], others have been tested on animal models and may soon become available [26].
Digital chest tube drainage systems: This has been perhaps the most significant advancement that is now the part of most modern thoracic surgery units (Figure 15).
Figure 15.
A patient being managed on digital chest tube drainage system following thoracotomy.
The use of these drainage systems has been associated with improved decision-making regarding chest tube management, decrease complications, improved quality of life and reduce the hospital stay [27, 28, 29] These are light weight, portable system with a disposable reservoir that may be replaced once full. The main advantages of this system are:
It does not require an ‘underwater seal’ thus eliminating the risk of accidental pneumothorax and passage of drained material from the reservoir back to the chest.
It allows accurate measurement of drained fluid and air over time and thus helps in assessment of the trend of drainage (Figure 16A & B).
Figure 16.
A & B: Objective depiction of air and fluid drainage and trend of drainage in digital chest tube drainage system.
This may help the clinician in making decision for removal of chest tube more objective and accurately.
Continuous controlled suction may be applied to the chest tube that remains constant irrespective of the position of the drainage system.
The patient may easily carry the device while ambulation without the risk of changes in pressure effecting drainage or accidental drainage of the collected material back in chest.
Chest tube systems with inbuilt mechanism to keep the inside of the tube clean to prevent clogging [16, 18].
Motion activated systems for prevention of clot formation inside the chest tube: This system uses motion-activated energy (vibration) primarily to prevent early adhesion of clots within the internal chest tube surface and thus maintains the patency of the chest tube [17].
12. Conclusion
Insertion of ICD is a common, simple yet lifesaving procedure. All clinicians should be well versed with the appropriate technique of inserting the thoracostomy tube and various aspects of its management. Although simple, it is associated with high rate of complications that primarily occur due to improper technique of insertion or poor post-procedural care. Awareness of these factors will make the procedure safer with improved outcome.
Conflict of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
\n',keywords:"Chest tube, Tube thoracostomy, intercostal drainage tube, ICD tube, Thoracentesis, Thoracostomy drainage",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78585.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78585.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78585",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78585",totalDownloads:158,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 11th 2021",dateReviewed:"August 22nd 2021",datePrePublished:"September 14th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"September 14th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Insertion of intercostal drainage (ICD) tube is one of the commonest surgical procedure that is life saving in certain circumstances. Although the procedure is being used for long, yet there is no consensus in its management. The procedure is simple to perform but the incidence of the complications, which primarily occur due to improper positioning of the tube and poor post-procedural care, is as high as 40%. It is therefore essential that all clinicians should be familiar with this simple, common and lifesaving procedure. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of various aspects of intercostal drainage including the prerequisites, technique of insertion, post-procedural care, complications and common pitfalls in the management of chest tubes in the light of the recent advances and updates.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78585",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78585",signatures:"Mohit Kumar Joshi",book:{id:"11045",type:"book",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alberto Sandri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-693-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-692-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-694-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"50811",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Sandri",slug:"alberto-sandri",fullName:"Alberto Sandri"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Characteristics of an ideal thoracostomy tube",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Indications for inserting chest tube",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Commercially available chest tubes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Before inserting the chest tube- the preparation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"5.1 Consent",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"5.2 Preparing the trolley: Equipment required",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"5.3 Selecting the size of chest tube",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"5.4 Preparing the under-water seal",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"5.5 Local anesthesia: type, amount and technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"6. Inserting the chest tube",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"6.1 Position of the patient",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"6.2 Identifying landmarks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"6.3 Steps of the procedure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"7. Post-procedural care",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"7.1 Nursing the patient with chest tube",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"7.2 Use of analgesics and antibiotics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"7.3 Use of suction",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"7.4 What to do in case the tube is blocked?",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"7.5 How to collect a sample from the chest tube",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21",title:"8. Removing the chest tube: when and how?",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22",title:"9. Complications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"10. Common pitfalls in chest tube management",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24",title:"11. Advances in chest tube drainage systems",level:"1"},{id:"sec_25",title:"12. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_29",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Hughhes J. Battlefield medicine in Wolfram\'s Parzival. 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Heart Lung Circ. 2014;23(10):e229-e230. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.04.255. Epub 2014 May 28. PMID: 24958597.'},{id:"B17",body:'Karimov JH, Dessoffy R, Fukamachi K, Okano S, Idzior L, Lobosky M, Horvath D. Development and Evaluation of Motion-activated System for Improved Chest Drainage: Bench, In Vivo Results, and Pilot Clinical Use of Technology. Surg Innov. 2020;27(5):507-514. doi: 10.1177/1553350620927579. Epub 2020 Jun 3. PMID: 32490739.'},{id:"B18",body:'Perrault LP, Pellerin M, Carrier M, Cartier R, Bouchard D, Demers P, Boyle EM. The PleuraFlow Active Chest Tube Clearance System: initial clinical experience in adult cardiac surgery. Innovations (Phila). 2012;7(5):354-358. doi: 10.1097/IMI.0b013e31827e2b4d. PMID: 23274869'},{id:"B19",body:'George RS, Papagiannopoulos K. Advances in chest drain management in thoracic disease. J Thorac Dis. 2016 Feb;8 (Suppl 1):S55-64. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.11.19. PMID: 26941971; PMCID: PMC4756232.'},{id:"B20",body:'Oberoi, A.S., Parshad, R., Suhani, Seenu V, Joshi MK, Kashyap L, Singh KJ. Prospective Study to Evaluate the Role of Protocol-Based Management of Chest Tubes in Patients Undergoing Elective Thoracic Surgery. Indian J Surg.2020; 82:1050–1057.doi: . https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-020-02182-2'},{id:"B21",body:'Batchelor TJP, Rasburn NJ, Abdelnour-Berchtold E, Brunelli A, Cerfolio RJ, Gonzalez M, Ljungqvist O, Petersen RH, Popescu WM, Slinger PD, Naidu B. Guidelines for enhanced recovery after lung surgery: recommendations of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019 Jan 1;55(1):91-115. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezy301. PMID: 30304509.'},{id:"B22",body:'Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Skylizard L, Minnich DJ. Optimal technique for the removal of chest tubes after pulmonary resection. 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Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
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Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
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Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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It is also becoming a societal issue since it is necessary to implement the conservation or even the restoration of biodiversity. Historically, species have been described and characterized on the basis of morphological criteria, which are closely linked by environmental conditions or which find their limits especially in groups where they are difficult to access, as is the case for many species of microorganisms. The need to understand the molecular mechanisms in species has made the PCR an indispensable tool for understanding the functioning of these biological systems. A number of markers are now available to detect nuclear DNA polymorphisms. In genetic diversity studies, the most frequently used markers are microsatellites. The study of biological complexity is a new frontier that requires high-throughput molecular technology, high speed computer memory, new approaches to data analysis, and the integration of interdisciplinary skills.",book:{id:"7728",slug:"synthetic-biology-new-interdisciplinary-science",title:"Synthetic Biology",fullTitle:"Synthetic Biology - New Interdisciplinary Science"},signatures:"Karim Kadri",authors:[{id:"290766",title:"Dr.",name:"Kadri",middleName:null,surname:"Karim",slug:"kadri-karim",fullName:"Kadri Karim"}]},{id:"62059",title:"Types of HVAC Systems",slug:"types-of-hvac-systems",totalDownloads:12391,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"HVAC systems are milestones of building mechanical systems that provide thermal comfort for occupants accompanied with indoor air quality. HVAC systems can be classified into central and local systems according to multiple zones, location, and distribution. Primary HVAC equipment includes heating equipment, ventilation equipment, and cooling or air-conditioning equipment. Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a central equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork system. Central HVAC systems contain all-air, air-water, all-water systems. Two systems should be considered as central such as heating and cooling panels and water-source heat pumps. Local HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or adjacent to it and no requirement for ductwork. Local systems include local heating, local air-conditioning, local ventilation, and split systems.",book:{id:"6807",slug:"hvac-system",title:"HVAC System",fullTitle:"HVAC System"},signatures:"Shaimaa Seyam",authors:[{id:"247650",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"},{id:"257733",title:"MSc.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"},{id:"395618",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"}]},{id:"70315",title:"Some Basic and Key Issues of Switched-Reluctance Machine Systems",slug:"some-basic-and-key-issues-of-switched-reluctance-machine-systems",totalDownloads:1261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Although switched-reluctance machine (SRM) possesses many structural advantages and application potential, it is rather difficult to successfully control with high performance being comparable to other machines. Many critical affairs must be properly treated to obtain the improved operating characteristics. This chapter presents the basic and key technologies of switched-reluctance machine in motor and generator operations. The contents in this chapter include: (1) structures and governing equations of SRM; (2) some commonly used SRM converters; (3) estimation of key parameters and performance evaluation of SRM drive; (4) commutation scheme, current control scheme, and speed control scheme of SRM drive; (5) some commonly used front-end converters and their operation controls for SRM drive; (6) reversible and regenerative braking operation controls for SRM drive; (7) some tuning issues for SRM drive; (8) operation control and some tuning issues of switched-reluctance generators; and (9) experimental application exploration for SRM systems—(a) wind generator and microgrid and (b) EV SRM drive.",book:{id:"8899",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-switched-reluctance-machines",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",fullTitle:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines"},signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw"},{id:"306461",title:"Mr.",name:"Min-Ze",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"min-ze-lu",fullName:"Min-Ze Lu"},{id:"306463",title:"Mr.",name:"Ping-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Jhou",slug:"ping-hong-jhou",fullName:"Ping-Hong Jhou"},{id:"306464",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chou",slug:"kuan-yu-chou",fullName:"Kuan-Yu Chou"}]},{id:"70874",title:"Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources",slug:"social-economic-and-environmental-impacts-of-renewable-energy-resources",totalDownloads:4969,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:53,abstract:"Conventional energy source based on coal, gas, and oil are very much helpful for the improvement in the economy of a country, but on the other hand, some bad impacts of these resources in the environment have bound us to use these resources within some limit and turned our thinking toward the renewable energy resources. The social, environmental, and economical problems can be omitted by use of renewable energy sources, because these resources are considered as environment-friendly, having no or little emission of exhaust and poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monooxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. Renewable energy is going to be an important source for power generation in near future, because we can use these resources again and again to produce useful energy. Wind power generation is considered as having lowest water consumption, lowest relative greenhouse gas emission, and most favorable social impacts. It is considered as one of the most sustainable renewable energy sources, followed by hydropower, photovoltaic, and then geothermal. As these resources are considered as clean energy resources, they can be helpful for the mitigation of greenhouse effect and global warming effect. Local employment, better health, job opportunities, job creation, consumer choice, improvement of life standard, social bonds creation, income development, demographic impacts, social bonds creation, and community development can be achieved by the proper usage of renewable energy system. Along with the outstanding advantages of these resources, some shortcomings also exist such as the variation of output due to seasonal change, which is the common thing for wind and hydroelectric power plant; hence, special design and consideration are required, which are fulfilled by the hardware and software due to the improvement in computer technology.",book:{id:"7636",slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",fullTitle:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System"},signatures:"Mahesh Kumar",authors:[{id:"309842",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"kamlesh-kumar",fullName:"Kamlesh Kumar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"11",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83003",title:"Rheology of Heavy Oils",slug:"rheology-of-heavy-oils",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105666",abstract:"The problems of heavy oil rheology, accompanied by physical phenomena of the formation and destruction of coagulation disordered structures and aggregates as a result of the hydrodynamic interaction of particles (asphaltenes, paraffins, resins, and solid-phase particles) contained in the oil, which significantly affect its properties and flow, are considered and analyzed. Rheological models of viscous-plastic heavy oils are considered and developed, consistent with a variety of experimental data. New rheological models for viscous-plastic heavy oils are proposed, which make it possible to generalize many existing models. It is noted that the variety of rheological models for heavy oils is determined by the conditions for the formation of disordered structures in the bulk of the oil flow. For heavy oils, a nonlinear equation for filtration in porous media is proposed, depending on the shear stress, pressure gradient, effective viscosity of the oil, and a number of other parameters. An analytical solution to this equation is proposed, which is consistent with the experimental data. Models for the settling rate and drag coefficient of particles in heavy oils are proposed. Applied problems of rheology aimed at improving the rheological properties of heavy oil during their processing as a result of creating a recirculation scheme at an operating oil refining unit are considered.",book:{id:"11542",title:"Crude Oil - Emerging Downstream Processing Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11542.jpg"},signatures:"Gudret Isfandiyar Kelbaliyev, Dilgam Babir Tagiyev and Manaf Rizvan Manafov"},{id:"82986",title:"Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors",slug:"interferometric-gravitational-wave-detectors",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106417",abstract:"The existence of gravitational waves is an important proof of Einstein’s theory of general relativity and took 100 years to be achieved using optical interferometry. This work describes how such a detector works and how it can change the way of seeing the Universe. Kilometers size laser interferometers are being built around the world in the way to make gravitational astronomy; detectors already built in the United States, Italy, and Japan will join efforts with detectors built in Japan and India and provide humanity with the means to see gravitational interactions of black holes and neutron star. Interactions, without these detectors, will be forever out of our sight.",book:{id:"11156",title:"Optical Interferometry - A Multidisciplinary Technique in Science and Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11156.jpg"},signatures:"Carlos Frajuca"},{id:"82985",title:"Motion Planning of UAV Swarm: Recent Challenges and Approaches",slug:"motion-planning-of-uav-swarm-recent-challenges-and-approaches",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106270",abstract:"The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm is gaining massive interest for researchers as it has huge significance over a single UAV. Many studies focus only on a few challenges of this complex multidisciplinary group. Most of them have certain limitations. This paper aims to recognize and arrange relevant research for evaluating motion planning techniques and models for a swarm from the viewpoint of control, path planning, architecture, communication, monitoring and tracking, and safety issues. Then, a state-of-the-art understanding of the UAV swarm and an overview of swarm intelligence (SI) are provided in this research. Multiple challenges are considered, and some approaches are presented. Findings show that swarm intelligence is leading in this era and is the most significant approach for UAV swarm that offers distinct contributions in different environments. This integration of studies will serve as a basis for knowledge concerning swarm, create guidelines for motion planning issues, and strengthens support for existing methods. Moreover, this paper possesses the capacity to engender new strategies that can serve as the grounds for future work.",book:{id:"11522",title:"Aeronautics - New Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11522.jpg"},signatures:"Muhammad Mubashir Iqbal, Zain Anwar Ali, Rehan Khan and Muhammad Shafiq"},{id:"82950",title:"Flexible Demand for Optimzed Microgrid Design and Cost",slug:"flexible-demand-for-optimzed-microgrid-design-and-cost",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105490",abstract:"Although access to energy has been a major enabler for the development of our civilization, more than a billion people remain without access to electricity. Recent improvements in solar technology offer a unique opportunity to achieve global electrification. However, field studies have reported number of project failures. This chapter is dedicated to project developers, engineers, academicians and policymakers, who wish to contribute to rural development. In the first part, it recalls some important features of a well-thought rural electrification project, while proposing to involve students to liaise with local population. In a second part, it presents an original approach for achieving lowest cost solar microgrid design considering the random nature of solar energy and the users’ willingness to be flexible in their consumption. The inconvenience (loss of utility) for users has been modeled and the results suggest that rural users are likely to adapt their consumption to the availability of solar energy to reduce their electricity bill. Such a conclusion is likely to apply to interconnected power grid as renewable energy becomes more and more prominent in the energy mix and energy storage remains a costly challenge.",book:{id:"11534",title:"Renewable Energy - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11534.jpg"},signatures:"Fabien Chidanand Robert"},{id:"82959",title:"Coking",slug:"coking",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106190",abstract:"Currently, conventional oil is used as the main source for the petrochemical industry. However, conventional oil’s capacity is declining, and that source will probably be exhausted in the near future. Heavy oil and petroleum residues have become a suitable alternative source to meet global energy demand. However, heavy oil and oil residues require many upgrading processes before turning to be valuable products. Among the various upgrading processes, delayed coking, which is capable of processing any residue at a low investment cost, garnered tremendous importance. Petroleum coke is one of the coking products that is divided into three types: shot coke, sponge coke and needle coke, depending on the feed properties and operating conditions of the process. Needle coke is used as a valuable product in the production of graphite electrodes used in electric arc furnace (EAF) for melting scrap metal and producing steel.",book:{id:"11542",title:"Crude Oil - Emerging Downstream Processing Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11542.jpg"},signatures:"Jafar Ramezanzadeh and Hossein Moradi"},{id:"82664",title:"The Combined Method to Improve Heat Transfer Coefficient on Heat Exchanger",slug:"the-combined-method-to-improve-heat-transfer-coefficient-on-heat-exchanger",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105880",abstract:"The heat transfer process occurs all the time around us, from simple household appliances to equipment used in large industries. Energy efficiency in large-scale use in industry is necessary because it is related to company profits. One way to save energy use in heat exchangers is to change the thermal properties of the cooling fluid. The addition of particles of the nanometer size (nanofluids) in the working fluid will improve the performance of the heat exchanger, and the main goal is the highest efficiency. In addition, there is another method to increase the heat transfer rate, namely, by vibrating the cooling fluid. This chapter will discuss combining nanofluids and ultrasonic vibrations in heat transfer processes in heat exchangers. The application of these two methods simultaneously gives rise to several advantages to the heat transfer system, will promote higher heat transfer, and at the same time function as cleaning of scale/deposits that often appear on the surface of the heat exchanger.",book:{id:"11161",title:"Heat Transfer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11161.jpg"},signatures:"Sudarmadji Sudarmadji, Sugeng Hadi Susilo and Asrori Asrori"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:280},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. 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Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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