IT matrix.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8095",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives",title:"Liposomes",subtitle:"Advances and Perspectives",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Liposomes have received increased attention in recent years. Nevertheless, liposomes, due to their various forms and applications, require further investigation. These structures can deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The preparation of liposomes results in different properties for these systems. In addition, there are many factors and difficulties that affect the development of liposome drug delivery structures.The purpose of this book is to concentrate on recent developments in liposomes. The articles collected in this book are contributions by invited researchers with long-standing experience in different research areas. We hope that the material presented here is understandable to a broad audience, not only scientists but also people with a general background in many different biological sciences. This volume offers up-to-date, expert reviews of the fast-moving field of liposomes and is divided in two major sections: 1. Introduction; 2. Liposomes general properties",isbn:"978-1-78984-495-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-494-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-232-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77926",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"liposomes-advances-and-perspectives",numberOfPages:102,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"02b0d76190d551561ad19af0c80f98f2",bookSignature:"Angel Catala",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8095.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6981,numberOfWosCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:53,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:117,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 25th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 10th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 8th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 29th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 28th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"380",title:"Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-biochemistry-molecular-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"66574",title:"Introductory Chapter: Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives - My Point of View",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85663",slug:"introductory-chapter-liposomes-advances-and-perspectives-my-point-of-view",totalDownloads:575,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Angel Catala",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66574",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66574",authors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],corrections:null},{id:"66763",title:"The Role of Water in the Responsive Properties in Lipid Interphase of Biomimetic Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85811",slug:"the-role-of-water-in-the-responsive-properties-in-lipid-interphase-of-biomimetic-systems",totalDownloads:1090,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The lack of details in the hydration properties of lipid bilayers hinders the design of biomimetic systems that, as liposomes and vesicles, may be used for biotechnological and medical purposes. In this chapter, studies indicate water as a membrane dynamic component determining the affinity and response of lipid membranes to amino acids, peptides and others stimuli. Based on thermodynamic analysis in lipid monolayers and its comparison with swelling shrinkage processes in liposomes and vesicles, it is concluded that: (1) the interphase of a lipid bilayer in a bidimensional solution of hydrated polar groups imbibed in labile water can be exchanged with the media by osmosis and or expansion-compression. (2) Excess water beyond the hydration shell (confined water) has solvent properties for additives in the bulk water phase and confers free energy that is in excess for binding of amino acids and peptides. (3) Dissolution in the water membrane phase changes the water activity (aw) and affects the surface pressure. (4) Defects may be formed by the compression of bilayers in which carbonyl groups organized water differently. These studies indicate that a deeper understanding of the role of lipid bilayers in cellular biology and support the development of future lipid-based biotechnology that should necessarily include the role of water as a membrane dynamic component.",signatures:"Anibal Disalvo and Maria de los Angeles Frias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66763",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66763",authors:[{id:"285313",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Anibal",surname:"Disalvo",slug:"anibal-disalvo",fullName:"Anibal Disalvo"},{id:"298166",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Frias",slug:"maria-frias",fullName:"Maria Frias"}],corrections:null},{id:"66369",title:"General Perception of Liposomes: Formation, Manufacturing and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84255",slug:"general-perception-of-liposomes-formation-manufacturing-and-applications",totalDownloads:3256,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:38,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Liposomes are currently part of the most reputed carriers for various molecular species, from small and simple to large and complex molecules. Since their discovery, liposomes have been subject to extensive evolution, in terms of composition, manufacturing and applications, which led to several openings in both basic and applied life sciences. However, most of the advances in liposome research have been more devoted to launching new developments than improving the existing technology for potential implementation. For instance, the evolution of the conventional lipid hydration methods to novel microfluidic technologies has permitted upscale production, but with increase in manufacturing cost and persistent use of organic solvents. This chapter intends to present general concepts in liposome technology, highlighting some longstanding bottlenecks that remain challenging to the preparation, characterization and applications of liposomal systems. This would enhance the understanding of the gaps in the field and, hence, provide directions for future research and developments.",signatures:"Christian Isalomboto Nkanga, Alain Murhimalika Bapolisi, Nnamdi Ikemefuna Okafor and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66369",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66369",authors:[{id:"284670",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",surname:"Krause",slug:"rui-krause",fullName:"Rui Krause"},{id:"284672",title:"Mr.",name:"Alain",surname:"Bapolisi",slug:"alain-bapolisi",fullName:"Alain Bapolisi"},{id:"284673",title:"MSc.",name:"Christian",surname:"Nkanga",slug:"christian-nkanga",fullName:"Christian Nkanga"},{id:"284675",title:"Mr.",name:"Okafor",surname:"Nnamdi",slug:"okafor-nnamdi",fullName:"Okafor Nnamdi"}],corrections:null},{id:"67005",title:"Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations of Self-Assemblies of Liposomes for Drug Delivery Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85812",slug:"dissipative-particle-dynamics-simulations-of-self-assemblies-of-liposomes-for-drug-delivery-applicat",totalDownloads:861,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Liposomes are essential components in the development of functional materials for drug delivery; this is mainly due to its ability to self-associate spontaneously and form bilayer vesicles. In these potential applications, knowing the size of self-assembled liposomes is essential for optimal performance; however, this process still has many unanswered questions. Conventional experimental techniques to study self-assemblies of liposome nanoparticles still have a great challenge. Computational simulations emerge as an alternative to understand the role of thermodynamic properties responsible for the self-assembly, particularly when they are unreachable experimentally because of limited time and length resolutions. In this chapter, we present the advantages and disadvantages of dissipative particle dynamic method to explore the functioning of liposome self-assembly in the transport of drugs.",signatures:"Ketzasmin Armando Terrón-Mejía, Inocencio Higuera-Ciapara, Evelin Martínez-Benavidez, Javier Hernández and Roberto López-Rendón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67005",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67005",authors:[{id:"186353",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Hernandez",slug:"javier-hernandez",fullName:"Javier Hernandez"},{id:"286139",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"López-Rendón",slug:"roberto-lopez-rendon",fullName:"Roberto López-Rendón"},{id:"286252",title:"Dr.",name:"Ketzasmin A.",surname:"Terrón-Mejía",slug:"ketzasmin-a.-terron-mejia",fullName:"Ketzasmin A. Terrón-Mejía"},{id:"286253",title:"Dr.",name:"Inocencio",surname:"Higuera-Ciapara",slug:"inocencio-higuera-ciapara",fullName:"Inocencio Higuera-Ciapara"},{id:"286254",title:"MSc.",name:"Evelin",surname:"Martínez-Benavidez",slug:"evelin-martinez-benavidez",fullName:"Evelin Martínez-Benavidez"}],corrections:null},{id:"66325",title:"Pharmaceutical Development of Liposomes Using the QbD Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85374",slug:"pharmaceutical-development-of-liposomes-using-the-qbd-approach",totalDownloads:1199,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Quality by Design (QbD) is a systematic, risk-based approach to pharmaceutical product and manufacturing development, which uses quality-improving scientific methods upstream in the research, development, and design phases, in order to assure that quality and safety are designed into product at as early stage as possible. This work focuses on the state-of-the-art applications of the QbD principles in the development of liposomes. The QbD approach has recently been proposed as a useful tool to obtain higher-quality liposomal products, as their development is a challenging task, involving intricate formulation and manufacturing processes. Thus, the current strategies to define the relationship between the critical material attributes or process parameters and product critical quality attributes and to establish the design space are overviewed. 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Investigation of new and effective active substances against pathogenic Candida spp. and a better understanding of the role of molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of antifungal resistance will help prevent Candida infection among individuals with immunological deficiency and will make the antifungal therapy much more effective and improved. This book is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest information on Candida spp. and Candidiasis.
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Kyprianidis and Jan Skvaril",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5437.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5735",title:"Mass Spectrometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a629a09af1099f332e8a498e318b9ffa",slug:"mass-spectrometry",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5735.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71761",title:"Using Multi-Agent System to Govern the IT Needs of Stakeholders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91440",slug:"using-multi-agent-system-to-govern-the-it-needs-of-stakeholders",body:'The development of a strategic vision of an organization is considered as a requirement for the information systems, direction, especially with regard to its contribution to the global performance of the organization. The smooth running of the information system of an organization, their evolution and their effective improvement of the quality of services of information technology, is reasoned by the multiplicity and the diversity of the best practice and of the different methods used [1, 2]. The main actors of an organization use a set of the IT directives which can be COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology) [3], for the executive management, ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) [4, 5], for the management of information systems and the series of the standards ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 27000 for the security of information systems [6].
Many companies are trying to integrate or implement an IT framework to meet a strategic need defined by stakeholders, with regard to the global conditions and options available. The challenge is how to select good practices given the diversity of IT GRC methods, frameworks, and best practices that exist in the IT market. The managers face a strategic difficulty of choosing the adequate IT framework, to meet the stakeholders’ needs [7].
In this scientific work, we describe a correspondence between the strategic objectives of an organization and the processes of ITIL [8], PMBOK, ISO 27001, and ISO 27002 [9] by basing itself on a decision-making system to select the best framework by report a strategic objective. Furthermore, given the importance of interaction, coordination, and collaboration in information systems, we have to propose a solution that answers these essential requirements for the appropriate functioning of an organization.
The global platform of the IT GRC (EAS-IT GRC) ensures the alignment of the objectives of the organization as regards the needs defined by the stakeholders. This is illustrated by the progress strategic to a given organization and also by the taken decisions. The proposed solution supplies a high-level model for the IT GRC, which will allow the implementation of the IT GRC in an intelligent way. We give a brief description of every layer of the platform EAS-IT GRC (Figure 1) for a good understanding of the global architecture.
EAS-IT GRC architecture.
The architecture consists of five layers:
The IT GRC market has expanded from a tactical focus on statutory compliance to a strategic focus on enterprise risk management. Many companies are trying to integrate or implement best practices to address a strategic need identified by stakeholders.
The challenge is how to select good practices given the diversity of IT GRC methods, standards, frameworks, and best practices that exist in the IT market. So the diversity of best practices poses a strategic challenge for companies to choose the right IT GRC best practice. As a result, our approach aims at choosing a good IT practice in an effective way by estimating IT frameworks with regard to the IT objectives.
The model of decision-making, DML, receives as input the IT service prepared and sent by the communication layer; this layer makes a good treatment of the IT service in an intelligent way. It has two levels, the first level generates the choice of the best reference table according to the strategic need and the second level is going to allow us to ensure the satisfaction of the chosen solution by basing itself on performance indicators communicated after every treatment made.
The following plan illustrates the proposed model of decision (Figure 2):
The model of decision-making DML.
The first level set up two layers, every layer has a precise function to achieve.
The first layer is “MAS sequencing” based on MAS; it ensures that these sub-problems are scheduled according to the environment variables (the type of organization, the priority of one IT requirement over another, etc.), and also it has three sub layers “Categorization decision 1.1”, and “Sequencing.”
The second layer is “MAS evaluation collective” based on MAS; it formalizes each sub-problem by taking into consideration the versions of the references, the certification or not of the employers of the organization, and it also takes other performance indicators into consideration.
The following plan schematizes the details of level 1 (Figure 3):
Level 1 “Framework IT decision.”
The first sub layer “Categorization Decision 1.1” has as objective to make the connection between the strategic needs expressed by COBIT and the IT matrix to produce a reduced matrix, which will be handled by the second sub layer of the model of decision-making (Figure 4).
Graph of resolution of the algorithm “Categorization Decision 1.1.”
The categorization was made according to a strategy of selection of IT framework. The following graph shows the sequence of the stages of the generation of the categorized IT request.
The second sub layer “Categorization Decision 1.2” takes as input the matrix produced by the first one under layer, the type of activity of the organization, and the IT matrix we allocate a weight to every reference table which can answer a strategic need.
The second categorization was made according to a strategy of evaluation of the IT objectives with regard to every IT framework. The following graph shows the chain of the stages of the regeneration of the categorized IT request (Figure 5).
Graph of resolution of the algorithm “Categorization Decision 1.2.”
The strategic need expressed by the stakeholders is seen as a set of IT objectives, the selection of which is managed by a particular algorithm. This algorithm makes the sequencing of the IT objectives to be treated (Figure 6).
Graph of resolution of the algorithm “Sequencing.”
The second layer “MAS evaluation collective” takes as input the matrix produced by the first layer, that present the list of the IT objectives, after it treats each IT objective as an under IT problem. In an intelligent way, this layer generates the best choice of the IT GRC practice to treat the IT need expressed as input. It takes as input the IT matrix, the versions of reference tables, the certification of organization’s employers, and the performance indicators based on the logging of treatments made by all the layer of the platform EAS-ITGRC.
The second level ensures the satisfaction or the dissatisfaction of the choice by basing itself on a set of performance indicators, for example on the success rate—thus, if the success rate is greater than a threshold, the choice is good and if it is not the case, we have to reformulate the strategic needs by the user, or send back the second choice to the communication layer.
The following plan illustrates both levels in detail (Figure 7).
Both levels of DML.
The IT GRC remains an emergent subject in the world of information technology (IT). However, to this day, there is a lack of research on a selective approach of IT framework with regard to the IT objectives.
The first version of our approach describes the correspondence between the processes IT of COBIT and the processes of ITIL, PMBOK, ISO27001, and ISO27002 to investigate into the coexistence of the links between the processes IT of COBIT and the processes IT by basing itself on the synthesis of the positioning of surrounding areas of the information technologies.
The following table illustrates the link between the IT objectives and the IT matrix (Table 1).
IT matrix.
In this scientific work, we make the link between the IT processes of COBIT and the handled frameworks (ITIL, ISO 27001, ISO 27002 and PMBOK) by affecting two values (the first value corresponds to the key points that the IT framework will can treaties, and the second value corresponds to the classification of an IT framework by report the others) if there is a link between both and if it is not the case we affect the value “Null“.
For handling the objective “Define a strategic IT plan,” we have two IT frameworks: ITIL and PMBOK.
For ITIL, we have for weights: IT evolution, 2
For PMBOK, we have for weights: IT evolution, 1 and business evolution, 1
PMBOK covers more aspects than ITIL, thus we choose PMBOK.
The best framework is PMBOK.
According to the proposed approach, the best IT framework for the IT objective “Define a strategic IT plan” is PMBOK and according to the IT expert the best reference table to handle the objective, thus we notice well that this approach does not present the best proposal.
To make the generated decision more efficient, we have to integrate the five pillars of IT governance in our decision-making model. The IT governance’s pillars are the value creation, the strategic alignment, the measure of performance of the processes, the resource management and skills and the management of the IT risk.
This method generates the decision of the adequate IT framework IT on two levels.
For each of the COBIT IT processes (the 34 processes), a description is provided, with objectives and key indicators in the form of a cascade [3, 10].
This scientific research is based on the coexistence of links between IT objectives (COBIT processes) and the axes of the IT governance [11] by indicating the type of relation as “primary” (P or 2) or “secondary” (S or 1) [12, 13].
We apply the same treatment for the set of the IT processes and obtain the matrix below (Table 2) [12].
The evaluation of IT objectives to IT axes.
The second phase consists in estimating the link between the IT objectives (the processes of COBIT) and IT framework by basing itself on aspects approached by every IT framework (Table 3) [12].
The relation between the framework COBIT and the other IT framework.
In our research, we do not give a favorable opinion of one of the IT methods; we define an objective function of maximization based on five selection criteria, to select the best IT methods to treat the strategic need.
The proposed function is defined as follows:
x: It corresponds to the axes of the IT governance, it belongs to {Strategic Alignment, Value Delivery, Risk Management, Resource Management, Performance measurement}
val (xi): It is the value of criteria “xi” compared with the IT objective.
g(framework): It is the function that turns the value of one IT method by reporting an IT objective.
val (framework): It is the value of framework “frameworki” compared with the IT Objective.
Let us suppose that an organization wishes to manage its third services and she wants to set up an IT framework to realize this IT objective.
To select the best IT framework, we apply the function f. The IT objective is “Manage third-party services” (DS5)
and
g(ITIL) = 3; g(PMBOK) = 2; g(ISO27001) = 2; g(ISO27002) = 3. Then, f(Manage third-party services) = Max (18, 12, 12, 18) = 18. Then the best reference table to realize this objective is ITIL or ISO 27002.
According to the proposed approach, the best IT framework to handle the objective “Manage third-party services” can be ITIL or ISO 27002 so we have two generated decision. Thus we notice that the taken decision is not the best one.
The improvement of the taken decision requires the addition of performance indicators at the end to consider the environment of the organization that wishes to implement an objective IT.
This proposal is enriched by an expert system that is going to allow us to reproduce the reasoning and to deduce new knowledge, exploiting the performance of data warehousing.
The basic function of using a decision-making system is to manage the journaling of data. So for our approach we integrate the datawarehousing as a decision-making system to evaluate the process of choosing the best practice by defining a set of performance indicators, which are [14]:
Estimated rate: it is the time considered for treating an IT request.
Use rate corresponds to the execution of an IT framework.
Resolution rate corresponds to the time when an IT framework answered well to an IT request.
We proposed the following dimensions: Organization, Decision, IT Objective, IT service, Reference table, and Time.
For good exploitation of data stored in the multidimensional base, we have set up a system with knowledge, expert system. This system has as purpose the modeling of the knowledge and the reasoning of an expert in the field of IT GRC.
For that purpose, three main actors should present their contribution to the development of expert system, which are worth knowing: the end user, the IT expert, and the engineer of knowledge.
The interaction between these three actors is used to develop the expert system, which consists of a knowledge base, a facto base, and an interference engine.
The inference rules that we proposed are:
Let “Ai” be the IT framework and “O” the IT Objective
R1: Weight (Ai) > Weight (Aj) → Ai
R2: Certification (organization, Ai) = true and Ai ∈ selected IT frameworks →Ai
R3: Estimated rate (Ai) < Estimated rate (Aj) → Ai
A4: Use rate (Ai) > Use rate (Aj) → Ai
R5: Resolution rate (Ai) > Resolution rate (Aj) → Ai
A6: Data warehouse (O) = true and IT Matrix (O) = Aj and Data warehouse (O) = Ai →Ai (Data warehouse (O) = true equivalent the objective (O) exists in the data warehouse)
R7: IT Matrix (O) = Aj and Data warehouse (O) = {Ai, Ak} and Version-Organization-IT framework (Ak) = V1 and Data warehouse-versioning (O, Ak) = V1 → Ak
R8: Data warehouse (O) = false and IT Matrix (O) = Ai →Ai.
The latest version of our architecture decision-making model is as follows (Figure 8).
The detailed model of decision-making DML.
The following table shows a comparative study between the proposed approaches and the improvement of our model of decision-making, which is going to receive as input the following IT objectives (Table 4):
Objective 1: Define a strategic IT plan
Objective 2: Ensure compliance with external obligations
Objective 3: Manage third-party services
Comparative study.
The second line shows the opinion of an IT expert who gives the best IT framework by IT objective. For objective 1 (Define a strategic IT plan), the best IT framework is ITIL; for objective 2 (Ensure compliance with external obligations), the best IT framework is ISO 27001; and for objective 3 (Manage third-party services), the best IT framework is ISO 27002.
The third line shows the limitations of the first version of the proposed approach, taking the case of objective 1; it gave as results the IT framework PMBOK and it is not the best IT framework. The fourth line shows the limitations of the second version of the proposed approach, taking the case of objective 3; it gave as results the two IT frameworks ITIL and ISO27002 and they are not the best IT framework.
For the third version of our decision-making model, which corresponds to the fifth line, the results for the first objective give ITIL, for the second objective give ISO27001, and for the third objective give ISO27002.
We noticed that there is a correspondence between the results generated by our decision-making model and IT frameworks chosen by the IT expert.
The objective of our research is to build a model of decision-making to satisfy a precise IT need. The proposed approach integrates two disciplinary aspects, which are the data warehousing and the practices of the IT GRC to make the best decision.
We plan to add an extra layer that keeps the efficiency of the taken decisions by handling the factors influencing the quality of data [15, 16], or rather the moderating factors influencing the quality of basic data processed by a data warehouse [17].
We also plan to propose a generic approach that can integrate any IT methods and incorporate more performance indicators to make the appropriate choice for every organization.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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In the case of a specific polymer, the strongly hydrophilic surface is created and leads to total spreading of the water drop. Wettability is strongly dependent on time from modification.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Nikola Slepickova Kasalkova, Petr Slepicka, Zdenka Kolska and\nVaclav Svorcik",authors:[{id:"144929",title:"Prof.",name:"Vaclav",middleName:null,surname:"Svorcik",slug:"vaclav-svorcik",fullName:"Vaclav Svorcik"},{id:"146297",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Slepicka",slug:"petr-slepicka",fullName:"Petr Slepicka"},{id:"147600",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nikola",middleName:null,surname:"Slepičková Kasálková",slug:"nikola-slepickova-kasalkova",fullName:"Nikola Slepičková Kasálková"},{id:"153983",title:"Dr.",name:"Zdeňka",middleName:null,surname:"Kolská",slug:"zdenka-kolska",fullName:"Zdeňka Kolská"}]},{id:"30975",doi:"10.5772/36619",title:"Solution Properties of κ-Carrageenan and Its Interaction with Other Polysaccharides in Aqueous Media",slug:"solution-properties-of-k-carrageenan-and-its-interaction-with-other-polysaccharides-in-aqueous-media",totalDownloads:7591,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"1601",slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Alberto Tecante and María del Carmen Núñez Santiago",authors:[{id:"109087",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Tecante",slug:"alberto-tecante",fullName:"Alberto Tecante"},{id:"109098",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Nunez-Santiago",slug:"maria-del-carmen-nunez-santiago",fullName:"Maria Del Carmen Nunez-Santiago"}]},{id:"48822",doi:"10.5772/60808",title:"Wettability of Nanostructured Surfaces",slug:"wettability-of-nanostructured-surfaces",totalDownloads:3128,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:"There are many studies in literature concerning contact angle measurements on different materials/substrates. It is documented that textiles can be coated with multifunctional materials in form of thin films or nanoparticles to acquire characteristics that can improve the protection and comfort of the wearer. The capacity of oxide nanostructures to inhibit fungal development and neutralize bacteria is a direct consequence of their wetting behavior [1–6]. Moreover, the radical modification of wetting behavior of nanostructures from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when changing the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) ambient will be thoroughly discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"L. Duta, A.C. Popescu, I. Zgura, N. Preda and I.N. Mihailescu",authors:[{id:"17636",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion N.",middleName:null,surname:"Mihailescu",slug:"ion-n.-mihailescu",fullName:"Ion N. Mihailescu"},{id:"23532",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"andrei-popescu",fullName:"Andrei Popescu"},{id:"174343",title:"Dr.",name:"Liviu",middleName:null,surname:"Duta",slug:"liviu-duta",fullName:"Liviu Duta"},{id:"174344",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Zgura",slug:"irina-zgura",fullName:"Irina Zgura"},{id:"174345",title:"Dr.",name:"Ligia",middleName:null,surname:"Frunza",slug:"ligia-frunza",fullName:"Ligia Frunza"}]},{id:"64392",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80542",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",totalDownloads:3328,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Corrosion is a natural process driven by energy consideration. Inhibition is a preventive measure against corrosive attack on metallic materials. Corrosion inhibitors have been frequently studied, since they offer simple solution for protection of metals against corrosion in aqueous environment. Mineral acids like hydrochloric and sulfuric acids are most widely used in pickling baths to remove the metal oxides formed on the surface. The multidisciplinary aspect of corrosion problems combined with the distributed responsibilities associated with such problems only increase the complexity of the subject. Inhibitors are used in industrial and commercial processes to minimize both the metal loss and acid consumption.",book:{id:"7550",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",fullTitle:"Corrosion Inhibitors"},signatures:"Geethamani Palanisamy",authors:[{id:"253697",title:"Dr.",name:"Geethamani",middleName:null,surname:"Palanisamy",slug:"geethamani-palanisamy",fullName:"Geethamani Palanisamy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48768",title:"TiO2 -Based Surfaces with Special Wettability – From Nature to Biomimetic Application",slug:"tio2-based-surfaces-with-special-wettability-from-nature-to-biomimetic-application",totalDownloads:5010,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Super-wetting/antiwetting surfaces with extremely high contrast of surface energy and liquid adhesion have attracted a lot of interest in both fundamental research and industry. Various types of special wetting surfaces can be constructed by adjusting the topographical structure and chemical composition. In this chapter, recent advance of the super-wetting/antiwetting surfaces with special solid/liquid adhesion has been reviewed, with a focus on the biomimetic fabrication and applications of TiO2-based surfaces. Special super-wettability examples include lotus-leaf-inspired surfaces with low adhesion, rose-petal-inspired surfaces with high adhesion, spider silk bio-inspired surfaces with directional adhesion, fish-scale-inspired underwater superoleophobic surface, and artificial surfaces with controllable or stimuli-responsive liquid adhesion. In addition, we will review some potential applications related to artificial antiwetting surface with controllable adhesion, e.g., self-cleaning, antifogging/anti-icing, micro-droplet manipulation, fog/water collection, water/oil separation, anti-bioadhesion, micro-template for patterning, and friction reduction. Finally, the difficulty and prospects of this renascent and rapidly developing field are also briefly proposed and discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Jian-Ying Huang and Yue-Kun Lai",authors:[{id:"175512",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuekun",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"yuekun-lai",fullName:"Yuekun Lai"}]},{id:"64392",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",totalDownloads:3318,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Corrosion is a natural process driven by energy consideration. Inhibition is a preventive measure against corrosive attack on metallic materials. Corrosion inhibitors have been frequently studied, since they offer simple solution for protection of metals against corrosion in aqueous environment. Mineral acids like hydrochloric and sulfuric acids are most widely used in pickling baths to remove the metal oxides formed on the surface. The multidisciplinary aspect of corrosion problems combined with the distributed responsibilities associated with such problems only increase the complexity of the subject. Inhibitors are used in industrial and commercial processes to minimize both the metal loss and acid consumption.",book:{id:"7550",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",fullTitle:"Corrosion Inhibitors"},signatures:"Geethamani Palanisamy",authors:[{id:"253697",title:"Dr.",name:"Geethamani",middleName:null,surname:"Palanisamy",slug:"geethamani-palanisamy",fullName:"Geethamani Palanisamy"}]},{id:"68236",title:"The Arrhenius Acid and Base Theory",slug:"the-arrhenius-acid-and-base-theory",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Swedish Svante Arrhenius, in 1884 proposed the concept of acid and base based on the theory of ionization. According to Arrhenius, the acids are the hydrogen-containing compounds which give H+ ions or protons on dissociation in water and bases are the hydroxide compounds which give OH− ions on dissociation in water. This concept is only applicable to those compounds which dissolved in aqueous solution (or you can say where water is the solvent). It covers many common acids, bases and their chemical reactions, but there are also other compounds that have the characteristics of acids and bases but they do not fit into Arrhenius concept.",book:{id:"10050",slug:"corrosion",title:"Corrosion",fullTitle:"Corrosion"},signatures:"Shikha Munjal and Aakash Singh",authors:[{id:"290524",title:"Ms.",name:"Shikha",middleName:null,surname:"Munjal",slug:"shikha-munjal",fullName:"Shikha Munjal"}]},{id:"71924",title:"Technological Background and Properties of Thin Film Semiconductors",slug:"technological-background-and-properties-of-thin-film-semiconductors",totalDownloads:886,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Especially with the development of nanotechnology and polymer science, interest in research and production of both efficient and lower-cost semiconductor thin film materials is increasing day by day. The use of nano-structured thin films for efficient use of solar cells in production of n-type semiconductor materials is one of the most important sources of energy and new-generation energy. Considering the indicated trends and energy requirements, it has been important to transfer this technology in detail regarding the surface technologies related to the semiconductor materials produced with thin film technologies instead of bulk materials. With this aim, this book chapter “Technological Background and Properties of Thin Film Semiconductors” includes a brief story about semiconductors, band gap theory, thin film applications, and besides traditional thin film processing methods finally a new technology called aerosol deposition technique which allows room temperature processing of several materials for semiconductor applications, respectively. It is thought that it will make important contributions to the relevant field and bring a new perspective and direct scientific research in “process-structure–property-performance” relation.",book:{id:"10061",slug:"21st-century-surface-science-a-handbook",title:"21st Century Surface Science",fullTitle:"21st Century Surface Science - a Handbook"},signatures:"Orkut Sancakoglu",authors:[{id:"177188",title:"Dr.",name:"Orkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sancakoğlu",slug:"orkut-sancakoglu",fullName:"Orkut Sancakoğlu"}]},{id:"60426",title:"Applications of Viscoelastic Fluids Involving Hydrodynamic Stability and Heat Transfer",slug:"applications-of-viscoelastic-fluids-involving-hydrodynamic-stability-and-heat-transfer",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Rayleigh and Marangoni convection and rheology are linked in the thermal convection of viscoelastic fluids to some recent technological applications. Such technology developments as the ones presented here undoubtedly shall be based on interdisciplinary projects involving not only rheology or fluid mechanics but several other disciplines. Three practical applications which use Rayleigh or Marangoni convection in their working principle are presented along with some technical details. This contribution focus mainly on the physical mechanism and the involved hydrodynamics of some lab and industrial applications. Finally, a short discussion on the role play by the convective mechanisms is given in order to provide integration of the exposed ideas.",book:{id:"6702",slug:"polymer-rheology",title:"Polymer Rheology",fullTitle:"Polymer Rheology"},signatures:"Ildebrando Pérez-Reyes, René Osvaldo Vargas-Aguilar, Samuel\nBernardo Pérez-Vega and Alejandro Sebastián Ortiz-Pérez",authors:[{id:"183938",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Vega",slug:"samuel-perez-vega",fullName:"Samuel Perez-Vega"},{id:"186659",title:"Prof.",name:"Ildebrando",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Reyes",slug:"ildebrando-perez-reyes",fullName:"Ildebrando Pérez-Reyes"},{id:"242858",title:"Prof.",name:"Rene Osvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Vargas-Aguilar",slug:"rene-osvaldo-vargas-aguilar",fullName:"Rene Osvaldo Vargas-Aguilar"},{id:"242859",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Perez",slug:"alejandro-sebastian-ortiz-perez",fullName:"Alejandro Sebastian Ortiz-Perez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"160",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.