List of the top ten chili pepper producing countries in 2019.
\r\n\tThis book aims to cover recent developments and novel components in gasification technologies that suit the requirements related to CO2 reduction, syngas conversion, hydrogen production, renewable usage, and reliability as an economic process. The conventional gasification process is inherently expensive due to the toxicity and explosiveness of syngas in addition to the difficulty of the impurities removal process. Many novel ideas and processes have tried to overcome these inherent limitations. This book hopes to provide more insights on the future of the utility of gasification technologies at this climate-conscious time.
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Chili peppers are perennial woody plants grown as herbaceous annuals. It is said to be the first-ever domesticated crop in America [3]. The size of the plant can range from two to four feet tall, depending on the species. Typically, leaves are smooth, simple, entire, glabrous, and flat. The flowers are usually solitary, creamy white, and the seeds are straw-colored. Figure 2 highlights the different types of chili plants. In addition, chili plants are grown for ornamental purposes, owing to their bright, shining fruits with a diverse range of colors [4]. Most abundantly, chili crops are grown in Pakistan, India, China, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Mexico, Vietnam, Turkey, Peru, Ghana, Bangladesh, Japan, Africa, and America (Table 1). As per 2019 world production statistics, the total global produce of chili pepper is 38 million tons [5]. China ranks first, producing over 18,978,027 tons of chili in 2019. In terms of nutritional standpoint, chili is considered to be one of the most nutritionally dense foods on earth, and it plays a vital role in alleviating human micronutrient deficiencies [6, 7]. Traditionalistically, it is harnessed in different systems of medicine to combat a wide variety of diseases and/or disorders due to the presence of therapeutically significant active constituents [8]. A total of 200 phytoconstituents have been identified from chilies [9]. Chili pepper’s extremely hot or burning sensation is due to capsaicinoids, a family of compounds consisting of acid amides of vanillylamine and a C8–C13branched-chain fatty acid [10]. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin are the two prominent capsaicinoids present in chili peppers, accounting for over 90% of the total capsaicinoids [11]. Particularly, capsaicin has been at the center of intense research to elucidate the basis of its pharmacological properties and exploit its therapeutic potential [12, 13]. In recent times, this chemical substance has been employed as an analgesic in topical ointments, nasal sprays, and dermal patches to treat pain, typically in concentrations between 0.025 and 0.1%. It is also used to reduce the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, such as postherpetic neuralgia caused by shingles [14]. Other capsaicinoids, such as nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, and homodihydrocapsaicin, are present in small amounts in chili peppers, accounting for less than 10% of the total capsaicinoids [15]. Therefore, this chapter aims to discuss the nutritional value, phytochemical profile, pharmacological properties, and health benefits of
Different types of chili plants.
Rank | Country | Production (tons) |
---|---|---|
1 | China | 18,978,027 |
2 | Mexico | 3,238,245 |
3 | Turkey | 2,625,669 |
4 | Indonesia | 2,588,633 |
5 | Spain | 1,402,380 |
6 | Egypt | 764.292 |
7 | Nigeria | 753.116 |
8 | Algeria | 675.168 |
9 | United States of America | 624.982 |
10 | Tunisia | 443.632 |
Chili peppers are a good source of dietary fiber, riboflavin, thiamin, folate, niacin, iron, protein, phosphorus, and copper. Aside from that, it also contains high amounts of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin E, vitamin B6, potassium, and manganese [16]. The nutritional composition of chili peppers per 100 g is listed in Table 2. Chili fruits are also rich in many phytochemicals such as carotenoids (lutein, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, and capsanthin), capsaicinoids (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, and nonivamide), and flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, apigenin, myricetin, and cyanidin) [17, 18]. The following Figure 3 shows the chemical structures of the various phytochemical constituents.
S. No. | Types of nutrient | Amount |
---|---|---|
1 | Water | 88.02 g |
2 | Energy | 40 kcal |
3 | Protein | 1.87 g |
4 | Fat | 0.44 g |
5 | Carbohydrate | 8.81 g |
6 | Fiber | 1.5 g |
7 | Sugars | 5.3 g |
Minerals | ||
8 | Calcium | 14 mg |
9 | Iron | 1.03 mg |
10 | Magnesium | 23 mg |
11 | Phosphorus | 43 mg |
12 | Potassium | 322 mg |
13 | Sodium | 9 mg |
14 | Zinc | 0.26 mg |
Vitamins | ||
15 | Vitamin C | 143.7 mg |
16 | Thiamin | 0.072 mg |
17 | Riboflavin | 0.086 mg |
18 | Niacin | 1.244 mg |
19 | Vitamin B-6 | 0.506 mg |
20 | Folate | 23 μg |
21 | Vitamin A | 48 μg |
22 | Vitamin E | 0.69 mg |
23 | Vitamin K | 14 μg |
Lipids | ||
24 | Fatty acids, total saturated | 0.042 g |
25 | Fatty acids, total monounsaturated | 0.024 g |
26 | Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated | 0.239 g |
Nutritional composition of chili pepper (per 100 g).
Chemical structures of various phytochemical constituents in chili pepper.
The mechanism behind the therapeutic potential of chili pepper has been apprised in several hefty pieces of literature. Chili is effective against a great number of ailments such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchitis, macular degeneration, anemia, osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, sinus infection, migraine, neurological disorders, menopausal problems, and digestive complications [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Figure 4 displays the pharmacological activities of chili pepper. Herein, the immense potential of chili in battling severe illnesses, as well as the mechanisms associated with health-promoting actions, have been illustrated in detail.
Pharmacological activities of chili pepper.
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and the spread of abnormal cells. It is the world’s second leading cause of death, with a 10 million fatality rate annually [26]. A series of changes in the activities of cell cycle regulators are usually hooked up for cancer development and progression [27]. Generally, cancers are often named for the organ or cell type where the abnormal cells first form. Lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach, and liver cancer are the most prevalent types of cancer in men, while breast, colorectal, lung, cervical, and thyroid cancer are the most endemic among women [26]. Current chemotherapeutic drugs are enormously utilized to destroy cancer cells. Still, in addition to targeting the diseased cells, it also kills healthy blood cells, skin, stomach, hair follicles, bone marrow, etc. As a consequence of the undesirable properties and side effects of synthetic drugs, natural products have become increasingly popular over the past few decades. Capsaicin, the spicy ingredient of hot chili peppers, exhibits anti-neoplastic activity in a vast number of cancers like pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, and skin cancer [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. The significant anticancer capacity of capsaicin targets multiple signaling pathways and cancer-associated genes in different phases of tumor development, including initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis [37]. Table 3 shows that various
Cancer type | Dose or concentration/duration of application/ingestion | Effect/mechanism | Experimental model | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pancreatic cancer | 200 μM/L for 24 h | Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) mediated apoptosis | [38] | |
150 μM/L for 24 h | ||||
5 mg/kg oral administration for 35 days | Suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting Trx and activating ASK1 | [39] | ||
Colon cancer | 200 and 300 μM for 24 h | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ƴ (PAPR ƴ) mediated apoptotic cell death | [40] | |
10–400 μM for 24 h | G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis | [41] | ||
1 and 3 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration for 30 days | Inhibition of tumor growth | [42] | ||
Liver cancer | 50 μM for 36 h | Inhibition of migration and invasion | [43] | |
50 μM for 3 h | Inhibition of adhesion | |||
Lung cancer | 50 μM for 72 h | Inhibition of cell proliferation through E2F pathway | [44] | |
10 mg/kg in an AIN-76A based diet | ||||
Prostate cancer | 1–100 μM for 24–72 h | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR axe and modulates autophagy | [45] | |
5 mg/kg, 3 days a week, oral administration for 30 weeks | Inhibition of migration, invasive, neuroendocrine differentiation process, and upregulation of the tumor suppressor protein p27Kip1 | [46] | ||
Breast cancer | 200 μM for 72 h | Inhibition of cell growth via apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the S phase | [47] | |
10 mg/kg, once in 3 days, intraperitoneal administration for 21 days | Inhibition of proliferation and induces apoptosis via down-regulating FBI-1 mediated NF-κB pathways (Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3, and survivin proteins) | [48] | ||
Bladder cancer | 50–300 μM for 48 h | Suppresses cell proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest and ROS production through modulating FOXO3a-mediated pathways | [49] | |
20 mg/kg, every two days for four weeks, injected peritumoral area |
Anticancer effects of capsaicin on various cancers in
Pancreatic cancer, one of the most lethal malignancies, is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related fatality globally. This disorder is broken down into two forms: pancreatic adenocarcinoma (85%, with a very poor prognosis) and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors [50]. In patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, the survival rate is less than one year. Numerous studies have explored the possibility of improving survival in pancreatic cancer with new therapies. Over the past few years, researchers have studied the effects of capsaicin on various pancreatic cancer cell lines, including BxPC-3, AsPC-1, PANC-1, SW1990, MiaPaCa-2, and L3.6pl. Based on the results of these studies, anti-proliferative activities of capsaicin are mainly attributed to the inhibition of oxidative stress and angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis induction [38, 51, 52]. The first report on the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the induction of apoptosis in PANC-1 and SW1990 cells using capsaicin was described by Lin et al. [38]. The authors demonstrated the potency of capsaicin on the mRNA expression of two key ERS markers (GRP78 and GADD153) in PANC-1 and SW1990 cells. According to real-time PCR analysis, capsaicin significantly increased the mRNA expression of GRP78 and GADD153 in a time and dose-dependent manner, suggesting ERS-mediated apoptosis and cell growth inhibition.
Globally, colon cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer, posing a major public health threat. In 2020, approximately 1,148,515 people were diagnosed with colon cancer, and 576,858 people died from this disease worldwide [53]. The onset of colon cancer is associated with excessive cell proliferation and dysregulation of both cell-cycle progression and apoptosis. Additionally, “neoangiogenesis” plays an essential role in the development, growth, and metastasis of colon tumors [54]. In the majority of cases, colon tumors are only diagnosed in the later stages of the disease, because they do not manifest as pain-like symptoms. Over time, several strides have been made in researching and treating colon cancer. However, its survival rate has not significantly improved. The five-year survival rate is still less than 15% due to the available therapeutic agents showing strong adverse effects and poor effectiveness [55]. Recent research reported that capsaicin has cytotoxic effects on different human colorectal cancer cell lines, including colo 205 and RKO [42, 56]. In a 2004 study, Kim et al. presented salient findings regarding the capsaicin-induced apoptotic cell death by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ƴ (PAPR ƴ) in HT-29 human colon cancer cells [40]. In addition, the latest study has shown that capsaicin mediates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in two different human colon cancer cells (HCT116 and LoVo) via stabilizing and activating p53 in a time-dependent manner [41].
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most-encountered primary liver cancer in adults. Overall, the incidence rate of liver cancer is approximately four times higher in males than in females, and its pathogenesis is usually considered as an overlap of long-lasting processes, such as hepatic cytolysis, inflammation, liver regeneration, and fibrosis [57]. In hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, capsaicin-induced apoptosis with the involvement of intracellular Ca2+, ROS, Bcl-2 family, cytochrome c protein expression, and caspase-3 activity [58]. Co-treatment with capsaicin and sorafenib potentially inhibits cell proliferation by activating caspase-9, PARP, AMPK, acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphorylation in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells [59].
Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality in both men and women, and it causes 1.8 million deaths annually. On the medical front, the prognosis of lung cancer is poor because it cannot produce noticeable signs and symptoms in the early stages. Being exposed to cigarette smoke/smoking is considered the most important factor involved in lung cancer development. Besides, environmental pollution and epigenetic alterations can also lead to lung cancer progression. This kind of cancer is broadly classified into two types: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC is the predominant type of lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of cases, while SCLC is responsible for 15% of lung cancer cases [60]. Capsaicin exhibited its therapeutic efficiency in lung cancer treatment by means of inhibiting Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α accumulation by suppressing mitochondrial respiration in human lung cancer cells (H1299, H23, A549, and H2009) [61]. Furthermore, the time-dependent antitumor effects of capsaicin on lung cancer were also described in an
Prostate cancer is the most common invasive malignancy among males. The incidence rate has increased in recent years in most regions of the world, perhaps due to improved detection methods with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing; however, the mortality rate has remained constant since the early 1900s. Androgen and androgen receptor (AR) play a critical role in the growth and maintenance of the prostate gland and the development of prostate tumors [63]. Prostate cancer may be connected with debilitating disease-related complications in an advanced stage, including painful bone metastases and urinary tract obstruction. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate gene expression by repressing translation and have been proven to be implicated in the regulation of crucial processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in various kinds of cancer [64]. Among the miRNAs, miR-449a functions as an important tumor suppressor in many types of tumors by targeting different genes. Recently, Zheng et al. found that capsaicin inhibits the proliferation of AR-positive prostate cancer cells (C4-2 and LNCaP) by inducing the restoration of miR-449a [65]. Additional convergent pieces of evidence have shown that the capsaicin combined with brassinin and docetaxel synergistically kills human prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and LNCaP) through metabolic regulator AMP-activated kinase and apoptosis [66, 67].
Breast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer worldwide and causes a high number of deaths among women every year. In the proliferation of breast cancer cells, NF-κB—the proinflammatory transcription factor plays a key role. It regulates more than 500 different genes and governs the expression of proteins engaged in cellular signaling pathways, leading to the development of malignancies and inflammation. Capsaicin displayed the ability to affect breast cancer cell proliferation by downregulating the FBI-1-Mediated NF-κB pathway [48]. Another target that acts on the proliferation of breast cancer cells is the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), a tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor belonging to the EGFR family. A recent study by Thoennissen et al. showed capsaicin causes cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells (MCF-7, T47D, BT-474, SKBR-3, and MDA-MB231) via modulating the EGFR/HER-2 pathway [68].
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), a member of the serine/threonine-protein kinase family, can coordinate critical regulatory events during the cell cycle and transcription. Alterations in at least one CDK regulator or effector have been identified in almost all types of cancer. CDK8, as a member of the CDK family, serves a crucial role in gene transcription. Apart from this, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways also play an important role in many aspects of cell growth and survival under both physiological and pathological conditions. Dysregulation of this pathway has been observed a various transformed cells and cancer tumors. In addition, aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway causes β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus and can induce breast cancer. However, Wu et al. demonstrated that capsaicin inhibited breast cancer cell viability, induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, reduced CDK8 expression levels, decreased the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, and downregulated Wnt and β catenin expression levels in MDA MB 231 cells [69].
Bladder cancer is a common malignancy affecting the genitourinary system. It is generally subdivided into two types: nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). About 30% of total patients are MIBC and have a high mortality rate due to distant metastases. Meanwhile, 70% of patients are NMIBC, which are likely to progress MIBC. Morphologically, bladder tumors can be divided into papillary, solid, and mixed types. However, the papillary type is predominant, especially in NMIBC [70]. A poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy are the two most important characteristics of this disease. Recently, Yang et al. reported capsaicin-induced cell death in human bladder cancer T24 cells through calcium entry-dependent ROS production and mitochondrial depolarization [71]. Likewise, Chen et al. also demonstrated capsaicin-induced cell cycle arrest by inhibiting cyclin-dependent-kinase in 5637 bladder carcinoma cells [72].
Microorganisms are liable for causing food spoilage and various foodborne illnesses every year. These illnesses can generate many ailments, ranging from stomach discomfort to spontaneous abortions in pregnant women, and can even lead to death in severe cases. Researchers have recently stated that some varieties of chili peppers and their active compounds exhibit significant antimicrobial properties, equivalent to some modern-day antibiotics [73, 74, 75, 76]. Especially, Goci et al. investigated the carbopol-based formulated capsaicin enhances the antibacterial and antifungal effects against
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by disorders in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins due to a deficiency in insulin production by pancreatic beta cells and/or an increase in insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. Universally, this illness affects the majority of people in both developed and developing countries. Numerous synthetic drugs have been developed for the treatment, but a safe and effective paradigm is yet to be achieved. In terms of potential as a pharmacological alternative, chili has shown good antidiabetic effect because it contains α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors, which are required for the degradation of polysaccharides and disaccharides. Especially, the species
Arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. There are at least 100 types of arthritis, commonly known as connective tissue disorders, which can affect people of all ages, gender, and races. However, there is significant evidence to suggest that both the elderly and women are greatly affected. More than three decades ago, capsaicin was first shown to have protective effects in experimental arthritis [79]. Further, Inman et al. observed that capsaicin concomitantly administered with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) into the rat knee markedly reduced the severity of arthritis in comparison with the contralateral inflamed knee treated with vehicle, supporting a protective role for capsaicin in reducing the severity of antigen-induced arthritis in felines [80]. According to the trend, capsaicin cream is used to reduce pain caused by many types of arthritis. Specifically, it works by decreasing a certain natural substance in the human body (substance P) that helps transmit pain signals to the brain.
The family of free radicals generated from the oxygen is referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause damage to other molecules by extracting electrons from them in order to attain stability. ROS are various forms of activated oxygen which include free radicals such as superoxide anion radicals (O2−), hydroxyl radicals (OH−), non-free radicals (H2O2), and singlet oxygen [81]. The molecular basis of many diseases is known to involve oxidative stress caused by free radicals [82]. Recently progressive research has been directed at natural antioxidants. By using the DPPH free radical assay, Dubey et al. evaluated the antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging activities of some selective chili genotypes from the North East region of India in terms of inhibitory concentration (IC50), efficiency concentration (EC50), and anti-radical power (ARP) [83]. Likewise, Ayob et al. also determined the antioxidant activity of three varieties of Himalayan red chili (Kashmiri Local, Kupwari Local, and Shalimar Long) in North India by using DPPH radical scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and Ferric reducing power, based on EC50 values [84].
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of disability and premature death globally. The disease is mimicked by the narrowed lumen of arteries and reduced blood flow to the heart. According to a report presented at the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions 2020, regular intake of chili peppers could significantly reduce the risk of dying from cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, very recent striking findings of a pooled longitudinal analysis by Bonaccio et al. illustrated the cardiovascular benefits of
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease are often characterized by multifactorial clinical features such as loss of memory function, protein aggregation, progressive loss of neurons, cognitive impairment, neuronal cell dysfunction, and/or death. Capsaicin is a vanilloid agonist known to activate the TRPV1, recently reported to be involved in neurodegeneration [90]. A study by Veldhuis et al. demonstrated that capsaicin and the vanilloid antagonist capsazepine, peripherally administered, have been shown to exhibit neuroprotection against ouabain-induced excitotoxicity in rats [91]. Moreover, in the latest evidence, Abdel-Salam et al. reported the effect of the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin on epileptic seizures, neuronal injury, and brain oxidative stress in a model of status epilepticus induced in the rat by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). This study shows that 2 mg/kg of capsaicin decreased brain oxidative stress, the severity of seizures and neuronal injury, and its coadministration with phenytoin afforded neuronal protection [92].
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The authors declare that the chapter’s content is for informational or educational purposes only and does not substitute professional medical advice or consultations with healthcare professionals.
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He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. 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