Morphological characters of
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3638",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"New Achievements in Technology, Education and Development",title:"New Achievements in Technology",subtitle:"Education and Development",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Since many decades Education Science and Technology has an achieved tremendous recognition and has been applied to variety of disciplines, mainly Curriculum development, methodology to develop e-learning systems and education management. Many efforts have been taken to improve knowledge of students, researchers, educationists in the field of computer science and engineering. Still many problems to increase their knowledge on daily basis so this book provides newly innovations and ideas in the field of computer science and engineering to face the new challenges of current and future centuries.\nBasically this book open platform for creative discussion for future and current technologies to adapt new challenges in education sector at different levels which are essential to understand for the students, researchers, academic personals and industry related people to enhance their capabilities to capture new ideas and provides valuable contribution to an international community.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-066-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5902-5",doi:"10.5772/219",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"new-achievements-in-technology-education-and-development",numberOfPages:462,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Safeeullah Soomro",publishedDate:"March 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3638.jpg",numberOfDownloads:85061,numberOfWosCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitations:32,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:45,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:106,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"951",title:"Dr.",name:"Safeeullah",middleName:null,surname:"Soomro",slug:"safeeullah-soomro",fullName:"Safeeullah Soomro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/951/images/1281_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Safeeullah Soomro received B.Sc (Hons) computer Science (1996) and M.Sc in Computer Science (1997) from University of Sindh, Jamshoro (www.usindh.edu.pk) Pakistan. He defended his PhD in 2007 from Graz University of Technology, Austria. He carried out research at Graz University of Technology (www.tugraz.at), Austria during 2003 - 2007. He has been involved in research and teaching since 1998. He has taught in different institutes of Pakistan. His research interest revolves around software debugging, formal verification and software testing. In particular, He is interested in applying model-based diagnosis and reasoning techniques to the field of automated software debugging of java programs. Furthermore, He is interested to carry out research in the formal methods. He is author of several national and international publications in conference proceedings, books and journals. He is a reviewer and committee member of different international and national conferences. He has more than 12 years of experience in teaching and research. He is an approved supervisor of Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan and can supervise PhD Students. He is a member of IEEE, IEEE Computer Society, ISOC and SUCSA. Previously He supervised MS students from top ranking university in Pakistan. He is editor of three books and these are recognized internationally.",institutionString:null,position:"Dean",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1373",title:"E-Learning",slug:"technology-multimedia-e-learning"}],chapters:[{id:"10542",title:"Creating an Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Higher Education",doi:"10.5772/9232",slug:"creating-an-entrepreneurship-ecosystem-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:4352,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Luisa Carvalho, Teresa Costa and Pedro Dominguinhos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10542",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10542",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10533",title:"A Course Project: An Overview from the PBL 'as-Research-Oriented' Viewpoint",doi:"10.5772/9223",slug:"a-course-project-an-overview-from-the-pbl-as-research-oriented-viewpoint",totalDownloads:1752,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Juan Carlos Soto Merino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10533",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10533",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10528",title:"Wining Youth for Science and Technology – an Educational Challenge",doi:"10.5772/9218",slug:"wining-youth-for-science-and-technology-an-educational-challenge",totalDownloads:1578,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Valentina M. Pomazan, Doina Mihalascu, Lucian C. Petcu and Mihai A. Girtu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10528",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10528",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10548",title:"Use of the Internet for Enhancing Tourism and Hospitality Higher Education in Southern Africa: Implications for E-learning",doi:"10.5772/9238",slug:"use-of-the-internet-for-enhancing-tourism-and-hospitality-higher-education-in-southern-africa-implic",totalDownloads:5777,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dimitri Tassiopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10548",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10548",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10540",title:"Projects as a Method of Training, Teaching and Research Education",doi:"10.5772/9230",slug:"projects-as-a-method-of-training-teaching-and-research-education",totalDownloads:5686,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Holzbaur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10540",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10540",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10550",title:"A Modified Agile Methodology for an ERP Academic Project Development",doi:"10.5772/9240",slug:"a-modified-agile-methodology-for-an-erp-academic-project-development",totalDownloads:2945,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Estelles, E., Pardo, J., Sanchez, F. and Falco A.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10550",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10550",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10532",title:"Telepresence Teaching: Implementation Issues in Universities and other Institutes of Higher Learning",doi:"10.5772/9222",slug:"telepresence-teaching-implementation-issues-in-universities-and-other-institutes-of-higher-learning",totalDownloads:2370,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nonofo Losike – Sedimo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10532",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10532",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10546",title:"Methodology for Part Visualization Problem Solving - the Importance of the Process",doi:"10.5772/9236",slug:"methodology-for-part-visualization-problem-solving-the-importance-of-the-process",totalDownloads:3944,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Part visualization is a fundamental skill in engineering. It comprises the reading, interpretation and creation of industrial technical drawings, understanding the different views (multi-view) of an object/piece represented in any technical drawing. The ability to mentally visualize and manipulate objects and situations is an essential need in many jobs and careers. It is estimated that at least 84 majors consider visualization a fundamental need, and in technical jobs, many of them related to the different types of engineering, the ability to visualize has a crucial importance. Educators have often pointed out the difficulties of most students in graphic courses when trying to visualize an object using multi-view drawings. This is mainly due to the inexistence of a systematic process to analyze complex forms. A thorough review of the literature in technical drawing textbooks has not been successful in finding a clear, concise, and properly developed method of solving visualization problems by means of procedural contents. In collaboration with several experts and for the first time, a problem solving model for visualization has been designed and developed for all kind of industrial objects (Methodology for Part Visualization Problem Solving) within a constructivist didactic framework. This Problem Solving model is the key to all technical knowledge and is an application of the scientific method. In order to solve visualization problems in any kind of industrial object, comprehension indicators have been defined and a Teaching Unit has been developed with the help of dynamic images (power point and CAD files) as well as physical models. They may be applied by drawing up a programme of specific tasks which takes into account the theoretical contents and procedures involved in part visualization as well as the students\\\\\\' main difficulties and deficiencies when faced with this kind of problem. This teaching strategy has been applied over the last two years in the first year of Industrial Engineering at the Department of Engineering in Bilbao at the University of the Basque Country with good results.",signatures:"E. Sierra Uria and M. Garmendia Mugika",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10546",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10546",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10525",title:"Applied Geoinformatics in Forestry and Landscape Research and Education",doi:"10.5772/9215",slug:"applied-geoinformatics-in-forestry-and-landscape-research-and-education",totalDownloads:2804,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vladimir Zidek and Martin Klimanek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10525",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10531",title:"Improving Student Competencies Through Face–to-Face and Virtual Teams",doi:"10.5772/9221",slug:"improving-student-competencies-through-face-to-face-and-virtual-teams",totalDownloads:1722,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Oltra M. J., Boronat M., Garcia C. and Flor M.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10531",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10531",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10541",title:"The Implementation of Ict Integration in Malaysian Smart Schools",doi:"10.5772/9231",slug:"the-implementation-of-ict-integration-in-malaysian-smart-schools",totalDownloads:4705,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wan Zah Wan Ali and Hajar Mohd Nor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10541",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10541",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10543",title:"Final Qualifications Work Definition in the EHEA",doi:"10.5772/9233",slug:"final-qualifications-work-definition-in-the-ehea",totalDownloads:1494,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mercedes de la Camara Delgado, F. Javier Saenz Marcilla and Eugenio Fernandez Vicente",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10543",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10543",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10534",title:"An Empirical Study on the Effort Required in the Realization of Final Year Projects in Engineering Degrees",doi:"10.5772/9224",slug:"an-empirical-study-on-the-effort-required-in-the-realization-of-final-year-projects-in-engineering-d",totalDownloads:1491,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"F. Javier Saenz Marcilla, Mercedes de la Camara Delgado and Eugenio Fernandez Vicente",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10534",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10534",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10529",title:"A Robust Intelligent Tutoring System for the Integration of People with Intellectual Disabilities into Social and Work Environments",doi:"10.5772/9219",slug:"a-robust-intelligent-tutoring-system-for-the-integration-of-people-with-intellectual-disabilities-in",totalDownloads:1779,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"E. Irigoyen, K. L. de Ipina, N. Garay, A. Goicoechea, A. Ezeiza, A. Conde, M. Larranaga and A. Soraluze",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10529",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10529",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10538",title:"Augmented Reality Technology for Education",doi:"10.5772/9228",slug:"augmented-reality-technology-for-education",totalDownloads:3679,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mariano Alcaniz, Manuel Contero, David C. Perez-Lopez and Mario Ortega",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10538",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10538",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10536",title:"A Case Study of The Integration of Environmental Education in the Primary School Curriculum",doi:"10.5772/9226",slug:"a-case-study-of-the-integration-of-environmental-education-in-the-primary-school-curriculum",totalDownloads:6047,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sekinah Sehlola",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10536",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10536",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10545",title:"The Use of the Common Assessment Framework Tool: Empiric Study on the University of Evora (Academic Services)",doi:"10.5772/9235",slug:"the-use-of-the-common-assessment-framework-tool-empiric-study-on-the-university-of-evora-academic-se",totalDownloads:2271,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"T. Nogueiro and M. Saraiva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10545",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10545",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10544",title:"Semantics-Enhanced E-learning Courses",doi:"10.5772/9234",slug:"semantics-enhanced-e-learning-courses",totalDownloads:1911,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Steffen Mencke and Reiner Dumke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10544",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10544",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10537",title:"Educational Software as a Learning Tool for Primary School Students",doi:"10.5772/9227",slug:"educational-software-as-a-learning-tool-for-primary-school-students",totalDownloads:7642,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marco Vannucci and Valentina Colla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10537",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10537",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10549",title:"Removing Barriers to Conducting Research in Ireland’s Institutes of Technology",doi:"10.5772/9239",slug:"removing-barriers-to-conducting-research-in-ireland-s-institutes-of-technology",totalDownloads:1828,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"John Donovan, Anthony Betts and Stephen Jerrams",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10549",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10549",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10527",title:"Academic and Professional Development of Nursing in Spain: a Decade for Change",doi:"10.5772/9217",slug:"academic-and-professional-development-of-nursing-in-spain-a-decade-for-change",totalDownloads:3406,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mariscal Crespo M.I, Merino Navarro D, Mena Navarro F, Macia Soler L, Zabalegui Yarnoz A and Camacho Bejarano R",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10527",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10527",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10530",title:"Working in Terms of Competences: Activities Designed Using Active Methodologies",doi:"10.5772/9220",slug:"working-in-terms-of-competences-activities-designed-using-active-methodologies",totalDownloads:1438,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rosario Vilaplana, Oscar Gomis and Antonio Hyder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10530",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10530",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10526",title:"Bridging the Digital Divide and the Impact of New Media Technologies on Development in South Africa",doi:"10.5772/9216",slug:"bridging-the-digital-divide-and-the-impact-of-new-media-technologies-on-development-in-south-africa",totalDownloads:6558,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Osunkunle, Oluyinka Oludolapo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10526",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10526",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10539",title:"EHEA: any Obstacles to Converge?",doi:"10.5772/9229",slug:"ehea-any-obstacles-to-converge-",totalDownloads:1828,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ruth Herrero-Martin, Jose Perez-Garcia, Juan P. 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The collected plant species are too healthy for the proposed study, specimens of organs are cutted and soaked into 70% of 90 ml ethyl alcohol, 5 ml of Formalin and 5 ml of acetic acid [2]. The organs of specimens are dehydrated with graded series of tertiary butyl alcohol as per the guidelines given by sass, 1940. Specimens of infiltration were carried by the addition of 58–60°C paraffin wax until TBA solution attained super saturation.
These plant species grow in all types of soil, collected fresh fruit from 2.8 mts height of the plant early in the morning at 6 am from red loamy soil land. The fruit is 10 cm long and 6 cm width outer and inner layer are green in color and in every fruit contains a plenty of brown-colored seeds more over every seed length is 5.5 to 6.0 mm length and 3.7 mm width many of white silky hairs are present and each silky hair length is 40 to 50 mm in long. Fruit color of the
The specimens of paraffin-embedded were sectioned with the help of a rotary microtome, the thickness of each section was10–12 μm [3]. As per the standard method the obtained sections were stained in to toluidine blue [4] because toluidine blue is a polychromatic stain. The obtained strains are good because some phytochemical reactions were obtained. The obtained dye changed pink color to mucilage blue for the protein bodies, other sections are stained with safranin, fast green and iodine [5].
For studying the stomatal number, the pattern of venation and distribution of trichomes, sections of paradermal (sections taken parallel to the surface of leaf) as well as clearing of the leaf with 5% sodium hydroxide or epidermal peeling by partial maceration employing Jeffrey, s maceration fluid [5] were prepared. Glycerine mounted temporary preparations were made for macerated /cleared materials. Different parts of powdered materials were cleared with NaOH and mounted in glycerine medium after staining. Measurement of different cell components was studied.
Different magnifications of photographs are taken with the help of Nikon labphoto 2 microscopic unit, bright fields were used for normal observation. The polarized light was used for the identification of Different kinds of tissues, crystals, stone cells, starch grains, fibers, lignified and non-lignified cells. Since these obtained structures have fair finger print property, under polarized light they appear bright against the dark background. Magnifications of the figures are indicated by the scale –bars. Descriptive terms of the anatomical features are given in the standard anatomy books [6].
The obtained extracts and powder had examined under UV-light (254 nm, 354 nm) [7, 8]. The total ash value, Determination of Acid Insoluble Ash, Determination of Alcohol Soluble Extractive value, and Determination of Water-Soluble Extractive values in the obtained samples were performed, and in Loss on drying measured the amount of water and volatile oils, Swelling index, Foaming index were performed according to the standard procedure, for Extractive values, 2gms of an air-dried coarse powder of drug macerated with 40 ml of solvents (Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform, Acetone, Methanol and Distilled water) in a glass stoppered conical flask with frequent shaking for 6 hrs and then allowed to stand for 2 days, then filtered carefully, taking care against loss of solvent. The filtrate was evaporated in a silica crucible to dryness in the water bath and then dried 105° for 6 hrs, cooled in a desiccator for 30 min and weighed without delay [9]. Fluorescence Analysis of the drug was observed in UV light using various extracts of the drug. The drug powder was treated separately with different solutions [10, 11] and for Preliminary phytochemical studies. The prepared extracts were tested for the different types of chemical constituents present by known qualitative tests. The following tests were carried out on the extracts to detect various phytoconstituents present in them [12, 13, 14] were performed according to the official methods described in the Indian pharmacopeia (1996) and WHO guidelines on quality control methods -for medicinal plant materials.
The fruit of
The carpel consists of the outer epicarp, middle mesocarp and inner endocarp (Figure 1a). The epicarp consists of an epidermal layer and inner thick compact parenchymatous tissue in which fairly prominent vascular strands are located (Figures 2a and 3a). The inner pericarp is also thick with small circular, thin-walled compact.
(a) T.S. of a carpel with numerous ovules on marginal placentation; and (b) T.S. of carpel with ovule enlarged. IEP: inner epicarp; Ne: nectary; OEC: outer epicarp; Ov: ovary; Ovl: ovule; and Pl: plancenta.
(a) T.S. of pericarp: outer part; and (b) T.S. of pericarp: inner part. Ec: epicarp; IPe: inner pericarp; Ope: outer pericarp; and Me: mesocarp.
(a) T.S. of pericarp outer part showing vascular elements; and (b) T.S. of pericarp inner part. IZ: inner zone; OZ: outer zone; Pe: pericarp; and Vs: Vascular strand.
Parenchymatous tissue (Figures 2b and 3b) in the inner pericarp, the laticiferous canals are seen spreading in all directions. The middle part of the pericarp has wide air chambers and thin reticulate layers of parenchyma cells (Figures 3a,b) at certain places, thick horizontal layers of cells occur in between the outer and inner pericarp. This horizontal plate of cells possesses small scattered vascular strands. In the outer pericarp also, there are numerous small vascular strands dispersed profusely in the parenchymatous ground tissue (Figures 4a,b).
(a and b) T.S. of pericarp with scattered vascular strands. Pe: pericarp; Se: segment of fruit wall; and Vs: vascular strand.
The ovules occur in marginal placentation a thick massive placental tissue occurs along one side of the carpel. On this elongated cylindrical placental tissue occurs, numerous club-shaped ovules (Figures 1b, 5, and 6a).
T.S. of carpel enclosing a bundle of ovules in marginal placentation.Ne: nectary; ovl: ovule; Pl: placenta.
(a) T.S. of carpel enclosing the ovules with peripheral nectarines; and (b) Nectaries enlarged. Ne: nectary; Ovl-ovule; and Pe: pericarp.
The ovules are broad along the outer part and narrow towards the inner part (Figure 5). On the outer part of the carpel, there are numerous, curved elliptical, darkly stained appendages which are the nectarines (Figures 5 and 6a, b).
In the powder preparation, fragments of tissues of the pericarp, seed coat and cell inclusions are seen. The inner surface of the pericarp consists of elongated, rectangular, thin-walled cells (Figure 7a). These cells have straight cell walls. The cells are parallel to each other forming a dense mat (Figure 7a). The outer surface of the pericarp consists of wide polygonal cells with thick, straight anticlinal walls. Stomata are also frequently seen on the outer epicarp. The stomata have narrow stomatal aperture and elliptical guard cells. The stomata appear to be paracytic type (Figure 7b).
(a) A piece of inner pericarp showing elongated compact parallel parenchyma cells; and (b) Surface view of the outer pericarp where the cells are polygonal with thick straight anticlinal walls and stomata. Aw: anti clinal wall; Ec: epidermal wall; Sc: subsidiary cell; and St: stomata.
Broken pieces of seed coats are frequently seen in the powder. The abundance of epidermal trichomes of non-gladular type are seen on the seed coat. The trichomes are thick at the base and become narrowly pointed at the tip. The cell walls of the trichome are thick and lignified and the cell lumen is narrow and canal like (Figures 8a, b). The trichomes are 130 μm long and 15 μm thick.
(a) A broken piece of seed coat showing polygonal epidermal cells and non-glandular epidermal trichomes; and (b) Clusters of non-glandular trichomes seen in powder. Ec: epidermal cells; and NGT: non-gladular trichomes.
The epidermal cells of the seed coat are angular, polygonal and compact (Figures 8a and 9b). Laticiferous canals are commonly present in the pericarp of the fruit. The laticiferous are long, canal-like, non-septate and unbranched. They contain dense white latex secreted from the laticifer (Figure 9a). The seeds have dense accumulation of different sizes of oil bodies. They appear white spherical bodies floating in water (Figure 10a). Prominent spherical or elliptical starch grains are common in the powder. When stained with IKI, the starch grains appear black or dark blue (Figure 10b). The seeds of
(a) A piece of pericarp tissue with unicellular, unbranched laticiferous canal; and (b) Seed coat fragment showing thick-walled epidermal cells. Ec: epidermal cells; and LtF: laticifer.
Oil globules of different sizes found in the powder; (b) Starch grains stained with potassium iodide; and (c) Trichomes from coma of the seed. OB: oil bodies; SG: starch grains; and Tr: trichomes.
The ash is mainly for the identification of carbonates, silicates, phosphates, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium without an organic matter. The obtained total ash value (11.4%), Water soluble ash (7.5), Acid insoluble ash (1.8), Foaming Index (<100), Swelling Index (52%), Loss on Drying (16.7%) And the extractive values are mainly for the estimation of primary and secondary metabolites in Petroleum ether (5.65%), it might be terpenoids, sterols, lipids and waxes and apart from Ethyl acetate extract (2.25%), Acetone extract (3.17%), Methanolic extract (4.53%) contains tepenoids, phenols, and glycoside containing components may be present. Distilled Water (10.11%) and Hydro-alcohol (6.05%) contains polyphenols, tannins and alkaloids present (Tables 1–3).
Parameters | Fruit |
---|---|
Color | Green |
Shape | Been |
Size | length10cm |
Odor | Characteristic |
Powdered drug study | |
Color | Green |
Odor | Characteristic |
Taste | Strong Bitter |
Filter paper test |
Morphological characters of
Parameter | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
Total Ash | 11.4 |
Water soluble ash | 7.5 |
Acid insoluble ash | 1.8 |
Foaming index | <100 |
Swelling index | 52 |
Loss on drying | 16.7 |
Results for physicochemical parameters.
Solvents | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
Petroleum ether | 5.65 |
Ethyl acetate | 2.25 |
Acetone | 3.17 |
Methanol | 4.53 |
Distilled water | 9.11 |
Hydro-alcohol | 6.05 |
Results of extractive values.
± Calculated as SEM of three reading.
For herbal drugs, florescence analysis is very primary tool for the determination of constituents, this florescence analysis provides an informative data on nature of constituents [12]. The chemical reagents were used for the powdered drug analysis and observations are available in visible light and UV lights of Short and long wave lengths (Table 4).
Chemical treatment | Day light | Fluorescence | UV longer (365 nm) | UVShort (254 nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Drug powder | Peanut Brownish green | Green | Dark green | Green |
Hexane | Yellow | Yellowish green | Green | Green |
Ethyl acetate | Yellowish green | Greenish yellow | Reddish green | Light reddish green |
Methanol | Yellowish green | Yellow | yellow | light green |
Water | Brown | Dark brown | Light green | Green |
Drug powder+1 N NaOH in methanol | Yellowish green | Yellowish green | yellow | Light green |
Drug powder+1 N NaOH in water | Brownish green | Brownish green | green | light green |
5% NaOH | Light Yellowish | Yellowish | Yellowish | Yellowish |
10% NaOH | Yellowish | Yellowish | Yellowish | Yellowish |
Powder+1 N Hcl solution | Dark brown | brownish | Light green | Colorless |
Powder+50% HNO3 | Yellow | Reddish yellow | Dark green | Light green |
Powder+50%H2SO4 | Light green | Reddish yellow | Light green | Light green |
Powder+50% HCl | Dark brown | brownish | Light green | Colorless |
5% FeCl3 | Greenish peanut | Brownish green | Darkish yellowish red green | yellowish red green |
Powder + picric acid | Orange yellowish green | Yellowish green | Darkish yellowish red green | yellowish red green |
Powder +Dil. NH4 | Dark green | Greenish peanut | Greenish peanut | Greenish peanut |
Powder + acetic acid | Dark yellowish green | yellowish green | Dark green | Light green |
Fluorescence analysis on
The preliminary phytochemical screening on
Phytochemical analysis | Hexane | N- Butanol | Ethylacetate | Ethanol | Acetone | Methanol ic | Hydroalcoh olic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Alkaloids | |||||||
(a) Mayer’s test | |||||||
(b) Hager’s test | |||||||
(c) Dragendroff’s test | |||||||
2.Carbohydrates | |||||||
(a) Molisch’s test | |||||||
(b) Fehling’s test | |||||||
(c) Barfoed’s test | |||||||
(d) Benedict’s test | |||||||
3. Glycosides | |||||||
(a) Borntrager’s test | |||||||
(b) Legal’s test | |||||||
(c) Keller-Kiliani test | |||||||
4. Phenols and Tannins | |||||||
(a) Ferric chloride test | + | ||||||
(b) Gelatin test | |||||||
(c) Lead acetate test | + | ||||||
5. Flavonoids | |||||||
(a) Alkaline reagent test | |||||||
(b) Schinoda test | |||||||
(c) Zn + HCl test | + | ||||||
6. Test for fixed oils | |||||||
(a) Spot test | ++ | ||||||
7. Saponins | |||||||
(b) Foam test | |||||||
8. Proteins and Aminoacids | |||||||
(a) Millon’s test | |||||||
(b) Biurettes test | |||||||
(c) Ninhydrin test | |||||||
9. Terpenoids/ Phytosterols | |||||||
(a) Libermann-Burchard test | ++ | ||||||
10. Test for triterpenoids | |||||||
(a) Salkowski test | ++ | ||||||
11. Gum and Mucilages | |||||||
(a) Alcoholic precipitation test | |||||||
12. Test for lignin | |||||||
(a) Lignin test | |||||||
(b) Labat test |
Preliminary phytochemical tests for identification of the class of primary and secondary components in the extract of
“
This plant species is available in overall tropical and subtropical countries, standardization of crude drug work is the primary reference to do further step. Herbal Drugs are useful for different ailments in different countries. Pharmacognostical, Preliminary Phytochemical evaluation studies provide us a basis to establish the quality protocols of any medicinal herbs. In the Introduction part, we described about the species of plant, macroscopical, microscopical, preliminary phytochemical, ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis are the main tools to identify the purity, presence and absence of certain chemical groups in a herbal drug. Pharmacognostic studies are mainly useful for quality of a herbal drugs [15]. Breakthroughs and Innovations of
I thank to Prof. P. Jayaraman (Plant Anatomy Research Centre (PARC), helped me a lot when I worked on microscopical study. Prof B. Ganga Rao was given me a permission to do my research in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Laboratory, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Prof. SC Mandal and Dr. Radha Rayi, reviewer for comments on before draft of the manuscript and they helped me a lot to do this work and I thank to Dr. Babu Gajji was given me a lot of support to carry out my research.
Conflicts of interest is none.
This research work is one of my part of P. D. F research work and was fully funded under the grant number File No: PDF-SS-2015 – AND – 2017 10498 by University Grants Commission, New Delhi.
Availability of data and material is our own, based on the literature we have written ourselves.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links.
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\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
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\\n\\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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\n\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"90",type:"subseries",title:"Human Development",keywords:"Neuroscientific research, Brain functions, Human development, UN’s human development index, Self-awareness, Self-development",scope:"