\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10411",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Materials at the Nanoscale",title:"Materials at the Nanoscale",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nanocrystals play very important roles in the interdisciplinary fields of biology, physics and chemistry. They are used for various applications, including to develop and formulate new drugs and vaccines to fight diseases and pandemics. This book contains nine chapters that discuss nanocrystals in electronics, medicine, the food industry, geology, and more.",isbn:"978-1-83968-823-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-822-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-824-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91597",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"materials-at-the-nanoscale",numberOfPages:184,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"be29908600b7067c583ac21da1544a2d",bookSignature:"Awadesh Kumar Mallik",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10411.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2459,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 15th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 13th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 4th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 3rd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"178218",title:"Dr.",name:"Awadesh",middleName:null,surname:"Mallik",slug:"awadesh-mallik",fullName:"Awadesh Mallik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178218/images/system/178218.jpg",biography:"Dr. Awadesh Kumar Mallik is a ceramic engineer from the University of Calcutta, India, who is currently a materials researcher. He started growing CVD diamond at the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore laboratory during his master’s thesis project for the development of vacuum tribology coatings for the Indian Space Research Organisation. He continued his scientific journey of making ceramic components for high-power electron tubes at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research laboratory CGCRI as part of a national mission for the international fusion energy ITER program. He has executed and delivered several national and international projects. His research interests include diamond materials, thin films and coatings, CVD, PVD, tribology, bioceramics, ceramic membranes, fuel cells and batteries, ceramic powder processing, and materials science in general. He obtained a Ph.D. graduate from Jadavpur University, India, and completed an FWO postdoctoral research fellowship at Hasselt University, Belgium. He has published forty peer-reviewed articles and presented many papers at international conferences.",institutionString:"Hasselt University and IMEC VZW",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hasselt",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"208",title:"Material Science",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science"}],chapters:[{id:"76003",title:"Nonthermal Crystalline Forming of Ceramic Nanoparticles by Non-Equilibrium Excitation Reaction Field of Electron",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97037",slug:"nonthermal-crystalline-forming-of-ceramic-nanoparticles-by-non-equilibrium-excitation-reaction-field",totalDownloads:215,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this work, we have discovered a method of forming ZnO thin films with high mobility, high carrier density and low resistivity on plastic (PET) films using non-equilibrium reaction fields, even when the films are deposited without heating, and we have also found a thin film formation technique using a wet process that is different from conventional deposition techniques. The field emission electron-beam irradiation treatment energetically activates the surface of ZnO particles and decomposes each ZnO particles. The energy transfer between zinc ions and ZnO surface and the oxygen present in the atmosphere around the ZnO particles induce the oxidation of zinc. In addition, the ZnO thin films obtained in this study successfully possess high functional thin films with high electrical properties, including high hole mobility of 208.6 cm2/Vs, despite being on PET film substrates. These results contribute to the discovery of a mechanism to create highly functional oxide thin films using a simple two-dimensional process without any heat treatment on the substrate or during film deposition. In addition, we have elucidated the interfacial phenomena and crosslinking mechanisms that occur during the bonding of metal oxide particles, and understood the interfacial physical properties and their effects on the electronic structure. and surface/interface control, and control of higher-order functional properties in metal/ceramics/semiconductor composites, and contribute to the provision of next-generation nanodevice components in a broad sense.",signatures:"Norihiro Shimoi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76003",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76003",authors:[{id:"341836",title:"Prof.",name:"Norihiro",surname:"Shimoi",slug:"norihiro-shimoi",fullName:"Norihiro Shimoi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74283",title:"Biomineralization of Magnetosomes: Billion-Year Evolution Shaping Modern Nanotools",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94465",slug:"biomineralization-of-magnetosomes-billion-year-evolution-shaping-modern-nanotools",totalDownloads:380,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biomineralization in the microbial realm usually gives origin to finely structured inorganic nanomaterials. Perhaps, one of the most elegant bioinorganic processes found in nature is the iron biomineralization into magnetosomes, which is performed by magnetotactic bacteria. A magnetosome gene cluster within the bacterial genome precisely regulates the mineral synthesis. The spread and evolution of this ability among bacteria are thought to be a 2,7-billion-year process mediated by horizontal gene transfers. The produced magnetite or greigite nanocrystals coated by a biological membrane have a narrow diameter dispersibility, a highly precise morphology, and a permanent magnetic dipole due to the molecular level control. Approaches inspired by this bacterial biomineralization mechanism can imitate some of the biogenic nanomagnets characteristics in the chemical synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles. Thus, this chapter will give a concise overview of magnetosome synthesis’s main steps, some hypotheses about the evolution of magnetosomes’ biomineralization, and approaches used to mimic this biological phenomenon in vitro.",signatures:"Tarcisio Nascimento Correa, Igor Nunes Taveira, Rogerio Presciliano de Souza Filho and Fernanda de Avila Abreu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74283",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74283",authors:[{id:"254251",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",surname:"de Avila Abreu",slug:"fernanda-de-avila-abreu",fullName:"Fernanda de Avila Abreu"}],corrections:null},{id:"77960",title:"Nanostructuring Bi2Te3-Based Thermoelectric Thin-Films Grown Using Pulsed Laser Deposition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99469",slug:"nanostructuring-bi2te3-based-thermoelectric-thin-films-grown-using-pulsed-laser-deposition",totalDownloads:387,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This book chapter reports recent advances in nanostructured Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric (TE) thin-films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). By controlling the processing conditions in PLD growths, various fascinating Bi2Te3-based nanostructured films with promising or enhanced TE properties have been successfully fabricated, including super-assembling of Bi2Te3 hierarchical nanostructures, self-assembled Bi2Te3 films with well-aligned 0D to 3D nanoblocks, polycrystalline-nanostructured Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 thin-films, etc. In addition, a PLD-growth mechanism for fabricating the super-assembling Bi2Te3 thin-films is presented. This book chapter provides fundamental understanding the relationship amongst processing condition, structure-morphology, and TE property of PLD-growths Bi2Te3-based thin-films. It also presents an overview of TE materials and applications with the challenges and perspectives.",signatures:"Le Thi Cam Tuyen, Phuoc Huu Le and Sheng-Rui Jian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77960",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77960",authors:[{id:"187013",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuoc",surname:"Huu Le",slug:"phuoc-huu-le",fullName:"Phuoc Huu Le"},{id:"348310",title:"Dr.",name:"Le Thi Cam",surname:"Tuyen",slug:"le-thi-cam-tuyen",fullName:"Le Thi Cam Tuyen"},{id:"420973",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheng-Rui",surname:"Jian",slug:"sheng-rui-jian",fullName:"Sheng-Rui Jian"}],corrections:null},{id:"75563",title:"Characterization of Nanocrystalline Cores for EMI Suppression in Cables",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96694",slug:"characterization-of-nanocrystalline-cores-for-emi-suppression-in-cables",totalDownloads:266,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Electromagnetic interferences (EMI) can cause different kinds of problems in digital and analog systems, leading to malfunctions, system reboots, or even permanent damage to the system if this is not adequately designed or protected. Nowadays, most electronic products are connected to the main power network or are designed to be interconnected with others through cables. These cable interconnections are becoming more difficult due to the rigid restrictions related to the accomplishment of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance. When the cables of a system represent an EMI source, it cannot pass the conducted or radiated emissions test. A widely used technique to reduce these problems is applying an EMI suppressor such as a sleeve core. This EMI suppressor provides selective attenuation of undesired interference components that the designer may wish to suppress, and it does not significantly affect the intended signal. This contribution focuses on analyzing different nanocrystalline (NC) EMI suppressors’ performance intended for attenuating interferences in cables. Some NC novel samples are characterized and compare to MnZn and NiZn cores to determine this novel material’s effectiveness compared to the conventional ceramic solutions by analyzing samples with different dimensions.",signatures:"Adrian Suarez, Jorge Victoria, Jose Torres, Pedro A. Martinez, Andrea Amaro and Julio Martos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75563",authors:[{id:"2803",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",surname:"Martos",slug:"julio-martos",fullName:"Julio Martos"},{id:"66221",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Torres",slug:"jose-torres",fullName:"Jose Torres"},{id:"193686",title:"MSc.",name:"Pedro A.",surname:"Martinez",slug:"pedro-a.-martinez",fullName:"Pedro A. Martinez"},{id:"193687",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Suarez",slug:"adrian-suarez",fullName:"Adrian Suarez"},{id:"348209",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Victoria",slug:"jorge-victoria",fullName:"Jorge Victoria"},{id:"348231",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Amaro",slug:"andrea-amaro",fullName:"Andrea Amaro"}],corrections:null},{id:"76843",title:"Fullerenes and Nanodiamonds for Medical Drug Delivery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97867",slug:"fullerenes-and-nanodiamonds-for-medical-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:257,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Carbon is a chemical element has the ability of forming long carbonic chain. Due to its special electronic structure, each carbon atom can be linked with another carbon atom or with another element via single, double or triple covalent bonds. The special electronic structure of carbon atom affecting on its properties also affecting on its ability of existing in different forms called allotropes. During few last decades, new carbon-based nanomaterials have been described including fullerene, carbon nanotube, graphene and nanodiamond. These new allotropes attracted the interest of science and industry and became as a new and important class of materials due to its outstanding features which candidate for numerous applications. In parallel with new developments in nanomedicine especially in drug delivery field, the targeted delivery systems became an important to overcome the limitations of the old fashion systems. So, it become very important to translate this idea into reality. Fullerene and nanodiamond have a unique combination of structure, morphology and biological properties that make them as a powerful tools for targeted delivery system. So, this chapter will focus on two major aspects: synthesis routes of fullerenes and nanodiamonds, and their role in nanomedicine as drug delivery systems.",signatures:"Basma H. Al-Tamimi and Saad B.H. Farid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76843",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76843",authors:[{id:"341563",title:"Dr.",name:"Basma H.",surname:"Al-Tamimi",slug:"basma-h.-al-tamimi",fullName:"Basma H. Al-Tamimi"},{id:"350855",title:"Prof.",name:"Saad",surname:"B. H. Farid",slug:"saad-b.-h.-farid",fullName:"Saad B. H. Farid"}],corrections:null},{id:"76027",title:"Nano-Sized Minerals from Lower Cretaceous Sandstones in Israel Observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96948",slug:"nano-sized-minerals-from-lower-cretaceous-sandstones-in-israel-observed-by-transmission-electron-mic",totalDownloads:235,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fine fraction in quartz arenite sandstones from Lower Cretaceous Hatira formation in Israel was observed by Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Samples were collected from Hatira and Ramon craters located in southern part of Israel and from Manara cliff from the northern part of Israel. The additional phases cause yellow, red, dark red and dark violet colors of the layered sandstones. The motivation was to identify the minerals of the fine factions that cause the variations in the colors. The minerals observed were clay minerals, mainly kaolinite (Al4Si4O20(OH)8), some illite (K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2) and smectite. Iron oxides were goethite (FeOOH) and hematite (Fe2O3), Titanium-iron oxides observed was ilmenite (FeTiO3), and Titanium-oxides were rutile (TiO2), and anatase (TiO2). Sulphates observed were jarosite (KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6) and alunite (KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6). Some of the hematite was formed by recrystallization of goethite. Ilmenite disintegrated into small iron oxides mainly hematite. Euhedral to sub-hedral rutile (TiO2) and anatase (TiO2) were preserved in clay-minerals. Crystals of alunite and jarosite were observed in sandstones in both craters. They probably crystallized due to some transgression of the Thetis Sea.",signatures:"Nurit Taitel-Goldman and Vladimir Ezersky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76027",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76027",authors:[{id:"161472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurit",surname:"Taitel-Goldman",slug:"nurit-taitel-goldman",fullName:"Nurit Taitel-Goldman"},{id:"354267",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Ezersky",slug:"vladimir-ezersky",fullName:"Vladimir Ezersky"}],corrections:null},{id:"76267",title:"Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors Nanocrystals: Saturation and Modulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96679",slug:"diluted-magnetic-semiconductors-nanocrystals-saturation-and-modulation",totalDownloads:277,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor (DMS) nanocrystals are a new class of materials formed by doping the semiconductor with transition metals (TM), which gives interesting magneto-optical properties. These properties are attributed to the exchange interaction between the pure semiconductor’s sp-electrons and the localized TM d-electrons. This book chapter shows exciting results of new DMS developed by the group, both in powder form and embedded in glassy systems. Depending on the concentration of doping ions, saturation of the incorporation of substitutional and interstitial sites in the nanocrystal structure may occur, forming other nanocrystals. In this context, we investigated the doping saturation limit in nanopowders of DMS Zn1-xMnxO NCs and Zn1-xMnxTe, Zn0.99-xMn0.01CoxTe, and Bi2-xCoxS NCs synthesized in glassy matrices. Thus, the sites’ saturation into the crystalline lattice of nanocrystals is a topic little reported in the literature, and we will comment on this work. Therefore, we will show results from the group about the modulation and saturation in diluted magnetic semiconductors nanocrystals in this work.",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Amanda I.S. Barbosa, Alessandra S. Silva, Elisson A. Batista, Thaís K. de Lima Rezende, Éder V. Guimarães, Ricardo S. Silva and Noelio O. Dantas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76267",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76267",authors:[{id:"340051",title:"Prof.",name:"Anielle C.A.",surname:"Silva",slug:"anielle-c.a.-silva",fullName:"Anielle C.A. Silva"},{id:"346696",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra S.",surname:"Silva",slug:"alessandra-s.-silva",fullName:"Alessandra S. Silva"},{id:"346697",title:"Dr.",name:"Éder V.",surname:"Guimarães",slug:"eder-v.-guimaraes",fullName:"Éder V. Guimarães"},{id:"346698",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo S.",surname:"Silva",slug:"ricardo-s.-silva",fullName:"Ricardo S. Silva"},{id:"346701",title:"Prof.",name:"Noelio",surname:"Dantas",slug:"noelio-dantas",fullName:"Noelio Dantas"},{id:"347625",title:"MSc.",name:"Amanda I. S.",surname:"Barbosa",slug:"amanda-i.-s.-barbosa",fullName:"Amanda I. S. Barbosa"},{id:"347626",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisson A.",surname:"Batista",slug:"elisson-a.-batista",fullName:"Elisson A. Batista"},{id:"347627",title:"MSc.",name:"Thaís",surname:"K. de Lima Rezende",slug:"thais-k.-de-lima-rezende",fullName:"Thaís K. de Lima Rezende"}],corrections:null},{id:"75698",title:"Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Development and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96753",slug:"doped-semiconductor-nanocrystals-development-and-applications",totalDownloads:280,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to show significant progress that our group has been developing and the applications of several doped semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), as nanopowders or embedded in glass systems. Depending on the type of dopant incorporated in the nanocrystals, the physical, chemical, and biological properties can be intensified. However, it can also generate undesired toxic effects that can potentially compromise its use. Here we present the potential of zinc oxide NCs doped with silver (Ag), gold (Au), and magnesium (Mg) ions to control bacterial diseases in agriculture. We have also performed biocompatibility analysis of the pure and Ag-doped sodium titanate (Na2Ti3O7) NCs in Drosophila. The doped nanocrystals embedded in glassy systems are chrome (Cr) or copper (Cu) in ZnTe and Bi2Te3 NCs for spintronic development nanodevices. Therefore, we will show several advantages that doped nanocrystals may present in the technological and biotechnological areas.",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Francisco R.A. dos Santos, Samanta L.M. de Matos, Jerusa M. de Oliveira, Alessandra S. Silva, Éder V. Guimarães, Mirella S. Vieira, Eurípedes A. da Silva Filho, Ricardo S. Silva, Lucas Anhezini, Nilvanira D. Tebaldi and Noelio O. Dantas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75698",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75698",authors:[{id:"340051",title:"Prof.",name:"Anielle C.A.",surname:"Silva",slug:"anielle-c.a.-silva",fullName:"Anielle C.A. Silva"},{id:"346696",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra S.",surname:"Silva",slug:"alessandra-s.-silva",fullName:"Alessandra S. Silva"},{id:"346697",title:"Dr.",name:"Éder V.",surname:"Guimarães",slug:"eder-v.-guimaraes",fullName:"Éder V. Guimarães"},{id:"346698",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo S.",surname:"Silva",slug:"ricardo-s.-silva",fullName:"Ricardo S. Silva"},{id:"346701",title:"Prof.",name:"Noelio",surname:"Dantas",slug:"noelio-dantas",fullName:"Noelio Dantas"},{id:"221975",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerusa M.",surname:"de Oliveira",slug:"jerusa-m.-de-oliveira",fullName:"Jerusa M. de Oliveira"},{id:"346692",title:"Prof.",name:"Eurípedes A.",surname:"da Silva Filho",slug:"euripedes-a.-da-silva-filho",fullName:"Eurípedes A. da Silva Filho"},{id:"346700",title:"Prof.",name:"Lucas",surname:"Anhezini",slug:"lucas-anhezini",fullName:"Lucas Anhezini"},{id:"346981",title:"MSc.",name:"Eliete A.",surname:"Alvin",slug:"eliete-a.-alvin",fullName:"Eliete A. Alvin"},{id:"347305",title:"Mr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"R.A. dos Santos",slug:"francisco-r.a.-dos-santos",fullName:"Francisco R.A. dos Santos"},{id:"348389",title:"Ms.",name:"Samanta L.M.",surname:"de Matos",slug:"samanta-l.m.-de-matos",fullName:"Samanta L.M. de Matos"},{id:"348390",title:"Ms.",name:"Mirella S.",surname:"Vieira",slug:"mirella-s.-vieira",fullName:"Mirella S. Vieira"},{id:"348391",title:"Prof.",name:"Nilvanira D.",surname:"Tebaldi",slug:"nilvanira-d.-tebaldi",fullName:"Nilvanira D. Tebaldi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77799",title:"Antimicrobial Efficacy of Biogenic Silver and Zinc Nanocrystals/Nanoparticles to Combat the Drug Resistance in Human Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99200",slug:"antimicrobial-efficacy-of-biogenic-silver-and-zinc-nanocrystals-nanoparticles-to-combat-the-drug-res",totalDownloads:164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The emergence of biogenic nanomaterials as novel antimicrobials introduces a new paradigm in human health care. Based on the recent reports of the World Health Organization, infectious diseases pose one of the greatest health challenges. Increased multi-drug resistance prevalence among human pathogens, due to the inefficiency of commercially available antimicrobial drugs in the market is a great threat to humans. The poor solubility, stability and side effects of the antibacterial therapy prompted the researchers to explore new innovative strategies for developing new antimicrobials. Recently, biogenic nanoparticles have proven their effectiveness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens as an alternative to conventional antibiotics. Biogenic nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are easy to produce, biocompatible, provide enhanced uptake and are eco-friendly. Moreover, the capping of the biogenic nanocrystals provides an active surface for interaction with biological components, facilitated by free active surface functional groups to enhance their efficacy and delivery. Inorganic nanocrystals (AgNPs and ZnONPs) are effective both as nano-bactericides and as nanocarriers against sensitive and MDR) pathogens. The present chapter focuses on the utilization of the recent nanosystems to combat drug resistance in human pathogens. 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Tufaro, Nijaguna B. Prasad, Anne C. Fischer and Allan D. Hess",authors:[{id:"36061",title:"Dr.",name:"Allan",middleName:"D.",surname:"Hess",fullName:"Allan Hess",slug:"allan-hess"},{id:"57956",title:"Dr.",name:"Nijaguna",middleName:null,surname:"Prasad",fullName:"Nijaguna Prasad",slug:"nijaguna-prasad"},{id:"57957",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Tufaro",fullName:"Anthony Tufaro",slug:"anthony-tufaro"},{id:"57958",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",fullName:"Anne Fischer",slug:"anne-fischer"}]},{id:"22589",title:"Stress Hormone and Skin Disease",slug:"stress-hormone-and-skin-disease",signatures:"Jung Eun Kim and Hyun Jeong Park",authors:[{id:"47695",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyun Jeong",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Hyun Jeong Park",slug:"hyun-jeong-park"},{id:"50471",title:"Dr.",name:"Jung Eun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jung Eun Kim",slug:"jung-eun-kim"}]},{id:"22590",title:"Use of Reconstructed Skin Specimens to Analyze Stratum corneum Remodeling and Epidermal Modifications",slug:"use-of-reconstructed-skin-specimens-to-analyze-stratum-corneum-remodeling-and-epidermal-modification",signatures:"Paolo U. Giacomoni, Kelly Dong, Donald Collins, Nadine Pernodet and Daniel Yarosh",authors:[{id:"50241",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Giacomoni",fullName:"Paolo Giacomoni",slug:"paolo-giacomoni"},{id:"92390",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Yarosh",fullName:"Daniel Yarosh",slug:"daniel-yarosh"}]},{id:"22591",title:"Keratinocyte Culture Techniques in Medical and Scientific Applications",slug:"keratinocyte-culture-techniques-in-medical-and-scientific-applications",signatures:"Stefanie Kuhn, Christine Radtke, Christina Allmeling, Peter M. Vogt and Kerstin Reimers",authors:[{id:"52032",title:"Dr.",name:"Kerstin",middleName:null,surname:"Reimers",fullName:"Kerstin Reimers",slug:"kerstin-reimers"},{id:"55114",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Radtke",fullName:"Christine Radtke",slug:"christine-radtke"},{id:"55115",title:"Mrs.",name:"Stefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Kuhn",fullName:"Stefanie Kuhn",slug:"stefanie-kuhn"},{id:"55116",title:"Ms.",name:"Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Allmeling",fullName:"Christina Allmeling",slug:"christina-allmeling"},{id:"55117",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Vogt",fullName:"Peter Vogt",slug:"peter-vogt"}]},{id:"22592",title:"Bioengineered Skin",slug:"bioengineered-skin",signatures:"María José Escámez, Lucía Martínez-Santamaría, Marta García, Sara Guerrero-Aspizua, Marta Carretero, Fernando Larcher, Álvaro Meana and Marcela Del Río",authors:[{id:"52675",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Del Rio",fullName:"Marcela Del Rio",slug:"marcela-del-rio"},{id:"52676",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Santamaria",fullName:"Lucia Martinez-Santamaria",slug:"lucia-martinez-santamaria"},{id:"52680",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Meana",fullName:"Alvaro Meana",slug:"alvaro-meana"},{id:"52681",title:"Dr.",name:"Larcher",middleName:null,surname:"Fernando",fullName:"Larcher Fernando",slug:"larcher-fernando"},{id:"52682",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Aspizua",fullName:"Sara Guerrero-Aspizua",slug:"sara-guerrero-aspizua"},{id:"52683",title:"Dr.",name:"Carretero",middleName:null,surname:"Marta",fullName:"Carretero Marta",slug:"carretero-marta"},{id:"52684",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Escamez",fullName:"Maria Jose Escamez",slug:"maria-jose-escamez"}]},{id:"22593",title:"Skin Biopsies as Tools to Measure Fish Coloration and Colour Change",slug:"skin-biopsies-as-tools-to-measure-fish-coloration-and-colour-change",signatures:"P. Andreas Svensson and Helen Nilsson Sköld",authors:[{id:"36761",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen Nilsson",middleName:null,surname:"Sköld",fullName:"Helen Nilsson Sköld",slug:"helen-nilsson-skold"},{id:"47938",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Svensson",fullName:"P. Andreas Svensson",slug:"p.-andreas-svensson"}]},{id:"22594",title:"Multi-Trial Ecotoxicological Diagnostic Tool in Cetacean Skin Biopsies",slug:"multi-trial-ecotoxicological-diagnostic-tool-in-cetacean-skin-biopsies",signatures:"Maria Cristina Fossi and Letizia Marsili",authors:[{id:"36885",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Fossi",fullName:"Christina Fossi",slug:"christina-fossi"},{id:"117461",title:"Dr.",name:"Letizia",middleName:null,surname:"Marsili",fullName:"Letizia Marsili",slug:"letizia-marsili"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"659",title:"Contact Dermatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75dee39a68ef792be26da7d232072682",slug:"contact-dermatitis",bookSignature:"Young Suck Ro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/659.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120447",title:"Dr.",name:"Young Suck",surname:"Ro",slug:"young-suck-ro",fullName:"Young Suck Ro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"941",title:"Atopic Dermatitis",subtitle:"Disease Etiology and Clinical Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f671d417bb039062e15c3f0f9e89061c",slug:"atopic-dermatitis-disease-etiology-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Jorge Esparza-Gordillo and Itaru Dekio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65301",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Esparza-Gordillo",slug:"jorge-esparza-gordillo",fullName:"Jorge Esparza-Gordillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1005",title:"Vitiligo",subtitle:"Management and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8d0f695013488bf14666c1aa573f6bf",slug:"vitiligo-management-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Kelly KyungHwa Park and Jenny Eileen Murase",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1005.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70157",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",surname:"Park",slug:"kelly-park",fullName:"Kelly Park"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3305",title:"Skin Biopsy",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"948465769bcbc65b02bc2b8e91cc7083",slug:"skin-biopsy-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Suran L. 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India being a tropical country will have a huge impact on individuals’ health as a result of this global warming [2]. Workers who are working in a hot environment pose an extra risk as they are exposed to additional heat in the workplace [3]. Occupational heat stress is the net heat load experienced by the worker which includes the combined contributions of metabolic heat produced during the time of work, environmental factors, and clothing [4]. Continuous exposure to excessive heat may result in heat-related illness which ranges from heat rash to heat stroke which life is threatening. Apart from this the workers are at increased risk of accidents at workplaces, decreased productivity which all can cause an increase in morbidity and decrease in community economy. Various factors play a major role in determining the heat stress which includes ambient temperature, humidity, air movement, source of heat, duration of exposure, fluid loss/intake, etc. [5]. Indoor and outdoor workers are at risk of heat stress. Occupational heat stress will cause potential negative health with wellbeing outcome. In this chapter, the basics of occupational heat stress and heat strain, physiology thermoregulation, vulnerable population group, health impacts, Current status of research in occupational heat stress, prevention, control and adaptive measures will be discussed. To achieve this, a technical scan of various research papers pertaining to heat stress that were published in the last ten years were considered and the key points are included in this chapter.
Heat stress includes many physical reactions that result from a body’s capacity to regulate its temperature in response to the environment [6, 7]. Failure in the body regulatory mechanism will lead to heat stress which may cause increase in core body temperature and heat rate. This may further cause accumulation of excess heat in the body which cause the worker to lose concentration in working environment and may become irritable or sick [8]. High air temperatures, radiant heat sources, high humidity, direct physical contact with hot objects, and strenuous physical activities may cause increase risk of developing heat related illness.
Occupational heat stress is that the net load to which a worker is exposed from the combined contributions of metabolic heat, environmental factors, and clothing worn which leads to rise in heat storage within the body [1]. Workers who are working in hot environment are at increased risk of developing heat related illness. Heat stress results in heat related illness and also it may account for an increase in workplace accidents, and a decrease in worker productivity [7, 9]. Heat stress related health impacts ranges from less severe heat rash to more severe heat stroke. Sweaty palms, fogged-up safety glasses and dizziness are the main causes for workplace injury. Burns may also occur as a result of accidental contact with hot surfaces or steam [6, 10]. In India occupational heat stress is becoming more significant as the average temperatures increase but remains overlooked [3, 11, 12]. Both indoor and outdoor workers are at risk of developing heat related illness. Outdoor work sector includes agriculture, construction, brick industry where as indoor work includes firefighters, bakery workers, farmers, miners, boiler room workers, factory workers [12, 13].
The internal temperature (Core) of healthy human body should be maintained around 37°C for the various metabolic processes to function at optimum range inside the human body [14]. Variations, usually of less than 1°C occur with the time of the day, level of physical activity or emotional state [15]. As the environment warms-up, the body tends to warm-up as well. In this way, the body increases the rate of heat loss to balance the heat burden created by the environment. In a very hot environment, the rate of heat gain exceeds the rate of heat loss and the body temperature begins to rise. There are number of physiological heat control mechanisms playing a vital role in maintaining the core body temperature even when the external air temperature is greater than 37° C [16]. The pre-optic area in the anterior hypothalamus of the brain along with posterior hypothalamus, medulla, pons and spinal cord maintain core body temperature within normal range. The thermal sensors maintain a constant core body temperature by increasing blood flow to the skin (Vasodilatation) and by increasing sweat production [15]. To balance the heat burden created by the environment, the body increases the rate of heat loss. A rise in the body temperature results in heat related illnesses [17].
The main source of heat gain in a human body is production of its own internal heat called metabolic heat. It is generated within the body by the biochemical processes that keep us alive and by the energy we use during physical activity. The body exchanges heat with its surroundings mainly through radiation, convection, and evaporation of sweat [6]. Radiation is the process by which the body gains heat from surrounding hot objects, such as hot metal, furnaces or steam pipes and lose heat to objects such as chilled metallic surfaces without contact with them [14]. Convection is the process by which the body exchanges heat with the surrounding air. The body gains heat from hot air and loses heat to cold air which comes in contact with the skin. Convective heat exchange increases with increasing air speed and increased differences between air and skin temperature [14]. The body cools as the evaporation of sweat from the skin occurs. Evaporation sets in very quickly and effect is more enhanced with high wind speeds and low relative humidity. In hot and dry workplaces, the cooling due to sweat evaporation is limited by the amount of sweat produced by the body [6].
The body also exchanges small amounts of heat by conduction and breathing. By conduction the body gain or lose heat when it comes into direct contact with hot or cold objects. Breathing exchanges heat because the respiratory system warms the inhaled air. The body’s excess heat is pushed away as the exhalation sets in. However, the amount of heat exchanged through conduction and breathing is normally small enough to be ignored in assessing the heat load on the body [18].
There are many indices that are used to assess heat stress such asWet bulb Globe Thermometer (WBGT), Universal Thermal Climate Index, Humidex, etc. WBGT is the gold standard internationally accepted indices for measuring heat stress and it was used to measure the heat stress in most of the previous research work conducted in different occupational sectors [19] (Figure 1).
WBGT.
A wide range of clinical observations and measurement have been used to indicate heat strain, ranging from perception of workers, observational parameter like skin rash to hospitalization due to heat stroke. Most of the previous studies on assessing the health effects have been conducted on simulation settings rather than actual field settings. Such studies although provides us with important information on the relationship, it might not be possible to use the same methodology at work place. The heat strain parameters that were measured in the previous studies include core body temperature [20], Skin temperature [14], Sweat rate [21], Resting/working heart rate [22], Urinary specific gravity [23], Serum creatinine, Serum electrolytes, VO2 Max [14]. The most commonly used heat strain indicators in previous studies are core body temperature, resting heart rate, working heart rate, recovery heart rate and sweat rate. These are done in non invasive manner, so it is easy to perform in field based study. Other parameters such as urine specific gravity, serum electrolytes, creatinine, Vo2 max though reliable but could not be used in the field based study due to the constraints faced in working environment. In fact, these parameters were used in experimental set up study rather than actual field based study. Methods to measure these parameters vary in different study. The most commonly used instrument to measure the core body temperature is through tympanic thermometer as tympanic temperature is the reliable, convenient and most easily accessible site to measure core body temperature (Figure 2). Polar heart rate monitor was used to measure the different heart rate in working environment as it is capable of recording continuous heart rate (Figure 3). Sweat rate was measured by using the body weight and fluid intake and output of the worker during the working period. The most commonly preferred method to measure the heat strain indicators is to check the pre exposure and post exposure values of these parameters as it can be compared with the standard values given by ACGIH, OSHA etc.
Tympanic thermometer: (a) quest temp personal monitor, (b) Infrared tympanic thermometer.
Polar heart rate monitor.
Elderly people above 50 years, pregnant women, workers with other co morbid conditions are at increased risk of developing heat related illness. Most of the functions of the human organs are dependent on the temperature and pH. So if there is alteration in any of these two, then it will definitely have impact on other functions of human body. Workers with history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and thyroid disorder are at increased risk as it will cause extra burden to the various organs while working in hot environment. Workers at risk of heat stress include outdoor workers such as agriculture, brick industry, construction and indoor occupation such as firefighters, bakery workers, miners, boiler room workers, factory workers. The major reason that working people belongs to vulnerable group is because of internal heat produced when muscles are used during work [14]. Some people tend to keep working beyond the safe limit for heat exposure because of their need to complete work tasks during a particular period or their need to maintain work output to get paid [24]. During prolonged work periods in the heat, the high sweat rates leads to progressive dehydration. It has been well documented that losses of fluids through sweating can lead to dehydration which has a detrimental effect on productivity.
When the air temperature or humidity rises above the optimal ranges for comfort, can leads to health impacts [14]. The initial effects are subjective in nature, they often relate to how you feel. Exposure to more heat stress for a longer duration can cause health problems which impair workers’ ability to execute the task and may cause adverse health effects [10]. The body temperature increases because of internal heat production during muscular activity in work place. If the ambient temperature is more than the body temperature, then the heat loss from the body will be minimized by conduction, convection, radiation. As a result the core body temperature will keep increasing and may result in heat related illness such as heat rash, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, heat stroke. The heart rate also increases to pump more blood through skin so that excess heat can be lost to the environment through sweating [14]. These changes will cause additional load on the body. Changes in blood flow and excessive sweating will lead to decrease in person’s ability to do physical and mental work [8]. When the environmental temperature rises above 30°C, it may interfere with the performance of mental tasks [14]. The occupational heat stress can affect the workers health either directly or indirectly. The direct health impacts include the heat related illness such as heat rash, heat syncope, heat edema, heat exhaustion and heat stroke [6, 14]. The indirect health impacts include physical and mental stress, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.
Heat rashes are the red spots on the skin which cause a prickling sensation during heat exposure. Heat edema is swelling which generally occurs among people who are not acclimatized to working in hot conditions. Heat cramps are sharp pains in the muscles that may occur as a result of salt imbalance resulting from the failure to replace salt lost due to sweating. Heat exhaustion is caused by excessive loss of body water and salt through excessive sweating. Heat syncope is heat-induced giddiness and fainting because of insufficient flow of blood to the brain while a person is standing which is caused by the loss of body fluids through sweating. Heat stroke is the most serious types of heat illnesses. The body temperature often increases more than 41°C.
The environmental temperature increases day by day to due to the ongoing climate change that is occurring in various part of the world. Deforestation, urban heat island effect, Modernization process, increase in number of industries cause a rise in ambient temperature level, which also has impacts on workers health. Studies pertaining to heat stress across the globe are carried by researchers and they have found that exposure to excessive heat in work place has impacts on workers health and productivity.
Studies in occupational heat stress in India are limited because of the following challenges and constraints [25].
Permission from Industries to collect data and to publish it
Organized vs. Unorganized sector
Improper record/documentation of heat/any occupational disease by the employer or worker
Study Design
Assessment of health parameters
Specific heat wave events in the Northern hemisphere have been associated with marked short term increases in mortality, with reported excess mortality ranging from 4–142% [4]. It is estimated that in 2003, up to 70,000 additional deaths occurred over the summer months in Western Europe as a consequence of severe heat waves [26]. An estimated 560 extra deaths were observed during the three heat waves of 2002 in Russia. Lag times of just a few days have been observed between the onset of a heat wave and the rise in mortality, suggesting that people succumb quickly to the effects of extreme heat. Some of the deaths occurring in heat waves are due to exacerbation of preexisting illnesses particularly cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and diseases of the nervous system [27]. Mortality associated with heat waves has been reported to be greatest in city areas, in conjunction with observed high night-time minimum temperatures, high levels of air pollution, and poor housing conditions. Few studies have investigated the effects of extreme hot weather on population morbidity. Hospital admissions have been observed to increase during heat waves. However studies have revealed discrepancies between the impact of heat waves on morbidity and mortality, in terms of magnitude, cause, and age group [28]. Reports of a lesser impact of heat waves on hospital admissions than on mortality may indicate that people die quickly during heat waves before they are able to reach hospital or be noticed by others. Studies of patients admitted to hospitals during heat waves for treatment of heatstroke have shown this illness to be associated with an outcome. The risk of heat stroke among working people is well known and explained by the limits of human physiological adaptability [14]. Significant number of working people dies due to heat stroke even in high income countries as described in a study of agricultural workers in the USA. A substantial amount of body water may be lost as sweat, including loss of fluid through respiration, gastrointestinal tract as well as kidney. Increased dehydration disturbs the homeostasis of the body, leading to decreased skin blood flow, elevated core body temperature, decreased sweat rate leading to impaired to tolerance to work resulting in increased risks of heat injuries. Continuous exposure to excessive heat may cause profound increase in heart rate which may lead to sympatho - vagal imbalance if not treated appropriately [20]. Heart rate is useful in evaluating the exertion required by physical labour in working conditions [22]. Trainings including acclimatization may be useful in maintaining the core body temperature and heart rate within normal range among workers exposed to excessive heat [17]. A wide range of clinical observations & measurements have been used to indicate heat strain, ranging from perception of workers to hospitalization due to heat stroke. > 20% of people are being estimated to have health impacts of heat stress, ranging from skin rash to heat stroke. About 28% of workers were at risk of health impairment due to high heat exposure at work place [29]. There was a noticeable disconnect between worker’s perceptions and their ability to perform task [30]. Most of these studies were done in experimental set up which cannot be considered as a standard protocol for studies in field/industry. Some of the examples include rectal temperature, capsule method for core body temperature, nude body weight measurement, etc. Apart from heat, many confounding factors also play a role in health impacts. With all this issues, it is important to identify globally acceptable heat strain parameters and methods. Such methods can be used as relevant indicators locally by the health professionals to develop health surveillance and prevention programs for workers to protect the workers health. There are only few studies done in India about Occupational heat stress and its health impacts and no studies conducted on assessment of heat stress and its physiological responses in this geographical location. So it is very essential to do more studies in India to document the health impacts of heat stress.
Prevention is better than cure. It will be ideal for each worker to follow certain preventive measures to reduce the health impacts due to heat stress. The prevention methods may vary with different occupational sectors. The occupational sectors can broadly be classified in to outdoor (Unorganized) and indoor sector (organized). Adequate rest, following work rest cycle, providing adequate fluid during work time can be followed as a preventive measure in outdoor sector. Along with these measures, engineering intervention such as providing fan, coolers, PPE can also be followed in indoor sectors as prevention and control measures. Health education about the heat stress and its health impacts will greatly help to reduce the burden of the disease [6].
Educating the management and administrative members to provide training to the workers regarding heat strain at the time of employment
Health education is very important for the workers.
Advised workers to consult doctor if any health problem is noticed by the worker
Periodic health assessment of the workers (health surveillance)
Suggestions for engineering intervention such as proper ventilation, exhaust, work rest cycle can be given to the management
Heat exposure levels can be lowered by use of certain control measures such as engineering intervention (Proving fan, coolers), personal protective equipments, proper ventilation, adequate rest, following work rest cycle as per ACGIH guidelines, providing adequate fluid to prevent dehydration, periodic medical checkup, etc. Special attention should be provided to aged workers and also to workers with significant medical illness. Health education to workers regarding heat related illness and ways to prevent it can help in reducing the morbidity. Studies of this kind using mapping can help in detecting the vulnerable areas inside the industry and also can protect the workers health. All workers should be made aware of the heat levels in all the areas inside the industry and should be instructed to take all precautionary measures while working in high heat generating areas. Engineering controls like by providing fan, adequate ventilation in working environment and by following work rest cycle as per ACGIH guidelines can protect the workers health. These recommendations could help the workers to protect their health from heat related illness.
Occupational heat stress will cause potential negative health with wellbeing outcome. The industries (Management) and the workers should be educated about the health impacts of occupational heat stress. Proper measures should be laid down to prevent the heat related illness which can be helpful to reduce the morbidity and mortality that may indirectly improve the community economy.
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\n\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
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\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Work and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process, including all published versions, is retained by the Author and any Co-Authors.
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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). 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