Coding and categories of the variables used in the analysis.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3423",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Insights from Veterinary Medicine",title:"Insights from Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Under the title "Insights from Veterinary Medicine", this book presents original research results and reviews flashing several distinctive aspects of the Veterinary Medicine Sciences, in which the knowledge has continuously increased over the past decades. Veterinary and Human Medicine have been developed in close association, in part as a reflection of the intertwined relationship found between animals and humans since the establishment of first civilizations. Humans and animals share common mechanisms of disease, thus serving as spontaneous models for the study of particular disorders, such as tumors and cardiac diseases. Furthermore, concerns on the deleterious side-effects of contaminants, in particular over the endocrine axis regulating different body functions and fertility, are on the table, as animals may serve as sentinels for environmental quality. In addition, the quality of the animal life with regards to both health and welfare also contribute to the quality of human life, and food-animal health and safety are safeguards against the disruption of the food chain. The Veterinary Medicine field has broadened its scope of action, and nowadays it encompasses much more than the veterinary medical practice. Similarly, a wide field of knowledge was covered in this book. Even so, it was our goal to provide you with current advanced resources in different veterinary science disciplines.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1005-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7103-4",doi:"10.5772/56196",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"insights-from-veterinary-medicine",numberOfPages:292,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8712769decefe74bd752ce339f476964",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",publishedDate:"February 27th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3423.jpg",numberOfDownloads:52378,numberOfWosCitations:39,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:58,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:123,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 8th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 29th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 2nd 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 1st 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 31st 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"299",title:"Cynology",slug:"cynology"}],chapters:[{id:"43169",title:"Dermatology in Dogs and Cats",doi:"10.5772/53660",slug:"dermatology-in-dogs-and-cats",totalDownloads:10267,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Elisa Bourguignon, Luciana Diegues Guimarães, Tássia Sell Ferreira and Evandro Silva Favarato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43169",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43169",authors:[{id:"124361",title:"Mrs.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Bourguignon",slug:"elisa-bourguignon",fullName:"Elisa Bourguignon"}],corrections:null},{id:"43170",title:"Immunohistochemical Analysis of Progesterone Receptor and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Canine Inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/54472",slug:"immunohistochemical-analysis-of-progesterone-receptor-and-proliferating-cell-nuclear-antigen-in-cani",totalDownloads:2306,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anna M. Badowska-Kozakiewicz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43170",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43170",authors:[{id:"82267",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Badowska-Kozakiewicz",slug:"anna-badowska-kozakiewicz",fullName:"Anna Badowska-Kozakiewicz"}],corrections:null},{id:"43171",title:"Indicators of Poor Welfare in Dairy Cows Within Smallholder Zero-Grazing Units in the Peri-Urban Areas of Nairobi, Kenya",doi:"10.5772/53678",slug:"indicators-of-poor-welfare-in-dairy-cows-within-smallholder-zero-grazing-units-in-the-peri-urban-are",totalDownloads:4497,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"James Nguhiu-Mwangi, Joshua W. Aleri, Eddy G. M. Mogoa and Peter M. F. Mbithi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43171",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43171",authors:[{id:"79354",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Nguhiu-Mwangi",slug:"james-nguhiu-mwangi",fullName:"James Nguhiu-Mwangi"},{id:"166749",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",surname:"Aleri",slug:"joshua-aleri",fullName:"Joshua Aleri"},{id:"166750",title:"Dr.",name:"Eddy",surname:"Mogoa",slug:"eddy-mogoa",fullName:"Eddy Mogoa"},{id:"166751",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Mbithi",slug:"peter-mbithi",fullName:"Peter Mbithi"}],corrections:null},{id:"43190",title:"Mycobacterium avium Complex in Domestic and Wild Animals",doi:"10.5772/54323",slug:"mycobacterium-avium-complex-in-domestic-and-wild-animals",totalDownloads:3371,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ana Cláudia Coelho, Maria de Lurdes Pinto, Ana Matos, Manuela Matos and Maria dos Anjos Pires",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43190",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43190",authors:[{id:"79217",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuela",surname:"Matos",slug:"manuela-matos",fullName:"Manuela Matos"},{id:"79219",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cláudia",surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-claudia-coelho",fullName:"Ana Cláudia Coelho"},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires"},{id:"161692",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria De Lurdes",surname:"Pinto",slug:"maria-de-lurdes-pinto",fullName:"Maria De Lurdes Pinto"},{id:"161694",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Matos",slug:"ana-matos",fullName:"Ana Matos"}],corrections:null},{id:"43217",title:"Psittacosis",doi:"10.5772/53720",slug:"psittacosis",totalDownloads:3438,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"João Morais, Ana Cláudia Coelho and Maria dos Anjos Pires",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43217",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43217",authors:[{id:"79219",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cláudia",surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-claudia-coelho",fullName:"Ana Cláudia Coelho"},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires"},{id:"161696",title:"MSc.",name:"João",surname:"Morais",slug:"joao-morais",fullName:"João Morais"}],corrections:null},{id:"43183",title:"The Endocrine Glands in the Dog: From the Cell to Hormone",doi:"10.5772/53577",slug:"the-endocrine-glands-in-the-dog-from-the-cell-to-hormone",totalDownloads:6900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Helena Vala, João Rodrigo Mesquita, Fernando Esteves, Carla Santos, Rita Cruz, Cristina Mega and Carmen Nóbrega",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43183",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43183",authors:[{id:"161574",title:"Prof.",name:"Helena",surname:"Vala",slug:"helena-vala",fullName:"Helena Vala"},{id:"162506",title:"Dr.",name:"João",surname:"Mesquita",slug:"joao-mesquita",fullName:"João Mesquita"},{id:"162507",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Esteves",slug:"fernando-esteves",fullName:"Fernando Esteves"},{id:"162508",title:"Prof.",name:"Carla",surname:"Santos",slug:"carla-santos",fullName:"Carla Santos"},{id:"162509",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",surname:"Cruz",slug:"rita-cruz",fullName:"Rita Cruz"},{id:"162510",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Mega",slug:"cristina-mega",fullName:"Cristina Mega"},{id:"162511",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Nóbrega",slug:"carmen-nobrega",fullName:"Carmen Nóbrega"}],corrections:null},{id:"43194",title:"Sex Steroid Hormones and Tumors in Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/54324",slug:"sex-steroid-hormones-and-tumors-in-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:3826,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yolanda Millán, Silvia Guil-Luna, Carlos Reymundo, Raquel Sánchez- Céspedes and Juana Martín de las Mulas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43194",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43194",authors:[{id:"64839",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",surname:"Millan",slug:"yolanda-millan",fullName:"Yolanda Millan"}],corrections:null},{id:"43196",title:"Feline Mammary Fibroepithelial Hyperplasia: A Clinical Approach",doi:"10.5772/55550",slug:"feline-mammary-fibroepithelial-hyperplasia-a-clinical-approach",totalDownloads:4675,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rita Payan-Carreira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43196",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43196",authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],corrections:null},{id:"42578",title:"Diseases of Thyroid in Animals and Their Management",doi:"10.5772/55377",slug:"diseases-of-thyroid-in-animals-and-their-management",totalDownloads:4660,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"R. Singh and S. A. Beigh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42578",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42578",authors:[{id:"143663",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajiv",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajiv-singh",fullName:"Rajiv Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"43197",title:"Crossregulation of the Thyroid Hormone and Corticosteroids in Amphibians and Fish: The Effects of Endocrine Disruption",doi:"10.5772/54314",slug:"crossregulation-of-the-thyroid-hormone-and-corticosteroids-in-amphibians-and-fish-the-effects-of-end",totalDownloads:2724,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Xavier Terrien and Patrick Prunet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43197",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43197",authors:[{id:"140567",title:"Dr.",name:"Xavier",surname:"Terrien",slug:"xavier-terrien",fullName:"Xavier Terrien"}],corrections:null},{id:"43198",title:"Acute Toxicity Profiles of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Capsicum annum Seeds from South Western Uganda",doi:"10.5772/53599",slug:"acute-toxicity-profiles-of-aqueous-and-ethanolic-extracts-of-capsicum-annum-seeds-from-south-western",totalDownloads:2754,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Charles Lagu and Frederick I. B. Kayanja",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43198",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43198",authors:[{id:"80209",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Lagu",slug:"charles-lagu",fullName:"Charles Lagu"}],corrections:null},{id:"43199",title:"The in vitro Antihelminthic Efficacy of Erythrina Abyssinica Extracts on Ascaridia galli",doi:"10.5772/53708",slug:"the-in-vitro-antihelminthic-efficacy-of-erythrina-abyssinica-extracts-on-ascaridia-galli",totalDownloads:2962,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Charles Lagu and FIB Kayanja",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43199",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43199",authors:[{id:"80209",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Lagu",slug:"charles-lagu",fullName:"Charles Lagu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5861",title:"Theriogenology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5aae519c030c5492d65c181d9c0ea57",slug:"theriogenology",bookSignature:"Rita Payan Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5105",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25cd16b683d1f098bc304cbbdb3206cd",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Rita Payan Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5105.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5469",title:"Canine Medicine",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Advanced Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e798d88413dd09f8a4af2b2e325b82",slug:"canine-medicine-recent-topics-and-advanced-research",bookSignature:"Hussein Abdelhay Elsayed Kaoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5469.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein Abdelhay",surname:"Essayed Kaoud",slug:"hussein-abdelhay-essayed-kaoud",fullName:"Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66684",slug:"corrigendum-to-therapeutic-use-of-some-romanian-medicinal-plants",title:"Corrigendum to: Therapeutic Use of Some Romanian Medicinal Plants",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66684.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66684",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66684",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66684",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66684",chapter:{id:"64833",slug:"therapeutic-use-of-some-romanian-medicinal-plants",signatures:"Adina-Elena Segneanu, Claudiu Cepan, Ioan Grozescu, Florentina Cziple, Sorin Olariu, Sonia Ratiu, Viorica Lazar, Sorin Marius Murariu, Silvia Maria Velciov and Teodora Daniela Marti",dateSubmitted:"July 23rd 2018",dateReviewed:"November 11th 2018",datePrePublished:"January 9th 2019",datePublished:"June 19th 2019",book:{id:"8290",title:"Pharmacognosy",subtitle:"Medicinal Plants",fullTitle:"Pharmacognosy - Medicinal Plants",slug:"pharmacognosy-medicinal-plants",publishedDate:"June 19th 2019",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Al-Taweel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"25269",title:"Dr.",name:"Adina-Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Segneanu",fullName:"Adina-Elena Segneanu",slug:"adina-elena-segneanu",email:"s_adinaelena@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"156334",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioan",middleName:null,surname:"Grozescu",fullName:"Ioan Grozescu",slug:"ioan-grozescu",email:"ioangrozescu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"205722",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Velciov",fullName:"Silvia Velciov",slug:"silvia-velciov",email:"s_velciov@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"205723",title:"Prof.",name:"Sorin",middleName:null,surname:"Olariu",fullName:"Sorin Olariu",slug:"sorin-olariu",email:"srolariu@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"205724",title:"Dr.",name:"Florentina",middleName:null,surname:"Cziple",fullName:"Florentina Cziple",slug:"florentina-cziple",email:"cflorentina@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"282836",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudiu",middleName:null,surname:"Cepan",fullName:"Claudiu Cepan",slug:"claudiu-cepan",email:"cepancaludiu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"282837",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Ratiu",fullName:"Sonia Ratiu",slug:"sonia-ratiu",email:"srnolariu@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"282839",title:"Dr.",name:"Viorica",middleName:null,surname:"Lazar",fullName:"Viorica Lazar",slug:"viorica-lazar",email:"v.lazar@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"287216",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodora Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Marti",fullName:"Teodora Daniela Marti",slug:"teodora-daniela-marti",email:"dana_m73@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64833",slug:"therapeutic-use-of-some-romanian-medicinal-plants",signatures:"Adina-Elena Segneanu, Claudiu Cepan, Ioan Grozescu, Florentina Cziple, Sorin Olariu, Sonia Ratiu, Viorica Lazar, Sorin Marius Murariu, Silvia Maria Velciov and Teodora Daniela Marti",dateSubmitted:"July 23rd 2018",dateReviewed:"November 11th 2018",datePrePublished:"January 9th 2019",datePublished:"June 19th 2019",book:{id:"8290",title:"Pharmacognosy",subtitle:"Medicinal Plants",fullTitle:"Pharmacognosy - Medicinal Plants",slug:"pharmacognosy-medicinal-plants",publishedDate:"June 19th 2019",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Al-Taweel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"25269",title:"Dr.",name:"Adina-Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Segneanu",fullName:"Adina-Elena Segneanu",slug:"adina-elena-segneanu",email:"s_adinaelena@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"156334",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioan",middleName:null,surname:"Grozescu",fullName:"Ioan Grozescu",slug:"ioan-grozescu",email:"ioangrozescu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"205722",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Velciov",fullName:"Silvia Velciov",slug:"silvia-velciov",email:"s_velciov@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"205723",title:"Prof.",name:"Sorin",middleName:null,surname:"Olariu",fullName:"Sorin Olariu",slug:"sorin-olariu",email:"srolariu@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"205724",title:"Dr.",name:"Florentina",middleName:null,surname:"Cziple",fullName:"Florentina Cziple",slug:"florentina-cziple",email:"cflorentina@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"282836",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudiu",middleName:null,surname:"Cepan",fullName:"Claudiu Cepan",slug:"claudiu-cepan",email:"cepancaludiu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"282837",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Ratiu",fullName:"Sonia Ratiu",slug:"sonia-ratiu",email:"srnolariu@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"282839",title:"Dr.",name:"Viorica",middleName:null,surname:"Lazar",fullName:"Viorica Lazar",slug:"viorica-lazar",email:"v.lazar@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"287216",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodora Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Marti",fullName:"Teodora Daniela Marti",slug:"teodora-daniela-marti",email:"dana_m73@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8290",title:"Pharmacognosy",subtitle:"Medicinal Plants",fullTitle:"Pharmacognosy - Medicinal Plants",slug:"pharmacognosy-medicinal-plants",publishedDate:"June 19th 2019",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Al-Taweel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"2738",leadTitle:null,title:"Linear Algebra",subtitle:"Theorems and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Linear algebra occupies a central place in modern mathematics. Also, it is a beautiful and mature field of mathematics, and mathematicians have developed highly effective methods for solving its problems. It is a subject well worth studying for its own sake. This book contains selected topics in linear algebra, which represent the recent contributions in the most famous and widely problems. It includes a wide range of theorems and applications in different branches of linear algebra, such as linear systems, matrices, operators, inequalities, etc. It continues to be a definitive resource for researchers, scientists and graduate students.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0669-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5004-6",doi:"10.5772/3107",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"linear-algebra-theorems-and-applications",numberOfPages:264,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"7d4a676338d6da7a444a01743804f93a",bookSignature:"Hassan Abid Yasser",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2738.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:28740,numberOfWosCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfTotalCitations:45,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 6th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 10th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 15th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 14th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 13th 2012",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"68107",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"Abid",surname:"Yasser",slug:"hassan-yasser",fullName:"Hassan Yasser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/68107/images/system/68107.png",biography:"Hassan A. Yasser received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the college of science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq in 1989 and 1995, respectively. He received his Ph.D. from the college of science, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq in 2005. His current research interests include digital image processing, mathematical physics, and optical communication. He is currently a professor of mathematical physics and fiber communication at college of science, Thi-Qar University, Iraq. He has been working as a lecturer in the departments of physics, mathematics, and computers for more than 23 years. He has supervised a large number of graduate students and written a large number of scientific researches and books.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Thi Qar University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"963",title:"Linear Algebra",slug:"linear-algebra"}],chapters:[{id:"37783",title:"3-Algebras in String Theory",slug:"3-algebras-in-string-theory",totalDownloads:2900,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"140447",title:"Prof.",name:"Matsuo",surname:"Sato",slug:"matsuo-sato",fullName:"Matsuo Sato"}]},{id:"37780",title:"Algebraic Theory of Appell Polynomials with Application to General Linear Interpolation Problem",slug:"algebraic-theory-of-appell-polynomials-with-application-to-general-linear-interpolation-problem",totalDownloads:3046,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"143684",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco A.",surname:"Costabile",slug:"francesco-a.-costabile",fullName:"Francesco A. Costabile"},{id:"145195",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",surname:"Longo",slug:"elisabetta-longo",fullName:"Elisabetta Longo"}]},{id:"37781",title:"An Interpretation of Rosenbrock's Theorem via Local Rings",slug:"an-interpretation-of-rosenbrock-s-theorem-via-local-rings",totalDownloads:2205,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"148882",title:"Dr.",name:"Agurtzane",surname:"Amparan",slug:"agurtzane-amparan",fullName:"Agurtzane Amparan"},{id:"154868",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Marcaida",slug:"silvia-marcaida",fullName:"Silvia Marcaida"},{id:"154869",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion",surname:"Zaballa",slug:"ion-zaballa",fullName:"Ion Zaballa"}]},{id:"37782",title:"Gauge Theory, Combinatorics, and Matrix Models",slug:"gauge-theory-combinatorics-and-matrix-models",totalDownloads:2851,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"140579",title:"Dr.",name:"Taro",surname:"Kimura",slug:"taro-kimura",fullName:"Taro Kimura"}]},{id:"37787",title:"Nonnegative Inverse Eigenvalue Problem",slug:"nonnegative-inverse-eigenvalue-problem",totalDownloads:3169,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"141560",title:"PhD.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Soto",slug:"ricardo-soto",fullName:"Ricardo Soto"}]},{id:"37788",title:"Identification of Linear, Discrete-Time Filters via Realization",slug:"identification-of-linear-discrete-time-filters-via-realization",totalDownloads:2583,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"141682",title:"Dr",name:"Raymond",surname:"De Callafon",slug:"raymond-de-callafon",fullName:"Raymond De Callafon"}]},{id:"37785",title:"Partition-Matrix Theory Applied to the Computation of Generalized-Inverses for MIMO Systems in Rayleigh Fading Channels",slug:"partition-matrix-theory-applied-to-the-computation-of-generalized-inverses-for-mimo-systems-in-rayle",totalDownloads:3239,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"140284",title:"Mr.",name:"Pedro C.",surname:"Lozano",slug:"pedro-c.-lozano",fullName:"Pedro C. Lozano"},{id:"154942",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"luis-gonzalez",fullName:"Luis Gonzalez"}]},{id:"37784",title:"Operator Means and Applications",slug:"operator-means-and-applications",totalDownloads:2626,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"140243",title:"Dr.",name:"Pattrawut",surname:"Chansangiam",slug:"pattrawut-chansangiam",fullName:"Pattrawut Chansangiam"}]},{id:"37789",title:"Recent Research on Jensen's Inequality for Oparators",slug:"recent-research-on-jensen-s-inequality-for-oparators",totalDownloads:2004,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"144541",title:"Dr.",name:"Jadranka",surname:"Micic Hot",slug:"jadranka-micic-hot",fullName:"Jadranka Micic Hot"},{id:"144698",title:"Dr.",name:"Josip",surname:"Pečarić",slug:"josip-pecaric",fullName:"Josip Pečarić"}]},{id:"37786",title:"A Linear System of Both Equations and Inequalities in Max-Algebra",slug:"a-linear-system-of-both-equations-and-inequalities-in-max-algebra",totalDownloads:2663,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"140280",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulhadi",surname:"Aminu",slug:"abdulhadi-aminu",fullName:"Abdulhadi Aminu"}]},{id:"37790",title:"Efficient Model Transition in Adaptive Multi-Resolution Modeling of Biopolymers",slug:"efficient-model-transition-in-adaptive-multi-resolution-modeling-of-biopolymers",totalDownloads:1454,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"140281",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Poursina",slug:"mohammad-poursina",fullName:"Mohammad Poursina"},{id:"144415",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Imad",surname:"Khan",slug:"imad-khan",fullName:"Imad Khan"},{id:"144416",title:"Prof.",name:"Kurt",surname:"Anderson",slug:"kurt-anderson",fullName:"Kurt Anderson"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6526",title:"Matrix Theory",subtitle:"Applications and Theorems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"007221e88f11abf3c1bee9ba865c51b3",slug:"matrix-theory-applications-and-theorems",bookSignature:"Hassan A. Yasser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6526.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68107",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Yasser",slug:"hassan-yasser",fullName:"Hassan Yasser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5134",title:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2aeb0040a0135ad33564d0f5f19d6103",slug:"applied-linear-algebra-in-action",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"28306",title:"UVB and Vitamin D in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/25818",slug:"uvb-and-vitamin-d-in-psoriasis",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/28306.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28306",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28306",totalDownloads:4410,totalViews:136,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:51,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 1st 2011",dateReviewed:"August 13th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 15th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/28306",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/28306",book:{id:"986",slug:"psoriasis"},signatures:"A. Osmancevic",authors:[{id:"64658",title:"Dr.",name:"Amra",middleName:null,surname:"Osmancevic",fullName:"Amra Osmancevic",slug:"amra-osmancevic",email:"Amra.Osmancevic@vgregion.se",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Gothenburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"986",type:"book",title:"Psoriasis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Psoriasis",slug:"psoriasis",publishedDate:"February 15th 2012",bookSignature:"Jennifer Soung and Bonnie Koo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/986.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-878-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6743-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"63932",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",middleName:null,surname:"Soung",slug:"jennifer-soung",fullName:"Jennifer Soung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1002"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28299",type:"chapter",title:"Psoriasis and Stem Cells",slug:"psoriasis-and-stem-cells",totalDownloads:3183,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kaiming Zhang, Guohua Yin, Xinhua Li, Xuping Niu, Ruixia Hou, Ruifeng Liu and Junqin Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63306",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaiming",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Kaiming Zhang",slug:"kaiming-zhang"}]},{id:"28300",type:"chapter",title:"Pathogenesis of Psoriasis: The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Produced by Keratinocytes",slug:"pathogenesis-of-psoriasis-the-role-of-pro-inflammatory-cytokines-produced-by-keratinocytes",totalDownloads:6633,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Anna Balato, Nicola Balato, Matteo Megna, Maria Schiattarella, Serena Lembo and Fabio Ayala",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63371",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Balato",fullName:"Nicola Balato",slug:"nicola-balato"},{id:"65725",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Balato",fullName:"Anna Balato",slug:"anna-balato"},{id:"71045",title:"Dr.",name:"Serena",middleName:null,surname:"Lembo",fullName:"Serena Lembo",slug:"serena-lembo"},{id:"71150",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Megna",fullName:"Matteo Megna",slug:"matteo-megna"},{id:"71153",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Ayala",fullName:"Fabio Ayala",slug:"fabio-ayala"},{id:"119081",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Schiattarella",fullName:"Maria Schiattarella",slug:"maria-schiattarella"}]},{id:"28301",type:"chapter",title:"Wound Repair Studies Reveal New Insights to Psoriasis",slug:"wound-repair-studies-reveal-new-insights-to-psoriasis-",totalDownloads:2489,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chee Ren Ivan Lam, Ming Jie Tan, Yan Yih Goh, Mark Boon Yang Tang and Nguan Soon Tan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63423",title:"Dr.",name:"Nguan Soon",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Nguan Soon Tan",slug:"nguan-soon-tan"},{id:"70723",title:"Mr.",name:"Ming Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Ming Jie Tan",slug:"ming-jie-tan"},{id:"70724",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark Boon Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Mark Boon Yang Tang",slug:"mark-boon-yang-tang"},{id:"70725",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan Yih",middleName:null,surname:"Goh",fullName:"Yan Yih Goh",slug:"yan-yih-goh"},{id:"71119",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee Ren Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Lam",fullName:"Chee Ren Ivan Lam",slug:"chee-ren-ivan-lam"}]},{id:"28302",type:"chapter",title:"Psoriatic Skin Models: A Need for the Pharmaceutical Industry",slug:"psoriatic-skin-models-a-need-for-the-pharmaceutical-industry",totalDownloads:2732,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jessica Jean, Martha Estrella Garcia-Pérez and Roxane Pouliot",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"6637",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxane",middleName:null,surname:"Pouliot",fullName:"Roxane Pouliot",slug:"roxane-pouliot"}]},{id:"28303",type:"chapter",title:"Detecting Psoriasis Arthritis Early in the Disease Course – Why This is Important and How Dermatologists and Rheumatologists Can Successfully Cooperate?",slug:"detection-of-psoriasis-arthritis-early-in-the-disease-course-why-this-is-important-and-how-dermatolo",totalDownloads:2790,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Peter Härle",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63224",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Härle",fullName:"Peter Härle",slug:"peter-harle"}]},{id:"28304",type:"chapter",title:"Head and Neck Psoriasis",slug:"head-and-neck-psoriasis",totalDownloads:5269,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sebastiano Bucolo, Valerio Torre, Giuseppe Romano, Carmelo Quattrocchi, Maura Filidoro and Claudio Caldarelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63854",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"Bucolo",fullName:"Sebastiano Bucolo",slug:"sebastiano-bucolo"},{id:"71354",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",fullName:"Giuseppe Romano",slug:"giuseppe-romano"},{id:"74542",title:"Dr.",name:"Valerio",middleName:null,surname:"Torre",fullName:"Valerio Torre",slug:"valerio-torre"},{id:"88066",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:null,surname:"Quattrocchi",fullName:"Carmelo Quattrocchi",slug:"carmelo-quattrocchi"},{id:"88117",title:"Dr.",name:"Maura",middleName:null,surname:"Filidoro",fullName:"Maura Filidoro",slug:"maura-filidoro"},{id:"88603",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Caldarelli",fullName:"Claudio Caldarelli",slug:"claudio-caldarelli"}]},{id:"28305",type:"chapter",title:"Metabolic Features in Psoriasis",slug:"metabolic-features-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:3020,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Giulia Ganzetti, Anna Campanati, Giulia Liberati and Annamaria Offidani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65622",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Campanati",fullName:"Anna Campanati",slug:"anna-campanati"},{id:"72025",title:"Prof.",name:"Annamaria",middleName:null,surname:"Offidani",fullName:"Annamaria Offidani",slug:"annamaria-offidani"},{id:"72028",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Liberati",fullName:"Giulia Liberati",slug:"giulia-liberati"},{id:"120540",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Ganzetti",fullName:"Giulia Ganzetti",slug:"giulia-ganzetti"}]},{id:"28306",type:"chapter",title:"UVB and Vitamin D in Psoriasis",slug:"uvb-and-vitamin-d-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:4410,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"A. Osmancevic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"64658",title:"Dr.",name:"Amra",middleName:null,surname:"Osmancevic",fullName:"Amra Osmancevic",slug:"amra-osmancevic"}]},{id:"28307",type:"chapter",title:"Nail Psoriasis",slug:"nail-psoriasis",totalDownloads:5612,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Eckart Haneke",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"64183",title:"Prof.",name:"Eckart",middleName:null,surname:"Haneke",fullName:"Eckart Haneke",slug:"eckart-haneke"}]},{id:"28308",type:"chapter",title:"Psoriasis and Stress – Psoriasis Aspect of Psychoneuroendocrinology",slug:"psoriasis-stress",totalDownloads:2640,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"F.Z. Zangeneh, A. Fazeli and F.S. Shooshtary",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63574",title:"Dr.",name:"Farideh",middleName:"Zafari",surname:"Zangeneh",fullName:"Farideh Zangeneh",slug:"farideh-zangeneh"}]},{id:"28309",type:"chapter",title:"Personality in Patients with Psoriasis",slug:"personality-and-psoriasis",totalDownloads:4621,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ramón Martín-Brufau, Jorge C. Ulnik, Carmen Brufau Redondo and Francisco-Javier Corbalán Berná",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Martín-Brufau",fullName:"Ramón Martín-Brufau",slug:"ramon-martin-brufau"},{id:"68823",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge C.",middleName:null,surname:"Ulnik",fullName:"Jorge C. Ulnik",slug:"jorge-c.-ulnik"},{id:"69472",title:"Dr.",name:"F.J.",middleName:null,surname:"Corbalan Berna",fullName:"F.J. Corbalan Berna",slug:"f.j.-corbalan-berna"},{id:"69477",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Brufau-Redondo",fullName:"Carmen Brufau-Redondo",slug:"carmen-brufau-redondo"}]},{id:"28310",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Immune Response and the Impact of Biological Drugs in Psoriasis Patients",slug:"the-role-of-immune-response-and-the-impact-of-biological-drugs-in-psoriasis-patients",totalDownloads:2032,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Amedeo Amedei and Mario Milco D’Elios",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28157",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:"M.",surname:"D'Elios",fullName:"Mario D'Elios",slug:"mario-d'elios"},{id:"64827",title:"Dr.",name:"Amedei",middleName:null,surname:"Amedeo",fullName:"Amedei Amedeo",slug:"amedei-amedeo"}]},{id:"28311",type:"chapter",title:"Infliximab Therapy for Plaque Psoriasis: The UCL Experience",slug:"infliximab-therapy-for-plaque-psoriasis-the-ucl-experience",totalDownloads:2001,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pierre-Dominique Ghislain",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63318",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre-Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Ghislain",fullName:"Pierre-Dominique Ghislain",slug:"pierre-dominique-ghislain"}]},{id:"28312",type:"chapter",title:"Systemic Cyclosporin in the Treatment of Psoriasis",slug:"systemic-cyclosporine-in-the-treatment-of-psoriasis-and-psoriatic-arthritis-",totalDownloads:5086,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Delia Colombo and Antonino Di Pietro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70320",title:"Dr.",name:"Delia",middleName:null,surname:"Colombo",fullName:"Delia Colombo",slug:"delia-colombo"}]},{id:"28313",type:"chapter",title:"Topical Therapies for Psoriasis",slug:"topical-therapies-for-psoriasis",totalDownloads:6216,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Amitava Mitra and Ercem Atillasoy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68600",title:"Dr.",name:"Amitava",middleName:null,surname:"Mitra",fullName:"Amitava Mitra",slug:"amitava-mitra"}]},{id:"28314",type:"chapter",title:"Biotech on the Rise: The Treatment of Psoriasis with Biological Drugs",slug:"biotech-on-the-rise-the-treatment-of-psoriasis-with-biological-drugs-",totalDownloads:2744,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daria Capece, Valeria Iansante, Mariafausta Fischietti, Daniela Verzella, Maria Concetta Fargnoli, Ketty Peris, Roberto Giacomelli, Francesca Zazzeroni and Edoardo Alesse",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66532",title:"Prof.",name:"Edoardo",middleName:null,surname:"Alesse",fullName:"Edoardo Alesse",slug:"edoardo-alesse"},{id:"71081",title:"Dr.",name:"Daria",middleName:null,surname:"Capece",fullName:"Daria Capece",slug:"daria-capece"},{id:"71083",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeria",middleName:null,surname:"Iansante",fullName:"Valeria Iansante",slug:"valeria-iansante"},{id:"71084",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Zazzeroni",fullName:"Francesca Zazzeroni",slug:"francesca-zazzeroni"},{id:"71091",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Verzella",fullName:"Daniela Verzella",slug:"daniela-verzella"},{id:"71095",title:"Dr.",name:"Fausta",middleName:null,surname:"Fischietti",fullName:"Fausta Fischietti",slug:"fausta-fischietti"},{id:"71097",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Concetta",middleName:null,surname:"Fargnoli",fullName:"Maria Concetta Fargnoli",slug:"maria-concetta-fargnoli"},{id:"71098",title:"Prof.",name:"Ketty",middleName:null,surname:"Peris",fullName:"Ketty Peris",slug:"ketty-peris"},{id:"71099",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Giacomelli",fullName:"Roberto Giacomelli",slug:"roberto-giacomelli"}]},{id:"28315",type:"chapter",title:"Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy in Psoriasis",slug:"food-nutrition-and-diet-therapy-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:7064,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Maria Lucia Diniz Araujo, Paulla Suylane Santos Fernandes Costa and Maria Goretti Pessoa de Araujo Burgos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"69462",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Diniz Araujo",fullName:"Maria Lucia Diniz Araujo",slug:"maria-lucia-diniz-araujo"},{id:"116886",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Goretti",middleName:null,surname:"Pessoa De Araújo Burgos",fullName:"Maria Goretti Pessoa De Araújo Burgos",slug:"maria-goretti-pessoa-de-araujo-burgos"},{id:"116887",title:"Ms.",name:"Paulla Suylane",middleName:"Santos",surname:"Fernandes Costa",fullName:"Paulla Suylane Fernandes Costa",slug:"paulla-suylane-fernandes-costa"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"310",title:"Skin Biopsy",subtitle:"Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19f98de4d84d0f7a8bd62d61de5510eb",slug:"skin-biopsy-perspectives",bookSignature:"Uday Khopkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/310.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83801",title:"Dr.",name:"Uday",surname:"Khopkar",slug:"uday-khopkar",fullName:"Uday Khopkar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"22579",title:"Skin Biopsy Procedures: How and Where to Perform a Proper Biopsy",slug:"skin-biopsy-procedures-how-and-where-to-perform-a-proper-biopsy",signatures:"Z. Seia, L. Musso, Stefania Palazzini and M. Bertero",authors:[{id:"62817",title:"Dr.",name:"Zelda",middleName:null,surname:"Seia",fullName:"Zelda Seia",slug:"zelda-seia"},{id:"101115",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Musso",fullName:"Luca Musso",slug:"luca-musso"},{id:"101116",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Bertero",fullName:"Michele Bertero",slug:"michele-bertero"},{id:"129618",title:"Dr.",name:"Steania",middleName:null,surname:"Palazzini",fullName:"Steania Palazzini",slug:"steania-palazzini"}]},{id:"22580",title:"General Methods in Preparation of Skin Biopsies for Haematoxylin & Eosin Stain and Immunohistochemistry",slug:"general-methods-in-preparation-of-skin-biopsies-for-haematoxylin-eosin-stain-and-immunohistochemistr",signatures:"Khitam Al-Refu",authors:[{id:"51233",title:"Dr.",name:"Khitam",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Refu",fullName:"Khitam Al-Refu",slug:"khitam-al-refu"}]},{id:"22581",title:"Types and Selection Criteria for Various Skin Biopsy Procedures",slug:"types-and-selection-criteria-for-various-skin-biopsy-procedures",signatures:"Divey Manocha, Nidhi Bansal and Ramsay S. Farah",authors:[{id:"42935",title:"Dr.",name:"Divey",middleName:null,surname:"Manocha",fullName:"Divey Manocha",slug:"divey-manocha"},{id:"55324",title:"Dr.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Bansal",fullName:"Nidhi Bansal",slug:"nidhi-bansal"},{id:"55403",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramsay",middleName:null,surname:"Farah",fullName:"Ramsay Farah",slug:"ramsay-farah"}]},{id:"22582",title:"New Diagnostic Applications in Sporotrichosis",slug:"new-diagnostic-applications-in-sporotrichosis",signatures:"Rosely Maria Zancope-Oliveira, Rodrigo de Almeida-Paes, Manoel Marques Evangelista de Oliveira, Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas and Maria Clara Gutierrez Galhardo",authors:[{id:"52688",title:"Dr",name:"Rosely",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Zancope-Oliveira",fullName:"Rosely Zancope-Oliveira",slug:"rosely-zancope-oliveira"},{id:"60613",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo de",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida-Paes",fullName:"Rodrigo de Almeida-Paes",slug:"rodrigo-de-almeida-paes"},{id:"60614",title:"Prof.",name:"Manoel Marques Evangelista de",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Manoel Marques Evangelista de Oliveira",slug:"manoel-marques-evangelista-de-oliveira"},{id:"60615",title:"MSc.",name:"Dayvison Francis Saraiva",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",fullName:"Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas",slug:"dayvison-francis-saraiva-freitas"},{id:"60616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Clara",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez-Galhardo",fullName:"Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo",slug:"maria-clara-gutierrez-galhardo"}]},{id:"22583",title:"Skin Biopsy in Leprosy",slug:"skin-biopsy-in-leprosy",signatures:"Avninder Singh, Xiaoman Weng and Indira Nath",authors:[{id:"46851",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoman",middleName:null,surname:"Weng",fullName:"Xiaoman Weng",slug:"xiaoman-weng"},{id:"62845",title:"Prof.",name:"Indira",middleName:null,surname:"Nath",fullName:"Indira Nath",slug:"indira-nath"},{id:"89251",title:"Dr.",name:"Avninder",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Avninder Singh",slug:"avninder-singh"}]},{id:"22584",title:"Severe Drug-Induced Skin Reactions: Clinical Pattern, Diagnostics and Therapy",slug:"severe-drug-induced-skin-reactions-clinical-pattern-diagnostics-and-therapy",signatures:"Mirjana Ziemer and Maja Mockenhaupt",authors:[{id:"47304",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Mockenhaupt",fullName:"Maja Mockenhaupt",slug:"maja-mockenhaupt"},{id:"47333",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirjana",middleName:null,surname:"Ziemer",fullName:"Mirjana Ziemer",slug:"mirjana-ziemer"}]},{id:"22585",title:"Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions",slug:"severe-cutaneous-adverse-reactions",signatures:"Suran Fernando",authors:[{id:"56562",title:"Prof.",name:"Suran",middleName:null,surname:"Fernando",fullName:"Suran Fernando",slug:"suran-fernando"}]},{id:"22586",title:"Mechanisms Regulating Epidermal Innervation in Pruritus of Atopic Dermatitis",slug:"mechanisms-regulating-epidermal-innervation-in-pruritus-of-atopic-dermatitis",signatures:"Mitsutoshi Tominaga and Kenji Takamori",authors:[{id:"47748",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Takamori",fullName:"Kenji Takamori",slug:"kenji-takamori"},{id:"51938",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tominaga",fullName:"Mitsutoshi Tominaga",slug:"mitsutoshi-tominaga"}]},{id:"22587",title:"Diagnosing Vascular Dementia by Skin Biopsy - Uniqueness of CADASIL",slug:"diagnosing-vascular-dementia-by-skin-biopsy-uniqueness-of-cadasil",signatures:"Saara Tikka, Kati Mykkänen, Maija Junna, Robert Bergholm, Minna Pöyhönen, Marc Baumann, Matti Viitanen and Hannu Kalimo",authors:[{id:"59014",title:"Dr.",name:"Saara",middleName:null,surname:"Tikka",fullName:"Saara Tikka",slug:"saara-tikka"},{id:"60884",title:"Prof.",name:"Hannu",middleName:null,surname:"Kalimo",fullName:"Hannu Kalimo",slug:"hannu-kalimo"},{id:"60885",title:"Dr.",name:"Kati",middleName:null,surname:"Mykkanen",fullName:"Kati Mykkanen",slug:"kati-mykkanen"},{id:"60886",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Bergholm",fullName:"Robert Bergholm",slug:"robert-bergholm"},{id:"60887",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Baumann",fullName:"Marc Baumann",slug:"marc-baumann"},{id:"60888",title:"Dr.",name:"Minna",middleName:null,surname:"Poyhonen",fullName:"Minna Poyhonen",slug:"minna-poyhonen"}]},{id:"22588",title:"The Clinicopathologic and Molecular Aspects of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer",slug:"the-clinicopathologic-and-molecular-aspects-of-non-melanoma-skin-cancer",signatures:"Anthony P. Tufaro, Nijaguna B. Prasad, Anne C. Fischer and Allan D. Hess",authors:[{id:"36061",title:"Dr.",name:"Allan",middleName:"D.",surname:"Hess",fullName:"Allan Hess",slug:"allan-hess"},{id:"57956",title:"Dr.",name:"Nijaguna",middleName:null,surname:"Prasad",fullName:"Nijaguna Prasad",slug:"nijaguna-prasad"},{id:"57957",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Tufaro",fullName:"Anthony Tufaro",slug:"anthony-tufaro"},{id:"57958",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",fullName:"Anne Fischer",slug:"anne-fischer"}]},{id:"22589",title:"Stress Hormone and Skin Disease",slug:"stress-hormone-and-skin-disease",signatures:"Jung Eun Kim and Hyun Jeong Park",authors:[{id:"47695",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyun Jeong",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Hyun Jeong Park",slug:"hyun-jeong-park"},{id:"50471",title:"Dr.",name:"Jung Eun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jung Eun Kim",slug:"jung-eun-kim"}]},{id:"22590",title:"Use of Reconstructed Skin Specimens to Analyze Stratum corneum Remodeling and Epidermal Modifications",slug:"use-of-reconstructed-skin-specimens-to-analyze-stratum-corneum-remodeling-and-epidermal-modification",signatures:"Paolo U. Giacomoni, Kelly Dong, Donald Collins, Nadine Pernodet and Daniel Yarosh",authors:[{id:"50241",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Giacomoni",fullName:"Paolo Giacomoni",slug:"paolo-giacomoni"},{id:"92390",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Yarosh",fullName:"Daniel Yarosh",slug:"daniel-yarosh"}]},{id:"22591",title:"Keratinocyte Culture Techniques in Medical and Scientific Applications",slug:"keratinocyte-culture-techniques-in-medical-and-scientific-applications",signatures:"Stefanie Kuhn, Christine Radtke, Christina Allmeling, Peter M. Vogt and Kerstin Reimers",authors:[{id:"52032",title:"Dr.",name:"Kerstin",middleName:null,surname:"Reimers",fullName:"Kerstin Reimers",slug:"kerstin-reimers"},{id:"55114",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Radtke",fullName:"Christine Radtke",slug:"christine-radtke"},{id:"55115",title:"Mrs.",name:"Stefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Kuhn",fullName:"Stefanie Kuhn",slug:"stefanie-kuhn"},{id:"55116",title:"Ms.",name:"Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Allmeling",fullName:"Christina Allmeling",slug:"christina-allmeling"},{id:"55117",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Vogt",fullName:"Peter Vogt",slug:"peter-vogt"}]},{id:"22592",title:"Bioengineered Skin",slug:"bioengineered-skin",signatures:"María José Escámez, Lucía Martínez-Santamaría, Marta García, Sara Guerrero-Aspizua, Marta Carretero, Fernando Larcher, Álvaro Meana and Marcela Del Río",authors:[{id:"52675",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Del Rio",fullName:"Marcela Del Rio",slug:"marcela-del-rio"},{id:"52676",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Santamaria",fullName:"Lucia Martinez-Santamaria",slug:"lucia-martinez-santamaria"},{id:"52680",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Meana",fullName:"Alvaro Meana",slug:"alvaro-meana"},{id:"52681",title:"Dr.",name:"Larcher",middleName:null,surname:"Fernando",fullName:"Larcher Fernando",slug:"larcher-fernando"},{id:"52682",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Aspizua",fullName:"Sara Guerrero-Aspizua",slug:"sara-guerrero-aspizua"},{id:"52683",title:"Dr.",name:"Carretero",middleName:null,surname:"Marta",fullName:"Carretero Marta",slug:"carretero-marta"},{id:"52684",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Escamez",fullName:"Maria Jose Escamez",slug:"maria-jose-escamez"}]},{id:"22593",title:"Skin Biopsies as Tools to Measure Fish Coloration and Colour Change",slug:"skin-biopsies-as-tools-to-measure-fish-coloration-and-colour-change",signatures:"P. Andreas Svensson and Helen Nilsson Sköld",authors:[{id:"36761",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen Nilsson",middleName:null,surname:"Sköld",fullName:"Helen Nilsson Sköld",slug:"helen-nilsson-skold"},{id:"47938",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Svensson",fullName:"P. Andreas Svensson",slug:"p.-andreas-svensson"}]},{id:"22594",title:"Multi-Trial Ecotoxicological Diagnostic Tool in Cetacean Skin Biopsies",slug:"multi-trial-ecotoxicological-diagnostic-tool-in-cetacean-skin-biopsies",signatures:"Maria Cristina Fossi and Letizia Marsili",authors:[{id:"36885",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Fossi",fullName:"Christina Fossi",slug:"christina-fossi"},{id:"117461",title:"Dr.",name:"Letizia",middleName:null,surname:"Marsili",fullName:"Letizia Marsili",slug:"letizia-marsili"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"659",title:"Contact Dermatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75dee39a68ef792be26da7d232072682",slug:"contact-dermatitis",bookSignature:"Young Suck Ro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/659.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120447",title:"Dr.",name:"Young Suck",surname:"Ro",slug:"young-suck-ro",fullName:"Young Suck Ro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"941",title:"Atopic Dermatitis",subtitle:"Disease Etiology and Clinical Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f671d417bb039062e15c3f0f9e89061c",slug:"atopic-dermatitis-disease-etiology-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Jorge Esparza-Gordillo and Itaru Dekio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65301",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Esparza-Gordillo",slug:"jorge-esparza-gordillo",fullName:"Jorge Esparza-Gordillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1005",title:"Vitiligo",subtitle:"Management and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8d0f695013488bf14666c1aa573f6bf",slug:"vitiligo-management-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Kelly KyungHwa Park and Jenny Eileen Murase",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1005.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70157",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",surname:"Park",slug:"kelly-park",fullName:"Kelly Park"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3305",title:"Skin Biopsy",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"948465769bcbc65b02bc2b8e91cc7083",slug:"skin-biopsy-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Suran L. Fernando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3305.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"56562",title:"Prof.",name:"Suran",surname:"Fernando",slug:"suran-fernando",fullName:"Suran Fernando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3447",title:"Psoriasis",subtitle:"Types, Causes and Medication",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66be685d4a4ccc8ebe160d8ca579a4d9",slug:"psoriasis-types-causes-and-medication",bookSignature:"Hermenio Lima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64733",title:"Dr.",name:"Hermenio",surname:"Lima",slug:"hermenio-lima",fullName:"Hermenio Lima"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",body:'This chapter presents a multivariate analysis method, using a combination of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) [1] and Factorial Correspondence Analysis (AFC) in two steps [2]. The method provides the advantage of jointly handling multiple variables with many levels. The approach exploits HCA in reducing many variables into fewer ones that represent the individuals within them and then with Correspondence analysis it manages to reduce the information even further and express it upon dimensions.
These dimensions not only organize the information within the data to be explained more thoroughly but also visualizes the inner relationships among categories of the variables. By analyzing the antagonism of the clusters on different sets of dimensions, as we can also have a three-dimensional or more system of axes [3], we can understand further the behavior of the variables and their categories, as well as the associations among them.
Clustering in the final step of the coordinates of the categories on the dimensions we link the initial clusters with the categories, creating a semantic map [4] that can visualize the phenomenon in a Cartesian field or a three-dimensional space [3]. In this chapter, we present the application of the method in a specific case, which works only as an example.
The sample consists of students in Thessaloniki, Greece measuring specifically their political attitudes and their views on democracy, on moral values and the way they are informed in general about politics. In the example that is developed through the chapter we describe the application of the method and the interpretation of the results step by step.
Our data analysis is based on Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Factorial Correspondence Analysis (AFC) in two steps [5]. The dataset is analyzed using advanced multivariate methods (Hierarchical Cluster analysis, Factorial correspondence Analysis (Analyse factorielle des correspondences AFC) [2]. Using this mixed-method approach, enables the detection of profiles of similar behavior, the association of each profile to the distinct categories that compose it and the detection of the dimension which describes the dynamics of the phenomenon, enabling the visualization of these dynamics in its final output.
In the first step, HCA assigns subjects into distinct groups according to their response patterns [2]. The main output of HCA is a group or cluster membership variable, which reflects the partitioning of the subjects into groups. Furthermore, for each group, the contribution of each question (variable) to the group formation is investigated [2], to reveal a typology of behavioral patterns. To determine the number of clusters, we use the empirical criterion of the change in the ratio of between-cluster inertia to total inertia, when moving from a partition with r clusters to a partition with r-1 clusters [6]. The metric used is chi-square. Analysis was conducted with the software M.A.D. (Methodes de l’ Analyse des Donnees) [7]. In the second step, the group membership variable, obtained from the first step, is jointly analyzed with the existing variables via Multiple Correspondence Analysis on the so-called Burt table [8]. At this stage, correspondence extracts the dimensions that constitute the overall phenomenon, explaining the inner inertia between all subjects. To determine the number of factors, the empirical criterion of Benzecri was used. According to the empirical criterion of Benzecri [2], two specific sub-criteria should be fulfilled.
COR > 200 and CTR value >1000/(n + 1).
where n = total number of categories.
We proceed by applying again HCA for the coordinates of the categories on the dimensions. Bringing these two analyses steps together, we can construct a semantic map that can visualize the behavioral structure of the variables and the subjects, creating behavioral patterns and abstract discourses [4].
To demonstrate the method of HCA and MCA in two steps, an example was selected to be described in the following sections. This example refers to the analysis of data collected during a survey in Thessaloniki, Greece in the period 2019–2020. The topic of the survey is to collect data about the political characteristics of young students who participated in a civic education course offered by the Department of Political Sciences in the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The sample consists of 1618 participants, allocated into four groups:
Group 1: random university students within the campus of the university who were not part of the civic education course.
Group 2: university students who attended the course in-classroom.
Group 3: university students who attended the course through e-learning, due to covid-19 restrictions and measures.
Group 4: high-school students who attended the course.
The tool of the survey was a questionnaire, structured in three sections: 1) demographics, 2) political behavior, 3) information means, views on democracy and moral context.
The objective of the research is to investigate the students’ levels of political knowledge, political interest, preferable way of political mobilization and distinguish the different profiles among the four groups of participants. The variables of the research -associated with each one of the questions- correspond to: a) political interest, c) political knowledge, b) political mobilization, c) their self-positioning on the ideological left–right axis, d) sources of information on politics e) structure of the “political” and f) “moral” self [9, 10].
More specifically, the respondents are asked directly for their level of political interest (ordinal scale) and the way they prefer to mobilize themselves on political issues which may arise (nominal scale). The variable of political knowledge (ordinal scale) is composed through the answers of the respondents on basic questions about politics, many correct answers produce a high score of political knowledge. Next, the respondents are asked to position themselves on a scale of 0 to 10 resembling the left–right ideological axis.
In the last section of the questionnaire, the questions on information sources, democratic and moral self are found. Regarding the preferable source of information, the respondents are asked to choose the two sources they use more often to get informed about politics. Moving on to the variable of “democratic self” [10], the respondent finds a set of 12 pictures, which conceptualize different versions of democracy. They are asked to choose three of them that symbolize in the best way how they understand democracy. Same wise, in the next question they are asked again to choose 3 pictures from a new set of 12 pictures, representing attitudes and views on life and moral values in general. These two sets of pictures construct symbolic representations of democratic institutions and of their personal moral compass (Table 1) [9].
In this step of the analysis, we select the three variables of the last section, these are the sources of information (E13), the understanding of democracy (E14) and the moral values (E15). For these variables, we have a dataset comprising of 0–1 values, where 0 equals to a not selected picture or source and 1 to a selected one. For each one of these three sets of variables, we apply HCA, aiming to summarize the information. HCA’s output is the dendrogram in Figure 1 visualizing the clusters created in each step.
Dendrogram (HCA) indicating the clusters for E14 variable.
Initially, we cluster the variables to see patterns of categories. In the example below, we cluster the pictures for democracy, getting 5 clusters (38, 40, 41, 46 and 44). As seen in Figure 2, cluster 38 is created by the selection of pictures 3, 10 and 11, cluster 40 consists of selecting picture 1 etc.
Classification process of the 12 pictures-variables of E14 (from E141 to E1412).
Processing the same HCA analysis, to cluster the variables for each one of the three selected variables, we get 5 clusters for E14, 5 clusters for E15 and 4 clusters for E13, as shown in the Table 2.
Code | Variable | Categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
group | group | 1: random students | 2: students in-class | 3: students e-learning | 4: high school students | ||
lr_c | ideology | 1: left | 2: left-left | 3: left | 4: left-right | 5: right | |
PM | political mobilization (nominal) | 1: I personally address the authorities | 2: I participate with others in collective mobilizations | 3: I take action through Social Media | 4: I let the authorities to do their job | 5: I do not know / I do not answer | |
PI | political interest (ordinal) | 1: very much | 2: quite | 3: a little | 4: not at all | ||
PK | political knowledge (ordinal) | 1: low | 2: moderate | 3: high | |||
E13 | political info source (categorical, binary 0–1) | 1: TV-Radio | 2: Online newspapers-Internet | 3: Social media | 4: Family-relatives | 5: Friends | 6: Newspapers |
E14 | perception of democracy (categorical, binary 0–1) | 12 pictures which visualize concepts for how they perceive democracy | |||||
E15 | personal values (categorical, binary 0–1) | 12 pictures which visualize concepts of moral values |
Coding and categories of the variables used in the analysis.
Clusters for democracy | 38 | 40 | 41 | 44 | 46 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pictures selected | E1431 | E1411 | E1461 | E1451 | |
E14101 | E1491 | E1421 | |||
E14111 | E1481 | ||||
E1471 | |||||
E1441 | |||||
E14121 | |||||
Clusters for values | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 |
pictures selected | E1531 | E1591 | E1511 | E1571 | E1541 |
E1581 | E1521 | E15121 | E1551 | ||
E1561 | |||||
clusters for information | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | |
pictures selected | e1311 | e1361 | e1321 | e1381 | |
e1331 | e1351 | ||||
e1341 |
The clusters for each one of the variables (E4, E15 and E13) and the selected pictures they are linked to.
We proceed by clustering now the subjects. Instead of having 12 binary variables to represent the democratic self, we produce clusters of similar choices and assign each one of the respondents to the clusters he is closer to according to this profile of answers. HCA again produces a dendrogram with the steps of the clustering process (Figure 3).
Dendrogram (HCA) indicating the clusters of subjects for E14 variable.
In the example shown in Figure 4 we see how the answers on the 12 pictures on democratic self are transformed into one clustering variable (gr_dem), assigning each respondent into one of the clusters of HCA. Following the same method, a separate application of HCA for information sources and for the moral self we get the clustering variables (gr_inf) and (gr_val).
Transforming the dataset by replacing the binary E141-E1412 with the cluster membership variable gr_dem.
After we have completed a separate HCA, to classify the subjects (respondents) for each one of the selected variables (E14, E15 and E13) we get 8 clusters of respondents for E14 (renamed to gr_dem), 9 clusters for E15 (renamed to gr_val) and 8 clusters for E13 (renamed to gr_inf). Table 3 shows a summary of the clusters of subjects for each one of the three variables we get the following table including the clusters and their relative frequency.
gr_dem | freq% | gr_val | freq% | gr_inf | freq% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3201 | 12% | 3187 | 4% | 3136 | 11% |
3204 | 7% | 3191 | 7% | 3198 | 4% |
3207 | 14% | 3192 | 10% | 3206 | 12% |
3209 | 14% | 3200 | 9% | 3208 | 15% |
3210 | 6% | 3202 | 13% | 3211 | 15% |
3212 | 15% | 3203 | 15% | 3213 | 13% |
3213 | 14% | 3204 | 12% | 3215 | 16% |
3214 | 18% | 3206 | 13% | 3216 | 13% |
3207 | 16% |
Cluster membership variables and their categories for E14, E15 and E13.
We investigate further the profile of each cluster for the variable E14. Each cluster is associated with selecting a set of pictures. As shown in Table 4 cluster 3201 consists of the respondents who are more likely to select picture number 12, which corresponds to the symbolic representation for religion (Table 5). Cluster 3204 relates to selecting pictures 4,5,9 and 12 (e-democracy, representative, clientelism and religion). The sets of pictures connected to the clusters, depict the different profiles of the respondents according to the way they comprehend democracy.
E14/gr_dem | 3201 | 3204 | 3207 | 3209 | 3210 | 3212 | 3213 | 3214 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1411 | 40,451 | 27,1001 | ||||||
E1421 | 21,534 | 18,6383 | 27,784 | |||||
E1431 | 57,626 | 20,2902 | ||||||
E1441 | 41,865 | 82,1471 | ||||||
E1451 | 16,437 | 11,9273 | 17,5035 | |||||
E1461 | 154,0449 | |||||||
E1471 | 67,2476 | |||||||
E1481 | 11,8125 | 11,1089 | ||||||
E1491 | 122,6539 | 22,5595 | ||||||
E14101 | 30,127 | 10,2896 | 34,607 | |||||
E14111 | 13,3978 | 71,9056 | ||||||
E14121 | 93,9969 | 7021 |
Weight of selecting each picture to the creation of the clusters for E14.
Democracy | 3201 | 3204 | 3207 | 3209 | 3210 | 3212 | 3213 | 3214 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Movement | E1411 | X | X | ||||||
Ancient Greece | E1421 | X | X | X | |||||
Direct | E1431 | X | X | ||||||
e-Democracy | E1441 | X | X | ||||||
Representative | E1451 | X | X | X | |||||
Riot | E1461 | X | |||||||
Deliberation | E1471 | X | |||||||
Volunteerism | E1481 | X | X | ||||||
Clientelism | E1491 | X | X | ||||||
Rebellion | E14101 | X | X | X | |||||
Protest | E14111 | X | X | ||||||
Religion | E14121 | X | X | ||||||
%Count | 11.9% | 7.4% | 14.0% | 13.6% | 6.0% | 15.0% | 14.2% | 18.1% |
Summarizing the content of each cluster and renaming the clusters for E14.
Similarly, for variable E15, we describe the profiles of the cluster of the respondents regarding the pictures they are more likely to select. In Table 6 we see that cluster 3187 is connected to the pictures 1, 2, 4 and 11 which correspond to riot, anonymous, army and protest, a representation of expressivist moral values (Table 7). In contrast, we see cluster 3207 having a completely naturalist moral values as it is connected to pictures 7, 8, 9, 12 (mountain, family, intimacy and concert).
E15/gr_val | 3187 | 3191 | 3192 | 3200 | 3202 | 3203 | 3204 | 3206 | 3207 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1511 | 188,512 | ||||||||
E1521 | 20,9268 | 118,983 | 54,775 | ||||||
E1531 | 12,0584 | 58,0211 | |||||||
E1541 | 18,172 | 121,4029 | |||||||
E1551 | 79,232 | 74,1092 | |||||||
E1561 | 73,3846 | ||||||||
E1571 | 10,2587 | 48,654 | 15,5155 | ||||||
E1581 | 18,882 | 15,8182 | |||||||
E1591 | 44,774 | 82,153 | 23,8393 | ||||||
E15101 | 74,8128 | ||||||||
E15111 | 22,4576 | 52,603 | 80,7176 | ||||||
E15121 | 23,373 | 19,8778 |
Weight of selecting each picture to the creation of the clusters for E15.
Values | Picture | 3187 | 3191 | 3192 | 3200 | 3202 | 3203 | 3204 | 3206 | 3207 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expressivist | Riot | E1511 | X | ||||||||
Expressivist | Anonymous | E1521 | X | X | X | ||||||
Christian | Christ | E1531 | X | X | |||||||
Army | Army | E1541 | X | X | |||||||
Naturalist | Money | E1551 | X | X | |||||||
Moon exploration | Astronaut | E1561 | X | ||||||||
Spirituality | Mountain | E1571 | X | X | P | ||||||
Naturalist | Family | E1581 | X | P | |||||||
Naturalist | Intimacy | E1591 | X | X | P | ||||||
Spirituality | Meditation | E15101 | X | ||||||||
Expressivist | Protest | E15111 | X | X | X | ||||||
Naturalist | Concert | E15121 | X | P | |||||||
%Count | 4.2% | 7.2% | 9.8% | 8.6% | 13.4% | 15.4% | 12.4% | 13.5% | 15.6% |
Summarizing the content of each cluster and renaming the clusters for E15.
Once more, we investigate the content of each cluster for the variable E13, regarding sources of information. Cluster 3136 includes those respondents who answer 1 and 3 (Table 8) which translates into preferring to get informed about politics by TV-radio and family (Table 9).
E13/gr_inf | 3136 | 3198 | 3206 | 3208 | 3211 | 3213 | 3215 | 3216 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
e1311 | 29,2252 | 21,2416 | 29,2252 | |||||
e1321 | 97,3186 | |||||||
e1331 | 52,5758 | 40,4936 | ||||||
e1341 | 81,3803 | |||||||
e1351 | 38,546 | 26,4659 | 78,426 | |||||
e1361 | 34,7882 | 36,0722 | ||||||
e1381 | 181,9963 |
Weight of selecting each source of information to the creation of the clusters for E13.
Info Source | 3136 | 3198 | 3206 | 3208 | 3211 | 3213 | 3215 | 3216 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TV-Radio | e1311 | X | X | X | |||||
Newspapers | e1321 | X | |||||||
Family | e1331 | X | X | ||||||
Friends | e1341 | X | |||||||
Social Media | e1351 | X | X | X | |||||
internet | e1361 | X | X | ||||||
No information | e1381 | X | |||||||
%Count | 11.0% | 4.5% | 12.3% | 15.1% | 14.6% | 13.0% | 15.9% | 13.5% |
Summarizing the content of each cluster and renaming the clusters for E13.
In the second step of the analysis, we jointly analyze the initial variables together with the new cluster membership variables gr_dem, gr_var and gr_inf. We repeat the steps as in the early stages of the analysis applying HCA which produced the following clusters for the subjects, as w result 8 clusters of respondents are detected (Table 10).
Cluster | Freq% |
---|---|
3155 | 5% |
3170 | 6% |
3174 | 6% |
3177 | 8% |
3185 | 38% |
3187 | 11% |
3192 | 17% |
3194 | 8% |
Clustering for the subjects using all the variables together with the new cluster membership variables, produced in the first step.
These clusters relate to the categories of the variables creating a behavioral profile for each one of the clusters of the respondents, in which they have been assigned accordingly. In Table 11 the profiles of the clusters are given in full detail, e.g., cluster 3155 consists of respondents who belong to group 4, are men [sex1], they characterize themselves as center-left [lr_c2], have moderate political knowledge [PK2], they choose to mobilize by personally addressing the authorities, take action through social media and/or let the authorities to do their job [PM1, PM3 and/or PM4],have a little political interest [PI3]. Furthermore, respondents in this cluster belong also in cluster 3136, 3208 and 3216 on how they get informed on politics, they belong to clusters 3207,3209, 3213 and 3214 regarding their views on democracy, and finally they belong in cluster 3192 regarding their set of moral values.
3155 | 3170 | 3174 | 3177 | 3187 | 3194 | 3185 | 3192 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
group1 | 11,8463 | 25,592 | 82,319 | 26,596 | ||||
group2 | 148,5301 | |||||||
group3 | 125,4921 | |||||||
group4 | 10,9198 | 14,5687 | 34,229 | 55,459 | ||||
sex1 | 76,276 | 29,353 | 14,1511 | |||||
sex2 | 23,639 | 71,799 | 75,205 | 6207 | 20,234 | |||
lr_c1 | 30,833 | 38,7565 | 90,106 | 95,594 | ||||
lr_c2 | 93,414 | 83,845 | 10,519 | |||||
lr_c3 | 48,308 | 62,839 | ||||||
lr_c4 | 5919 | 85,217 | ||||||
lr_c5 | 2274 | 79,067 | 14,2434 | |||||
PK0 | 79,321 | 53,899 | ||||||
PK1 | 98,862 | 33,421 | 16,697 | 25,422 | 27,604 | |||
PK2 | 15,5399 | 76,055 | 3605 | 26,049 | ||||
PK3 | 18,3509 | 50,077 | 19,997 | |||||
PK9 | 125,4921 | |||||||
PM1 | 34,843 | 78,408 | 45,907 | |||||
PM2 | 73,697 | 34,2217 | 30,939 | 58,304 | 22,388 | |||
PM3 | 92,603 | 21,341 | ||||||
PM4 | 38,361 | 21,751 | 69,315 | 29,301 | ||||
PM9 | 18,0682 | 25,506 | ||||||
PI1 | 21,7371 | 99,778 | 23,305 | 57,641 | ||||
PI2 | 86,385 | 47,958 | 87,025 | 16,576 | ||||
PI3 | 81,295 | 68,028 | 61,683 | |||||
PI4 | 31,3818 | 1344 | ||||||
gr_inf3136 | 35,692 | 17,137 | 40,6787 | 40,057 | ||||
gr_inf3198 | 95,479 | |||||||
gr_inf3206 | 17,9617 | 72,514 | 18,0647 | |||||
gr_inf3208 | 12,1097 | 13,512 | 72,484 | 3135 | ||||
gr_inf3211 | 60,759 | 16,943 | 35,994 | |||||
gr_inf3213 | 10,4056 | 20,2326 | 17,819 | |||||
gr_inf3215 | 31,174 | |||||||
gr_inf3216 | 68,826 | 68,826 | 25,316 | |||||
gr_dem3201 | 45,4001 | |||||||
gr_dem3204 | 36,4704 | |||||||
gr_dem3207 | 23,595 | 16,3147 | 38,131 | 36,193 | ||||
gr_dem3209 | 54,348 | 60,254 | 45,489 | |||||
gr_dem3210 | 36,1486 | 17,7273 | ||||||
gr_dem3212 | 48,5952 | |||||||
gr_dem3213 | 36,193 | 76,896 | ||||||
gr_dem3214 | 14,6412 | 61,185 | 54,366 | 58,628 | ||||
gr_val3187 | 92,596 | |||||||
gr_val3191 | 38,8079 | |||||||
gr_val3192 | 114,2029 | 20,676 | ||||||
gr_val3200 | 35,4314 | |||||||
gr_val3202 | 22,3301 | 82,6908 | 36,965 | |||||
gr_val3203 | 25,968 | 61,137 | 12,4995 | |||||
gr_val3204 | 46,966 | 58,266 | ||||||
gr_val3206 | 20,116 | 39,9724 | ||||||
gr_val3207 | 5277 | 11,5083 |
Association between the clusters produced in the second step and the categories of the analysis.
In the same way, we continue to examine each one of the clusters of the respondents to understand their behavioral profile, considering the total number of the variables used in our analysis.
In the next step, with the application of correspondence analysis, we extract the dimensions of the analysis and a set of coordinates for each one of the dimensions for each one of the variable categories (Table 12).
categories | x | y |
---|---|---|
group1 | −135 | 18 |
group2 | 415 | −276 |
group3 | 1192 | 865 |
group4 | −179 | −221 |
sex1 | −22 | −160 |
sex2 | 15 | 112 |
lr_c1 | 726 | −466 |
lr_c2 | 78 | −13 |
lr_c3 | −235 | 156 |
lr_c4 | −75 | 141 |
lr_c5 | −38 | −308 |
PK0 | −208 | 79 |
PK1 | −165 | −27 |
PK2 | −94 | −86 |
PK3 | −18 | −236 |
PK9 | 1192 | 865 |
PM1 | −45 | 139 |
PM2 | 494 | −432 |
PM3 | −12 | 1 |
PM4 | −186 | 193 |
PM9 | −211 | −41 |
PI1 | 712 | −262 |
PI2 | 113 | 9 |
PI3 | −201 | 85 |
PI4 | −414 | −17 |
inf_1 | −270 | −24 |
inf_2 | −518 | −167 |
inf_3 | 381 | 181 |
inf_4 | 160 | 112 |
inf_5 | −219 | 25 |
inf_6 | 283 | −206 |
inf_7 | 15 | 19 |
inf_8 | −198 | −70 |
dem_1 | −217 | 31 |
dem_2 | −269 | −105 |
dem_3 | −44 | 215 |
dem_4 | −1 | 186 |
dem_5 | 32 | −703 |
dem_6 | 371 | −316 |
dem_7 | −140 | 140 |
dem_8 | 78 | 98 |
val_1 | 234 | −661 |
val_2 | 86 | −257 |
val_3 | −39 | 194 |
val_4 | −149 | −285 |
val_5 | 550 | −387 |
val_6 | −31 | 309 |
val_7 | −137 | 44 |
val_8 | −160 | 134 |
val_9 | −192 | 202 |
Coordinates for each one of the categories on two main dimensions (x,y).
An extra but final step of HCA is applied this time on the coordinates of the categories classifying them into groups (Figure 5).
Clustering the variables using their coordinates on the dimension as input.
10 clusters | 51 | 62 | 87 | 72 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 89 | 92 | 93 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 clusters | 51 | 91 | 91 | 88 | 90 | 90 | 88 | 95 | 95 | 93 |
4 clusters | 98 | 98 | 98 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 93 |
96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 93 | ||||
group | group3 | group2 | group1 | group4 | ||||||
Left–Right | far left | center-left/center-right | center-left | far right | ||||||
Political Interest | Very | Not very | Somewhat | Not at all | ||||||
Political Knowledge | No Data | None/Little | Adequate | High | ||||||
Political Mobilization | Collective | Personal | Let others to do their job | Social Media | N/A | |||||
Gender | Female | Male | ||||||||
Information Source | Social media, Internet/ Newspapers | TV-Radio, Internet | TV-Radio, social media/ Friends | Family, social media | TV-Radio, Family | No information | ||||
Democracy | Movement, Direct, Rebellion, Protest | Ancient Greece, Representative, Deliberation | e-Democracy | Movement, Ancient Greece, Representative, Volunteerism | Ancient Greece, Direct, Volunteerism, Rebellion | e-Democracy, Representative, Corruption | Religion | Riot, Corruption, Rebellion, Protest | ||
Values | Protest | Anonymous, Protest | Spirituality, meditation/ Mountain, family, intimacy, concert | Astronaut, mountain, concert | Anonymous, Christ, money, army/ Money intimacy | Christ, family, intimacy | Riot, anonymous, army, protest |
Summarizing the association between the categories and the clusters.
The analysis highlights the existence of 10 distinct discourses of behavior (Table 13):
Clusters 51, 62, 87 which is a later step are unified in one cluster 98. This cluster reflects the profile of group 2 and 3 (university students who undertook the civic education course either in-class either online). They are characterized as far left, with high political interest, collective political mobilization, get informed by social media, internet or the newspapers. They see democracy as direct and think of it as rebellion and protest, while in their moral set of values they choose protest (expressivists).
Clusters 72, 84, 85, 86 which in later classification stage merge into cluster 94, including the random sample of students who were not part of the civic education course. These participants are characterized as center-left/center-right, have a moderate to low political interest, little to none political knowledge, low political mobilization (letting others do their job) or social media, they get informed by tv-radio, social media, friends and family. They view democracy as movement, representative, direct and they see a strong connection to ancient Greece. Their moral values are mainly naturalist, focusing on entertainment, family or spirituality.
In clusters 89, 92 which meet later in cluster 95, we find the younger high school students, who also attended the civic education course. This cluster is characterized as closer to the righter positions of the left–right axis. They demonstrate high political knowledge, they get informed by TV-radio and family and they see democracy as e-democracy, representative and connected to corruption and religion. Their moral setting is a mixture of expressivist and naturalistic values, including a set of nationalist symbolism including army, Christ, and family.
Cluster 93 concentrates respondents of no political interest, or information who understand democracy as rebellion or corruption and are closer to expressivist values such as riot, protest but also army.
Utilizing the coordinates of the points on the two first axes which were obtained from the correspondence analysis, we construct a system of 2 axes on which we place all these points [3]. The output resembles a simple Cartesian field where x is the first dimension (horizontal), and y is the second dimension (vertical). A third dimension can be brought into the analysis by using a three-dimensional space, visualizing the objects within a cube, or by presenting the different sets of the dimension by two.
The output is a semantic map, where all objects can be seen altogether, and their positioning on the field can be explained in terms of the object’s proximity or opposition on each one of the dimensions.
In our example (Figure 6), we make the following observations:
The semantic map, visualizing in a Cartesian field (x,y) the categories of all variables positioned according to their coordinates from AFC.
The first axis is created by the opposing objects of: 1) group 1 (random students) and group 4 (high school students), followed by characteristics such as low political interest, getting informed by V-radio or friend and family, center left\\center right, naturalistic values, choosing not to be mobilized or act on an individual level if needed and 2) group 2 and group 3 (university students of the civic education course) with high political interest, left, getting informed by newspapers and social media, expressivists choosing collective ways of mobilization.
The second axis depicts the antithesis between group 3 (online students of the civic education course) who are connected to the online information about politics, in contrast to the in-class students of group 2 who are linked to collective ways of mobilization. Additionally, the second axis is described by the antithesis between the set val_1 (Riot, Anonymous, Army, Protest), dem_5 (Riot, Deliberation, Volunteerism, Clientelism, Rebellion, Protest) and the set val_6/val_9 (Mountain, Family/Mountain, Family, Intimacy) and dem_3/dem_4 (Ancient Greece, Representative, Deliberation /e-Democracy). This polarization is explained as the difference between the democratic and moral discourses which were detected in the analysis.
The method presented in this chapter, as applied in the example of a survey among universities and high school in Thessaloniki, follows the application of HCA and MCA (or AFC) in two steps.
The added value of the presented methodological approach lies in its competence to utilize an advanced clustering method that incorporates the dimension reduction function of correspondence analysis. Clustering in multiple stages of the analysis, produces summarized variables that can describe the overall behavior or profile of the subjects. Then these new cluster membership variables can be associated with the categories of the variables used in the clustering analysis, therefore we can associate each cluster not only with its subjects but with the categories as well. In the second step, the joint analysis of the cluster membership variables together with the rest of the variables of the analysis, produces a comprehensive clustering of all items together, associating them again with the categories of the variables. This procedure allows the researcher to have a full and comprehensive overview of the profiles of each cluster.
Moreover, correspondence analysis brings forward the inner competition of the phenomenon, extracting multiple dimensions that explain the dynamics within it. The coordinates of each object give a better understanding of the distances between them, and when analyzed again with HCA we get the final fully described clusters. The coordinates can visualize the phenomenon in a simple two-dimensional space or even of more dimensions, where the observer can comprehend in more detail the revealed inner relationships or oppositions among the subjects and the objects of the analysis.
These Terms and Conditions outline the rules and regulations pertaining to the use of IntechOpen’s website www.intechopen.com and all the subdomains owned by IntechOpen located at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom.
',metaTitle:"Terms and Conditions",metaDescription:"These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of IntechOpen Website at https://intechopen.com and all its subdomains owned by Intech Limited located at 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\\n\\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\\n\\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\\n\\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\\n\\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\\n\\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\\n\\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\\n\\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\\n\\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\\n\\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\\n\\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\\n\\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\\n\\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\\n\\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\n\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\n\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\n\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\n\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\n\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\n\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\n\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\n\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6674},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2461},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12719},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1018},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17724}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134203},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11168",title:"Sulfur Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"39d4f4522a9f465bfe15ec2d85ef8861",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Enos Wamalwa Wambu and Dr. Esther Nthiga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11168.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187655",title:"Dr.",name:"Enos",surname:"Wambu",slug:"enos-wambu",fullName:"Enos Wambu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty - Evolutionary, Social and Cultural Perspectives on Attractiveness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8f2773e5d4ffe767f38dd15712258e8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farid Pazhoohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470837",title:"Dr.",name:"Farid",surname:"Pazhoohi",slug:"farid-pazhoohi",fullName:"Farid Pazhoohi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:36},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:108},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:672},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4433},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1195",title:"Drug Discovery",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science-pharmacology-drug-discovery",parent:{id:"219",title:"Pharmacology",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science-pharmacology"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:265,numberOfWosCitations:162,numberOfCrossrefCitations:126,numberOfDimensionsCitations:281,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1195",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10234",title:"High-Throughput Screening for Drug Discovery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"37e6f5b6dd0567efb63dca4b2c73495f",slug:"high-throughput-screening-for-drug-discovery",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10234.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11038",title:"Vaccine Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2604d260662a3a3cc91971ea07beca61",slug:"vaccine-development",bookSignature:"Yulia Desheva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10236",title:"Plasmodium Species and Drug Resistance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"964a389525d1147af3e527c056ac1a73",slug:"plasmodium-species-and-drug-resistance",bookSignature:"Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10236.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9831",title:"Drug Design",subtitle:"Novel Advances in the Omics Field and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38a66ca979ccd932cbcfbaea9d57ad2f",slug:"drug-design-novel-advances-in-the-omics-field-and-applications",bookSignature:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7867",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",subtitle:"New Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5dd2483e8a643b7da16c4be006fd61cf",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-new-advances",bookSignature:"Vishwanath Gaitonde, Partha Karmakar and Ashit Trivedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7867.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221897",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishwanath",middleName:null,surname:"Gaitonde",slug:"vishwanath-gaitonde",fullName:"Vishwanath Gaitonde"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8067",title:"Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d45bbc09e3ad00be279eea0df45abcc",slug:"molecular-docking-and-molecular-dynamics",bookSignature:"Amalia Stefaniu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8067.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213696",title:"Dr.",name:"Amalia",middleName:null,surname:"Stefaniu",slug:"amalia-stefaniu",fullName:"Amalia Stefaniu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6410",title:"Drug Discovery",subtitle:"Concepts to Market",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c11a8742cce40078f11cacb0d5a5fee",slug:"drug-discovery-concepts-to-market",bookSignature:"Varaprasad Bobbarala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6410.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"207119",title:"Dr.",name:"Varaprasad",middleName:null,surname:"Bobbarala PhD",slug:"varaprasad-bobbarala-phd",fullName:"Varaprasad Bobbarala PhD"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6636",title:"Molecular Insight of Drug Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6dd106b3bc6a30ae0147ead58f9a8830",slug:"molecular-insight-of-drug-design",bookSignature:"Arli Aditya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6636.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"671",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",subtitle:"Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74072e600a9fb54b8257355a7954399e",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Izet M. Kapetanovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68650",title:"Dr.",name:"Izet",middleName:null,surname:"Kapetanović",slug:"izet-kapetanovic",fullName:"Izet Kapetanović"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"67939",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85991",title:"Molecular Docking in Modern Drug Discovery: Principles and Recent Applications",slug:"molecular-docking-in-modern-drug-discovery-principles-and-recent-applications",totalDownloads:3858,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:"The process of hunt of a lead molecule is a long and a tedious process and one is often demoralized by the endless possibilities one has to search through. Fortunately, computational tools have come to the rescue and have undoubtedly played a pivotal role in rationalizing the path to drug discovery. Of all techniques, molecular docking has played a crucial role in computer aided drug design and has swiftly gained ranks to secure a valuable position in the modern scenario of structure-based drug design. In this chapter, the principle, sampling algorithms, scoring functions and diverse available software’s for molecular docking have been summarized. We demonstrate the interplay of docking, classical techniques of structure-based design and X-ray crystallography in the process of drug discovery. In addition, we dwell upon some of the limitations faced in docking studies. Finally, several success stories of molecular docking approaches in drug discovery have been highlighted, concluding with remarks on molecular docking for the future.",book:{id:"7867",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-new-advances",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - New Advances"},signatures:"Aaftaab Sethi, Khusbhoo Joshi, K. Sasikala and Mallika Alvala",authors:[{id:"252956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallika",middleName:null,surname:"Alvala",slug:"mallika-alvala",fullName:"Mallika Alvala"},{id:"287101",title:"Mr.",name:"Aaftaab",middleName:null,surname:"Sethi",slug:"aaftaab-sethi",fullName:"Aaftaab Sethi"},{id:"295049",title:"Ms.",name:"Khusbhoo",middleName:null,surname:"Joshi",slug:"khusbhoo-joshi",fullName:"Khusbhoo Joshi"},{id:"295050",title:"Ms.",name:"Sasikala",middleName:null,surname:"K",slug:"sasikala-k",fullName:"Sasikala K"}]},{id:"25227",doi:"10.5772/28132",title:"The Use of In Vitro 3D Cell Models in Drug Development for Respiratory Diseases",slug:"the-use-of-in-vitro-3d-cell-models-in-drug-development-for-respiratory-diseases",totalDownloads:4297,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:null,book:{id:"671",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-present-and-future",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - Present and Future"},signatures:"Song Huang, Ludovic Wiszniewski and Samuel Constant",authors:[{id:"72832",title:"Dr",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Constant",slug:"samuel-constant",fullName:"Samuel Constant"},{id:"82889",title:"Dr.",name:"Song",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"song-huang",fullName:"Song Huang"},{id:"82890",title:"Dr.",name:"Ludovic",middleName:null,surname:"Wiszniewski",slug:"ludovic-wiszniewski",fullName:"Ludovic Wiszniewski"}]},{id:"25239",doi:"10.5772/27047",title:"Silver Nanoparticles – Universal Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Bio Sensing, Imaging for Diagnostics and Targeted Drug Delivery for Therapeutic Applications",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-universal-multifunctional-nanoparticles-for-bio-sensing-imaging-for-diagnostics",totalDownloads:10448,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"671",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-present-and-future",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - Present and Future"},signatures:"Anitha Sironmani and Kiruba Daniel",authors:[{id:"68670",title:"Prof.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Sironmani",slug:"anitha-sironmani",fullName:"Anitha Sironmani"}]},{id:"66969",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86174",title:"ADME Profiling in Drug Discovery and a New Path Paved on Silica",slug:"adme-profiling-in-drug-discovery-and-a-new-path-paved-on-silica",totalDownloads:1645,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The drug discovery and development pipeline have more and more relied on in vitro testing and in silico predictions to reduce investments and optimize lead compounds. A comprehensive set of in vitro assays is available to determine key parameters of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, for example, lipophilicity, solubility, and plasma stability. Such test systems aid the evaluation of the pharmacological properties of a compound and serve as surrogates before entering in vivo testing and clinical trials. Nowadays, computer-aided techniques are employed not just in the discovery of new lead compounds but embedded as part of the entire drug development process where the ADME profiling and big data analyses add a new layer of complexity to those systems. Herein, we give a short overview of the history of the drug development pipeline presenting state-of-the-art ADME in vitro assays as established in academia and industry. We will further introduce the underlying good practices and give an example of the compound development pipeline. In the next step, recent advances at in silico techniques will be highlighted with special emphasis on how pharmacogenomics and in silico PK profiling can enhance drug monitoring and individualization of drug therapy.",book:{id:"7867",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-new-advances",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - New Advances"},signatures:"Arne Krüger, Vinicius Gonçalves Maltarollo, Carsten Wrenger and Thales Kronenberger",authors:[{id:"75830",title:"Prof.",name:"Carsten",middleName:null,surname:"Wrenger",slug:"carsten-wrenger",fullName:"Carsten Wrenger"},{id:"175204",title:"Dr.",name:"Thales",middleName:null,surname:"Kronenberger",slug:"thales-kronenberger",fullName:"Thales Kronenberger"},{id:"278208",title:"MSc.",name:"Arne",middleName:null,surname:"Krüger",slug:"arne-kruger",fullName:"Arne Krüger"},{id:"278209",title:"Prof.",name:"Vinicius Gonçalves",middleName:null,surname:"Maltarollo",slug:"vinicius-goncalves-maltarollo",fullName:"Vinicius Gonçalves Maltarollo"}]},{id:"61972",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76922",title:"Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Successful Targeted Drug Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier",slug:"multifunctional-nanoparticles-for-successful-targeted-drug-delivery-across-the-blood-brain-barrier",totalDownloads:1517,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the major problem for the treatment of brain diseases because we need to be able to deliver drugs from the vascular system into the central nervous system (CNS). There are no drug therapies for a wide range of CNS diseases and these include neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and cerebral ischemia. Therefore, the focus of this chapter is to discuss how nanoparticles (NPs) can be modified to transport different drug molecules for the treatment of brain diseases. In essence, NPs’ surface can be functionalized with molecules such as peptides, antibodies and RNA aptamers and these macromolecules can be attached to the receptors present at the BBB endothelial cell surface, which allows the NPs cross the barrier and subsequently deliver pharmaceuticals to the brain for the therapeutic and/or imaging of neurological disorders. In fact, part of the difficulty in finding an effective treatment for these CNS disorders is that there is not yet an efficient delivery method for drug delivery across the BBB. However, over the last several years, researches have started to understand some of the design rules to efficiently deliver NPs to the brain.",book:{id:"6636",slug:"molecular-insight-of-drug-design",title:"Molecular Insight of Drug Design",fullTitle:"Molecular Insight of Drug Design"},signatures:"Débora Braga Vieira and Lionel Fernel Gamarra",authors:[{id:"55147",title:"Dr.",name:"Lionel",middleName:null,surname:"Gamarra",slug:"lionel-gamarra",fullName:"Lionel Gamarra"},{id:"234161",title:"Dr.",name:"Debora",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",slug:"debora-vieira",fullName:"Debora Vieira"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"67939",title:"Molecular Docking in Modern Drug Discovery: Principles and Recent Applications",slug:"molecular-docking-in-modern-drug-discovery-principles-and-recent-applications",totalDownloads:3853,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:"The process of hunt of a lead molecule is a long and a tedious process and one is often demoralized by the endless possibilities one has to search through. Fortunately, computational tools have come to the rescue and have undoubtedly played a pivotal role in rationalizing the path to drug discovery. Of all techniques, molecular docking has played a crucial role in computer aided drug design and has swiftly gained ranks to secure a valuable position in the modern scenario of structure-based drug design. In this chapter, the principle, sampling algorithms, scoring functions and diverse available software’s for molecular docking have been summarized. We demonstrate the interplay of docking, classical techniques of structure-based design and X-ray crystallography in the process of drug discovery. In addition, we dwell upon some of the limitations faced in docking studies. Finally, several success stories of molecular docking approaches in drug discovery have been highlighted, concluding with remarks on molecular docking for the future.",book:{id:"7867",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-new-advances",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - New Advances"},signatures:"Aaftaab Sethi, Khusbhoo Joshi, K. Sasikala and Mallika Alvala",authors:[{id:"252956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallika",middleName:null,surname:"Alvala",slug:"mallika-alvala",fullName:"Mallika Alvala"},{id:"287101",title:"Mr.",name:"Aaftaab",middleName:null,surname:"Sethi",slug:"aaftaab-sethi",fullName:"Aaftaab Sethi"},{id:"295049",title:"Ms.",name:"Khusbhoo",middleName:null,surname:"Joshi",slug:"khusbhoo-joshi",fullName:"Khusbhoo Joshi"},{id:"295050",title:"Ms.",name:"Sasikala",middleName:null,surname:"K",slug:"sasikala-k",fullName:"Sasikala K"}]},{id:"73392",title:"Pharmacogenomics: Overview, Applications, and Recent Developments",slug:"pharmacogenomics-overview-applications-and-recent-developments",totalDownloads:789,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Pharmacogenomics is defined as the study of genes and how an individual response is affected due to drugs. Pharmacogenomics is an emerging new branch with combination of both pharmacology (the branch of science that deals with study of drugs) as well as genomics (the branch of science that deals with study of genes) for development of effective doses and safe medications tailored according an individual patient genetic makeup. Human Genome Project is one of the crucial projects in which researchers are developing and learning relation in genes and its effect on the body’s response to medications. Difference in genetic makeup provides difference in effectiveness of medication and in future to predict effectiveness of medication for an individual and to study existence of adverse drug reactions. Besides advancement in the field of science and technology till date pharmacogenomics hangs in infancy. There is limited use of pharmacogenomics, but still, novel approaches are under clinical trials. In near future, pharmacogenomics will enable development of tailor-made therapeutics for treating widespread health problems like neurodegenerative, cardiovascular disorders, HIV, cancer, asthma, etc.",book:{id:"9831",slug:"drug-design-novel-advances-in-the-omics-field-and-applications",title:"Drug Design",fullTitle:"Drug Design - Novel Advances in the Omics Field and Applications"},signatures:"Rahul Shukla",authors:[{id:"319705",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"rahul-shukla",fullName:"Rahul Shukla"}]},{id:"64593",title:"Revisiting Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenetics of Methadone in Healthy Volunteers",slug:"revisiting-pharmacokinetics-and-pharmacogenetics-of-methadone-in-healthy-volunteers",totalDownloads:1168,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Methadone acts as a μ opioid agonist, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. These actions altogether are responsible for its efficacy in the management of chronic pain. It is available as a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-methadone, both being stereoisomers responsible for its analgesic effect. Methadone elimination occurs mainly through metabolism in the liver by CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CY2C19 and to a lesser extent by CYP2D6 and in the intestine by CYP3A4. The relative intestinal content of CYP2B6 and CY2C19 is unknown but it seems that CYP2B6 is not present at the intestine. CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C19 convert methadone mainly into 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine(EDDP). CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 are stereoselective to S- and R-enantiomer, respectively. The pharmacokinetic study carried out in healthy volunteers by our research group confirmed that MTD undergoes recirculation via gastric secretion and intestinal reabsorption and revealed that the drug is extensively metabolized in the liver but intestinal metabolism is not only relevant but also stereoselective. Polymorphisms of the CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 isoenzymes and their relationship with the pharmacokinetics of MTD were also assessed.",book:{id:"7867",slug:"drug-discovery-and-development-new-advances",title:"Drug Discovery and Development",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery and Development - New Advances"},signatures:"Natalia Guevara, Marianela Lorier, Marta Vázquez, Pietro Fagiolino, Iris Feria-Romero and Sandra Orozco-Suarez",authors:[{id:"69773",title:"Prof.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez",slug:"marta-vazquez",fullName:"Marta Vázquez"},{id:"73431",title:"Prof.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Fagiolino",slug:"pietro-fagiolino",fullName:"Pietro Fagiolino"},{id:"109165",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Feria-Romero",slug:"iris-feria-romero",fullName:"Iris Feria-Romero"},{id:"198119",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Orozco-Suarez",slug:"sandra-orozco-suarez",fullName:"Sandra Orozco-Suarez"},{id:"259026",title:"Mrs.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Guevara",slug:"natalia-guevara",fullName:"Natalia Guevara"},{id:"259027",title:"Mrs.",name:"Marianela",middleName:null,surname:"Lorier",slug:"marianela-lorier",fullName:"Marianela Lorier"}]},{id:"61395",title:"Integrated Approach to Nature as Source of New Drug Lead",slug:"integrated-approach-to-nature-as-source-of-new-drug-lead",totalDownloads:1659,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Classically, the development and launching of a new drug is a highly time consuming, tedious and expensive process involving following fundamental steps: (1) Identification of cause of Disease and Search for target site. (2) Search and Optimisation of active compound, that is, the Drug Lead. (3) Testing of Drug in Animals (pre-clinical phase). (4) Clinical Trials. (5) Approval of New Drug by Competent authority and availability of the drug. Drug discovery and development process involves around 10–15 years of investigation period and incredibly high cost and investment. This process also involves participation of experts from various disciplines and fields. Therefore, the new approaches are obligatory to be developed not only to expedite the process but also to ensure the launch of safer and effective drug. Over this background, the importance of experimental wisdom and holistic approach is intensifying to offer good base as an attractive discovery engine. Natural product drug discovery, ethno-pharmacology, traditional and attractive medicines are re-emerging as new strategic options. In the past decade, the number of new chemical entity (NCG) in drug development channel is declining markedly might have led to the rekindling of interest in emergence of natural product as new drug leads. The novel natural products can be optimised on the basis of their biological activities using highly sophisticated combinatorial biosynthetic techniques, microbial genomes and screening process.",book:{id:"6636",slug:"molecular-insight-of-drug-design",title:"Molecular Insight of Drug Design",fullTitle:"Molecular Insight of Drug Design"},signatures:"Seema Kohli",authors:[{id:"232958",title:"Dr.",name:"Seema",middleName:null,surname:"Kohli",slug:"seema-kohli",fullName:"Seema Kohli"}]},{id:"78376",title:"Ivermectin: Potential Repurposing of a Versatile Antiparasitic as a Novel Anticancer",slug:"ivermectin-potential-repurposing-of-a-versatile-antiparasitic-as-a-novel-anticancer",totalDownloads:349,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Drug repositioning is a alternative strategy to discover and develop anticancer drugs based on identification of new mechanisms of actions and indications for existing compounds. Ivermectin belongs to the avermectin group of compounds, a series of 16-membered macrocyclic lactone moieties discovered in 1967 and FDA-approved for human use since 1987. Ivermectin has since been used by millions of people worldwide, and have demonstrated a wide margin of clinical safety. Here we summarize the in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrating ivermectin\\'s potential as a multitargeting anticancer drug that exerts antitumor effects against different tumor types. Notably, the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of ivermectin are achieved at concentrations that can be clinically achieved based on human pharmacokinetic studies done in the clinical studies. Moreover, repurposed ivermectin safety has been well established recently in clinical studies against COVID-19. Consequently, we believe that ivermectin is an excellent potential candidate drug that can be repurposed for cancer and deserves rigorous evaluation against a variety of cancers in well-designed clinical trials.",book:{id:"10881",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",title:"Drug Repurposing",fullTitle:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications"},signatures:"Alfonso Dueñas-González and Mandy Juárez-Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"421841",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Dueñas-González",slug:"alfonso-duenas-gonzalez",fullName:"Alfonso Dueñas-González"},{id:"421846",title:"Dr.",name:"Mandy",middleName:null,surname:"Juárez-Rodríguez",slug:"mandy-juarez-rodriguez",fullName:"Mandy Juárez-Rodríguez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1195",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"91",type:"subseries",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",keywords:"Sustainable, Society, Economy, Digitalization, KPIs, Decision Making, Business, Digital Footprint",scope:"\r\n\tGlobally, the ecological footprint is growing at a faster rate than GDP. This phenomenon has been studied by scientists for many years. However, clear strategies and actions are needed now more than ever. Every day, humanity, from individuals to businesses (public and private) and governments, are called to change their mindset in order to pursue a virtuous combination for sustainable development. Reasoning in a sustainable way entails, first and foremost, managing the available resources efficiently and strategically, whether they are natural, financial, human or relational. In this way, value is generated by contributing to the growth, improvement and socio-economic development of the communities and of all the players that make up its value chain. In the coming decades, we will need to be able to transition from a society in which economic well-being and health are measured by the growth of production and material consumption, to a society in which we live better while consuming less. In this context, digitization has the potential to disrupt processes, with significant implications for the environment and sustainable development. There are numerous challenges associated with sustainability and digitization, the need to consider new business models capable of extracting value, data ownership and sharing and integration, as well as collaboration across the entire supply chain of a product. In order to generate value, effectively developing a complex system based on sustainability principles is a challenge that requires a deep commitment to both technological factors, such as data and platforms, and human dimensions, such as trust and collaboration. Regular study, research and implementation must be part of the road to sustainable solutions. Consequently, this topic will analyze growth models and techniques aimed at achieving intergenerational equity in terms of economic, social and environmental well-being. It will also cover various subjects, including risk assessment in the context of sustainable economy and a just society.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14794/images/system/14794.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Murat Şentürk obtained a baccalaureate degree in Chemistry in 2002, a master’s degree in Biochemistry in 2006, and a doctorate degree in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/28306",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"28306"},fullPath:"/chapters/28306",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()