\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"163",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultrasound Imaging - Medical Applications",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Medical Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides an overview of ultrafast ultrasound imaging, 3D high-quality ultrasonic imaging, correction of phase aberrations in medical ultrasound images, etc. \n\nSeveral interesting medical and clinical applications areas are also discussed in the book, like the use of three dimensional ultrasound imaging in evaluation of Asherman's syndrome, the role of 3D ultrasound in assessment of endometrial receptivity and follicular vascularity to predict the quality oocyte, ultrasound imaging in vascular diseases and the fetal palate, clinical application of ultrasound molecular imaging, Doppler abdominal ultrasound in small animals and so on.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-279-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6452-4",doi:"10.5772/689",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"ultrasound-imaging-medical-applications",numberOfPages:344,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"aa3c22596ff5852287143fe66a643289",bookSignature:"Igor V. 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Minin received a B.A. in Physics from the Novosibirsk State University, a PhD in Physics from Tomsk State University in 1987 and a Doctor of science from NSTU in 2002. Currently he is a full Professor in the Department of Information Protection at Novosibirsk State Technical University (NSTU), Russia. From 1982 to 2001 he was Chief Research Scientist at the Institute of Applied Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia. Dr. Minin’s research interests are in the areas of diffractive optics and antenna experiment (including explosive plasma antenna), millimeter wave and THz photonics and nanophotonics, information security, detection of hidden weapons as well as development of antiterrorism devices, experiment technologies, explosive physics. He is a member of SPIE, COST-284 and COST-ic0603 and he is the author of several books and book chapters in technical publications. 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Georges, Hassan Adwan and Martin R. Berger",authors:[{id:"72759",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Berger",fullName:"Martin Berger",slug:"martin-berger"},{id:"72948",title:"Dr.",name:"Rania",middleName:null,surname:"Georges",fullName:"Rania Georges",slug:"rania-georges"},{id:"72949",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Adwan",fullName:"Hassan Adwan",slug:"hassan-adwan"}]},{id:"28760",title:"Risk Factors for Wound Infection After Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: A Matched Case – Control Study",slug:"risk-factors-for-wound-infection-after-surgery-for-colorectal-cancer-a-matched-case-control-study",signatures:"Takatoshi Nakamura and Masahiko Watanabe",authors:[{id:"69637",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",fullName:"Masahiko Watanabe",slug:"masahiko-watanabe"}]},{id:"28761",title:"Modelling and Inference in Screening: Exemplification with the Faecal Occult Blood Test",slug:"probability-modeling-and-inference-in-colorectal-cancer-screening-exemplification-with-the-fecal-occ",signatures:"Dongfeng Wu and Adriana Pérez",authors:[{id:"79813",title:"Prof.",name:"Dongfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Dongfeng Wu",slug:"dongfeng-wu"},{id:"81119",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Perez",fullName:"Adriana Perez",slug:"adriana-perez"}]},{id:"28762",title:"Dietary Risks: Folate, Alcohol and Gene Polymorphisms",slug:"dietary-risks-folate-alcohol-and-gene-polymorphisms",signatures:"Zi-Yuan Zhou, Keitaro Matsuo, Wen-Chang Wang, Huan Yang, Kazuo Tajima and Jia Cao",authors:[{id:"79534",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",fullName:"Jia Cao",slug:"jia-cao"},{id:"80207",title:"Dr.",name:"Ziyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Ziyuan Zhou",slug:"ziyuan-zhou"},{id:"80211",title:"Dr.",name:"Keitaro",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuo",fullName:"Keitaro Matsuo",slug:"keitaro-matsuo"},{id:"80214",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuo",middleName:null,surname:"Tajima",fullName:"Kazuo Tajima",slug:"kazuo-tajima"},{id:"80217",title:"MSc.",name:"WenChang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"WenChang Wang",slug:"wenchang-wang"},{id:"80222",title:"Dr.",name:"Huan",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Huan Yang",slug:"huan-yang"}]},{id:"28763",title:"The Prognostic Significance of Number of Lymph Node Metastasis in Colon Cancer – Based on Japanese Techniques of Resection and Handling of Resected Specimens",slug:"prognostic-relationship-between-colon-cancer-and-metastatic-number-of-lymph-nodes-the-examination-ba",signatures:"Yoshito Akagi, Romeo Kansakar and Kazuo Shirouz",authors:[{id:"73177",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshito",middleName:null,surname:"Akagi",fullName:"Yoshito Akagi",slug:"yoshito-akagi"},{id:"81612",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuo",middleName:null,surname:"Shirouzu",fullName:"Kazuo Shirouzu",slug:"kazuo-shirouzu"},{id:"136281",title:"Dr.",name:"Romeo",middleName:null,surname:"Kansakar",fullName:"Romeo Kansakar",slug:"romeo-kansakar"}]},{id:"28764",title:"Minimally Invasive Robot – Assisted Colorectal Resections",slug:"minimally-invasive-robot-assisted-colorectal-resections",signatures:"Annibale D’Annibale, Graziano Pernazza, Vito Pende and Igor Monsellato",authors:[{id:"69534",title:"Dr.",name:"Graziano",middleName:null,surname:"Pernazza",fullName:"Graziano Pernazza",slug:"graziano-pernazza"},{id:"80719",title:"Dr.",name:"Annibale",middleName:null,surname:"D'Annibale",fullName:"Annibale D'Annibale",slug:"annibale-d'annibale"},{id:"80720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Monsellato",fullName:"Igor Monsellato",slug:"igor-monsellato"},{id:"128019",title:"Dr.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Pende",fullName:"Vito Pende",slug:"vito-pende"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3520",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Future Outlook",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32ad39a83fad1d2adde008eb058d32cf",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-future-outlook",bookSignature:"Ahmed O. 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As shown in Figure 1, typical thermomechanical hot rolling process can be divided into five basic processes.
Typical setup of hot strip rolling mill.
The first step involves heating up of slabs to remove dendritic segregation and facilitate solutionizing of microalloying element which is intended to precipitate during hot rolling, contributing to the strength of the material.
Before inducing final reductions at finish rolling mill, slab is first introduced to be rolled in the roughing stands where thickness of slab is reduced from 200 to 300 mm to about 50 mm in several passes, usually four or five. In the roughing process, the width increases in each pass and is controlled by vertical edge rollers. Since the temperatures are high, recrystallization takes place during this process.
Finishing mill is generally a tandem rolling mill consisting of 5–7 rolling stands. The finishing temperature is dependent upon the rolling speed. The interpass heating, or cooling is also controlled during rolling.
After finish rolling, the hot rolled coil is subjected to cooling on runout table where water is sprayed on the top and bottom of the steel at a steady flow rate to induce phase and microstructure control leading to increased strengths.
The hot rolling process can be divided approaches based upon requirement of properties. They are chiefly identified as conventional controlled rolling (CCR) and recrystallization controlled rolling (RCR) (Figure 2). The recrystallization rolling requires rolling at high temperatures that leads to recrystallization and control of grain size. The process is designed to have mechanisms that inhibit grain growth after recrystallization. The conventional controlled rolling approach requires rolling in no-recrystallization zone, leading to unrecrystallized grains which ultimately lead to finer sizes after phase transformation (Figure 2).
Recrystallization controlled rolling and conventional controlled rolling.
The conventional controlled rolling shall be presented in detail as RCR has been mainly used for higher gauge rolling, i.e., plate mills or mills with lower rolling load capacities.
In general, in hot rolling method of conventional controlled rolling (CCR), methods of achieving strength would largely be dependent upon the grain size control of austenitic phase and eventually the phase transformation which is controlled by means of addition of microalloying elements in steel chemistry alongside or singly with application thermomechanical treatment practices during rolling.
The basic underlying principle of CCR is obtaining steel which possess both high toughness and strength through grain refinement. The successive methods to achieve finer grains are carried out as explained below:
Repeated deformation in roughing mill at recrystallization temperature range. Here, the austenitic grains are refined due to recrystallization.
Finish rolling which induces the successive heavy reduction in the non-recrystallization zone, i.e., rolling just above the non-recrystallization temperature TNR. During finish rolling gamma (austenite) grains are forced to elongate in rolling direction, creating annealing twin deformation bands to cause alpha (ferrite) to form with a very fine size. Thus, by inducing numerous nucleation sites for alpha grains, its size is restricted.
Accelerated cooling that additionally promotes refinement of the ferrite grain size and restricts formation of pearlite.
Addition of microalloying elements also helps in enhancing strength by restricting movement of grain boundaries by formation of precipitates and restricting transformation of gamma phase.
Static recrystallization is likely favored phenomenon in steels during roughing passes and for plain carbon steels it continues between finishing passes as well. The static recrystallization is favored by low alloying levels and high temperatures, strains, and strain rates.
The recovery is suppressed during finish interpasses, but as dislocation density is increasing on account of work hardening at finish rolling, dynamic recrystallization (Figure 3) is initiated after surpassing a critical strain value εC. Dynamic recrystallization is markedly identified by necklace-type grain structure. After dynamic recrystallization during rolling pass, the recrystallized nuclei continue to grow after the deformation ends, leading to a phenomenon called metadynamic recrystallization.
Stress-strain distribution with onset of recrystallization during rolling pass.
In controlled rolling process CCR, the addition of microalloying elements is deliberate to prevent static recrystallization. However, at low rolling temperatures, increased strain rates and lower interpass times coupled with lower precipitation, dynamic recrystallization is favored. As shown in Figure 3, the strain accumulates to peak strain and then decreases which differs on basis of type of steel.
There has been an established relationship [1] between the maximum peak stress
typical values of n′ = 4.5 and A = 0.12.
while Sun and Hawbolt [2] have reported peak Z dependent on initial grain size
The maximum peak strain
The dynamic recrystallization threshold strain
In order to obtain good dimensional tolerance and optimum mechanical properties after rolling, optimum rolling parameters need to be established. The usual method is to achieve this to calculate the dynamic mean flow stresses (MFS) at each rolling stand of roughing mill and more importantly at finish rolling mill. The MFS is chiefly dependent upon the alloying elements, rolling reduction, and temperature at each rolling pass and based upon these factors several models have been proposed [3].
A most widely used method, simplified rolling load versus inverse temperature, is plotted to determine the rolling conditions and has been depicted in Figure 4. When the mean flow stress, which is directly related to mill rolling load value, is plotted against the inverse absolute temperature, a slope kink signifying end of static recrystallization is observed. If rolling is accomplished below this temperature represented as
Plot of mean flow stress versus inverse of absolute temperature.
The onset of recrystallization during finish rolling is controlled largely by rolling interpass time. It has been reported [4] that for interpass intervals significantly longer than 1 second, static recrystallization takes place, whereas those involving interpass times of 15–100 ms, dynamic or metadynamic recrystallization is favored. Another important factor to include is consideration of strain-induced precipitation, which inhibits recrystallization phenomenon.
When high strength low-alloyed steels are finish rolled, an additive buildup of strain causes an increase in MFS consecutively after each pass. When a critical strain value is surpassed, dynamic recrystallization is initiated, and a small drop in load caused by metadynamic recrystallization is observed during end of rolling. In carbon-manganese grades, this may be associated with the austenite to ferrite transformation.
As thermomechanical processing involves microstructural evolution in terms of static and dynamic recrystallization that takes place during the rolling process, the mean flow stress shall also depend upon these considerations also.
A model equation for mean flow stress prediction for carbon-manganese grades by Misaka [5] has been proposed as below:
Various researchers (Siciliano et al. [3], Sun and Hawbolt [2]) have worked upon refinement of the equation to include effect of recrystallization that would affect the value of MFS.
Recrystallization criteria are a function of initial grain size d0, strain
If
where Z is Zener-Holloman parameter defined by
To calculate type of crystallization that occurs at a particular pass, the strain values need to be compared against critical strain value.
If εa (strain at a pass) is less than the critical strain εc, static recrystallization is favored, leading to grain size governed by the equation:
Time for 50% completion of recrystallization (static) is
Grain growth during interpass time
If εa (strain at a pass) is greater than the critical strain εc, dynamic recrystallization is favored, leading to grain size governed by equation:
Time for 50% completion of recrystallization (dynamic) is
Grain growth during interpass time
Accumulated strain
where fractional softening X is governed by recrystallization:
The value of q shall depend upon the type of recrystallization.
For static recrystallization (SRX), q = 1.0.
For metadynamic recrystallization (MDRX), q = 1.5.
The modified mean flow stress modeling equation incorporating effect of manganese addition shall be
where
where
and where
High-strength steel requires tensile properties as main requirement, whereas the requirements such as weldability and ductility are also of chief importance. Therefore, carbon which is the chief source of strength should not exceed very high values, and hence high-strength steel requires addition of alloying elements.
The addition of microalloying elements can be divided into two categories [6]:
Microalloying elements: niobium, vanadium, titanium, aluminum, and boron.
Substitutional elements: silicon, manganese, molybdenum, copper, nickel, and chromium.
Microalloying elements such as niobium, titanium, and vanadium are principally carbide-forming elements. Although the addition of these elements in steel raises its Ar3 temperature, they retard austenite transformation to ferrite by restricting carbon diffusion. Strengthening by addition of one or all of niobium, vanadium, or titanium has shown a remarkable increase in strength of steel. The strengthening phenomenon is caused by fine precipitation of nitrides, carbides, or carbonitrides which are coherent with ferrite matrix but induce strengthening by impeding dislocation movement.
One of the most significant effect of adding individually or simultaneous addition of V, Nb, and Ti is to decrease recrystallization temperature. Which contributes in generating a finer size of gamma (austenite) grains during finish rolling.
The two principal mechanisms that inhibit recrystallization and eventually grain growth are particle pinning and solute drag.
The grain boundary movement can be accounted on strain-induced precipitation of micro carbides on gamma grain boundaries that limit the gamma grain size. Addition of titanium or niobium helps in suppressing gamma grain growth by means of nitride or carbonitride precipitates which are majorly present at grain boundaries and inhibit their movement.
In the case of vanadium addition, addition of nitrogen can be helpful in increasing the strength and toughness. The vanadium nitride precipitates are useful in imparting strength to the steel. The addition of nitrogen however attributes to poor weldability. Likewise, the strengthening may be achieved by adding niobium, but a higher niobium content is bound to give poor weldability. Hence the conventional methods require simultaneous addition of V and Nb.
The improvement of toughness can be achieved through addition of manganese that leads to decrease in Ar3 temperature. Due to decrease in Ar3 coupled with low coiling temperatures, the alpha (ferrite) grains are refined, thus increasing the strength. Additionally, the fine precipitate size is contributed by niobium carbonitrides and vanadium nitrides.
In general, austenitic grains starts to recrystallize at temperatures above 1050°C. Since an initial finer gamma grain size is helpful in creating a final finer size of alpha, lower reheating temperatures are effective. Also, the microalloying elements also add to refinement of the austenitic grain size by means of undissolved carbides and nitrides that restrict initial austenitic grain size.
Eventually, a lower slab reheating temperature by contributing fine austenitic grain size and lower temperature rolling at roughing mill will induce even finer grain size by reduction at lower temperatures.
Due to repeated reduction in roughing mill, both recrystallization and precipitation are competing phenomena. However, at higher temperatures recrystallization will be the first phenomenon. As a basic principle of controlled rolling demands that precipitation should occur during finish rolling, it has been recommended to have higher roughing temperatures along with short rougher interpass intervals.
The gamma grain is refined by repeated static recrystallization caused during roughing mill action. Increasing rolling strain has marked effects on facilitating static recrystallization caused by higher dislocation density and increased nucleation sites caused by fine size of austenite which in turn leads to softening of material. However, there is a limiting value of grain refinement.
As has been elucidated above, no-recrystallization temperature (TNR) is important in design of controlled rolling process. This temperature determines where strain is multiplied for austenite grains, leading to strain-induced precipitation of carbonitrides as well as enhanced sites for a fine-grain size ferrite to be nucleated at the sites. Hot rolling being a dynamic process, no-recrystallization temperature depends upon deformation parameters. The influencing factors for TNR are composition of the steel, strain values applied in each pass, the strain rate, and the rolling interpass time [7, 8].
During finish rolling the value of TNR tends to dynamically lower down as the strain value or the reduction increases. This phenomenon is attributable on account of static recrystallization caused by increased recrystallization sites owing to finer grains and higher dislocation density induced during each rolling pass.
The strain rate value is also a determining factor for the onset of dynamic recovery and facilitates static recrystallization which eventually decreases the TNR.
During controlled rolling, the interpass time during each rolling reduction also plays an important role as the prime requirement is to roll below TNR temperatures. The precipitation kinetics are accelerated due to strains induced when rolling below TNR. A lower interpass time is preferable as higher interpass will lead to coarsening of precipitate sizes as well as increased tendency of recrystallization detrimental to final strength value of steel.
The runout table and the coiler in general act like post heat treatment unit which makes possible to achieve phase transformation through control of cooling to generate coils with varied properties and microstructures.
Accelerated cooling after hot rolling leads to further refinement of grains and phase control, leading to enhancement of properties. The phenomenon for strengthening of microstructure is phase transformations in terms of microstructures avoiding pearlitic transformations, precipitation strengthening through carbides, and nitride precipitates which along with controlled cooling rates lead to the refinement of grain size in the resulting microstructure. The accelerated cooling may be classified into two techniques—continuous accelerated cooling and interrupted accelerated cooling.
The final mechanical properties after accelerated cooling are majorly influenced by the alloying content and hot rolling parameters.
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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. 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