D–P/z regression analyses results for both z < 1 and
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9066",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Wound Healing",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Wound Healing presents recent information and basic knowledge about wound management, including healing mechanisms and actions. It provides a comprehensive overview of the subject, including pathophysiology and clinical and medical management. Chapters cover such topics as negative pressure wound management, hypertrophic scarring, biomaterials derived from plants, insulin use, and modified collagen. This book will help dermatologists, students, surgeons, and physicians who treat patients with wounds.",isbn:"978-1-78985-958-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-957-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-965-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83061",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"wound-healing",numberOfPages:138,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a293ecd8c2655a402321dc30e0ffbf9a",bookSignature:"Muhammad Ahmad",publishedDate:"June 10th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9066.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5722,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:15,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 18th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 23rd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 22nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 10th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 10th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"204257",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204257/images/system/204257.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Ahmad is the only surgeon in history to develop various new classifications regarding different aspects of hair\nrestoration. These include a new classification system for hair loss, Ahmad’s NPRT system; a new classification for scalp hair,\nLGMA classification; and a comprehensive classification of hair transection. He has also published Ahmad’s Cosmetic Surgery\nScar Scale and Ahmad’s Hair Transplant Assessment Scale. He is the only Pakistani plastic surgeon to receive the Merit Award from the Australian and New Zealand Burns Association (2004). He was also awarded first prize at the annual meeting of the Asian Association of Hair Restoration Surgeons (AAHRS), Bangkok, Thailand, in 2017. In 2018, he was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Pakistan Society of Hair Restoration Surgery. Dr. Ahmad has more than 150 publications in national and international journals. He is also editor and reviewer of many international journals. He is among few ABHRS Diplomates who have more than 100 publications.",institutionString:"Aesthetic Plastic Surgery and Hair Transplant Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"994",title:"Traumatology",slug:"traumatology"}],chapters:[{id:"63525",title:"Calcium Alginate Polysaccharide Dressing as an Accelerated Treatment for Burn Wound Healing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80875",slug:"calcium-alginate-polysaccharide-dressing-as-an-accelerated-treatment-for-burn-wound-healing",totalDownloads:1126,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Patients with burn injuries suffer from pain and an inflammatory response; however, treatment methods are still not satisfactory and remain challenging. Due to the long stage of burn wound rehabilitation, which contributes to the long-term sensory problems, an effective treatment must begin at the outset of burn wound care. The functionalized wound dressing is expected to be a great treatment strategy over the commercialization wound dressing products and engineered skin substitutes nowadays. Some studies revealed the use of calcium alginate polysaccharide (CAPS) as an “active” dressing due to its calcium richness for wound healing and scar tissue formation. The outstanding outcome of CAPS dressing for severe burn injuries was indicated by natural wound healing and less scarring formation, minimum bacterial infection, cytokine enhancement regulation, and appropriate inflammatory response and pain regulation. These advantages affirmed the phyto-polysaccharide dressing as the next generation of wound dressing materials with highly desirable properties.",signatures:"Juin-Hong Cherng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63525",authors:[{id:"252781",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Juin-Hong",surname:"Cherng",slug:"juin-hong-cherng",fullName:"Juin-Hong Cherng"}],corrections:null},{id:"68672",title:"A Study of the Use of Modified Collagen of Freshwater Fish as a Material for Personal Care Products",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88363",slug:"a-study-of-the-use-of-modified-collagen-of-freshwater-fish-as-a-material-for-personal-care-products",totalDownloads:743,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The work is devoted to the use of collagen materials produced on the basis of connective tissues of hydrobionts. Their characteristics as potential means of personal hygiene and wound healing are investigated. The results of studies of physical and chemical characteristics of collagen materials from freshwater fish with a modified structure obtained in this paper indicate the prospects of their use as an absorbent layer of personal hygiene products, due to the high moisture absorption capacity, which is an order of magnitude higher than the moisture capacity of untreated collagen and higher moisture capacity of superadsorbing polymers required for use in personal hygiene products. The resulting material meets the requirements of sanitary and epidemiological safety, allergenic action on the skin, as can be concluded from the results of tests on animals, it does not. This material accelerates reparative processes to the same extent as collagen used in standard hemostatic sponges with the simplicity of its production technology, low cost, and availability of raw materials.",signatures:"L.V. Antipova, S.A. Storublevtsev, S.A. Titov, S.S. Antipov, M.G. Khatkhokhu, M.S. Bolokov and V. V. Loboda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68672",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69102",title:"Plant Macromolecules as Biomaterials for Wound Healing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89105",slug:"plant-macromolecules-as-biomaterials-for-wound-healing",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Natural biomolecules are increasingly relevant for biomedical applications and tissue engineering for being able to produce an effect on chemical signals, organization of cells, and restitution of extracellular matrix in lesioned tissues. In this chapter, we will address the potential of plant macromolecules, in particular, carbohydrates and proteins such as hemicelluloses and lectins. While lectins are mostly carbohydrate-binding proteins, which can interact with cell surfaces to initiate anti-inflammatory pathways, as well as immunomodulatory functions, hemicelluloses are remarkably known by their ability to form viscous solutions even at low concentrations, which makes them an excellent candidate as vehicle to carry different sorts of biomolecules. Taking into account the complexity of the whole healing process, as an overlapping and coordinated cascade of events, most of the properties presented here by those materials may be of interest to the wound-care market.",signatures:"Felipe Domingos de Sousa, Francisco Rogênio da Silva Mendes, Jose Jovanny Bermudez-Sierra, Ayrles Fernanda Brandão da Silva, Mirele da Silveira Vasconcelos, Tamiris de Fátima Goebel de Souza, Marília de Oliveira Nunes, Antônio Eufrásio Vieira-Neto, Marcos Roberto Lourenzoni, Rosueti Diógenes de Oliveira-Filho, Adriana Rolim Campos, Renato de Azevedo Moreira and Ana Cristina de Oliveira Monteiro-Moreira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69102",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69102",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71904",title:"Modulation of Inflammatory Dynamics by Insulin to Promote Wound Recovery of Diabetic Ulcers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92096",slug:"modulation-of-inflammatory-dynamics-by-insulin-to-promote-wound-recovery-of-diabetic-ulcers",totalDownloads:774,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"About 5% of the world population is diabetic and are at a risk of slow non-recoverable wound formation. Estimated 15–25% of diabetic patients develop foot ulcers, 6% among them needing clinical attention among which 15–20% will need an amputation. This counts for around 50% of all traumatic amputation. Wound leads to activation of dynamic inflammatory cascade responsible for the healing process. But in diabetes, a persistent rise of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low anti-inflammatory cytokines blocks the dynamic cascade. Wounding induces various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IFN-γ, and TNFs causing accumulation of free radicals leading to inflammation which become persistent in diabetes. Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines drives the equilibrium towards the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL4, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, IFN-α, and TGF-β, which is necessary for the wound recovery process. Here in this chapter, the inflammatory modulatory roles of different drugs/formulations have been discussed to unravel their significance to promote wound recovery.",signatures:"Pawandeep Kaur and Diptiman Choudhury",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71904",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71904",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71345",title:"Managing Patients with Pressure Ulcers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91034",slug:"managing-patients-with-pressure-ulcers",totalDownloads:668,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study describes care for the person and the informal caregiver with pressure ulcers. The qualitative methodological approach was used, and case study research and the data collection techniques used were the semi-structured interview and the questionnaire. The following scales were applied to the patient: Braden Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment, Resvesch 2.0, Malnutrition Universal Screening Nutritional Assessment. Modified Barthel and direct observation of wounds, use of the acronym Tissues, Inflammation/infection, Moisture, Edges/Epithelium. The nursing intervention at the patient’s home was positive in the evolution of the pressure ulcer healing and in the management of the caregiver’s emotions. Providing nursing home care to the injured person is a balm for patients and caregivers. It is an excellent response to aging and consequent complications, for example, wounds. They promote gains in health and in the management of human and economic resources.",signatures:"Eglantina Afonso, Dina Borges, Kátia Furtado, Maria do Céu Marques, Margarida Pedro, Inês Reis and Rita Morais",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71345",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71976",title:"Hypertrophic Scarring",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90792",slug:"hypertrophic-scarring",totalDownloads:531,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hypertrophic scars represent important problems because of the presence of pain, pruritus, contractures, as well as unsatisfactory aesthetic results. Currently, the evidence shows that a multidisciplinary management through prevention, adequate choice of suture, atraumatic surgical technique, and early noninvasive measures can favor the handling of these problems and continue with invasive measures that employ intralesional drugs. Clearly, the combination of surgical, technical, and pharmacological interventions will maximize therapeutic results.",signatures:"Jesus Escriva-Machado, Eduardo Camacho-Quintero, Alejandro Maciel-Miranda, Samuel Almeida-Navarro and Julia De la Luz-Hernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71976",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68576",title:"Application of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Closed Incisions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88658",slug:"application-of-negative-pressure-wound-therapy-on-closed-incisions",totalDownloads:882,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is widely used for chronic and acute open wounds, with clinically proven benefits of faster wound healing by promoting granulation tissue growth and increased perfusion and facilitating epithelialization and contraction. Improved outcomes on open wounds prompted the application of NPWT on closed surgical incisions. The application of NPWT, in the immediate postoperative period, reduces surgical site infections (SSIs) and wound dehiscence by 50% in high-risk patients. The negative pressure reduces wound edema and improves local perfusion and lymphatic f low, thereby minimizing hematoma and seroma rates. The improved perfusion and oxygenation facilitate quicker wound healing as well as minimize ischemic complications like f lap necrosis. Recent literature supports enhanced wound healing and superior scar appearance as well as improved wound maturity, evidenced by 50% more force required to pull apart a sutured incision. Improved outcomes of incisional NPWT are reported from various surgical procedures on abdominal, breast, orthopedic, vascular, cardiac, and plastic surgeries. Further clinical studies and cost-benefit analysis are needed to recommend routine postoperative use of incisional NPWT in high-risk and low-risk patient population.",signatures:"Chitang J. Joshi, Ji-Cheng Hsieh, Abbas Hassan and Robert D. Galiano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68576",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6961",title:"Alopecia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"211055d552abe032133f7281ea2b13dd",slug:"alopecia",bookSignature:"Muhammad Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204257",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5290",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"New insights into Ancient 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Saucedo-Muñoz, Victor M. Lopez-Hirata and Hector J. 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The active galactic nucleus (AGN) is the existence of energetic phenomena in the nuclei, or core regions, of galaxies that cannot be clearly and directly explained to the interactions between the stars and interstellar medium. The source of radiation of AGN is definitely believed to emanate from the gravitational potential of gas from a supermassive black hole accreting mass at the core of the host galaxy. This emitted radiation by AGN is throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. The energy radiation in AGN is non-thermal unlike spectra of stars rather it is primarily as a result of the process of synchrotron radiation. In this scenario, power-law spectra,
Generally, an AGN possesses peculiar properties like, intense bright and point-like nucleus, radio cores with compact flat spectrum, highly ionized gas relativistically beaming out, variable fluxes observed on a wide timescale range from minutes upwards, extremely high luminosity from the range of
The naming of AGN into classes and subclasses is mostly based on the exhibition of their properties or morphologies. Some AGN classes may be similar as a result of their evolution; some may be due to observed variability of luminosities [2]. Some AGN are classified based on their viewing angle as seen by the observer, which depends mostly on the obscuration of torus [3]. This brings about an unification scheme in AGNs due to the relativistic beaming and orientation effects.
Optically, AGN may be classified as type I or type II based on the optical spectral line emission. The classification of AGN using their response to radio-loudness is preferable because of the clearer observation obtained from the radio band compared to any bands’ counterpart in the electromagnetic window. In this scenario, AGN can be classified as radio-loud and radio-quiet depending on their radio brightness. When they have ratios of radio (5GHz) to optical (B-band) flux
Classification of AGNs based on radio-loudness.
Radio-loud sources emit more energies in the radio band than in the optical waveband, and hence possess
They have total radio luminosity,
These are known for their high luminous intensity with the possession of extended double lobes/jets where one side is Doppler enhanced. They also have smooth jets as a result of highly supersonic flows. The jets are also edge-brightened and terminate in hotspots [5, 6, 7]. They polarize linearly with the electric field vector being perpendicularly to the jets. In a unification scheme, [8] suggested that FR II sources are misaligned counterparts of core-dominated quasars.
Quasars are classified further into core-dominated and lobe-dominated quasars. These are core-dominated if the radio emissions emanate mostly from the core, otherwise it is a lobe-dominated one.
The core-dominated ones possess properties like flat radio spectra with spectra index,
On the other hand, lobe-dominated quasars, unlike the core-dominated, have two extended lobes straddling a weak compact core. They are also high luminosity sources with total luminosity,
The CSS sources are characterized by sharp peaks exhibited in their radio spectra. As their names imply, they are compact bright radio sources with a population up to 30% [10]. They are also called “youth” scenario [10] being believed to be the younger phases of powerful large-scale extragalactic radio sources. They have a small radio size,
They are CSS radio galaxies if they have double lobes with weak jets and cores emitting weakly, otherwise CSS quasars if they exhibited brighter cores and jets [11]. Majority of CSS radio jets are one-sided and superluminal [11]. From the theory of orientation-based unification scheme, the morphological difference between the CSS radio galaxies and CSS quasars is that objects seen close to the line of sight of the observer are referred to CSS quasars otherwise radio galaxies [2].
Low luminosity radio sources have total radio luminosity,
According to [12], FR I radio galaxies are characterized by extended double-lobed with low frequency, ν ∼ 400 MHz. FR I has
Moreover, FR I sources are symmetric with smooth and continuous jets which begin as one-sided nearer the core and two-sided at a few kilo parsecs away. FR I sources are located in rich clusters that highly emit x-ray gas. The x-ray gas sweeps back and distorts the FR I radio structure as it moves across the interstellar cluster, hence giving FR I object narrow-angle-tail or wide-angle-tail according to the strength of the ram pressure of the gas [13, 14].
BL Lacs objects are the most violent AGN known. They have properties like very weak or sometimes no radio emission lines, compact radio core, rapid and high peak variable fluxes, superluminal flows. They are also known as blazars just like optically violently variable (OVV) quasars.
These are objects that emit more in the optical window than they do in the radio band. AGN sources are said to be radio quiet if they emit more of their energy in the optical waveband than in the radio waveband. They have properties like
The observational morphological features of a radio source are radio core, jets, lobes and hotspots, though every source may not exhibit all these features.
This is the core engine where the energetic radio emission mechanism in EGRSs is assumed to originate. This core is divided into steep spectrum cores and ultra-compact flat spectrum [16]. The steep spectrum cores are characterized in some radio galaxies by having more extended radio cores of few kilo parsecs in size and steeper spectra (
These are the conduits through which the high-energy particles are transporting from the cores to the other extended radio structures. A typical radio jet is expected to be at least four times as long as its width, in line with the radio core and separable from other features at high resolution [17]. The radio jets which can be one or two-sided exhibit properties like emissions with steep spectra of spectral index, α ̴ 0.5–0.9.
These are one of the extended structures of radio sources that cover a range of hundred kilo parsec to a few mega parsecs. These are characterized by possession of non-thermal steep spectra of spectral indices,
Hotspots are the brightest region of the extended radio structure formed at the end of the lobe where kinetic power of the jets is converted into random motion within the relativistic plasma and strengthened magnetic fields [19]. They have a linear size of 1kpc and steep spectra, α ̴ 0.5–1 slightly flatter than that of the surrounding diffuse emission [20]. See Figure 2.
Unified structure of a typical extragalactic radio source [
It has been established that the appearance of EGRSs is substantially modified by relativistic beaming and orientation of the radio axes with the line of sight, leading to asymmetries in the observed radio structures. Similarly, radio sources are known to undergo some form of cosmological as well as temporal evolution. However, the amount of relativistic beaming and the nature of the evolution present in different classes and subclasses of the EGRSs are still a subject of intensive research. In particular, different source samples show a wide range of the amount and nature of temporal evolution as reported in literature. Hence, the aim of this work is to analytically examine the observed radio properties of different samples of EGRSs for radio source structural asymmetry, use relativistic beaming and source orientation model to explain any observed structural asymmetry in the radio sources and finally develop a model that can unambiguously explain the temporal evolution in extragalactic radio sources.
In this approach, relations between various parameters of the radio sources would be derived based on established laws and theories under certain assumptions. The theories of relationships are outlined.
The standard relationship for an ideal temporal evolution model of extragalactic radio sources can be studied using the relationship between the two key parameters known as the observed linear size (D) and the spectral luminosity (
where
Meanwhile, from the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe, the radio angular size–redshift
where D can be represented using the unit of kpc and
and c is the speed of light. Moreover, the radio luminosity (P) of a radio source at redshift (z) can be defined as a function of the spectral flux density (
where α stands for spectral index. Thus, from [27] work, the relationship between P and z can be approximated to a simple power-law function of the form:
where β is the slope of the P–z which is supposed to be constant over all values of z for a given sample of sources. In this scenario, a significant correlation for all values of z in the line with
Besides, researchers [23, 24, 28] suggest that linear sizes of extragalactic radio sources evolve with cosmological epoch in the form:
where
Alternatively, with different values of
where m is the residual cosmological evolution parameter defined [24, 27] as:
When the effect of luminosity is controlled and this depends on the product of temporal evolution (q) and luminosity selection effect (β).
It is certain from above relation that if luminosity selection effect is above cosmological evolution, then, when the effect of luminosity is corrected, m < 0, so that Eq. (8) becomes
and
It is also believed that D should not increase with z for all z. Although, considering the fact that radio sources are not just rigid rods and the
where
Eq. (11) comprises of two separable components corresponding to
However, using Eq. (3) in (2), the linear size can be defined as:
where
Eq. (13) indicates two components of z: z < 1 and z > 1, where D increases with increasing z in the first so that k > 0, while the revised is the case in the last component for all D and k. On the other hand, assuming
Eq. (2) yields,
Hence, D can be expressed in relation with z as
where the intrinsic radio size,
Variation of D with z for
It is obvious from Figure 3 that there is increase in D as z increases up to a certain maximum point known as a critical value of
On the other hand, there is increase in D up to a critical point
The standard relation for explaining an ideal relativistic beaming and orientation effects for extragalactic sources is often carried using a key parameter known as core-dominance, (R) defined [34] as:
where
where
An obvious outcome of relativistic beaming and orientation effects in AGNs is the wide range of asymmetry observed in their radio structures. The radio source asymmetry can be explained using the arm-length ratio (Q), defined as the ratio of the distance, from the central engine, of a plasma element emitting radio waves on the approaching jet side (
On the other hand, [38, 39] suggested that,
where,
This
The relativistic beaming in AGN at small angles to the line-of-sight is fundamentally characterized by beaming enhancement factor (δ) expressed [40, 42] as:
where,
Also, assuming
While at
where
Thus, it can be shown from Eq. (23) that the asymmetry parameter
Eq. (26) implies that there is an association of relativistic beaming and radio source asymmetry. In asymmetric sources with Q > 1,
where
Hence, if relativistic beaming at small viewing angles is responsible for the observed structural asymmetry, the critical viewing angle
The data used in the present analysis were drawn from a well-defined source sample of [46] compilation which contains required information on the two objects of interest–ESS quasars and ESS radio galaxies, [34] compilation of 542 extragalactic radio sources and the deep VLA sample of FSRQs compiled by [47]. In these samples, there is wide dispersion in the distributions of the observed parameters.
The distributions of the linear size, D, of the extended steep-spectrum sources (ESSs) in logarithm scales are represented in Figure 4a. The graph shows D-values of 1896.3, 17.1 and 1879 kpc for the maximum, minimum and range respectively for ESS quasars, while D-values of 5853.30, 29.80 and 5823.5 kpc were obtained for maximum, minimum and range respectively for ESS galaxies. The entire sample yields D-values of 5853.3, 17.1 and 5836.2 kpc for maximum, minimum and range respectively. Further analyses yield median D-values of 148.90, 323.59 and 201.90 kpc for ESS quasars, ESS galaxies and entire sample respectively. The mean D-values of 144.54 ± 7.52 kpc and 288.40 ± 33.66 kpc were obtained respectively for ESS quasars and radio galaxies.
Distribution of (a) D, (b) z and (c) P respectively for ESS quasars (lines) and ESS galaxies (plane).
The distributions of the redshift, z of the ESSs in logarithm scales are represented in Figure 4b. The graph shows z-values of 2.88, 0.05 and 2.83 for the maximum, minimum and range respectively for ESS quasars, while z-values of 3.22, 0.006 and 3.21 were obtained for maximum, minimum and range respectively for ESS galaxies. The entire sample yields z-values of 3.22, 0.006 and 3.21 for maximum, minimum and range respectively. Further analyses yield median z-values of 1.89, 1.17 and 1.62 for ESS quasars, ESS galaxies and entire sample respectively. The mean z-values of 1.95 ± 0.01 and 1.30 ± 0.02 were obtained respectively for ESS quasars and radio galaxies.
The distributions of the radio luminosity, P of the ESSs in logarithm scales are represented in Figure 4c. The graph shows P-values of 27.90, 25.71 and 2.18
Figure 5 represents the scatter plot of linear size, D against the redshift, z. The median value data in seven redshift bins is superimposed on the plot. Critical investigation of the plot shows that on average, the linear size increases with increasing redshift up to a value logDc = 2.5 kpc (Dc = 316.23 kpc) at
Scatterplot of logD (kpc) against z for entire sources (circle) with median values (square) superimposed [
Parameters | D–P | D–z | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q | R | K | R | |||
2.37 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 2.55 | −1.09 | −0.12 | |
2.67 | −1.59 | −0.6 | −1.59 | 2.67 | −0.5 | |
4.91 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 2.51 | 0.81 | −0.05 | |
16.48 | −0.32 | −0.7 | 2.63 | −1.50 | −0.6 |
D–P/z regression analyses results for both z < 1 and
In modelling the temporal evolution of the sample, Figure 6 represents the scatter plot of projected linear size (D) and the radio luminosity (P). Similarly, the median value data in eight uniform luminosity bins are superimposed on the plot. There is an obvious trend indicating that the linear size first increases
Scatterplot of logD(kpc) against logP (
with increasing luminosity up to a certain value and thereafter decreases with increasing luminosity. The median value data showed very significant trends. This suggests that the turnover occurs at a critical point of luminosity,
The results in Table 1 did not show any obvious trend in D–P relation for sources with
Figure 7 represents the P–z scatter plot of the sample. There is a turnover at critical point
Scatterplot of logP (W/Hz) against log (1 + z) for all sample.
In Figure 6, the effect of Eqs. (10) and (11) in the light of the temporal evolution model was considered. Hence, the data are grouped into two; P < Pc and
There is a fairly significant trend in the
Source parameters | Radio galaxies | Quasars | Galaxies + quasars |
---|---|---|---|
0.16 | 0.25 | 0.20 | |
Λ | +0.000056 | −0.0002 | +0.000002 |
r | +0.3 | −0.3 | −0.5 |
Sig. (%) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Scatterplot of the fractional separation difference (x) as against projected linear size (D) for quasars (•) and radio galaxies (∆) [
The results opine that the relativistic beaming and source orientation effects are the major cause of large-scale structural asymmetries observed among powerful extragalactic radio sources, which are more obvious in core-dominated sources with large core-to-lobe luminosity ratio.
The study of the redshift effect dependence of radio size in extragalactic radio sources has been of great interest since inception of the universe. This is obviously important in cosmological studies more especially in testing of the evolution in the extragalactic radio sources. In this scenario, a theoretical model that can best interpret the D–P track is developed. According to [48] the analyzes obtained, the high redshift radio sources show high bending angles, distorted and smaller structures than the low redshift radio sources. According to the researchers, the effects on the radio source evolution depend mostly on intracluster/ or interstellar medium. A plausible model was first developed by [49] for strong linear size evolution for radio galaxies. This model explained that the typical radio sources, both giant galaxies and sub-galactic quasars, evolve at high redshifts, z.
The temporal evolution of radio linear size could be interpreted in the light of observed D–z plane for radio source samples. Hence, the D–z correlation helps in constraining cosmological/temporal models. According to [50], the amount of linear size evolution required to interpret the observed
In this scenario, the median values of D–P of the entire data superimposed in Figure 6 clearly show that the observed D–P data of the sample are consistent with the theoretical curves (c.f. Figure 3a). Hence, this suggests that the P–D data of the present sample could be used to constrain the temporal evolution model.
A cursory look in Table 1 shows that there is steep change in q as predicted above in the subsample around z ≥ 1 with fairly trends with a significant correlation in the median values obtained from the eight appropriate luminosity bins of the entire sample. The results show that the apparent lack of D–P correlation in the samples below z = 1 was due to the luminosity selection effects in the observed data. In other words, in flux density limited samples, the low redshift (z < 1) sources exhibit more dependence on luminosity as a function of redshift than the high redshift (z > 1) source counterparts. Below z = 1, the P–z weak correlation is expected, while Beyond z = 1, the luminosities have a much milder dependence on z. The regression analyses yield q = +0.002 for all samples around z ≤ 1 and q = −1.59 at z = ≥ 1. Hence, at z < 1, there is a positive temporal evolution model while at z ≥ 1, negative temporal evolution is obtained for
Several authors have argued that the unified scheme will vanish out if the derived positive D–P dependence for radio galaxies (
In
The following major conclusions were drawn from the work. A satisfactory theoretical model was obtained to explain the observed D–P track, with sources at z ≥ 1 showing stronger anti-correlation than those around z < 1. A problem was developed for these objects to match-up with D–z positive correlation as predicted in this paper at z < 1. Finally, the distributions of radio galaxies and quasars on the
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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There is a plethora of research carried out regarding professionalism in policing to meet the needs and challenges of the twenty-first century. Considering the recent developments in police education and training, this chapter mainly discusses three newly introduced routes for recruitment and education of police constables under the Policing Education Qualifications Framework (PEQF), namely Police Constable Degree Apprenticeship (PCDA), Degree Holder Entry Programme (DHEP), and Pre-Join Degree (PJD). Higher education institutions (HEIs), in partnership with the police forces, are providing professional qualifications for policing as a graduate level profession. Though they have made remarkable progress in developing police education programmes, they are facing various challenges in implementing the qualification framework. This chapter also explores pedagogical aspects of police education including the effectiveness and contrast between different forms of teaching and learning. While featuring the challenges and prospects of the new police education programmes, this chapter also outlines different aspects of partnership for delivering these professional qualification programmes.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel, Gias Uddin, Julian Parker-McLeod and Daniel Silverstone",authors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. 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Two UNESCO World Heritage sites will be discussed briefly: Otrar and the surrounding oasis, a medieval complex of sites along the Great Silk Route, and Tamgaly, a petroglyph and archaeological reserve. These two UNESCO World Heritage archaeological sites or preserves will be contrasted with the Talgar Iron Age sites (400 BC–100 CE) situated in a rapidly changing landscape due to economic development and infrastructure (pipelines, railways, roads, and housing) about 12–15 km east of the major city of Almaty. The goal of this article is to discuss the complexity of the entangled sectors of cultural and historic preservation, economic development, tourism, and global transnational heritage within the framework of sustainability.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Claudia Chang",authors:[{id:"296402",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"claudia-chang",fullName:"Claudia Chang"}]},{id:"71206",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91053",title:"Uprising and Human Rights Abuses in Southern Cameroon-Ambazonia",slug:"uprising-and-human-rights-abuses-in-southern-cameroon-ambazonia",totalDownloads:949,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In 2016, lawyers, teachers and students in the two Anglophone regions initially led demonstrations and strikes, which eventually involved a wider section of the population. This mobilization was against their marginalization by the Francophone-dominated government in which they were chronically under-represented in all aspects of national life: political appointments and professional training and had been treated as second-class citizens since their reunification. They argued that their vibrant economic and political institutions had been completely erased, and their education and judicial systems had been undermined and degraded. Activists spread videos that show security forces abusing human rights (by suppressing peaceful gatherings, beating, harassing, arresting and killing protesters, burning their houses, schools and hospitals) in order to produce a counter-narrative to the ‘official story’ that main-stream media had been producing. We collected and analyzed 30 videos to better appreciate the human rights abuses. The videos provide information that cannot be provided by other types of data. They are used as ‘proofs of facts’ and they contain much more visual information on bodily movement and acoustic data. The videos show appalling images not just of how French-speaking soldiers tortured Anglophones but also their inability to communicate with them adequately although they share the same country.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Nanche Billa Robert",authors:[{id:"285893",title:"Dr.",name:"Nanche Billa",middleName:null,surname:"Robert",slug:"nanche-billa-robert",fullName:"Nanche Billa Robert"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68136",title:"Globalization of the Cruise Industry: A Tale of Ships Part II - Asia Post 1994",slug:"globalization-of-the-cruise-industry-a-tale-of-ships-part-ii-asia-post-1994",totalDownloads:926,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Cruising has grown over 7% a year since 1980. Sustained rapid expansion in North America, followed by local expansion in Europe and Asia, has made cruising a global industry, with 365 ships and estimated sales of $37.8 US billion (CIN, 2017). This global development has been fueled by innovation and introduction of market changing resident ships appealing to the mass traveler which were quickly matched by competitors, establishment of industry and port marketing organizations, awareness of cruising as a vacation option, and availability of suitable port and berthing facilities. When these four conditions coexisted the industry experienced rapid growth. Since 1966, the cruise industry has developed from a Miami-centered industry to a global industry centered in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia/New Zealand. Given the high cost of state-of-the-art ships, their deployment is a good indication of industry’s confidence in market growth. This chapter chronicles the development of the Asian cruise industry from 1994 through 2017. Data from Cruise Industry News Annual Reports (CIN) and Berlitz Complete Guide to Cruising and Cruise Ships (Ward) are examined and conclusions are drawn.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Andrew O. Coggins",authors:[{id:"229658",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Coggins Jr",slug:"andrew-coggins-jr",fullName:"Andrew Coggins Jr"}]},{id:"72435",title:"Police Education in the United Kingdom: Challenges and Future Directions",slug:"police-education-in-the-united-kingdom-challenges-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:1132,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter outlines the historical development of police education in the United Kingdom, more precisely in England and Wales, and highlights new strategies and planning for the professional development of the police. There is a plethora of research carried out regarding professionalism in policing to meet the needs and challenges of the twenty-first century. Considering the recent developments in police education and training, this chapter mainly discusses three newly introduced routes for recruitment and education of police constables under the Policing Education Qualifications Framework (PEQF), namely Police Constable Degree Apprenticeship (PCDA), Degree Holder Entry Programme (DHEP), and Pre-Join Degree (PJD). Higher education institutions (HEIs), in partnership with the police forces, are providing professional qualifications for policing as a graduate level profession. Though they have made remarkable progress in developing police education programmes, they are facing various challenges in implementing the qualification framework. This chapter also explores pedagogical aspects of police education including the effectiveness and contrast between different forms of teaching and learning. While featuring the challenges and prospects of the new police education programmes, this chapter also outlines different aspects of partnership for delivering these professional qualification programmes.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel, Gias Uddin, Julian Parker-McLeod and Daniel Silverstone",authors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"},{id:"319810",title:"Mr.",name:"Gias",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"gias-uddin",fullName:"Gias Uddin"},{id:"321004",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",middleName:null,surname:"Parker-McLeod",slug:"julian-parker-mcleod",fullName:"Julian Parker-McLeod"},{id:"321005",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Silverstone",slug:"daniel-silverstone",fullName:"Daniel Silverstone"}]},{id:"73702",title:"Approaches to Analysis of Interstate Cooperation",slug:"approaches-to-analysis-of-interstate-cooperation",totalDownloads:643,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"At the present day cultural diplomacy plays a rather important role in the development of international relations and world politics. This concept is receiving increasing attention from various countries, international and non-governmental organizations and other actors. This trend exists due to a number of reasons, such as the desire of states to create a positive image of their country, the expansion of international cooperation, changes in the global and domestic political situation, the protection of national interests, the prevention of conflicts between states, etc. Cultural diplomacy, beyond historical precedents, consists of a relatively new practice of a country’s foreign policy, which has traditionally focused on trade and security and defense issues. It is true that in European countries there are institutions of cultural foreign relations since the beginning of the century, but in the last decade the issues, related to the projection of the international image of countries, have become more important.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Alexander Rozanov, Maria Ivanchenko, Alexandra Baranova, Elena N. Antonova, Mikhail Smirnov, Olga Belyaeva, Maria Ilicheva, Ludmila Ilicheva, Maria Krotovskaya, Tatiana Grabovich, Zaru Utekova, Dmitry Medvedev, Natalya Ogneva, Furat Al-Mutairi, Elvira Shishlo, Amina Surpkelova, Irina Kopachevskaya, Irina Sokurova, Yulia Borisova, Fernando Joao, Artyom Pakulskikh, Polina Chernova, Alexandra Khramova, Oksana Gryuk, Jesus Yaniz Gonzalez, Valentina Komleva, Alina Papsheva and Arkadi Bessonov",authors:[{id:"233092",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Rozanov",slug:"alexander-rozanov",fullName:"Alexander Rozanov"},{id:"312194",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentina",middleName:"Vycheslavovna",surname:"Komleva",slug:"valentina-komleva",fullName:"Valentina Komleva"},{id:"312195",title:"Ms.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Baranova",slug:"alexandra-baranova",fullName:"Alexandra Baranova"},{id:"312196",title:"Dr.",name:"Furat",middleName:null,surname:"Al Mutairi",slug:"furat-al-mutairi",fullName:"Furat Al Mutairi"},{id:"312197",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanchenko",slug:"maria-ivanchenko",fullName:"Maria Ivanchenko"},{id:"312198",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Arkadi",middleName:null,surname:"Bessonov",slug:"arkadi-bessonov",fullName:"Arkadi Bessonov"},{id:"312199",title:"Ms.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Papsheva",slug:"alina-papsheva",fullName:"Alina Papsheva"},{id:"312200",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludmila",middleName:null,surname:"Ilicheva",slug:"ludmila-ilicheva",fullName:"Ludmila Ilicheva"},{id:"312201",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Khramova",slug:"aleksandra-khramova",fullName:"Aleksandra Khramova"},{id:"316768",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ilicheva",slug:"maria-ilicheva",fullName:"Maria Ilicheva"},{id:"317753",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",middleName:null,surname:"Gryuk",slug:"oksana-gryuk",fullName:"Oksana Gryuk"}]},{id:"71206",title:"Uprising and Human Rights Abuses in Southern Cameroon-Ambazonia",slug:"uprising-and-human-rights-abuses-in-southern-cameroon-ambazonia",totalDownloads:951,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In 2016, lawyers, teachers and students in the two Anglophone regions initially led demonstrations and strikes, which eventually involved a wider section of the population. This mobilization was against their marginalization by the Francophone-dominated government in which they were chronically under-represented in all aspects of national life: political appointments and professional training and had been treated as second-class citizens since their reunification. They argued that their vibrant economic and political institutions had been completely erased, and their education and judicial systems had been undermined and degraded. Activists spread videos that show security forces abusing human rights (by suppressing peaceful gatherings, beating, harassing, arresting and killing protesters, burning their houses, schools and hospitals) in order to produce a counter-narrative to the ‘official story’ that main-stream media had been producing. We collected and analyzed 30 videos to better appreciate the human rights abuses. The videos provide information that cannot be provided by other types of data. They are used as ‘proofs of facts’ and they contain much more visual information on bodily movement and acoustic data. The videos show appalling images not just of how French-speaking soldiers tortured Anglophones but also their inability to communicate with them adequately although they share the same country.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Nanche Billa Robert",authors:[{id:"285893",title:"Dr.",name:"Nanche Billa",middleName:null,surname:"Robert",slug:"nanche-billa-robert",fullName:"Nanche Billa Robert"}]},{id:"72097",title:"Towards Global Peace and Sustainability: Role of Education in Peace-Building in the Great Lakes Region of Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"towards-global-peace-and-sustainability-role-of-education-in-peace-building-in-the-great-lakes-regio",totalDownloads:683,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The Great Lakes Region of sub-Saharan Africa is well known for being volatile and turbulent in terms of peace and stability. For over 60 years, almost all countries in the region have experienced some kind of political and social turmoil such as civil war, coup de tat, and genocides. In 1960, the first democratically elected Congolese prime minister was assassinated. There were unprecedented social and political havoc in a nearby “other Congo” characterized by power struggle between various political and ethnic factions in the post-independence Congo Brazzaville. In Burundi and Rwanda, ethnic tensions between the Tutsi and Hutu engulfed the developmental dreams of nationalist freedom fighters until 2015. Though arguably stable, Tanzania has experienced its own share of socio-political messy including the 1998 Mwembechai and 2001 Pemba massacres. Efforts to build a sense of sustainable peace and development based on mutual understanding and socio-political harmony has brought limited success. In all these countries, the missing link in building sustainable peace and security has been a lack of education. The chapter intends to fill this gap by critically analyzing the potential role of basic education, especially pre-primary and early grades education, in sustainable peace-building in the sub-Saharan context.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Laurent Gabriel Ndijuye and Pambas Basil Tandika",authors:[{id:"301740",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Ndijuye",slug:"laurent-gabriel-ndijuye",fullName:"Laurent Gabriel Ndijuye"},{id:"319403",title:"Dr.",name:"Pambas Basilius",middleName:null,surname:"Tandika",slug:"pambas-basilius-tandika",fullName:"Pambas Basilius Tandika"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"476",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:14,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. 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Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. 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Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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