Chemical composition and physical properties of OPC.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1706",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Methodological Advances in the Culture, Manipulation and Utilization of Embryonic Stem Cells for Basic and Practical Applications",title:"Methodological Advances in the Culture, Manipulation and Utilization of Embryonic Stem Cells for Basic and Practical Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Pluripotent stem cells have the potential to revolutionise medicine, providing treatment options for a wide range of diseases and conditions that currently lack therapies or cures. This book describes methodological advances in the culture and manipulation of embryonic stem cells that will serve to bring this promise to practice.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-197-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6432-6",doi:"10.5772/2149",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"methodological-advances-in-the-culture-manipulation-and-utilization-of-embryonic-stem-cells-for-basic-and-practical-applications",numberOfPages:504,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"859182731e564430697a4299a78f0548",bookSignature:"Craig Atwood",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1706.jpg",numberOfDownloads:60265,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:74,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 11th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 8th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 13th 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 12th 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 26th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"16945",title:"Prof.",name:"Craig",middleName:"S",surname:"Atwood",slug:"craig-atwood",fullName:"Craig Atwood",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/16945/images/1587_n.jpg",biography:"Craig S. Atwood, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Wisconsin and a Health Science Specialist with the Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center at the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital in Madison. Dr. Atwood completed his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the University of Western Australia in Perth, Australia prior to post-doctoral fellowships at the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown. He held faculty positions at Harvard Medical School and Case Western Reserve University prior to his current appointment where he directs the research program of the Laboratory for Endocrinology, Aging and Disease. Dr. Atwood has broad research interests related to the endocrinology of embryogenesis, adulthood and senescence as elaborated upon in ‘The Reproductive-Cell Cycle Theory of Aging’. He has published over 200 scientific articles, has served on numerous review boards and is an Editor of 20 scientific journals including the Journal of Biological Chemistry. In 2006 he received the Zenith Fellows Award from the Alzheimer’s Association in recognition of his research.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"University of Wisconsin–Madison",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"990",title:"Stem Cell Research",slug:"medicine-cell-biology-stem-cell-research"}],chapters:[{id:"15459",title:"Embryonic Stem Cells: from Blastocyst to in vitro Differentiation",doi:"10.5772/14099",slug:"embryonic-stem-cells-from-blastocyst-to-in-vitro-differentiation",totalDownloads:3391,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Genesia Manganelli, Annalisa Fico and Stefania Filosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15459",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15459",authors:[{id:"16787",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",surname:"Filosa",slug:"stefania-filosa",fullName:"Stefania Filosa"},{id:"19876",title:"Dr.",name:"Genesia",surname:"Manganelli",slug:"genesia-manganelli",fullName:"Genesia Manganelli"},{id:"19877",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",surname:"Fico",slug:"annalisa-fico",fullName:"Annalisa Fico"}],corrections:null},{id:"15460",title:"Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Basics from a Fertilized Zygote to These Promising Pluripotent Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/14306",slug:"mouse-embryonic-stem-cells-basics-from-a-fertilized-zygote-to-these-promising-pluripotent-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2428,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Carol Fagundez, Mónica Loresi, Stella Delcourt and Pablo Argibay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15460",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15460",authors:[{id:"16229",title:"BSc.",name:"Carol",surname:"Fagundez",slug:"carol-fagundez",fullName:"Carol Fagundez"},{id:"20092",title:"MD",name:"Mónica",surname:"Loresi",slug:"monica-loresi",fullName:"Mónica Loresi"},{id:"20093",title:"BSc",name:"Stella",surname:"Delcourt",slug:"stella-delcourt",fullName:"Stella Delcourt"},{id:"20094",title:"PhD",name:"Pablo",surname:"Argibay",slug:"pablo-argibay",fullName:"Pablo Argibay"}],corrections:null},{id:"15461",title:"Effective Derivation and Manipulation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/15058",slug:"effective-derivation-and-manipulation-of-mouse-embryonic-stem-cells",totalDownloads:4959,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Peng Zhang, Xinglong Wu, Pengbo Wang and Xiangyun Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15461",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15461",authors:[{id:"19358",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiangyun",surname:"Li",slug:"xiangyun-li",fullName:"Xiangyun Li"},{id:"23599",title:"Mr",name:"Peng",surname:"Zhang",slug:"peng-zhang",fullName:"Peng Zhang"},{id:"23600",title:"Mr",name:"Xinglong",surname:"Wu",slug:"xinglong-wu",fullName:"Xinglong Wu"},{id:"23601",title:"Mr",name:"Pengbo",surname:"Wang",slug:"pengbo-wang",fullName:"Pengbo Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"15462",title:"Artificial Acellular Feeder Layer: An Advanced Engineered Extracellular Matrix for Stem Cell Culture",doi:"10.5772/15348",slug:"artificial-acellular-feeder-layer-an-advanced-engineered-extracellular-matrix-for-stem-cell-culture",totalDownloads:1603,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Amranul Haque, Masato Nagaoka, Xiao-Shan Yue, Stephen A. Duncan and Toshihiro Akaike",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15462",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15462",authors:[{id:"19953",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshihiro",surname:"Akaike",slug:"toshihiro-akaike",fullName:"Toshihiro Akaike"},{id:"20425",title:"Dr.",name:"Amranul",surname:"Haque",slug:"amranul-haque",fullName:"Amranul Haque"},{id:"20866",title:"Dr.",name:"Masato",surname:"Nagaoka",slug:"masato-nagaoka",fullName:"Masato Nagaoka"},{id:"21250",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Duncan",slug:"stephen-duncan",fullName:"Stephen Duncan"},{id:"24096",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao-Shan",surname:"Yue",slug:"xiao-shan-yue",fullName:"Xiao-Shan Yue"}],corrections:null},{id:"15463",title:"Biomaterials for In Vitro Expansion of Embryonic Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/13782",slug:"biomaterials-for-in-vitro-expansion-of-embryonic-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1797,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Makoto Sakuragi and Yoshihiro Ito",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15463",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15463",authors:[{id:"15905",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshihiro",surname:"Ito",slug:"yoshihiro-ito",fullName:"Yoshihiro Ito"},{id:"20114",title:"Dr.",name:"Makoto",surname:"Sakuragi",slug:"makoto-sakuragi",fullName:"Makoto Sakuragi"}],corrections:null},{id:"15464",title:"Surface Engineering to Control Embryonic Stem Cell Fate",doi:"10.5772/15992",slug:"surface-engineering-to-control-embryonic-stem-cell-fate",totalDownloads:2199,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shohreh Mashayekhan and Jun-ichi Miyazaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15464",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15464",authors:[{id:"22831",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun-ichi",surname:"Miyazaki",slug:"jun-ichi-miyazaki",fullName:"Jun-ichi Miyazaki"},{id:"23351",title:"Dr.",name:"Shohreh",surname:"Mashayekhan",slug:"shohreh-mashayekhan",fullName:"Shohreh Mashayekhan"}],corrections:null},{id:"15465",title:"Preservation of Embryonic Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/13860",slug:"preservation-of-embryonic-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2334,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Xiaoming He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15465",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15465",authors:[{id:"16130",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoming",surname:"He",slug:"xiaoming-he",fullName:"Xiaoming He"}],corrections:null},{id:"15466",title:"Topographically and Chemically Modified Surfaces for Expansion or Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/15346",slug:"topographically-and-chemically-modified-surfaces-for-expansion-or-differentiation-of-embryonic-stem-",totalDownloads:1771,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Lotte D’Andrea Markert, Jette Lovmand, Mogens Duch and Finn Skou Pedersen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15466",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15466",authors:[{id:"20411",title:"Dr.",name:"Finn Skou",surname:"Pedersen",slug:"finn-skou-pedersen",fullName:"Finn Skou Pedersen"},{id:"20416",title:"M. Sc.",name:"Lotte D'Andrea",surname:"Markert",slug:"lotte-d'andrea-markert",fullName:"Lotte D'Andrea Markert"},{id:"20417",title:"Dr.",name:"Jette",surname:"Lovmand",slug:"jette-lovmand",fullName:"Jette Lovmand"},{id:"20418",title:"Dr.",name:"Mogens",surname:"Duch",slug:"mogens-duch",fullName:"Mogens Duch"}],corrections:null},{id:"15467",title:"Directed Differentation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Combination of Biomaterials",doi:"10.5772/15252",slug:"directed-differentation-of-human-embryonic-stem-cells-in-combination-of-biomaterials",totalDownloads:2242,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Huihui Wang, Xiaojing Xu, Rong Ye and Huanxiang Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15467",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15467",authors:[{id:"20097",title:"Prof.",name:"Huanxiang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"huanxiang-zhang",fullName:"Huanxiang Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"15468",title:"Non-invasive Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived Endothelial Cells Using Reporter Genes",doi:"10.5772/13925",slug:"non-invasive-imaging-of-human-embryonic-stem-cells-derived-endothelial-cells-using-reporter-genes",totalDownloads:1585,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yizhou Zheng, Deling Kong and Zongjin Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15468",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15468",authors:[{id:"16309",title:"Dr.",name:"Zongjin",surname:"Li",slug:"zongjin-li",fullName:"Zongjin Li"},{id:"16310",title:"Prof",name:"Yizhou",surname:"Zheng",slug:"yizhou-zheng",fullName:"Yizhou Zheng"},{id:"23677",title:"Prof",name:"Deling",surname:"Kong",slug:"deling-kong",fullName:"Deling Kong"}],corrections:null},{id:"15469",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy as a Tool for Embryonic Stem Cell Studies",doi:"10.5772/14690",slug:"fourier-transform-infrared-microspectroscopy-as-a-tool-for-embryonic-stem-cell-studies",totalDownloads:1957,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Diletta Ami, Paolo Mereghetti, Antonino Natalello and Silvia M. Doglia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15469",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15469",authors:[{id:"18536",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvia Maria",surname:"Doglia",slug:"silvia-maria-doglia",fullName:"Silvia Maria Doglia"},{id:"18972",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonino",surname:"Natalello",slug:"antonino-natalello",fullName:"Antonino Natalello"},{id:"18973",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Mereghetti",slug:"paolo-mereghetti",fullName:"Paolo Mereghetti"},{id:"18974",title:"Dr.",name:"Diletta",surname:"Ami",slug:"diletta-ami",fullName:"Diletta Ami"}],corrections:null},{id:"15470",title:"Reprogrammed Parthenogenetic ES Cells - New Choice for Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/13915",slug:"reprogrammed-parthenogenetic-es-cells-new-choice-for-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:1600,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Takuro Horii and Izuho Hatada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15470",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15470",authors:[{id:"16254",title:"Dr.",name:"Izuho",surname:"Hatada",slug:"izuho-hatada",fullName:"Izuho Hatada"},{id:"19335",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuro",surname:"Horii",slug:"takuro-horii",fullName:"Takuro Horii"}],corrections:null},{id:"15471",title:"Reprogramming Somatic Cells by Fusion with Embryonic Stem Cells: Present Status and Prospects in Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/14323",slug:"reprogramming-somatic-cells-by-fusion-with-embryonic-stem-cells-present-status-and-prospects-in-rege",totalDownloads:4401,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jinnuo Han and Kuldip S. Sidhu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15471",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15471",authors:[{id:"17474",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuldip",surname:"Sidhu",slug:"kuldip-sidhu",fullName:"Kuldip Sidhu"},{id:"17476",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin",surname:"Han",slug:"jin-han",fullName:"Jin Han"}],corrections:null},{id:"15472",title:"Use of Transposon-Transposase Systems for Stable Genetic Modification of Embryonic Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/13843",slug:"use-of-transposon-transposase-systems-for-stable-genetic-modification-of-embryonic-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1470,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tamás I. Orbán, Ágota Apáti, Zsuzsanna Izsvák, Zoltán Ivics and Balázs Sarkadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15472",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15472",authors:[{id:"16072",title:"Prof.",name:"Balazs",surname:"Sarkadi",slug:"balazs-sarkadi",fullName:"Balazs Sarkadi"},{id:"16107",title:"Dr.",name:"Agota",surname:"Apati",slug:"agota-apati",fullName:"Agota Apati"},{id:"16108",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsuzsanna",surname:"Izsvak",slug:"zsuzsanna-izsvak",fullName:"Zsuzsanna Izsvak"},{id:"20228",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamas",surname:"Orban",slug:"tamas-orban",fullName:"Tamas Orban"},{id:"25976",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltan",surname:"Ivics",slug:"zoltan-ivics",fullName:"Zoltan Ivics"}],corrections:null},{id:"15473",title:"Gene Transduction Approaches in Human Embryonic Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/14163",slug:"gene-transduction-approaches-in-human-embryonic-stem-cells",totalDownloads:3324,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"David Brafman and Karl Willert",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15473",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15473",authors:[{id:"17016",title:"Dr.",name:"Karl",surname:"Willert",slug:"karl-willert",fullName:"Karl Willert"},{id:"20622",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Brafman",slug:"david-brafman",fullName:"David Brafman"}],corrections:null},{id:"15474",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells Induced from Testicular Tissue of a Man with Klinefelter Syndrome (47, XXY) by Four Transcription Factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC)",doi:"10.5772/13851",slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells-induced-from-testicular-tissue-of-a-man-with-klinefelter-syndrome-47-xxy-by-f",totalDownloads:1467,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hideyuki Kobayashi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15474",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15474",authors:[{id:"15960",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideyuki",surname:"Kobayashi",slug:"hideyuki-kobayashi",fullName:"Hideyuki Kobayashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"15475",title:"Application of Magnet-based Nanofection in Embryonic Stem Cell Research",doi:"10.5772/14166",slug:"application-of-magnet-based-nanofection-in-embryonic-stem-cell-research",totalDownloads:2043,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ssang-Goo Cho, Sachin Honguntikar and Hyun Joo Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15475",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15475",authors:[{id:"17018",title:"Prof.",name:"Ssang-Goo",surname:"Cho",slug:"ssang-goo-cho",fullName:"Ssang-Goo Cho"},{id:"20388",title:"Miss",name:"Hyun Joo",surname:"Lee",slug:"hyun-joo-lee",fullName:"Hyun Joo Lee"},{id:"20389",title:"Mr.",name:"Sachin",surname:"Honguntikar",slug:"sachin-honguntikar",fullName:"Sachin Honguntikar"}],corrections:null},{id:"15476",title:"Chromosome Engineering in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells: Addition and Elimination of Targeted Chromosomes",doi:"10.5772/14164",slug:"chromosome-engineering-in-mouse-embryonic-stem-cells-addition-and-elimination-of-targeted-chromosome",totalDownloads:2718,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Masako Tada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15476",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15476",authors:[{id:"17019",title:"Prof.",name:"Masako",surname:"Tada",slug:"masako-tada",fullName:"Masako Tada"}],corrections:null},{id:"15477",title:"Microarray Analysis of Undifferentiated and Differentiated Human Pluripotent Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/14354",slug:"microarray-analysis-of-undifferentiated-and-differentiated-human-pluripotent-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2061,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jane Synnergren and Peter Sartipy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15477",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15477",authors:[{id:"17411",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Sartipy",slug:"peter-sartipy",fullName:"Peter Sartipy"},{id:"17560",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane",surname:"Synnergren",slug:"jane-synnergren",fullName:"Jane Synnergren"}],corrections:null},{id:"15666",title:"Tracking the Structure of Protein Interaction Network via Multiple Genetic Perturbations on Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells — Implementation of the Entropy Maximization Principle",doi:"10.5772/14910",slug:"tracking-the-structure-of-protein-interaction-network-via-multiple-genetic-perturbations-on-mouse-em",totalDownloads:1444,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Lei Mao, Rossella De Cegli, Mario Lauria, Grit Nebrich, Jean Maurice Delabar, Yann Herault, Gilda Cobellis and Joachim Klose",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15666",authors:[{id:"19054",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",surname:"Mao",slug:"lei-mao",fullName:"Lei Mao"}],corrections:null},{id:"15667",title:"Establishment of Embryonic Stem Cells and Generation of Genetically Modified Rats",doi:"10.5772/14737",slug:"establishment-of-embryonic-stem-cells-and-generation-of-genetically-modified-rats",totalDownloads:2361,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Masaki Kawamata and Takahiro Ochiya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15667",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15667",authors:[{id:"18634",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",surname:"Kawamata",slug:"masaki-kawamata",fullName:"Masaki Kawamata"},{id:"18636",title:"Dr.",name:"Takahiro",surname:"Ochiya",slug:"takahiro-ochiya",fullName:"Takahiro Ochiya"}],corrections:null},{id:"15668",title:"Rat Embryonic Stem Cells: Establishment and Their Use for Transgenesis",doi:"10.5772/14707",slug:"rat-embryonic-stem-cells-establishment-and-their-use-for-transgenesis",totalDownloads:1916,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Masumi Hirabayashi and Shinichi Hochi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15668",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15668",authors:[{id:"18570",title:"Dr.",name:"Masumi",surname:"Hirabayashi",slug:"masumi-hirabayashi",fullName:"Masumi Hirabayashi"},{id:"18571",title:"Dr.",name:"Megumi",surname:"Kato",slug:"megumi-kato",fullName:"Megumi Kato"},{id:"18572",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinichi",surname:"Hochi",slug:"shinichi-hochi",fullName:"Shinichi Hochi"}],corrections:null},{id:"15695",title:"Assessment of Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity by the Embryonic Stem Cell Test",doi:"10.5772/14644",slug:"assessment-of-embryotoxicity-and-teratogenicity-by-the-embryonic-stem-cell-test",totalDownloads:4121,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kazuaki Nakamura, Shinji Kusakawa and Akito Tanoue",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15695",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15695",authors:[{id:"17022",title:"Dr.",name:"Akito",surname:"Tanoue",slug:"akito-tanoue",fullName:"Akito Tanoue"},{id:"18880",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuaki",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"kazuaki-nakamura",fullName:"Kazuaki Nakamura"},{id:"18881",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinji",surname:"Kusakawa",slug:"shinji-kusakawa",fullName:"Shinji Kusakawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"15696",title:"Application of Embryonic Stem Cells as a Novel Tool in Drug Screening",doi:"10.5772/14827",slug:"application-of-embryonic-stem-cells-as-a-novel-tool-in-drug-screening",totalDownloads:1937,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gi Jin Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15696",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15696",authors:[{id:"16358",title:"Dr.",name:"Gi Jin",surname:"Kim",slug:"gi-jin-kim",fullName:"Gi Jin Kim"}],corrections:null},{id:"15826",title:"Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neuronal Networks:Their Electrical Functionality and Usability for Modelling and Toxicology",doi:"10.5772/14912",slug:"human-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived-neuronal-networks-their-electrical-functionality-and-usability-f",totalDownloads:1754,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Riikka Äänismaa, Laura Ylä-Outinen, Jarno E. Mikkonen and Susanna Narkilahti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15826",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15826",authors:[{id:"19059",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanna",surname:"Narkilahti",slug:"susanna-narkilahti",fullName:"Susanna Narkilahti"},{id:"20201",title:"Dr.",name:"Riikka",surname:"Äänismaa",slug:"riikka-aanismaa",fullName:"Riikka Äänismaa"},{id:"20202",title:"Mrs",name:"Laura",surname:"Ylä-Outinen",slug:"laura-yla-outinen",fullName:"Laura Ylä-Outinen"},{id:"20205",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarno",surname:"Mikkonen",slug:"jarno-mikkonen",fullName:"Jarno Mikkonen"}],corrections:null},{id:"15827",title:"A Novel Strategy for Drug Discovery and Development by Analyzing the Behavior of ES Cells Cultured on TOSHI (Tissue/Organ Sections for Histopathology)–Substrata",doi:"10.5772/14303",slug:"a-novel-strategy-for-drug-discovery-and-development-by-analyzing-the-behavior-of-es-cells-cultured-o",totalDownloads:1384,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Toshiaki Takezawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15827",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15827",authors:[{id:"17432",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiaki",surname:"Takezawa",slug:"toshiaki-takezawa",fullName:"Toshiaki Takezawa"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"56",title:"Embryonic Stem Cells",subtitle:"The Hormonal Regulation of Pluripotency and Embryogenesis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2a19ef174e6fb5df273830efe6b72da",slug:"embryonic-stem-cells-the-hormonal-regulation-of-pluripotency-and-embryogenesis",bookSignature:"Craig Atwood",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/56.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16945",title:"Prof.",name:"Craig",surname:"Atwood",slug:"craig-atwood",fullName:"Craig Atwood"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1707",title:"Embryonic Stem Cells",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44fa48df2f5978bf15f3a422186e79a8",slug:"embryonic-stem-cells-recent-advances-in-pluripotent-stem-cell-based-regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Craig Atwood",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16945",title:"Prof.",name:"Craig",surname:"Atwood",slug:"craig-atwood",fullName:"Craig Atwood"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3827",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology",subtitle:"Advances in Mechanisms, Methods and Models",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cefa40b44f921d8f66661757ee394474",slug:"pluripotent-stem-cell-biology-advances-in-mechanisms-methods-and-models",bookSignature:"Craig S. Atwood and Sivan Vadakkadath Meethal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16945",title:"Prof.",name:"Craig",surname:"Atwood",slug:"craig-atwood",fullName:"Craig Atwood"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1433",title:"Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb833578dc2ceecd55e4fc9339f3ce19",slug:"geriatrics",bookSignature:"Craig S. Atwood",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1433.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16945",title:"Prof.",name:"Craig",surname:"Atwood",slug:"craig-atwood",fullName:"Craig Atwood"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"216",title:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a31b9aa4ace99ed56f02e53a74d068e",slug:"stem-cells-in-clinic-and-research",bookSignature:"Ali Gholamrezanezhad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29557",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Gholamrezanezhad",slug:"ali-gholamrezanezhad",fullName:"Ali Gholamrezanezhad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"388",title:"Embryonic Stem Cells",subtitle:"Basic Biology to Bioengineering",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75fab84c1c8e75f1882393bd48c0e7a5",slug:"embryonic-stem-cells-basic-biology-to-bioengineering",bookSignature:"Michael S. Kallos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/388.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62719",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael S.",surname:"Kallos",slug:"michael-s.-kallos",fullName:"Michael S. Kallos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3263",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e3646a06bb8ba1da33cb5ccb0867062",slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells",bookSignature:"Deepa Bhartiya and Nibedita Lenka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3263.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139427",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepa",surname:"Bhartiya",slug:"deepa-bhartiya",fullName:"Deepa Bhartiya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"694",title:"Advances in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8456364ad683155bfd97bb74960d66a",slug:"advances-in-hematopoietic-stem-cell-research",bookSignature:"Rosana Pelayo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74711",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana",surname:"Pelayo",slug:"rosana-pelayo",fullName:"Rosana Pelayo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3427",title:"Neural Stem Cells",subtitle:"New Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43e043afc3a3af46076832b4f784dcca",slug:"neural-stem-cells-new-perspectives",bookSignature:"Luca Bonfanti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3427.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"154282",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Bonfanti",slug:"luca-bonfanti",fullName:"Luca Bonfanti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5207",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells",subtitle:"From the Bench to the Clinic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29f98ebea5d3e1789f5fb5db827f40c",slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells-from-the-bench-to-the-clinic",bookSignature:"Minoru Tomizawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156161",title:"Dr.",name:"Minoru",surname:"Tomizawa",slug:"minoru-tomizawa",fullName:"Minoru Tomizawa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",title:"Corrigendum to: Industrial Heat Exchanger: Operation and Maintenance to Minimize Fouling and Corrosion",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68579.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68579",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68579",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68579",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68579",chapter:{id:"52929",slug:"industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",signatures:"Teng Kah Hou, Salim Newaz Kazi, Abu Bakar Mahat, Chew Bee Teng,\nAhmed Al-Shamma’a and Andy Shaw",dateSubmitted:"March 23rd 2016",dateReviewed:"October 10th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 26th 2017",book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",email:"salimnewaz@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"187135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kah Hou",middleName:null,surname:"Teng",fullName:"Kah Hou Teng",slug:"kah-hou-teng",email:"alex_teng1989@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194347",title:"Prof.",name:"Abu Bakar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahat",fullName:"Abu Bakar Mahat",slug:"abu-bakar-mahat",email:"ir_abakar@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194348",title:"Dr.",name:"Bee Teng",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",fullName:"Bee Teng Chew",slug:"bee-teng-chew",email:"chewbeeteng@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shamma'A",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Shamma'A",slug:"ahmed-al-shamma'a",email:"A.Al-Shamma'a@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194350",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Andy Shaw",slug:"andy-shaw",email:"A.Shaw@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"52929",slug:"industrial-heat-exchanger-operation-and-maintenance-to-minimize-fouling-and-corrosion",signatures:"Teng Kah Hou, Salim Newaz Kazi, Abu Bakar Mahat, Chew Bee Teng,\nAhmed Al-Shamma’a and Andy Shaw",dateSubmitted:"March 23rd 2016",dateReviewed:"October 10th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 26th 2017",book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",email:"salimnewaz@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"187135",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kah Hou",middleName:null,surname:"Teng",fullName:"Kah Hou Teng",slug:"kah-hou-teng",email:"alex_teng1989@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194347",title:"Prof.",name:"Abu Bakar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahat",fullName:"Abu Bakar Mahat",slug:"abu-bakar-mahat",email:"ir_abakar@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194348",title:"Dr.",name:"Bee Teng",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",fullName:"Bee Teng Chew",slug:"bee-teng-chew",email:"chewbeeteng@um.edu.my",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194349",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shamma'A",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Shamma'A",slug:"ahmed-al-shamma'a",email:"A.Al-Shamma'a@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"194350",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Andy Shaw",slug:"andy-shaw",email:"A.Shaw@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},book:{id:"6080",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:"Advanced Features and Applications",fullTitle:"Heat Exchangers - Advanced Features and Applications",slug:"heat-exchangers-advanced-features-and-applications",publishedDate:"April 26th 2017",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed and Manuel Matos Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12073",leadTitle:null,title:"Solvents",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d31c0b4deb8e2005ddefc42a4be8e451",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12073.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 2nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 23rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 22nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 10th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 9th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"27121",title:"Clinical Risk Factors for Preterm Birth",doi:"10.5772/27439",slug:"clinical-risk-factors-for-preterm-birth",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/27121.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27121",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27121",totalDownloads:8765,totalViews:338,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:13,impactScorePercentile:99,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 18th 2011",dateReviewed:"August 3rd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 27th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/27121",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/27121",book:{id:"776",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child"},signatures:"Ifeoma Offiah, Keelin O’Donoghue and Louise Kenny",authors:[{id:"68552",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoma",middleName:null,surname:"Offiah",fullName:"Ifeoma Offiah",slug:"ifeoma-offiah",email:"ifyoffiah@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Cork University Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"70166",title:"Prof.",name:"Louise",middleName:null,surname:"Kenny",fullName:"Louise Kenny",slug:"louise-kenny",email:"l.kenny@ucc.ie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University College Cork",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"74717",title:"Dr.",name:"Keelin",middleName:null,surname:"O'Donoghue",fullName:"Keelin O'Donoghue",slug:"keelin-o'donoghue",email:"k.odonoghue@ucc.ie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Cork University Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"776",type:"book",title:"Preterm Birth",subtitle:"Mother and Child",fullTitle:"Preterm Birth - Mother and Child",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",publishedDate:"January 27th 2012",bookSignature:"John C. Morrison",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/776.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-828-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4370-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:45,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"68209",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Morrison",slug:"john-morrison",fullName:"John Morrison"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1067"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"27119",type:"chapter",title:"Assisted Reproduction and Preterm Birth",slug:"assisted-reproduction-and-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:3158,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Offer Erez, Ruth Beer-Weisel, Tal Rafaeli-Yehudai, Idit Erez-Weiss and Moshe Mazor",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65432",title:"Dr.",name:"Offer",middleName:null,surname:"Erez",fullName:"Offer Erez",slug:"offer-erez"},{id:"65434",title:"Prof.",name:"Moshe",middleName:null,surname:"Mazor",fullName:"Moshe Mazor",slug:"moshe-mazor"},{id:"122111",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth",middleName:null,surname:"Beer-Weisel",fullName:"Ruth Beer-Weisel",slug:"ruth-beer-weisel"},{id:"122114",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Rafaeli-Yehudai",fullName:"Tal Rafaeli-Yehudai",slug:"tal-rafaeli-yehudai"},{id:"122115",title:"Dr.",name:"Idit",middleName:null,surname:"Erez-Weiss",fullName:"Idit Erez-Weiss",slug:"idit-erez-weiss"}]},{id:"27120",type:"chapter",title:"Environmental Exposures, Genetic Susceptibility and Preterm Birth",slug:"environmental-exposures-genetic-susceptibility-and-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:1995,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Regina Grazuleviciene, Jone Vencloviene, Asta Danileviciute, Audrius Dedele and Gediminas Balcius",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66597",title:"Prof.",name:"Regina",middleName:null,surname:"Grazuleviciene",fullName:"Regina Grazuleviciene",slug:"regina-grazuleviciene"},{id:"66614",title:"Dr.",name:"Jone",middleName:null,surname:"Vencloviene",fullName:"Jone Vencloviene",slug:"jone-vencloviene"},{id:"66615",title:"MSc.",name:"Audrius",middleName:null,surname:"Dedele",fullName:"Audrius Dedele",slug:"audrius-dedele"},{id:"66616",title:"MSc.",name:"Asta",middleName:null,surname:"Danileviciute",fullName:"Asta Danileviciute",slug:"asta-danileviciute"},{id:"66617",title:"MSc.",name:"Gediminas",middleName:null,surname:"Balcius",fullName:"Gediminas Balcius",slug:"gediminas-balcius"}]},{id:"27121",type:"chapter",title:"Clinical Risk Factors for Preterm Birth",slug:"clinical-risk-factors-for-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:8765,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Ifeoma Offiah, Keelin O’Donoghue and Louise Kenny",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68552",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoma",middleName:null,surname:"Offiah",fullName:"Ifeoma Offiah",slug:"ifeoma-offiah"},{id:"70166",title:"Prof.",name:"Louise",middleName:null,surname:"Kenny",fullName:"Louise Kenny",slug:"louise-kenny"},{id:"74717",title:"Dr.",name:"Keelin",middleName:null,surname:"O'Donoghue",fullName:"Keelin O'Donoghue",slug:"keelin-o'donoghue"}]},{id:"27122",type:"chapter",title:"Psychobiological Stress and Preterm Birth",slug:"psychobiological-stress-and-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:2997,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Curt A. Sandman, Elysia P. Davis and Laura M. Glynn",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70534",title:"Prof.",name:"Curt",middleName:null,surname:"Sandman",fullName:"Curt Sandman",slug:"curt-sandman"},{id:"74174",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Glynn",fullName:"Laura Glynn",slug:"laura-glynn"},{id:"74177",title:"Prof.",name:"Elysia",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",fullName:"Elysia Davis",slug:"elysia-davis"}]},{id:"27123",type:"chapter",title:"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants: Preterm Birth and Preterm Infants",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-antioxidants-preterm-birth-and-preterm-infants",totalDownloads:5333,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Robert A. Knuppel, Mohamed I. Hassan, James J. McDermott, J. Martin Tucker and John C. Morrison",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68209",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Morrison",fullName:"John Morrison",slug:"john-morrison"},{id:"150780",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Knupple",fullName:"Robert Knupple",slug:"robert-knupple"},{id:"150781",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Tucker",fullName:"Martin Tucker",slug:"martin-tucker"}]},{id:"27124",type:"chapter",title:"Weakening and Rupture of Human Fetal Membranes – Biochemistry and Biomechanics",slug:"weakening-and-rupture-of-human-fetal-membranes-biochemistry-and-biomechanics",totalDownloads:3420,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"N. Rangaswamy, D. Kumar, R.M. Moore, B.M. Mercer, J.M. Mansour, R. Redline and J.J. Moore",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66732",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Moore",fullName:"John Moore",slug:"john-moore"},{id:"73134",title:"Dr.",name:"Nandeesh",middleName:null,surname:"Rangaswamy",fullName:"Nandeesh Rangaswamy",slug:"nandeesh-rangaswamy"},{id:"73135",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Deepak Kumar",slug:"deepak-kumar"},{id:"73136",title:"Mr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Moore",fullName:"Robert Moore",slug:"robert-moore"},{id:"118474",title:"Prof.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Mercer",fullName:"Brian Mercer",slug:"brian-mercer"},{id:"118476",title:"Prof.",name:"Raymond",middleName:null,surname:"Redline",fullName:"Raymond Redline",slug:"raymond-redline"},{id:"118477",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",fullName:"Joseph Mansour",slug:"joseph-mansour"}]},{id:"27125",type:"chapter",title:"The Effect of Inflammation on Preterm Birth",slug:"the-effect-of-inflammation-on-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:3081,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Grazzia Rey, Silvana Pereyra, Tatiana Velazquez, Daniel Grasso, Justo Alonso, Bernardo Bertoni and Rossana Sapiro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67183",title:"Prof.",name:"Rossana",middleName:null,surname:"Sapiro",fullName:"Rossana Sapiro",slug:"rossana-sapiro"},{id:"74233",title:"Prof.",name:"Rey",middleName:null,surname:"Grazzia",fullName:"Rey Grazzia",slug:"rey-grazzia"},{id:"74234",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvana",middleName:null,surname:"Pereyra",fullName:"Silvana Pereyra",slug:"silvana-pereyra"},{id:"74237",title:"BSc.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Velazquez",fullName:"Tatiana Velazquez",slug:"tatiana-velazquez"},{id:"74241",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Grasso",fullName:"Daniel Grasso",slug:"daniel-grasso"},{id:"74243",title:"Dr.",name:"Justo",middleName:null,surname:"Alonso",fullName:"Justo Alonso",slug:"justo-alonso"},{id:"74244",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardo",middleName:null,surname:"Bertoni",fullName:"Bernardo Bertoni",slug:"bernardo-bertoni"}]},{id:"27126",type:"chapter",title:"Uterine Contraction Monitoring, Maintenance Tocolysis, and Preterm Birth",slug:"uterine-contraction-monitoring-maintenance-tocolysis-and-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:3036,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"John C. Morrison, John P. Elliott and Stephen Jones",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68209",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Morrison",fullName:"John Morrison",slug:"john-morrison"},{id:"150779",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Elliott",fullName:"John Elliott",slug:"john-elliott"}]},{id:"27127",type:"chapter",title:"Progestins and Preterm Birth",slug:"progestins-and-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:2748,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Helen Y. How and Baha M. Sibai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"103378",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"How",fullName:"Helen How",slug:"helen-how"},{id:"147507",title:"Dr.",name:"Baha M.",middleName:null,surname:"Sibai",fullName:"Baha M. Sibai",slug:"baha-m.-sibai"}]},{id:"27128",type:"chapter",title:"Management of Abnormal Vaginal Flora as a Risk Factor for Preterm Birth",slug:"management-of-abnormal-vaginal-flora-as-a-risk-factor-for-preterm-birth",totalDownloads:4780,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Gilbert G.G. Donders and Gert Bellen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70288",title:"Prof.",name:"Gilbert",middleName:null,surname:"Donders",fullName:"Gilbert Donders",slug:"gilbert-donders"},{id:"150488",title:"Dr.",name:"Gert",middleName:null,surname:"Bellen",fullName:"Gert Bellen",slug:"gert-bellen"}]},{id:"27129",type:"chapter",title:"Strategies in the Prevention of Preterm Births During and Before Pregnancy",slug:"strategies-in-the-prevention-of-preterm-births-during-and-before-pregnancy",totalDownloads:2099,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Wolf Kirschner and Klaus Friese",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"74031",title:"Dr.",name:"Wolf",middleName:null,surname:"Kirschner",fullName:"Wolf Kirschner",slug:"wolf-kirschner"},{id:"116780",title:"Prof.",name:"Klaus",middleName:null,surname:"Friese",fullName:"Klaus Friese",slug:"klaus-friese"}]},{id:"27130",type:"chapter",title:"Preterm Birth of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants",slug:"preterm-birth-of-extremely-low-birth-weight-infants",totalDownloads:9555,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jonathan Muraskas, Lisa DeGregoris, Colleen Rusciolelli and Christine Sajous",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92759",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Muraskas",fullName:"Jonathan Muraskas",slug:"jonathan-muraskas"},{id:"120727",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"DeGregoris",fullName:"Lisa DeGregoris",slug:"lisa-degregoris"},{id:"120732",title:"Dr.",name:"Colleen",middleName:null,surname:"Rusciolelli",fullName:"Colleen Rusciolelli",slug:"colleen-rusciolelli"},{id:"150502",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Sajous",fullName:"Christine Sajous",slug:"christine-sajous"}]},{id:"27131",type:"chapter",title:"The Protective Role of Erythropoietin in the Developing Brain",slug:"the-protective-role-of-erythropoietin-in-the-developing-brain",totalDownloads:2565,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marco Sifringer, Angela M. Kaindl, Stefanie Endesfelder, Clarissa von Haefen, Ivo Bendix and Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"71834",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sifringer",fullName:"Marco Sifringer",slug:"marco-sifringer"},{id:"73079",title:"Prof.",name:"Angela M.",middleName:null,surname:"Kaindl",fullName:"Angela M. Kaindl",slug:"angela-m.-kaindl"},{id:"73080",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Endesfelder",fullName:"Stefanie Endesfelder",slug:"stefanie-endesfelder"},{id:"73081",title:"Dr.",name:"Clarissa",middleName:null,surname:"Von Haefen",fullName:"Clarissa Von Haefen",slug:"clarissa-von-haefen"},{id:"73083",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivo",middleName:null,surname:"Bendix",fullName:"Ivo Bendix",slug:"ivo-bendix"},{id:"73084",title:"Prof.",name:"Ursula",middleName:null,surname:"Felderhoff-Mueser",fullName:"Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser",slug:"ursula-felderhoff-mueser"}]},{id:"27132",type:"chapter",title:"Preterm Birth and Long-Term Pulmonary Function",slug:"preterm-birth-and-long-term-pulmonary-function",totalDownloads:3204,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Indra Narang and Amal Al-Naimi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"64755",title:"Dr.",name:"Indra",middleName:null,surname:"Narang",fullName:"Indra Narang",slug:"indra-narang"},{id:"150487",title:"Dr.",name:"Amal",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Naimi",fullName:"Amal Al-Naimi",slug:"amal-al-naimi"}]},{id:"27133",type:"chapter",title:"Cardiovascular Consequences of Preterm Birth in the First Year of Life",slug:"cardiovascular-consequences-of-preterm-birth-in-the-first-year-of-life",totalDownloads:3305,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Karinna Fyfe, Stephanie R. Yiallourou and Rosemary S.C. Horne",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65994",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosemary",middleName:null,surname:"Horne",fullName:"Rosemary Horne",slug:"rosemary-horne"},{id:"150467",title:"Dr.",name:"Karinna",middleName:null,surname:"Fyfe",fullName:"Karinna Fyfe",slug:"karinna-fyfe"},{id:"150468",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephanie",middleName:null,surname:"Yiallourou",fullName:"Stephanie Yiallourou",slug:"stephanie-yiallourou"}]},{id:"27134",type:"chapter",title:"The Effect of Preterm Birth on Kidney Development and Kidney Function over Time",slug:"the-effect-of-preterm-birth-on-kidney-development-and-kidney-function-over-time",totalDownloads:5626,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"M.G. Keijzer-Veen and A.J. van der Heijden",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70693",title:"Dr.",name:"Mandy",middleName:"G",surname:"Keijzer-Veen",fullName:"Mandy Keijzer-Veen",slug:"mandy-keijzer-veen"},{id:"71252",title:"Prof.",name:"Aj",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Heijden",fullName:"Aj Van Der Heijden",slug:"aj-van-der-heijden"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"952",title:"Cesarean Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cdde3ddf5707430e18678e9ed4c77f4e",slug:"cesarean-delivery",bookSignature:"Raed Salim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/952.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raed",surname:"Salim",slug:"raed-salim",fullName:"Raed Salim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37211",title:"How to Manage Labor Induction or Augmentation to Decrease the Cesarean Deliveries Rate",slug:"how-to-manage-labor-induction-or-augmentation-with-titrated-oral-misoprostol-to-decrease-the-ces",signatures:"Shi-Yann Cheng",authors:[{id:"89887",title:"Dr.",name:"Shi-Yann",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Shi-Yann Cheng",slug:"shi-yann-cheng"}]},{id:"37212",title:"Timing of Elective Cesarean Delivery at Term",slug:"timing-of-elective-cesarean-delivery-at-term",signatures:"Raed Salim",authors:[{id:"91354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raed",middleName:null,surname:"Salim",fullName:"Raed Salim",slug:"raed-salim"}]},{id:"37213",title:"Anesthesia for Cesarean Section",slug:"anaesthesia-for-cesarean-delivery",signatures:"Sotonye Fyneface-Ogan",authors:[{id:"83071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotonye",middleName:null,surname:"Fyneface-Ogan",fullName:"Sotonye Fyneface-Ogan",slug:"sotonye-fyneface-ogan"}]},{id:"37214",title:"Cesarean Delivery: Surgical Techniques - The Fifteen Minute Cesarean Section",slug:"surgical-techniques-for-cesarean-delivery",signatures:"Robert D. Dyson",authors:[{id:"89095",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert D.",middleName:null,surname:"Dyson",fullName:"Robert D. Dyson",slug:"robert-d.-dyson"}]},{id:"37215",title:"Evidence-Based Obstetric Anesthesia: An Update on Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery",slug:"evidence-based-obstetric-anesthesia-an-upate-on-anesthesia-for-cesarean-delivery",signatures:"Andre P. Schmidt and Jose Otavio C. Auler Jr.",authors:[{id:"104207",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Auler",fullName:"Auler",slug:"auler"},{id:"104209",title:"Dr.",name:"Andre",middleName:null,surname:"Schmidt",fullName:"Andre Schmidt",slug:"andre-schmidt"}]},{id:"37216",title:"Neurological Complications of Regional Anesthesia",slug:"neurological-complications-of-anesthesia-for-cesarean-section",signatures:"José Ricardo V. Navarro, Javier Eslava-Schmalbach, Daniel P. R. Estupiñán and Luis A. Carlos Leal",authors:[{id:"84152",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro Vargas",fullName:"Jose Ricardo Navarro Vargas",slug:"jose-ricardo-navarro-vargas"}]},{id:"37217",title:"Caesarean Section and Maternal Obesity",slug:"caesarean-section-and-maternal-obesity",signatures:"Vicky O'Dwyer and Michael J. Turner",authors:[{id:"84336",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Turner",fullName:"Turner",slug:"turner"},{id:"84337",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicky",middleName:null,surname:"ODwyer",fullName:"Vicky ODwyer",slug:"vicky-odwyer"}]},{id:"37218",title:"Breastfeeding After a Cesarean Delivery",slug:"breastfeeding-after-a-cesarean-delivery",signatures:"Sema Kuguoglu, Hatice Yildiz, Meltem Kurtuncu Tanir and Birsel Canan Demirbag",authors:[{id:"85547",title:"Prof.",name:"Sema",middleName:null,surname:"Kuguoglu",fullName:"Sema Kuguoglu",slug:"sema-kuguoglu"},{id:"92928",title:"Dr.",name:"Hatice",middleName:null,surname:"Yildiz",fullName:"Hatice Yildiz",slug:"hatice-yildiz"},{id:"92932",title:"Dr.",name:"Meltem",middleName:null,surname:"Kurtuncu Tanir",fullName:"Meltem Kurtuncu Tanir",slug:"meltem-kurtuncu-tanir"},{id:"92934",title:"Dr.",name:"Birsel Canan",middleName:null,surname:"Demirbag",fullName:"Birsel Canan Demirbag",slug:"birsel-canan-demirbag"}]},{id:"37219",title:"Determining Factors of Cesarean Delivery Trends in Developing Countries: Lessons from Point G National Hospital (Bamako - Mali)",slug:"determining-factors-of-cesarean-delivery-trends-in-developing-countries-lessons-from-point-g-nat",signatures:"I. Teguete, Y. Traore, A. Sissoko, M. Y. Djire, A. Thera, T. Dolo, N. Mounkoro, M. Traore and A. Dolo",authors:[{id:"87496",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahima",middleName:null,surname:"Teguete",fullName:"Ibrahima Teguete",slug:"ibrahima-teguete"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"776",title:"Preterm Birth",subtitle:"Mother and Child",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e5369103770cdbf61058ad75e2e63bb",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",bookSignature:"John C. Morrison",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/776.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68209",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Morrison",slug:"john-morrison",fullName:"John Morrison"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"952",title:"Cesarean Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cdde3ddf5707430e18678e9ed4c77f4e",slug:"cesarean-delivery",bookSignature:"Raed Salim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/952.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raed",surname:"Salim",slug:"raed-salim",fullName:"Raed Salim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5937",title:"Obstetrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"092197b1191815505a23e7dd1c9edde6",slug:"obstetrics",bookSignature:"Hassan Salah Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5937.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6295",title:"Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc1274517f5c0c09b0a923b3027f3d8a",slug:"pregnancy-and-birth-outcomes",bookSignature:"Wei Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6295.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7173",title:"Multiple Pregnancy",subtitle:"New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f599a465410812da5aee0b247d427e9b",slug:"multiple-pregnancy-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Julio Elito Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7173.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35132",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",surname:"Elito Jr.",slug:"julio-elito-jr.",fullName:"Julio Elito Jr."}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"776",title:"Preterm Birth",subtitle:"Mother and Child",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e5369103770cdbf61058ad75e2e63bb",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",bookSignature:"John C. Morrison",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/776.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68209",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Morrison",slug:"john-morrison",fullName:"John Morrison"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81175",title:"Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Organo-Clay-Wood Fiber in Cement-Based Mortar",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102321",slug:"thermal-conductivity-and-mechanical-properties-of-organo-clay-wood-fiber-in-cement-based-mortar",body:'
Tunisia has plenty of agricultural waste products such as Alfa fiber,
Lately, as a result of energy consumption and inside the reason of energy-saving, recently works makes a specialty of developing building materials having alluring mechanical and thermal insulating homes. However, improving the mechanical residences induces a lack of thermal insulation overall performance. Today, area heating and cooling comprise the most significant level of general power fed on in homes [13].
The thermal performance of the building envelope is a key factor in determining the measure of the energy required for the comfort of nature. In this regard, a few examinations consider reason that energy consumption can be improved by joining thermal insulation materials in to walls and roofs. Thermal insulation can be characterized as a material that eases back that slows the heat flow in side rout side the building. For its determination, thermal conductivity is the fundamental property to look for. Currently, the research of bio based materials, of natural fiber, of organoclay were used to reinforce cement, to improve the qualities of cementitious materials, to accelerate the formation and the precipitation of hydration [14, 15, 16, 17], works to enhance the mechanical properties of the composite and their resistance. In this sense, numerous scientists investigated clay, which belongs to the phyllosilicate family, was due to the permeable media, in exchange, it could also be mixed with many fibers considered as a material with a wide range of applications. The example of clay-based materials was selected.
In which case, there is good reason to use modified clay such as chlorite, Kaolinite and Illite, are considered as filler in the composite material [18], to enhance the properties of cement thanks to its low cost, availability and its excellent characteristics. Besides, in many studies, it was remarkable to note that the role of organoclay has gained many interests on both academic and industrial research [19] due to the excellent performance as well as the way to modify, to as clay-based composite [20].
It’s important to mention that natural fibers has grown develop environmental-friendly construction materials. These fibers are biodegradable, lighter and abundant resources for examples: sisal, Flax, Hemp, Bamboo, coir and others [21]. Despite all the advantages of natural fibers, there are some disadvantages, which have confined their applications in the cementitious composites. Initially, for natural fiber, the interfacial bond existing between the fiber and the cement matrix is relatively weak and about the degradation of fibers in a high alkaline of cement adversely affects the mechanical properties and durability of natural fiber reinforced composites [22]. Additionally, for the organoclay, one of the most problem it that increasing the amount of organoclay conducts to reduction of mechanical propreties.
In this work, concrete based composite materials prepared and reinforced with wood fiber and organoclay (OC) particles is used to improve their mechanical quality and to decrease the alkalinity of the matrix through diminishing the Ca(OH)2. Another is to upgrade microstructures qualities of the grid and to add to the bonding existing between the matrix and the wood filaments [23].
In which case, there is a valid justification to utilize the SDBS as surfactant between the platelets of clay treated with CTAB, organoclay can respond with Ca(OH)2 of the concrete hydration products and form structure additional calcium-silica-hydration (CSH) gel. The advantage of the utilization of organoclay is to improve microstructures and mechanical propreties of prepared materials. The wood fibers were characterized via Zeta potential. Fur there more, organoclay in powder form was characterized via structure X-ray diffraction, FTIR and SEM. The organoclay prepared by treating clay with cetyl tri methyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) on the mechanical. Thermal conductivity and physical properties of wood fibers reinforced cement composites is also studied and investigated.
Wood Fiber (WF) and organo-clay (OC) modified with CTAB were used as reinforcements for the cement matrix-composites (Figure 1a and b).
(a) Wood Fiber (b) Organoclay.
The clay platelets used in this investigation is a natural Kaolinite treated with CTAB.
The CTAB (Mw 336.39 g mol−1) is a quaternary alkyl ammonium salt is a cationic surfactant, soluble in water and utilized in the preparation of OC. A bout the SDBS (Mw 348.48 g mol−1) is sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonates is an anionic surfactant utilized in the fabrication of composites.
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC NF P 15–301) was used in all mixes of the cement works of Enfidha (Table 1).
Oxides | Cement (%wt) |
---|---|
CaO | 65.47 |
SiO2 | 19.82 |
Al2O3 | 4.66 |
Fe2O3 | 3.03 |
CaO | 65.47 |
MgO | 0.84 |
K2O | 0.64 |
Na2O | 0.10 |
TiO2 | 0.16 |
SO3 | 2.87 |
Loss ignition(LOI) | 3.5 |
Density | 3.2 g/cm3 |
Specific surface area | 355 m2/Kg |
Average particle size | 18.54 μm |
Chemical composition and physical properties of OPC.
Clay was prepared to be modified with CTAB, for 3 hours characterized by XRD and SEM in order to determine the amorphous phase of modified clay. To have organophilic clays, you should introduce 10 ml of chlohydric acid [1M]. Then this acid solution is carried in a temperature of 80°C.
And when this temperature became stable, we introduce 10−2 moles of CTAB, which we wish to ionize. After three hours of agitation at 80°C, we introduce 10 g of clay. And after three hours of cationic exchange, the clay is filtered and inserted to eliminate the inorganic cations. Finally, the phases of washes are finished and the clay is dried in the steam room at 80°C.
Many works have shown that CTAB surfactant intercalation does not only change the hydrophilic surface characteristics of the clay but also significantly increases the clay interlayer basal spacing.
To treat the surface of the fiber, the wood fibers were immersed in the aqueous solution of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at pH = 12 for 1 hour at 80°C. They were then washed until the pH reached about seven. Finally, the wood fibers were subsequently dried at 80°C for 24 hours. This chemical treatment was aimed at enhancing and improving the mechanical properties by ameliorating the adhesion exciting between fibers/matrix.
The (OPC) was substituted with an organoclay (0.5, 1 and 1.5%wt).
The (OPC) and organoclay were first to dry mixed for 5 min in mixer at low speed and then mixed. The samples were prepared with 0.65 mass ratios a water/organoclay –cement.
Three series of specimens were prepared of (3.5 × 7 × 1.75) in dimension and were cast in the mechanical tests. All specimens demolded after 24 h of casting and kept underwater for approximately 28 days. Bend test was conducted using an “MTSInsight” Material testing Machine to evaluate, compressive strength.
Porosity and density were measured and conducted to define the quality of composites. The length, thickness, width and weight are measured to determine the bulk density which was carried out by using the following Eq. (1) [20]:
Where D is the density in g/cm3,md is the mass of the test specimen (g) and V is the volume of the test specimen (cm3). The porosity Ps was calculated using the following Eq. (2).
mi = mass of the sample saturated in water.
ms = mass of the sample saturated in air.
The (OC) prepared was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the 2ϴ range between 20 and 80° using CuKα (γ = 1.54060 Å) radiation and was completed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using a Perkin Elmer. The morphology of the organoclay was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Hitachi SEM type SU8030 microscope operated at an acceleration voltage of 10 KV and a probe current of 15 pA). The thermal conductivity of different samples was measured by using a “Heat transmission Study Bench – PTC 100”.
A ξ potential analyzer (Malven 2000) was used to measure the electrophoretic mobility of wood fibers in the aqueous suspension. Measurements were conducted on the fine fraction obtained after filtration of the original fiber suspension through a 45-μm screen. ξ-potential measurement repeated on the whole suspension using the streaming potential technique (Mute kSZP06,using a 40-μm screen as an electrode) matched ξ-potential values obtained by electrophoresis. The ξ-potential values reported are the average of four measurements.
The X-ray diffraction patterns were measured with an X-ray diffractometer using CuKα radiation at 40 KV and 30 mA.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the change of functional groups at the wood fibers and the natural clay after treatment with NaOH, sulfuric acid and CTAB respectively. This test was carried out with a spectrum FTIR, Perkin Elmer. Samples were measured at room temperature and a resolution of 4 cm−1. All FTIR measurements were done in transmittance mode after baseline correction.
Samples of natural clay and organoclay for Scanning electron microscopy were prepared and analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (Hitachi SEM type SU8030 microscope operated at an acceleration voltage of 10 KV and a probe current of 15pA).
The measurements of the thermal conductivity characterize the ability of materials to conduct heat energy. The thermal conductivity of different samples of dimensions (24.5 × 1.5 × 24.5 cm) was measured by using a “Heat Transmission Study Bench – PTC 100”.
The particles of wood fiber were clearly in the scale range with size 40 μm. The displayed a monomodal size distribution (Figure 2) which was relatively narrow (PDI) around 0.2.
Particle size of wood fibers.
The process of the evolution of (
Variation of the zeta potential according to the initial concentration according to the initial concentration by surfactant.
Figure 3 shows the quantity adsorbed of surfactant as a function of initial concentration. We notice the existence of three zones:
The first one for low concentration
The second zone
In the third zone
Evolution of the quantity adsorbed by additive according to the concentration insolution.
In this case we can say that we have a neutralization of material by the existence of the electrostatic strengths. (The surfactant is cationic and the surface of fibers is negatively charged). The molecules of surfactant are adsorbed at the air/water interface and the superficial concentration increases. From a certain value, a monomolecular layer of surfactant occupies the surface and interfacial tension decreases linearly with the logarithm of the concentration.
The XRD patterns of natural clay and organoclay modified by the CTAB are shown in (Figures 5 and 6). It can clearly be seen that the natural clay characteristics peaks are present sat 2θ = 7.05°, 12.55°, 25.5° these peaks refer to the presence of Kaolinite the peak at 2θ = 12,55° corresponding at Kaolinite contending Illite. Typical XRD patterns of organoclay after the treatment with the CTAB appears many diffraction peaks at 5.13° until 20°, this result due to the linear structure of CTAB (19 carbons). The CTAB Kaolinite matrix has the highest value of the interfoliar space d001 = 19.10 A° corresponds to the interplanar spacing [23].
XRD patterns of natural clay.
XRD patterns of Organoclay.
The FTIR spectra in the range 4000 cm–500 cm−1 of the different samples are shown in Figure 7. The main characteristic bands of non-treated and treated wood fibers are listed as follows:
FTIR spectra of the non-treated wood and the treated wood with NaOH.
The presence of a large band in the 3386 cm−1 corresponds to hydroxyl group characteristics of polysaccharides. The band sat 2930 and 2898 cm−1 are due successively to sym and usym CH2 in polysaccharides and fats. The FTIR spectrum exhibits the presence of carbonyl and acetyl groups in the xylan component of (C=O stretching vibration) at 1732 cm−1. However, this peak almost disappears when these fibers are treated with 2% of NaOH. The band at 1635 cm−1 is characterized by the vibration of water molecules. Furthermore, the band at 1436 cm−1, assigned to the asymmetric C-H deformation in lignin and hemicelluloses structures. Concerning the FTIR of (WFNT), the peak at 1512 cm−1 is indicative of the presence of lignin and is attributed to the C=C aromatic skeletal vibration. In the spectra of WF treated 5% NaOH, this peak was reduced, due to the elimination of lignin by chemical treatments. The small peak sat 1375 cm−1 in the spectrum of untreated WF, WF treated 0.5%, 2% are related to CH2 vibration. The band at 1168 cm−1, which appears in all the FTIR spectra, corresponds to the C-O-C asymmetric stretching of the hemicelluloses and lignin. The peak at 1042 cm−1, is assigned to ether linkage (C-O-C) from lignin or hemicelluloses. The peak at 810 cm−1 is associated with cellulose, the C-H rock vibrations the cellulose.
Figure 8 shows the characteristics of natural clay and OC treated with CTAB. The peak assignments in the spectra represented OH stretching vibration (3624–3390 cm−1. The treatments of the natural clay with the CTAB make the appearance of two peaks have (2921–2881 cm−1) two peaks attributed to OH stretching vibration. The bond OH (1633 cm−1) can be attributed to water molecules adsorbed on the biomaterial structure.
Infrared spectral characteristics of natural clay and clay treated with CTAB.
FTIR exhibits the existence, of a strong band in the range of 750–400 cm−1 it was associated with the characteristic Si-O-Si stretching vibration of pure clay. Peaks at 1420 cm−1 and 3434 cm−1 corresponding to the O-H stretching vibration. Peaks at 1263 cm−1, 2866 cm−1 and 2920 cm−1 corresponded to the stretching vibrations of –CH, –CH3 and –CH2 respectively. Moreover, characteristic band at 1470 cm−1 is assigned to the symmetric vibrations of the COO− group in the main chain of 1634 cm−1 is attributed to the OH bending vibration in the water chemically bond.
The micrograph (Figure 9) shows the morphology of the surface of raw clay and clay treated with the CTAB, modified by the addition of a low percentage of silica gel. This figure showed that the morphology of the clay surface appeared in the form of plaques, these plaques, of size of 200 nm is plied the some on the others in a characteristic package of structure sheet.
MEB micrographs of (a) natural clay and (b) Organoclay with silica gel.
After this treatment by the CTAB and its modification by the addition of a silica gel, we can notice the good separation of some of plaques, layers, also, the appearance of spheres between these leaves in the micrometric size which asserts clearly that the silica gel is well inserted in to the OC.
The density values of WF reinforced cement are shown in Figure 10. Generally, the composites containing WF exhibit low density than these without WF. This could be attributed to the formation of void sat the interfacial are as between WF and cement matrix. For composite materials with 10% wt of WF, the density decreases by 43%. This indicates that WF has a filling effect on the density of cement composites with or without WF, where the density of cement composites is decreased by the addition of hemp fiber. In Figure 10 the addition of 10% wt of WF decreased the density of cement composite. That improvement indicated that the addition of WF leads to decrease density and to obtain a composite material with a consolidated microstructure.
Porosity and density as a function of treated wood fibers content for control cement and its composites.
The results of porosity and water absorption of values of cement paste, WF reinforced composite, WF–OC reinforced composites are shown in Figure 11. Generally, the composites containing WF exhibit higher porosity than that without WF. This could be assigned to the formation of the voids at the interfacial are as between WF and matrices. For composite with 2 and 4% wt of WF, the porosity decreases by 1.82% (4%wt (WF)). The porosity of these composites indicates that WF has a felling effect on the porosity of cement paste composite [24] and this 2% wt and 4% wt are capable of saturating the surface and of reducing pores.
Porosity as a function of organo clay content for control cement.
Figure 11 shows that the addition of OC in the composite materials has reduced their porosity. The optimum addition was found as1% wt of OC, which decreased the porosity of composites by 18.75% when compared to the OPC. This implies that organo clay played a pore-filling role to reduce the porosity and to saturate pores. However, adding less than 1% wt of organo clay increased the porosity of all samples due to the agglomeration effect when less than 1% wt organo clay was added. This finding is comparable with the study where the porosity of the OPC is decreased due to the addition of 1% wt of organo clay to cement paste. We can say that composites containing 1% wt organo clay, are different from those of cement paste; the structure is less dense, and contain more pores. But composites with 1% wt of OC are different from those of OPC. The structure is more compact with few pores [25].
The incorporation of OC and WF with NaOH in to the cement composites improves the mechanical properties of the cement matrix. This addition leads to good improvement of the mechanical properties of samples [26].
The effect of WF treated by NaOH on the compressive strength of cement composite can also be seen evaluated. The compressive strength of WF reinforced cement composite is increased from 9,8 to 18.41 MPa about, 90% increases compared to treated WF reinforced cement composite. This enhancement improvement is explained as follows: To enhance the interfacial bond between fibers and the OPC, the matrix could be modified by reducing or consuming the calcium hydroxide. The low value of the compressive strength can be explained by the high sugar and hemicelluloses content of fast-growing wood. Conversely, the chemical treatment proved good mechanical properties.
Effect of OC on the compressive strength of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1%wt. WFT-cement–composites of 28 days age are shown in histograms (Figure 12). It can be deduced that the compressive strength was increased by the addition of OC after (28 days) and the greater, the improvement. After 28 days, the compressive strength of 1%wt was 21.76 MPa higher than that of 0.5%wt of OC was 10.11 MPa. The reasons for the enhancement in mechanical properties of composites are as follows. Firstly, the physical effects of 1%wt of OC, including filling, can reduce the voids or the porosities in the cement matrix, in which the OC was uniformly dispersed in the matrix. Thus improving the microstructure of composites denser than the WFT-cement composite, Secondly, another mechanism is the pozzolanic reaction, in which OC reacts with calcium hydroxide (CH) in the cement matrix to produce calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H). However, the addition of more than 1%wt of OC caused a marked decrease in compressive strength. For example, the compressive strength of 2% wt OC was 11.47 MPa. This is due to the poor dispersion and agglomeration of the OC in the cement matrix ata higher percentage of OC contents, which increase of porosity and reduce the bond strength between the fiber and the matrix adhesion. The compressive decreases in the cement-composite with a higher dosage of organo clay.
Effect The Amount of SDBS
Compressive strength as a function of organo clay content for control OPC with 6% wt.
The effect of SDBS on compressive strength of composites with the non-treated wood fiber it shows that the addition of SDBS in cement matrix increased the compressive strength from 9.81 to 11.47 MPa, about 14.47% improvements can be explained by the adhesion and the collusion of fibers in the matrix in the presence of the SDBS.
The SDBS has an essential role in the surface packaging of the fiber; it is defined as a super plasticizer that covers the surface of the fibers and render them hydrophobic. In our case, anionic surfactant is able to agglomerate during the cement to fill the existing pores in the fibers.
The resulting curve shows that the thermal conductivity varies with the content of wood cement fibers. Decrease in the conductivity between 0 and 8% of the wood fiber. From 2.25 Wm−1 K−1 for non-stabilizing blocks, it increases to 0.9 Wm−1 K−1 when the wood fiber content is 2.5%. The thermal conductivity has increased for wood fiber contents ranging from 3–8%. For these wood fiber contents, the thermal conductivity ranges from 0.9 to 1.6 W m−1 K−1.
The thermal conductivity of a material depends on several parameters such as the nature of the constituent elements of the material [27], the water content, the temperature and the porosity since the blocks are manufactured under the same conditions and the conductivity measurements are made in a stationary regime, the variation in conductivity can be related to the variation of porosity of the material, to the intrinsic composition of each sample and to the cohesion of the material. The decrease in thermal conductivity may be due to increased pore quantity or increased pore diameter due to poor distribution of wood fiber. In fact, it is considered that for this interval, the quantity of wood fibers is insufficient to favor the establishment of a homogeneous structure. Under the conditions of measurement of the thermal conductivity used, it is considered that the heat transfer takes place mainly by conduction. Thus, the pores represent a space in the transfer, an increase in their diameter or their quantity causes a slowing down of the heat transfer, hence the low measured thermal conductivity [28].
At 30°C the study of 4 samples (1: Cement −2: C + WFNT, 3: C + WFT, 4: C + OC).
Generally, the thermal conductivity “λ” depends on the nature of the constituents, the temperature, the porosity and the water content. The decrease in thermal conductivity for these different samples could be related to the increase in the number of pores or the increase in pore diameter caused by poor and by poor distribution of cement. In this case, the heat transfer is by conduction only as well as the pores are shown gaps in the heat transfer since an increase in their diameter and their quantity causes the transfer of heat which confirms the weakness of the thermal conductivity.
An increase in thermal conductivity may be related to an increase in the temperature of the cohesion at different constituents of the sample.
Following the effect of cement hydration which allows the formation of portlandite and C-S-H which allow a strengthening of the bonds between the constituents that which promotes a decrease in porosity so we obtain a homogeneous structure; this structure is favorable for good heat transfer.
We note that the addition of 4% of the untreated fiber can decrease the thermal conductivity from 2.26 to 1.01. The Figure 13 shows the addition of 1% OC causes a decrease in thermal conductivity from 1.39 to 1.08 W/m °C up to 22.30% this result proved that the addition of OC in the cementitious composite conducted to curb the heat exchange and to put the insulation capacity.
Effect of amount of wood fiber on the thermalconductivity.
Figure 12 which examined the evolution of the porosity as a function of the percentage of addition, we observe that the addition of the wood fibers in the cement makes it possible to increase the porosity of this material (reinforcement by the natural and treated wood) by contrast, we notice that by adding Organo clay this porosity decreases and in this case we can conclude that the OC has just saturated the pores.
From this figure the thermal conductivity decreases as the percentage of fibers increase for reinforcement with 2 and 4%: this can be explained by the replacement of cement, an excellent natural insulator and a good thermal conductor. When the mass of the fibers reaches 8%, the thermal conductivity decreases in this case, the heat exchange by conductions weak in front of the convective exchange, as well as by the proportion of the pores which increases at the same time. Also in Figure 14, the variation of the thermal conductivity as the function of the mass of fibers and concerning the results, the thermal conductivity of cement materials reinforced with wood fiber and OC, showed a decrease with the increase of percentage in the mass of fiber in comparison with the reference sample. This reduction is essentially awed to the big porosity of the wood fiber and the big composite materials. To explain the decrease of different specimens, it can be concluded that 4%wt of wood fibers and OC contribute are to the thermal conductivity of the composites materials compared to the reference sample. Hence, incorporation of 6% wt of wood increase the thermal conductivity of the composite, but the thermal conductivity of hybrids composite is less than the reference.
Evolution of thermal conductivity as a function of additions (FT, FNT andOC).
Reasons for this type of behavior may be given as follows as: it has been found that the surface of the wood fiber exhibit the presence of the pore, which may reduce the adhesion of the fibers with the cement matrix, so we can say that the fibers-organo clay–matrix adhesion plays an important role in the overall performance of the composite.
The interaction between the cement, wood fibers and clay modified by CTAB can be summarized in the following pictures Figures 15 and 16:
An adsorption of molecules having SO32−, COO− type functions or a polar function such as OH.
The interaction describes a phenomenon of an intergranular repulsion; in particularly is due to the case of superplasticizers, it is an adsorption of charged polymers.
The formation of micelles at the solid–solution interface.
This mechanism explain the chemisorption of polynaphthalene sulphonate on specific reaction sites such as these two aluminates.
This figure proposes the action of sugars or hydroxyl carboxylic acids by complexation in the interstitial solution. This complexation can then delay the precipitation of hydrates such as portlandite or C-S-H.
The mechanism (f) suggests that the CTAB surfactant have the role of potentially inhibiting the growth of hydrates by adsorbing on specific crystallographic growth sites.
The figure (g) describes the insertion of the polymer into the structure of the hydrate.
Process describing the interaction between the composite and the surfactant.
Dispersion of WF and state of the environment of cement grains.
In this work, the wood fiber potential, as support for a cementitious matrix was examined.
The mechanical properties and the thermal conductivity of WFT/OC reinforced cement composite demonstrated the optimum content of organo clay is found to be 1%wt. For this situation, of composite, decrease in porosity (20%), thickness, improvement in compressive quality (20%) and a decline of thermal conductivity are improved by the expansion of 2%wt of wood.
Introducing OC and WFT in to the cement matrix would lead to a considerable increase in early age compressive strength and thermal conductivity. The compressive strength and the thermal conductivity of cement composites could be enhanced by the addition of treated wood fibers and organo clay. The optimum contents of OC and WFT are 1% wt and 6% wt respectively.
Moreover, introducing organo clay treated by the CTAB and wood fibers in to the cement matrix could lead to improve, accelerate hydration and reduce the thermal conductivity to ensure good insulation.
Authors are grateful to the Laboratory of Energy and Materials (LABEM), university of Sousse and Laboratoire Sciences des Matériaux et Environnement (LMSE), University of Sfax, Tunisia for the financial support of this work.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Notation | |
CTAB | Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide |
CSH | Calcium-silica-hydration |
NaOH | Sodiumhydroxide |
OPC | Ordinary Portland cement NF P 15-301 |
OC | Organoclay |
SDBS | Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate |
W | Water |
WFNT | Wood fiber nontreated |
WFT | Wood fiberTreated |
Content alerts
",metaTitle:"Content alerts",metaDescription:"Content alerts",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/content-alerts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Content alerts
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Content alerts
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11662},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22333},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33644}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135278},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{amp:"",hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"62d8542d18b8cddcf507f7948b2ae74b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11778",title:"Correctional Facilities and Correctional Treatment - International Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a933550a6966a04e4677a4c0aea8f5b2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11778.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"198691",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",surname:"Abrunhosa Gonçalves",slug:"rui-abrunhosa-goncalves",fullName:"Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11867",title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11556",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0a68fbeb303684344bda285aa06769af",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11784",title:"Bryophytes - The State of Knowledge in a World Under Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80743b2add35e11b09c10e6895a45831",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jair Putzke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11784.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"324930",title:"Prof.",name:"Jair",surname:"Putzke",slug:"jair-putzke",fullName:"Jair Putzke"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:241},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"641",title:"Engineering Geology",slug:"engineering-geology",parent:{id:"104",title:"Geology and Geophysics",slug:"geology-and-geophysics"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:43,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"641",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8157",title:"Engineering Geology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f650c6c80cd6fb768152350964432e8",slug:"engineering-geology",bookSignature:"Essa Lwisa and Hasan Arman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"272012",title:"Dr.",name:"Essa",middleName:"Georges",surname:"Lwisa",slug:"essa-lwisa",fullName:"Essa Lwisa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"75858",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96997",title:"Time-Dependent Behavior of Rock Materials",slug:"time-dependent-behavior-of-rock-materials",totalDownloads:520,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Understanding the geomechanical behavior of a geological model is still an on-going challenge for engineers and scientists. More challenges arise when considering the long-term behavior of rock materials, especially when exposed to environments that enable time-dependent processes to occur and govern overall behavior. The latter is essential in underground projects such as nuclear waste repositories. The lifespan can exceed one million years or other openings where the project’s lifetime and sustainability are the critical design parameter. In such cases, progressive rock mass deformation that can lead to instabilities, time-dependent overloading of support and delayed failure are considered the product of time-dependent phenomena. Understanding and predicting the overall impact of such phenomena aims to achieve design optimization, avoiding dlivery delays and thus cost overruns. This chapter provides more insight into the time-dependent behavior of rocks. Simultaneously, the emphasis is given to investigating and analyzing creep deformation and time-dependent stress relaxation phenomenon at the laboratory scale, and in-depth analyses are presented. This work further develops the understanding of these phenomena, and practical yet scientific tools for estimating and predicting the long-term strength and the maximum stress relaxation of rock materials is presented. The work presented in this chapter advances the scientific understanding of time-dependent rock, and rock mass behavior increases the awareness of how such phenomena are captured numerically and lays out a framework for dealing with such deformations when predicting tunnel deformations.",book:{id:"8157",slug:"engineering-geology",title:"Engineering Geology",fullTitle:"Engineering Geology"},signatures:"Chrysothemis Paraskevopoulou",authors:[{id:"323324",title:"Dr.",name:"Chrysothemis",middleName:null,surname:"Paraskevopoulou",slug:"chrysothemis-paraskevopoulou",fullName:"Chrysothemis Paraskevopoulou"}]},{id:"72264",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92593",title:"Polish Experience in Shaft Deepening and Mining Shaft Hoist Elongation",slug:"polish-experience-in-shaft-deepening-and-mining-shaft-hoist-elongation",totalDownloads:569,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Deepening of active mine shaft comprises number of specific an very difficult operations, because it calls for use of untypical devices securing hoist operation in the shaft, as well as special technology tailored to actual technology of the deepened shaft face. The Leon IV shaft at the Rydułtowy mine is one of the last mining shafts deepened in Polish coal mining from the surface, and then deepened and finally equipped with mine shaft hoist installation. This investment will allow for the construction of the exploitation level of 1150 m and the availability of further coal extraction up to a depth of 1200 m. It will guarantee the possibility of exploitation of over 65 million tons of coal and continuous operation of the mine until 2040. At the same time, for the first time in the Polish hard coal mining industry, a flexible guiding of the mining cage and skips was used, which in comparison with rigid guiding is a much cheaper solution and has many other advantages. The chapter presents most important problems and technical solution implemented during construction and deepening of the Leon IV Shaft at Rydułtowy Coal Mine in Poland.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Paweł Kamiński",authors:[{id:"318919",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paweł",middleName:null,surname:"Kamiński",slug:"pawel-kaminski",fullName:"Paweł Kamiński"}]},{id:"71931",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92208",title:"Open Pit Mining",slug:"open-pit-mining",totalDownloads:1752,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Open pit mining method is one of the surface mining methods that has a traditional cone-shaped excavation and is usually employed to exploit a near-surface, nonselective and low-grade zones deposits. It often results in high productivity and requires large capital investments, low operating costs, and good safety conditions. The main topics that will be discussed in this chapter will include an introduction into the general features of open pit mining, ore body characteristics and configurations, stripping ratios and stripping overburden methods, mine elements and parameters, open pit operation cycle, pit slope angle, stability of mine slopes, types of highwall failures, mine closure and reclamation, and different variants of surface mining methods including opencast mining, mountainous mining, and artisan mining.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Awwad H. Altiti, Rami O. Alrawashdeh and Hani M. Alnawafleh",authors:[{id:"313182",title:"Prof.",name:"Rami",middleName:null,surname:"Alrawashdeh",slug:"rami-alrawashdeh",fullName:"Rami Alrawashdeh"},{id:"313522",title:"Dr.",name:"Awwad",middleName:null,surname:"Altiti",slug:"awwad-altiti",fullName:"Awwad Altiti"},{id:"313523",title:"Prof.",name:"Hani",middleName:null,surname:"Alnawafleh",slug:"hani-alnawafleh",fullName:"Hani Alnawafleh"}]},{id:"72733",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93146",title:"Polish Experiences in Handling Water Hazards during Mine Shaft Sinking",slug:"polish-experiences-in-handling-water-hazards-during-mine-shaft-sinking",totalDownloads:395,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The geological structure of most Polish mining regions is rich in groundwater, making shaft sinking difficult. In recent years, more than a dozen shafts, some almost 700 m deep, have been sunk in Poland using various methods of water hazard elimination. The vast majority of shafts that pass through aquifer formations have been sunk using artificial rock freezing, waterproof tubing, and concrete lining. Generally, this system has proven to be very effective. However, there have been cases of complications during sinking, including occasional flooding. This paper presents two cases of highly problematic flooding in shaft sunk using the freezing method, both leading to considerable construction delays and a significant increase in shaft sinking costs. The first case involved water inflow into the bottom section of the R-XI shaft at KGHM with rocks near the melting point of ice. In the other case, problems occurred passing through an Albian layer in the S. 1.3 shaft sunk for the Lubelski Węgiel Bogdanka S.A. mining corporation, where the freezing process was carried out while it was necessary to heat the rocks in the upper part of the shaft to protect the final lining from damage.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Piotr Czaja, Paweł Kamiński and Artur Dyczko",authors:[{id:"318919",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paweł",middleName:null,surname:"Kamiński",slug:"pawel-kaminski",fullName:"Paweł Kamiński"},{id:"323409",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Czaja",slug:"piotr-czaja",fullName:"Piotr Czaja"},{id:"323410",title:"Dr.",name:"Artur",middleName:null,surname:"Dyczko",slug:"artur-dyczko",fullName:"Artur Dyczko"}]},{id:"73170",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93636",title:"Developments Made for Mechanised Extraction of Locked-Up Coal Pillars in Indian Geomining Conditions",slug:"developments-made-for-mechanised-extraction-of-locked-up-coal-pillars-in-indian-geomining-conditions",totalDownloads:482,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Bord and Pillar method of underground mining has been used extensively to develop Indian coal seams into pillars and galleries. This results in only 20–30% recovery of coal and rest coal remain locked up in developed pillars. Indian coalfields are famous in the world for its uniqueness and complexity of the geomining conditions which makes the extraction of the locked-up coal pillars a difficult and hazardous activity using different underground mining methods. Indian mining industry has introduced mechanisation since last 10 years to deal with the various underground rock mechanics issues in order to improve the efficiency and safety during recovery of locked-up coal pillars. But mere introduction of mechanisation did not solve all the rock mechanics problems due to requirement of indigenous design of different involved geotechnical elements for Indian geomining conditions. CSIR-CIMFR is a national research organisation engaged in improving conditions of underground coal mines. It has developed rock mechanics advances, namely, design of irregular shaped heightened rib/snook, roof bolt-based breaker-line support, warning limit of roof sagging, and cut-out distance for continuous miner-based mechanised depillaring. This chapter presents the developments made and highlights challenges to pursue future research studies for mechanised depillaring-based mass coal production from Indian underground mines.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Ashok Kumar, Dheeraj Kumar, Arun Kumar Singh, Sahendra Ram, Rakesh Kumar, Mudassar Raja and Amit Kumar Singh",authors:[{id:"313248",title:"Mr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar"},{id:"328756",title:"Prof.",name:"Dheeraj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"dheeraj-kumar",fullName:"Dheeraj Kumar"},{id:"328758",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"arun-kumar-singh",fullName:"Arun Kumar Singh"},{id:"328759",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahendra",middleName:null,surname:"Ram",slug:"sahendra-ram",fullName:"Sahendra Ram"},{id:"328760",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"rakesh-kumar",fullName:"Rakesh Kumar"},{id:"328761",title:"Mr.",name:"Mudassar",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"mudassar-raja",fullName:"Mudassar Raja"},{id:"328762",title:"Dr.",name:"Amit Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"amit-kumar-singh",fullName:"Amit Kumar Singh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71931",title:"Open Pit Mining",slug:"open-pit-mining",totalDownloads:1746,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Open pit mining method is one of the surface mining methods that has a traditional cone-shaped excavation and is usually employed to exploit a near-surface, nonselective and low-grade zones deposits. It often results in high productivity and requires large capital investments, low operating costs, and good safety conditions. The main topics that will be discussed in this chapter will include an introduction into the general features of open pit mining, ore body characteristics and configurations, stripping ratios and stripping overburden methods, mine elements and parameters, open pit operation cycle, pit slope angle, stability of mine slopes, types of highwall failures, mine closure and reclamation, and different variants of surface mining methods including opencast mining, mountainous mining, and artisan mining.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Awwad H. Altiti, Rami O. Alrawashdeh and Hani M. Alnawafleh",authors:[{id:"313182",title:"Prof.",name:"Rami",middleName:null,surname:"Alrawashdeh",slug:"rami-alrawashdeh",fullName:"Rami Alrawashdeh"},{id:"313522",title:"Dr.",name:"Awwad",middleName:null,surname:"Altiti",slug:"awwad-altiti",fullName:"Awwad Altiti"},{id:"313523",title:"Prof.",name:"Hani",middleName:null,surname:"Alnawafleh",slug:"hani-alnawafleh",fullName:"Hani Alnawafleh"}]},{id:"74968",title:"Introductory Chapter: Engineering Geology",slug:"introductory-chapter-engineering-geology",totalDownloads:501,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"8157",slug:"engineering-geology",title:"Engineering Geology",fullTitle:"Engineering Geology"},signatures:"Essa Georges Lwisa",authors:[{id:"272012",title:"Dr.",name:"Essa",middleName:"Georges",surname:"Lwisa",slug:"essa-lwisa",fullName:"Essa Lwisa"}]},{id:"73009",title:"Reclamation of Soils Degraded by Surface Coal Mining",slug:"reclamation-of-soils-degraded-by-surface-coal-mining",totalDownloads:547,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The largest Brazilian coal mine, called Candiota mine, is located in South Brazil, with an estimated reserve about 1.2 billion tons. Since late 2003, an experiment located at a reclaimed site in a coal mining area was conducted, in which a research group from the Federal University of Pelotas has been conducting a long-term experiment on soil quality with different plants species, such as Hemarthria altissima, Paspalum notatum cv. Pensacola, Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton, and Urochloa brizantha. After 8.6 years of revegetation, soil samples at 0.20 depth were collected in minesoil and natural soil to determine physical attributes, and the organic carbon content. After 10.9 years of revegetation, soil samples at 0.10 m depth were collected to determine the biological attributes. According to the research results, it can be seen that the recovery of minesoil was more effective after 8.6 years of revegetation only in the physical condition up to 0.10 m depth. However, all soil physical attributes and organic matter content are still below the levels observed in the natural soil. The biological attributes after 10.9 years of revegetation have not yet been sufficient to restore a mites and springtails population close to the natural soil.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto, Lizete Stumpf, Pablo Miguel, Leonir Aldrighi Dutra Junior, Jeferson Diego Leidemer, Lucas da Silva Barbosa and Mauricio Silva e Oliveira",authors:[{id:"243537",title:"Prof.",name:"Lizete",middleName:null,surname:"Stumpf",slug:"lizete-stumpf",fullName:"Lizete Stumpf"},{id:"250106",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz Fernando Spinelli",middleName:null,surname:"Pinto",slug:"luiz-fernando-spinelli-pinto",fullName:"Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto"},{id:"313630",title:"Prof.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Miguel",slug:"pablo-miguel",fullName:"Pablo Miguel"},{id:"317612",title:"Mr.",name:"Leonir Aldrighi",middleName:null,surname:"Dutra Junior",slug:"leonir-aldrighi-dutra-junior",fullName:"Leonir Aldrighi Dutra Junior"},{id:"317634",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeferson Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Leidemer",slug:"jeferson-diego-leidemer",fullName:"Jeferson Diego Leidemer"},{id:"317635",title:"Mr.",name:"Lucas Da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa",slug:"lucas-da-silva-barbosa",fullName:"Lucas Da Silva Barbosa"},{id:"317636",title:"Mr.",name:"Mauricio Silva E",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"mauricio-silva-e-oliveira",fullName:"Mauricio Silva E Oliveira"}]},{id:"74921",title:"Ecofriendly Hill Mining by Tunneling Method",slug:"ecofriendly-hill-mining-by-tunneling-method",totalDownloads:385,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Mostly, hills are mined by ‘Strip mining’ i.e. removing the hills from top. This conventional approach destroys the landscape and defaces the beauty of the hill. Besides, a large amount of dust generated at source disturbs the villagers and nearby human settlements during the excavation operation or related activities. To eliminate this, and remove the ‘out yard dumping of material’, except at initial stage i.e. during developmental phase, if tunneling methods of civil construction work is applied, ‘the conventional hill mining’ can be turned into an eco-friendly hill mining with very little planning efforts. This chapter highlights the abovementioned aspects of ‘hill mining’ covering overviews about the ‘hill mining by tunneling method’. In this technique, the extraction of mineral deposits is done by driving tunnels at the bottom (or other accessible higher level of the hills) and combining it with cross-cuts and adits, to protect the green cover and the serene hill environment. A case study of limestone mining in hilly Meghalaya region of India forms a part of the description where its feasibility exists.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Rama Dhar Dwivedi and Abhay Kumar Soni",authors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"},{id:"328931",title:"Dr.",name:"R.D.",middleName:null,surname:"Dwivedi",slug:"r.d.-dwivedi",fullName:"R.D. Dwivedi"}]},{id:"75858",title:"Time-Dependent Behavior of Rock Materials",slug:"time-dependent-behavior-of-rock-materials",totalDownloads:520,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Understanding the geomechanical behavior of a geological model is still an on-going challenge for engineers and scientists. More challenges arise when considering the long-term behavior of rock materials, especially when exposed to environments that enable time-dependent processes to occur and govern overall behavior. The latter is essential in underground projects such as nuclear waste repositories. The lifespan can exceed one million years or other openings where the project’s lifetime and sustainability are the critical design parameter. In such cases, progressive rock mass deformation that can lead to instabilities, time-dependent overloading of support and delayed failure are considered the product of time-dependent phenomena. Understanding and predicting the overall impact of such phenomena aims to achieve design optimization, avoiding dlivery delays and thus cost overruns. This chapter provides more insight into the time-dependent behavior of rocks. Simultaneously, the emphasis is given to investigating and analyzing creep deformation and time-dependent stress relaxation phenomenon at the laboratory scale, and in-depth analyses are presented. This work further develops the understanding of these phenomena, and practical yet scientific tools for estimating and predicting the long-term strength and the maximum stress relaxation of rock materials is presented. The work presented in this chapter advances the scientific understanding of time-dependent rock, and rock mass behavior increases the awareness of how such phenomena are captured numerically and lays out a framework for dealing with such deformations when predicting tunnel deformations.",book:{id:"8157",slug:"engineering-geology",title:"Engineering Geology",fullTitle:"Engineering Geology"},signatures:"Chrysothemis Paraskevopoulou",authors:[{id:"323324",title:"Dr.",name:"Chrysothemis",middleName:null,surname:"Paraskevopoulou",slug:"chrysothemis-paraskevopoulou",fullName:"Chrysothemis Paraskevopoulou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"641",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:21,paginationItems:[{id:"83000",title:"Purine and Pyrimidine Pathways as Antimalarial Targets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106468",signatures:"Yacoba V.T. Minnow and Vern L. Schramm",slug:"purine-and-pyrimidine-pathways-as-antimalarial-targets",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83073",title:"Dental and Orofacial Trauma Impacts on Oral-Health-Related—Quality of Life in Children: Low- and Middle-Income Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105845",signatures:"Yolanda Malele-Kolisa, Nazia Khan, Mpho P. Molete, Maphefo D. Thekiso and Mzubanzi Mabongo",slug:"dental-and-orofacial-trauma-impacts-on-oral-health-related-quality-of-life-in-children-low-and-middl",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82288",title:"Dental Emergency and Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105495",signatures:"Navneet Kaur",slug:"dental-emergency-and-conditions",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"81961",title:"Antioxidants as an Adjuncts to Periodontal Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105016",signatures:"Sura Dakhil Jassim and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem",slug:"antioxidants-as-an-adjuncts-to-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:23,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:26,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",slug:"benzimidazole",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pravin Kendrekar and Vinayak Adimule",hash:"e28c770013e7a8dd0fc37aea6aa9def8",volumeInSeries:34,fullTitle:"Benzimidazole",editors:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:9},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:30,paginationItems:[{id:"425474",title:"Mr.",name:"Jasper",middleName:"Okoro Godwin",surname:"Okoro Godwin Elechi",slug:"jasper-okoro-godwin-elechi",fullName:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/425474/images/19990_n.jpg",biography:"Mr. Elechi is an innovative and passionate food professional and educator who can collaborate across boundaries with an integrated aspiration of innovation to provide good, sustainable, and healthy food solutions that promote human health and conserve planetary health. He has a special interest in innovative food product development, nutrition, indigenous food products, biotechnology, bioeconmy, sustainable global food systems transformation, food safety Nanotechnology, and Nanomaterials. He has carried out independent research and publications in these areas. He possesses comprehensive knowledge and technical know-how on nutritional formulation and production of healthy and sustainable foods from locally available underutilized Cereal-Legume crops for combating food security and malnutrition in developing communities.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Camporeale",slug:"cecilia-camporeale",fullName:"Cecilia Camporeale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"296882",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Jorizzo",slug:"mario-jorizzo",fullName:"Mario Jorizzo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"307388",title:"Dr.",name:"ROBERTO",middleName:null,surname:"DEL CIELLO",slug:"roberto-del-ciello",fullName:"ROBERTO DEL CIELLO",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"437647",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"fernando-teixeira",fullName:"Fernando Teixeira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"423338",title:"Dr.",name:"Harjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"harjeet-singh",fullName:"Harjeet Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chitkara University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"443635",title:"Dr.",name:"Suruchi",middleName:null,surname:"Jindal",slug:"suruchi-jindal",fullName:"Suruchi Jindal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Punjab Agricultural University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"426265",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inonge",middleName:null,surname:"Chibua",slug:"inonge-chibua",fullName:"Inonge Chibua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426266",title:"Ms.",name:"Mesha",middleName:null,surname:"Mbisana",slug:"mesha-mbisana",fullName:"Mesha Mbisana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426264",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Raditloko",slug:"samuel-raditloko",fullName:"Samuel Raditloko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426394",title:"Dr.",name:"Mags",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",slug:"mags-adams",fullName:"Mags Adams",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"441182",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"neil-wilson",fullName:"Neil Wilson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"425171",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Zerbian",slug:"tanya-zerbian",fullName:"Tanya Zerbian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"424714",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Stedefeldt",slug:"elke-stedefeldt",fullName:"Elke Stedefeldt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"425244",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayane",middleName:"Stephanie Gomes",surname:"Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",slug:"rayane-stephanie-gomes-de-freitas",fullName:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424688",title:"Dr.",name:"Bart",middleName:null,surname:"de Steenhuijsen Piters",slug:"bart-de-steenhuijsen-piters",fullName:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429404",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Termeer",slug:"emma-termeer",fullName:"Emma Termeer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429407",title:"Dr.",name:"Herman",middleName:null,surname:"Brouwer",slug:"herman-brouwer",fullName:"Herman Brouwer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429406",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Fonteijn",slug:"hubert-fonteijn",fullName:"Hubert Fonteijn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"427504",title:"Dr.",name:"Kriengsak",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonwongsak",slug:"kriengsak-chareonwongsak",fullName:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423333",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shivani",middleName:null,surname:"Sood",slug:"shivani-sood",fullName:"Shivani Sood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452297",title:"Mr.",name:"Cornelius",middleName:null,surname:"Smah Adamu",slug:"cornelius-smah-adamu",fullName:"Cornelius Smah Adamu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452296",title:"Mr.",name:"Ikechukwu",middleName:null,surname:"U. Nwiyi",slug:"ikechukwu-u.-nwiyi",fullName:"Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423395",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Adane",middleName:null,surname:"Atara Debessa",slug:"adane-atara-debessa",fullName:"Adane Atara Debessa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426267",title:"Mr.",name:"Banyaladzi",middleName:null,surname:"Paphane",slug:"banyaladzi-paphane",fullName:"Banyaladzi Paphane",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483388",title:"Dr.",name:"Berhanu",middleName:null,surname:"Denu",slug:"berhanu-denu",fullName:"Berhanu Denu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483387",title:"Dr.",name:"Degefa",middleName:null,surname:"Tolossa",slug:"degefa-tolossa",fullName:"Degefa Tolossa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426059",title:"Dr.",name:"Dikabo",middleName:null,surname:"Mogopodi",slug:"dikabo-mogopodi",fullName:"Dikabo Mogopodi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"422909",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorcas Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Shumba",slug:"dorcas-stella-shumba",fullName:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"429405",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Bakker",slug:"deborah-bakker",fullName:"Deborah Bakker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"86",type:"subseries",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic Shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen Leaders, Worldwide Environmental Issues and Clean Technology, Uncertainty and Political Risks, Radical Adjacency, Emergence of New Business Ecosystem Type, Emergence of Different Leader and Leader Values Types, Universal Connector, Elastic Enterprise, Business Platform, Supply Chain Complexity",scope:"