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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6942",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Global Social Work - Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",title:"Global Social Work",subtitle:"Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This edited book, Global Social Work - Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections, presents global social work expertise, practical tools, and an iterative and reflective process for developing a global social work pedagogy that advances deep disciplinary learning. The authors offer the specifics of a justice based, decolonizing global social work education and practice. This book will be an asset to faculty communities interested in specializing in global social work. The book offers hope that the faculty, students, and practitioners of social work develop an intercultural, international, cross-border critical approach that further prepares them to meet the global standards of social work education and research and at the same time skillfully act, advocate, and transform global communities and their role in a globalized world.",isbn:"978-1-83880-475-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-474-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-210-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73473",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"global-social-work-cutting-edge-issues-and-critical-reflections",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"222c8a66edfc7a4a6537af7565bcb3de",bookSignature:"Bala Raju Nikku",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6942.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10219,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:23,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 24th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 27th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 26th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 14th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"263576",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",middleName:null,surname:"Nikku",slug:"bala-nikku",fullName:"Bala Nikku",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/263576/images/system/263576.jpeg",biography:"Bala Nikku, PhD, hails from an agricultural family in India. He joined Thompson Rivers University School of Social Work and Human Service as an assistant professor in 2018. He served as a teaching fellow of the Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (CELT) and co-chair of the Human Rights Committee of the TRU faculty association. Dr. Nikku served in academia and grassroot social work practice in India, Nepal, Malaysia, and held adjunct positions in the United Kingdom and Thailand. He served as founding director of the Nepal School of Social Work (2005–2011). Dr. Nikku received his PhD from the Wageningen University in 2006 and was awarded with a COFUND Senior Research Fellowship at Durham University, UK, in 2015. He served on the executive boards of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) and the Asian and Pacific Association of Social Work Education (APASWE). His research interests include green social work, wildfire disasters, pandemics, international social work, comparative social policy, and university community engagement. Dr Nikku currently serves as a member of the editorial advisory boards of International Social Work Journal and Practice: Social Work in Action. He is also associate editor of Social Work Education: The International Journal.",institutionString:"Thompson Rivers University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Thompson Rivers University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"71444",title:"Using Indigenous Approaches as a Bridge between Policies, Interventions, and the Grassroots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90796",slug:"using-indigenous-approaches-as-a-bridge-between-policies-interventions-and-the-grassroots",totalDownloads:599,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Indigenous approaches are crucial for indigenous people across the world including Africans, in assessing the impact of imperialism and its manifestations in colonialism, liberalism, globalization, and Western research. Such approaches acknowledge the fundamental importance of local culture, recognizing that geographical, empirically based knowledge provides culturally appropriate solutions to problems. Indigenous approaches serve as a bridge between policies, interventions, and the grassroots. Social work, as a practice-based profession and an academic discipline, should acknowledge and include indigenous knowledge and methodologies in its curriculum. It is important to empower and provide space and a voice for the grassroots to articulate problems and participate in solving them by sharing their own wisdom and experiences. It is shortsighted and unworkable to rely upon prescribed Western policies and curriculums with the assumption that they will seamlessly transfer to other, fundamentally different, people and cultures. Failing to discard such an “apples to apples approach” will only result in a prolonged failure to adequately address the socioeconomic problems in Sub-Saharan Africa and will only perpetuate the problems associated with imperialism and [neo]colonialism. This chapter provides conceptual definitions to constructs such as decolonization and indigenous knowledge and demonstrates the importance of decolonization and indigenous approaches in social work scholarship and practice as it relates to Africa.",signatures:"Aissetu Barry Ibrahima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71444",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71444",authors:[{id:"306540",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aissetu",surname:"Ibrahima",slug:"aissetu-ibrahima",fullName:"Aissetu Ibrahima"}],corrections:null},{id:"71880",title:"Enhancing Service Provision for Immigrant Families Experiencing Domestic Violence through Partnerships between Mainstream Service Providers and Cultural Brokers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92078",slug:"enhancing-service-provision-for-immigrant-families-experiencing-domestic-violence-through-partnershi",totalDownloads:481,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Domestic violence among immigrant families and communities resettling in Canada is a growing area of concern for all stakeholders. Efforts to develop and implement culturally meaningful policy and practice initiatives to address this violence have been hampered by the diversity that exists among immigrant families, lack of information on how violence plays out in these families and inadequate resources. Since domestic violence and child abuse often co-occur in the same families, there is a growing trend among organizations like Children’s Services to employ formalized partnerships with cultural brokers to build respectful relationships with immigrant families and provide culturally relevant interventions. This research-based paper describes the range of services cultural brokers render as part of this partnership, explores the challenges they experience as working partners, and makes recommendations for strengthening the partnership. The findings have implications for social work practitioners and other stakeholders who are interested in using community-based approaches for improving services for immigrant families that are involved or at risk of getting involved with Children’s Services.",signatures:"Janki Shankar and Zetilda Ellis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71880",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71880",authors:[{id:"231653",title:"Prof.",name:"Janki",surname:"Shankar",slug:"janki-shankar",fullName:"Janki Shankar"},{id:"318707",title:"Ms.",name:"Zetilda",surname:"Ellis",slug:"zetilda-ellis",fullName:"Zetilda Ellis"}],corrections:null},{id:"72276",title:"The Role of Social Work Education in Fostering Empowerment of People of African Descent: The Significance of the History of Slavery and Colonialism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92179",slug:"the-role-of-social-work-education-in-fostering-empowerment-of-people-of-african-descent-the-signific",totalDownloads:579,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Both historical and contemporary accounts suggest that Africa has been and continues to be a significant player in global affairs through its supply of valued resources in the form of human capital, rich cultural heritage and mineral resources, including gold, diamond, oil, and vast lasnd mass. Indeed, the tremendous resources (both human and natural) and opportunities that Africa and its people possess are what attracted European powers to the continent for exploitation through slavery and colonization. Although, in theory, African countries have achieved independence, the process of geopolitical retreat of European or Western control of African states, has failed to achieve decoloniality in Africa and among descendants of Africa. Guided by empowerment and strength perspective, the chapter applies observations and critical dialog to contend that for an empowering and transformative social work education and practice in Africa and with African descents to occur, the history and narratives around transatlantic slavery trade (TST) and colonialism need to be a critical component of the discourse of social work education and practice.",signatures:"Eric Kyere and Lalit Khandare",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72276",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72276",authors:[{id:"305335",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Kyere",slug:"eric-kyere",fullName:"Eric Kyere"},{id:"305336",title:"Dr.",name:"Lalit",surname:"Khandare",slug:"lalit-khandare",fullName:"Lalit Khandare"}],corrections:null},{id:"71117",title:"Empowerment Potential of Social Work Techniques among Practitioners in Israel and the USA",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90654",slug:"empowerment-potential-of-social-work-techniques-among-practitioners-in-israel-and-the-usa",totalDownloads:1086,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Even though empowerment is an intervention approach that occupies an important place in social work, social workers’ perceptions of intervention techniques that may empower their clients have not been examined. This paper reports the findings of a pilot study on the perceptions of social workers regarding the empowerment potential of various intervention techniques. Data were collected on convenience samples of social workers in Israel and the USA. The findings indicate that the social workers in the two countries broadly agree on the high empowerment potential of techniques aimed at helping clients to change their behaviors so as to make their conduct more functional and to augment their control over their lives but have differing perceptions regarding the empowerment potential of other approaches, including therapeutic approaches, aspects of service delivery, and means of providing support. Further study is recommended to better understand the relationship between social workers’ perceptions of the empowerment potential of different approaches and techniques and their cultural backgrounds.",signatures:"Khawla Zoabi and Iddo Gal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71117",authors:[{id:"306883",title:"Dr.",name:"Khawla",surname:"Zoabi",slug:"khawla-zoabi",fullName:"Khawla Zoabi"}],corrections:null},{id:"70576",title:"Teaching Innovations in Social Work Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90601",slug:"teaching-innovations-in-social-work-education",totalDownloads:670,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to discuss how the use of creative methods can support students to become aware of global social challenges and give opportunity to reflect on sustainable solutions in relation to different social contexts. Further on, the aim is to discuss preconditions needed. The method used is Future workshop, which is combined with other creative methods as storytelling, scenario, painting, drama, reflective thinking, etc. Data is gathered, from a Swedish perspective during 20 years of being a social worker, lecturer and researcher in social work and national and international collaboration. Results shows, by using different creative methods in education and research, students are allowed to “think outside the box” and new perspectives on common challenges and solutions can be identified. This chapter intends to contribute to a discussion of preconditions needed for using creative methods and multidisciplinary collaboration in the social work programme. The conclusion is working with creative methods needs lecturers who have knowledge of different methods, flexibility to choose between those and confidence in the students to find new solutions. The biggest challenge is not the students, it’s often other colleagues. Support from the managerial level is therefore crucial when introducing creative teaching methods in social work education.",signatures:"Maria Wolmesjö",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70576",authors:[{id:"306136",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Wolmesjö",slug:"maria-wolmesjo",fullName:"Maria Wolmesjö"}],corrections:null},{id:"71380",title:"The Appealability of the Social Work Profession in the United States: Possible Explanations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91671",slug:"the-appealability-of-the-social-work-profession-in-the-united-states-possible-explanations",totalDownloads:841,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In many parts of the world, the social work profession has continued to become a magnet for students from various backgrounds. This field has attracted local and international students with prior expertise in other disciplines, including but not limited to, sociology, psychology, criminal justice, education, and law. This chapter, among other things, presents an overview of the social work profession in the United States, highlights the uniqueness of this discipline, and explains the rise in enrollment in the twenty-first century. It is hypothesized that the appealability of social work is associated with (a) a quest for social justice, (b) a pragmatic path toward direct practice, (c) a commitment for social services delivery, and (d) a passion for empowerment. Understanding the rationale behind the appealability of the profession is crucial for social work educators to meet the needs of their student body in a world deeply ravaged by contemporary social problems.",signatures:"Rigaud Joseph and Herbert Shon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71380",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71380",authors:[{id:"312137",title:"Dr.",name:"Rigaud",surname:"Joseph",slug:"rigaud-joseph",fullName:"Rigaud Joseph"},{id:"312138",title:"Dr.",name:"Herbert",surname:"Shon",slug:"herbert-shon",fullName:"Herbert Shon"}],corrections:null},{id:"69362",title:"Irish Field Education/Social Work Placement: The Making of Multi-Touch eBooks as a ‘Wrap Around’ Resource",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89391",slug:"irish-field-education-social-work-placement-the-making-of-multi-touch-ebooks-as-a-wrap-around-resour",totalDownloads:811,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Social Work placement can be the stimulating experience hoped for or the dreaded experience gained. Professional training values, whether these are influenced by globalization and/or indigenization are principled on the sharing of ideas and debates based on a multi-disciplinary integrated narrative approach. By presenting actual ‘lived experiences’ in the form of aural and video podcasts and linking these with research and theory, in our eBook Project, students, field supervisors and tutors were helped to explore for example, the use of language, supervision, reflective practice. This made the learning experience more modern, interesting and easily accessible for reviewing anytime anywhere. In practice placement, the understanding is not only what is learned but how it is learned. This Irish wraparound innovation regarding the inclusion of live recordings for teaching and learning brought together a shared focused and a thoughtful and inventive approach to the fundamental work related experience.",signatures:"Marguerita McGovern",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69362",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69362",authors:[{id:"303775",title:"Ms.",name:"Marguerita",surname:"McGovern",slug:"marguerita-mcgovern",fullName:"Marguerita McGovern"}],corrections:null},{id:"69285",title:"Mitigating Health Inequalities of Socially Vulnerable in South Korea: Role for Social Work",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89457",slug:"mitigating-health-inequalities-of-socially-vulnerable-in-south-korea-role-for-social-work",totalDownloads:621,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this study is to develop a social work education strategy for mitigating health inequalities among the socially vulnerable. The limitations of the healthcare approach to health promotion and health inequality, which we examined through the health belief model describing an individual’s health behavior, emphasize the prevention of diseases that have not yet occurred or are likely to occur, healthcare management for them, and the functions and role of the community in the process, based on the individual’s spontaneity to practice health behaviors. Therefore, to compensate for these limitations, it is deemed necessary to add healthcare curriculum, such as public health, social epidemiology, and etiology, to the existing curriculum of social work based on an in-depth understanding of social vulnerability and social environment as well as the importance of preventing and managing diseases.",signatures:"Jung Youn Park, Eun Jin Lee, Ji Young Park and Soo Hyun Sung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69285",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69285",authors:[{id:"235540",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jung Youn",surname:"Park",slug:"jung-youn-park",fullName:"Jung Youn Park"},{id:"244464",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ji Young",surname:"Park",slug:"ji-young-park",fullName:"Ji Young Park"},{id:"308218",title:"Ms.",name:"Eun Jin",surname:"Lee",slug:"eun-jin-lee",fullName:"Eun Jin Lee"},{id:"308767",title:"Dr.",name:"Soo Hyun",surname:"Sung",slug:"soo-hyun-sung",fullName:"Soo Hyun Sung"}],corrections:null},{id:"69372",title:"An Analysis of Salient Aspects of the Research Proposals of Fourth Year Student Social Workers: A Case Study of Class of 2019, University of Limpopo",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89503",slug:"an-analysis-of-salient-aspects-of-the-research-proposals-of-fourth-year-student-social-workers-a-cas",totalDownloads:613,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Study topic selection and problem formulation are prerequisites in preparing a proposal for conducting research. Writing a research proposal to conduct research (for the first time) is a daunting task for (social work) students. The challenge is enormous despite numerous modules that introduce research to social work students. These problems were noted when student social workers presented their research proposals for the first time: broad and unclear research topics, difficulty in formulating research problems, and conflation of research approaches (qualitative and quantitative). Document analysis method was adopted in order to scrutinize research proposals to identify three key challenges such as topic selection, problem formulation, and research approach at proposal writing stage. A total of 10 fourth year social work students’ research proposals were scrutinized. Thematic analysis was used to interpret findings. The study was qualitative in nature and informed by grounded theory as well as socio-cultural theory framework. Recommendations are proffered to mitigate the challenges experienced by social work students.",signatures:"Pontsho James Mmadi and Sello Levy Sithole",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69372",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69372",authors:[{id:"302945",title:"Prof.",name:"Sello Levy",surname:"Sithole",slug:"sello-levy-sithole",fullName:"Sello Levy Sithole"},{id:"311472",title:"Mr.",name:"Ponstho James",surname:"Mmadi",slug:"ponstho-james-mmadi",fullName:"Ponstho James Mmadi"}],corrections:null},{id:"70475",title:"Alaska Natives in Recovery and Indigenous Cultural Generativity: Sharing Redemptive Narratives to Improve Quality of Life",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90548",slug:"alaska-natives-in-recovery-and-indigenous-cultural-generativity-sharing-redemptive-narratives-to-imp",totalDownloads:606,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter explores motivating and maintenance factors for sobriety among older AN adult participants (age 50+) from across Alaska. Alaska Native Elders are motivated to abstain from, or to quit drinking alcohol through spirituality, family influence, role socialization and others’ role modeling, and a desire to engage in indigenous cultural generative activities with their family and community. A desire to pass on their accumulated wisdom to a younger generation through engagement and sharing of culturally grounded activities and values, or indigenous cultural generativity, is a central unifying motivational and maintenance factor for sobriety. The social work implications of this research indicates that family, role expectations and socialization, desire for community and culture engagement, and spirituality are central features to both Alaska Native Elders’ understanding of sobriety, and more broadly, to their successful aging. Social workers can use motivational interviewing techniques to explore Elders cultural motivations to encourage and support relapse prevention and support older Alaska Native adults’ desire to quit drinking and attain Eldership in their family and community. Sobriety can put older Alaska Native adults on a pathway to successful aging, in positions to serve as role models for their family and community, where they are provided opportunities to engage in meaningful indigenous cultural generative acts; roles they have learned about across their lifetime.",signatures:"Jordan P. Lewis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70475",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70475",authors:[{id:"306118",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordan",surname:"Lewis",slug:"jordan-lewis",fullName:"Jordan Lewis"}],corrections:null},{id:"70948",title:"Social Work with Single and Non-Resident Fathers: How Inclusive Is Our Practice and Where Do We Go from Here?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90641",slug:"social-work-with-single-and-non-resident-fathers-how-inclusive-is-our-practice-and-where-do-we-go-fr",totalDownloads:890,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter is focused upon social work with single and non-resident fathers. There is a dearth of social work research that explores the experiences of single or non-resident fathers’ with social work, so this chapter starts to explore how we can work more sensitively and collaboratively with both groups. Both single and non-resident fatherhood raise challenges for socially constructed gendered norms, hegemonic masculinity and how children and families social work is practiced. Concepts of borderwork and the emotional regime are applied to develop understanding of these fathers’ experiences with social work and how practice can change. The chapter is located within wider discourses about the feminised role of caring and increasingly bureaucratic and authoritarian social work systems. Key practice features of assessment and engagement are discussed and suggestions for developing and improving practice are tentatively made.",signatures:"Simon Haworth and Lee Sobo-Allen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70948",authors:[{id:"304991",title:"Mr.",name:"Simon",surname:"Haworth",slug:"simon-haworth",fullName:"Simon Haworth"}],corrections:null},{id:"69520",title:"Thematic Analysis in Social Work: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89464",slug:"thematic-analysis-in-social-work-a-case-study",totalDownloads:2033,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The article aims to provide a step-by-step description of how thematic analysis was applied in a study examining why men choose to undertake social work as an area of study. Participants in the study came from the University of Concepción in Chile and the University of Quebec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue in Canada. The six phases of the thematic analysis are described in detail to provide students and novice social work researchers with a guide to this method of analysis. Thematic analysis offers a flexible, yet rigorous approach to subjective experience that is highly applicable to research in social work as a means of promoting social justice and combating inequalities.",signatures:"Oscar Labra, Carol Castro, Robin Wright and Isis Chamblas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69520",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69520",authors:[{id:"191776",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",surname:"Labra",slug:"oscar-labra",fullName:"Oscar Labra"},{id:"305175",title:"Ms.",name:"Carol",surname:"Castro",slug:"carol-castro",fullName:"Carol Castro"},{id:"305176",title:"Dr.",name:"Robin",surname:"Wright",slug:"robin-wright",fullName:"Robin Wright"},{id:"305177",title:"Prof.",name:"Isis",surname:"Chamblas",slug:"isis-chamblas",fullName:"Isis Chamblas"}],corrections:null},{id:"70078",title:"It is Important to Build on Their Knowledge Teachers’ Approaches to Newly Arrived Immigrant Pupils’",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89510",slug:"it-is-important-to-build-on-their-knowledge-teachers-approaches-to-newly-arrived-immigrant-pupils-",totalDownloads:394,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study aims to contribute to the school social work practices in a Swedish context. By capturing the life worlds of newly arrived students and problematizing teachers’ approaches to these pupils underlying competences and continued knowledge development and learning, I suggest how social work and education professionals can navigate these life worlds and empower young immigrant pupils in Swedish school. Theoretical basis consists of translanguaging, principles and ideas about education valuing underlying competencies and seeing them as means for further learning in all areas. Through an ecological approach to learning and teaching, I examine teachers’ told experiences of teaching in the secondary school program of language introduction in a Swedish context. The analysis shows that the interviewed teachers systematically try to make use of the pupils’ prior knowledge and experiences of instruction. 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Shishkovsky"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74483",title:"Activated Flooded Jets and Immiscible Layer Technology Help to Remove and Prevent the Formation of Bottom Sediments in the Oil Storage Tanks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95230",slug:"activated-flooded-jets-and-immiscible-layer-technology-help-to-remove-and-prevent-the-formation-of-b",body:'Long-term crude oil storage in the tanks, as well as transportation by tank wagons and tankers, is accompanied by agglomeration and precipitation of water, inorganic impurities, paraffin, resins and asphaltenes. Organic part of the sediment is a product of crude oxidation that occurs in the course of oil contact with air and is followed by condensation reactions. Inorganics and water are caught into oil during production and transportation. Temperature drop in the tank makes some of the heavy components of crude oil insoluble. They gravitate onto the bottom in aggregate with inorganics and water. Bottom sediment reduces effective tank volume, promotes corrosive action, complicates oil transfer and water drain out. As heavy crude fraction is growing step by step in the whole production volume, the problem of bottom sludge in the oil storage tank will enhance.
Mechanical methods of sludge disposal usually include scraping and auger techniques. In complicated cases, a technological pass-through is made for a robot-machine [1]. The personnel in this case must work using supplied-air respirators. As mechanical cleaning is accompanied by a number of problems, such as pretreatment, degassing, manual labor in gas hazard conditions, oil sludge disposal, all of which making it rather expensive and time-consuming, it is only applied in the case of maintenance shutdown or tank repurposing.
Now Transneft Company makes extensive use of screw propellers, both for caving bottom deposits and prevention of their accumulations. They are fixed in a manhole of a tank first circle and make a flooded jet of oscillating direction within the sector of about 60o in a plane parallel to the tank bottom [2]. However, this method has downsides, the biggest of which is quite large energy consumption that makes the use of “Diogen” screw propeller for prevention of bottom sediments formation not feasible. Other disadvantages [3]: peripheral propeller location, i.e. at the tank wall, which reduces the efficiency of the impact on the bottom area close to the opposite wall, as well as the occurrence of vibrations and increased stress in the welded joint of the inlet-distribution nozzle. In addition, in the case of high-viscosity oil, mixing can be difficult due to reduced mixing efficiency. Purely mechanical cleaning methods are complemented, if necessary, by physical and chemical methods, which allow for more comprehensive disposal of heavy oil components. Among such methods are the action of solvents, reagents and heated oil [4]; warm water containing surfactants [5], etc. As a result of this action, deposits are heated, liquefied and homogenized with subsequent separation of hydrocarbons by means of filter presses [6], centrifuges [7], and other methods. However, almost always after hydrocarbons are removed, solid residues are buried, which has an adverse impact on the environment. The cleaning procedure involves emptying and decommissioning of the tank for a period of two to seven weeks depending on the tank volume, amount of sediments and season of the year.
As a rule, it is more beneficial to prevent the formation of sediments rather than to clean the already settled ones. For these purposes, for instance, a tank can be equipped with either jet hydraulic mixers (Figure 1) or a washout unit where the inlet nozzles fit with washout heads that generate flooded crude oil jets directed along the tank bottom. One of the options for washout heads is a plate lying on the tank bottom that, when being subjected to crude oil pressure, elevates, thus, forming a fan-shape jet.
Diagram of cross sections of mixer for calculations: 1 – Supply nozzle; 2 – Lateral nozzles; 3 – Confusor; 4 – Central nozzle; 5 – Inlet to the mixing chamber.
Both washout systems are characterized by cost efficiency due to the use of the part of potential flow energy in the pipeline section preceding the tank inlet and quite high hydrodynamic capacity exceeding the capacity of propeller type mixers. Let us focus on washout heads system, the efficiency of which, as shown in paper [8], can be significantly enhanced without additional capital investments and which can be used not only to prevent tank bottom sediments formation but also for tank cleaning.
Under standard operational conditions, areas covered by washout heads should overlap. However, in the case of low oil pressure or if a head gap gets clogged, the areas of coverage of fan-shaped jets do not overlap and stagnation zones are formed where a build-up of bottom sediments occurs. In our case, for a number of reasons, sediments occupied about 20% of the useful volume of the tank. And activation of flooded jets of oil, coming out of washout heads, was attempted to be made through injection of high molecular weight oil soluble polymers into the pipeline section preceding the tank inlet [8].
It is known that polymer additives capable to reduce the hydrodynamic resistance of liquids, when introduced into the flow, significantly increase the compact part of flooded and free jets. Increase in the range of open jets is used, for example, in firefighting and water jet rock destruction. In the latter case, the aqueous polymer solutions perform similarly to sand slurries that have abrasion wear effect on perpendicular plate [9] due to polymeric associates present in the solution [10]. The size of such supermolecular features, according to the authors, is about 1 mm, and their relaxation time is about 1·10−3-1·10−2 s. Associates behave like drops of ordinary fluid in deformation processes with characteristic time exceeding the aforementioned time. If the deceleration time is much shorter than their relaxation time, associates behave like solid particles. Analysis of thin sections of washout zones in metal plates treated with high-speed jets of aqueous polymer solutions indicate in favor of the impact nature of their destruction.
Something similar can occur in the flooded oil jets upon introduction of linear polymers molecules of high molecular weight into the flow: length of the compact part of a stream considerably increases, thus, the action area of a washout head increases by several times. On the other hand, in a compact part of jet, macromolecules and their associates, being guided by the flow, can form anisotropic structures of “thread” or “needle” types. Such inclusions, when encountering a perpendicular obstacle, at sharp braking may act as solid particles of an elongated shape that “dig” the sediment layer (Figure 2).
Presumable picture of the flooded jet action without the polymer (а) and in the presence of the polymer (б).
An additive of high-molecular octene-decenoic copolymer earlier used in experiments to increase the capacity of oil pipelines, was used as an activator for flooded jets. The copolymer solution in naphta was applied, because it takes a short time to get a mixture with oil flow. Sediments were washed out according to the scheme shown in Figure 3 (here 1 - tank; 2 - washout heads; 3 - container with polymer solution; 4 – dosing pump; 5 - extraction pump).
Scheme of the bottom sediments washout by polymeric activators of flooded jets.
Check gauging of the level of sediments made at five points - at the metering manhole, three inspection and one central manhole - showed that the average level in the first tank made 195 cm, and in the second tank - 206 cm, while the whole height of the tank was 1000 cm. The washout was carried out in a flow regime, i.e., when oil was simultaneously pumped into and out of the tank. The oil rate was about 2000 m3/hour. The level of oil above the sediment level was kept within the range of 1 to 1.5 m. The control 12 hour washout with clean oil performed through the washout heads gave practically no changes either in the height of the sediment level or in the oil composition at the inlet and outlet of the tanks.
The polymer solution was dosed into the receiving pipeline at a distance of 200 m from the tank, the polymer concentration in oil was about 50 ppm (parts per million). The beginning of dosing was accompanied by the growth of water presence in oil at the outlet of the tank: at an average concentration of 0.18% at the outlet, it exceeded 2%. It gave evidence of the dispersion of bottom sediments that contained water. In 10 hours the dosing of the concentrate was stopped, but the circulation regime was maintained for another 10 hours to complete the hydraulic transport of washed out sediments outside the tank. The tank was then filled with oil and allowed its contents to settle for 24 hours. The check measurements made after that showed that the sludge level after washing out made 80 cm. About half of the concentrate had been used.
In order to reach maximum efficiency, the second half of the concentrate was used to wash out the second tank. The cycle of works was repeated in the same order. The water content at the outlet reached 2.7%. Check measurements of sediment level made after cleaning showed an average value of 69 cm. Thus, as a result of the experiment, about 4000 tons of bottom sediments were removed and mixed with oil from two 20,000 ton vertical tanks. The cleaning procedure including preparation activities took ten calendar days. The interaction of the activated flooded jet with the sediments was so intense that the external tank wall warmed up to a temperature of about 40°С within the height of sediments location. Dissipation of mechanical energy of the “reinforced” jet into the heat energy, apparently, causes autoacceleration of the washout process due to softening the object under the impact of a flooded jet.
The following advantages of the considered cleaning method should be noted:
useful settlement components are preserved;
no soil contamination;
simplicity of hardware design/equipment required;
fire safety, as there are no works performed inside the tank;
the tank is taken out of operation for a short time: the cleaning procedure itself takes about one week;
no personnel are exposed to harmful fumes during the cleaning process.
The method of activation of oil flooded jets can be used both for tank cleaning and prevention of bottom sediments accumulation.
The idea of an immiscible layer is a separate topic, as it offers a fundamentally new approach to the prevention of bottom sedimentation [11]. It is suggested to use a layer of a heavy liquid covering the bottom of the tank and preventing the settling of heavy oil and water components.
Immiscible layer fluid should meet three requirements: it should be immiscible to oil hydrocarbons; it should have a greater density than oil and its boiling point should be high enough. Polyatomic alcohols are most suitable for this role. Of these, glycerin (Figure 4) is the most applicable for it is available and has a density of 1.26 g/cm3. Asphaltenes that is the heaviest component of crude oil has a density not more than 1.1 g/cm3.
Structural formula of glycerin.
The liquid circulates through an external heat exchanger that maintains the immiscible pad temperature sufficient for thermal convection of the lower oil layers (Figure 5). In this case, heavy asphaltenes will not accumulate on the glycerin surface, and, due to thermal convection, will be distributed along the bulk.
Diagram of oil tank with immiscible layer.
The water proposed for the role of such a liquid [12] is not quite suitable due to corrosion activity and low density: heavy resins and asphaltenes with a density of about 1.1 g/cm3 will penetrate through the water layer and settle on the bottom.
Glycerin is not mixed with oil hydrocarbons and has a density of 1.26 g/cm3. Water and inorganic impurities enter the glycerin layer. Dissolved moisture is periodically removed from the glycerin by an external drying device (not shown in Figure 5). As far as mechanical impurities are concerned, they will be retained within the viscous glycerin for some time, and provided quite intense circulation, most of them will be collected at the external filter. Glycerin does not cause corrosion and its high density will protect the bottom of the tank from asphaltenes and resins settling.
The bottoms of oil tanks with the capacity of more than 5 thousand tons have, as a rule, a conical shape with a slope from the center of 1:100. The height of the immiscible layer should exceed the height of the bottom cone in the preferred case by at least 10 cm, so that the whole surface is covered with heavy immiscible layer fluid (see Figure 5). Based on this, the minimum glycerin volume for a 20 thousand tons tank should be 292 m3, for a tank of 50 thousand tons - 875 m3. The maximum volume of the hydraulic cushion is calculated from the economic feasibility: on the one hand, the formation of sediments and corrosion of the tank bottom are prevented, on the other hand, the layer volume is the “dead volume” of the tank cut off from the commodity transactions. The level of the distribution nozzle should also ensure that glycerin does not get into the pumped out oil.
All manipulations with the immiscible layer liquid can be carried out at external devices without tank shutting down from operation, and the complete set of the equipment on glycerin heating and cleaning can be used for handling of several tanks.
Glycerin is non-toxic and dissolves water together with salts. Moreover, its cost is not high, as it is a waste of biodiesel production from vegetable oils. Currently, a kilo of glycerin costs about $1 and there is a downward trend in the cost.
This method of preventing the formation of bottom sediments can multiply the period between tank cleanups and the lifetime of the tanks. Accordingly, losses of heavy oil fractions will reduce, and operation of the tank farm will be more efficient and environmentally safe.
Bringing into development of bituminous oil fields leads to “weighting” of oil pumped through the main oil pipelines. High viscosity oil has an even greater tendency to form sediments during storage. The use of heated tanks partially solves the problem, but is associated with high energy consumption. Forced circulation screw devices can be ineffective in a highly viscous medium. In this regard, the research described in the article may be useful for solving the problems that arise.
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",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
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\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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These geological elements have been evaluated to understand possible cause(s) of rapid decline in pro¬duction. The N5.2 reservoir, located in shallow marine sandstones, offshore Niger Delta, has experienced decline in oil rate with a corresponding increase in water-cut within two years of beginning of production. The main objective of this study is the determination of reservoir architecture in order to individuate the possible cause(s) of rapid production decline. To this aim, several methods have been used, including the seismic attribute analysis, electrofacies analysis, well log and petrophysical correlations. The obtained results show that the N5.2 reservoir is a massive sandy unit, occurring within the paralic Agbada Formation of about 2133 m thick. A contour depth map of the reservoir shows the occurrence of a structural saddle associated with an elongated closure having two structural culminations. Further analysis using the root mean square (RMS) and anti-tracking seismic attributes has indicated a seismic facies parallel to the paleo-coastline direction and several faults and fractures. The high quality of the reservoir, fractures, poor management and water injection may have induced rapid fluid flow and consequently early watercut and decline in production.",book:{id:"7768",slug:"sedimentary-processes-examples-from-asia-turkey-and-nigeria",title:"Sedimentary Processes",fullTitle:"Sedimentary Processes - Examples from Asia, Turkey and Nigeria"},signatures:"Prince Suka Momta",authors:[{id:"228567",title:"Dr.",name:"Prince Suka",middleName:null,surname:"Momta",slug:"prince-suka-momta",fullName:"Prince Suka Momta"}]},{id:"54964",title:"Intermittent Formation, Sedimentation and Deformation History of Cenozoic Forearc Basins along the Northwestern Pacific Margins as an Indicator of Tectonic Scenarios",slug:"intermittent-formation-sedimentation-and-deformation-history-of-cenozoic-forearc-basins-along-the-no",totalDownloads:3276,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This chapter examines the basin-filling stratigraphy and major unconformity events of the Cenozoic forearc basins in the NE Japan, SW Japan, Ryukyu and Izu-Bonin forearc territories along the northwestern Pacific margins to obtain information on the background tectonic scenarios along the plate subduction zones. The forearc basin type and tectonic history are characteristic for each forearc territory, reflecting the differences in plate tectonic processes. Several major unconformity events seem to be synchronous for a forearc territory or whole forearc territories around Japan, suggesting that these events originated from more or less wider scale plate tectonic events. In the NE Japan forearc territory, the Oligocene unconformity can be the largest events, which transformed the forearc basin styles from the trench slope break-uplifted, fluvial system-dominated type to the tensional, deeper marine sloped type. In the SW Japan and Ryukyu forearc territories, the latest Oligocene to Middle Miocene gap was the transformation phase from the Palaeogene Shimanto-type forearc and accretionary complex, to the Neogene compressive, sloped to ridged forearc basins, developments of which have been interrupted by several unconformity events possibly related to changes in plate tectonic condition. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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