\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9530",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Anxiety Disorders - The New Achievements",title:"Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:"The New Achievements",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Anxiety is a widespread and universal problem with significant adverse effects on mental health and quality of life. This book examines the phenomenology, psychopathology, and biological mechanisms of anxiety disorders. Over three sections, the book examines various social and clinical aspects of anxiety as well as neurobiological data and pathogenesis of anxiety disorders such as Capgras syndrome and de Clerambault’s syndrome. It also presents results of immunological and neurochemical studies of some anxiety states.",isbn:"978-1-83968-429-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-428-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-430-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87325",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"anxiety-disorders-the-new-achievements",numberOfPages:208,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"702af230f376b968ca17900a9007cab9",bookSignature:"Vladimir V. Kalinin, Cicek Hocaoglu and Shafizan Mohamed",publishedDate:"May 12th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9530.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6726,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:16,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 28th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 11th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 10th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 29th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 27th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",middleName:null,surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31572/images/system/31572.png",biography:"Vladimir V. Kalinin was born in1952 into a family of physicians in Orenburg (Russian Federation). He obtained an MD from Moscow State Medical Stomatological University in 1976. In 1976-1977 he completed an internship in Psychiatry. In 1978 he became a scientific researcher at Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry of Ministry of Health and Social Development where he is currently the department head. His scientific interests concern a broad range of psychiatry problems. The topic of his doctoral thesis in 1996 was the psychopathology and therapy of anxiety disorders with an emphasis on panic disorder. Prof. Kalinin has authored 228 publications, including research articles in professional journals (in Russian and English), three monographs in Russian, and four monographs in English.",institutionString:"Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry – The Branch of Serbsky's National Center of Psychiatry and Narcology of Ministry of Health",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"28322",title:"Prof.",name:"Cicek",middleName:null,surname:"Hocaoglu",slug:"cicek-hocaoglu",fullName:"Cicek Hocaoglu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/28322/images/system/28322.jpg",biography:"Cicek Hocaoglu obtained her medical degree from Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey. She received postgraduate training in psychiatry at the Medical School of Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey. She is currently Professor and Head of the Department of Psychiatry at the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical School, Rize, Turkey. She has many published national/international scientific articles, book chapters, and papers presented in congresses. Her interests include consultation-liaison psychiatry, suicide, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and psychopharmacology.",institutionString:"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"302450",title:"Dr.",name:"Shafizan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302450/images/system/302450.jpg",biography:"Shafizan Mohamed is an assistant professor in the Communications Department, International Islamic University of Malaysia. She holds a Ph.D. in Media Studies from Monash University, Australia. She is the author, co-author, and editor of several books, journal articles, monographs, and newspaper articles on media and communication. Her research covers the fields of new media theory, political communication, health communication, and digital media literacy. Her two recent research projects examined the digital media skills of underprivileged children and the communication of vaccination in mainstream and social media. Both studies are based on the experience of Malaysia. Aside from teaching and research, Dr. Mohamed loves food, music, and interior design.",institutionString:"International Islamic University Malaysia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"International Islamic University Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1062",title:"Psychopathology",slug:"psychopathology"}],chapters:[{id:"71917",title:"Social Media and Suicide",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92160",slug:"social-media-and-suicide",totalDownloads:1051,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Today, online social media are as ubiquitous as they are inextricable, especially as they have become critical to every aspect of our everyday lives. In the face of this upsurge in social media use, particularly in the adolescent age-group, rates of suicide, attempted suicide, and deliberate self-harm have spiked. This chapter aims to elucidate on current-day definitions of these terminologies as well as their epidemiology regionally and globally. Furthermore, it explores any established causality as well as possible associations and contributory factors such as cyberbullying and substance abuse. The chapter also explores how trending issues such as celebrity suicide and suicide reporting have impacted on the prevalence of suicide and examines its comorbidities. Novel concepts such as the Werther and Papageno effect are highlighted. It explicates on present-day recommendations to curb this menace while also examining the possibilities and merits of using social media as a prohibitive and rehabilitative tool against suicidal behavior.",signatures:"Olalekan Popoola, Olawunmi Olagundoye and Morenike Alugo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71917",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71917",authors:[{id:"220161",title:"Dr.",name:"Olawunmi",surname:"Olagundoye",slug:"olawunmi-olagundoye",fullName:"Olawunmi Olagundoye"},{id:"222070",title:"BSc.",name:"Morenike",surname:"Alugo",slug:"morenike-alugo",fullName:"Morenike Alugo"},{id:"315358",title:"Dr.",name:"Olalekan",surname:"Popoola",slug:"olalekan-popoola",fullName:"Olalekan Popoola"}],corrections:null},{id:"71645",title:"Mental Distress among Medical Students",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91864",slug:"mental-distress-among-medical-students",totalDownloads:467,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Depression, anxiety, and stress affect the mental health of an individual. Previous studies have shown high rates of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students throughout the world. Medical students are future doctors, but mental distress among them has negative effects on their output, which ultimately affects patient care and quality of life. This chapter will discuss various reasons of mental distress among medical students and proposed solutions for the well-being of medical undergraduates like providing proper student support service and more opportunities for extracurricular activities.",signatures:"Syeda Rubaba Azim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71645",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71645",authors:[{id:"316533",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubaba",surname:"Azim",slug:"rubaba-azim",fullName:"Rubaba Azim"}],corrections:null},{id:"72419",title:"A Holistic Overview of Cyberbullying across the World: Review of Theories and Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91433",slug:"a-holistic-overview-of-cyberbullying-across-the-world-review-of-theories-and-models",totalDownloads:750,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter reviews cyberbullying research from across the world. Not only it is important to be familiar with the range of impact and risks that commonly fall upon cyber victims, but much can be learned when reviewing a myriad of research focused on the bullies themselves. In addition to that, it provides some theoretical discussion for other researchers who wish to study cyberbullying through a specific lens that may help standardize the research and better understand what is truly happening behind the screens. This chapter also explores how those involved with cyber aggressive behaviors choose to cope, whether positively or negatively. In depth, this chapter explores cyberbullies in hopes of creating more awareness of signs for parents or educators that may be able to prevent perpetration or targeting.",signatures:"Timothy Oblad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72419",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72419",authors:[{id:"314310",title:"Dr.",name:"Timothy",surname:"Oblad",slug:"timothy-oblad",fullName:"Timothy Oblad"}],corrections:null},{id:"71317",title:"Musical Performance Anxiety (MPA)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91646",slug:"musical-performance-anxiety-mpa-",totalDownloads:492,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The musical practice is an extremely complex activity that involves a series of cognitive abilities and functions, among them are hearing, memory, motor coordination, attention, affection, mathematical calculation, and the association of all of these concomitantly, including situations of public exposure. Because of this, musical performance is particularly susceptive to anxiety symptoms. Musical performance anxiety (MPA) is defined as an experience of persistent and distressing apprehension and/or real prejudice of the performance abilities in a public context in an unjustifiable degree given the individual musical aptitude and preparation level. It prevails more commonly on the female gender in a 3:1 proportion and affects about 20% of the professional musicians. In the present chapter, its main etiologies and psychic mechanisms, evaluation instruments, as well as the current therapeutic strategies available will be presented.",signatures:"Sérgio de Figueiredo Rocha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71317",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71317",authors:[{id:"316411",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",surname:"De Figueiredo Rocha",slug:"sergio-de-figueiredo-rocha",fullName:"Sergio De Figueiredo Rocha"}],corrections:null},{id:"71699",title:"Students Anxiety Experiences in Higher Education Institutions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92079",slug:"students-anxiety-experiences-in-higher-education-institutions",totalDownloads:1027,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Students studying at higher education institutions face many challenges. Students who attempt to overcome these challenges may alter their behaviors. This may negatively affect their psychological state and cause them to feel anxiety. Anxiety is most prominent among college students. Many students face anxiety when they think they cannot achieve their academic or non-academic purposes; however, sometimes anxiety can encourage students to think more critically about how to achieve their goals. Students cope with anxiety in different ways, but some may struggle. This probably causes many symptoms that affect their mental health. Therefore, they should alleviate the anxiety to keep their mental health and persist in the institution.",signatures:"Nabila Y. AlKandari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71699",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71699",authors:[{id:"316508",title:"Prof.",name:"Nabila Y.",surname:"AlKandari",slug:"nabila-y.-alkandari",fullName:"Nabila Y. AlKandari"}],corrections:null},{id:"73414",title:"Anxiety Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93952",slug:"anxiety-disorders-1",totalDownloads:322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anxiety disorders are the most common of all psychiatric illnesses and result in significant functional impairment and distress. In DSM 5, anxiety disorders are divided into eleven subgroups. Anxiety, which we consider normal (mild and moderate anxiety), plays an important role in the development of the individual. However, if the level of anxiety increases, it may lead to mental problems. A high level of anxiety, long duration, and intensification of anxiety symptoms may cause anxiety disorders. These are; separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, other unspecified anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder related to another medical condition, anxiety disorder caused by substance or medication, anxiety disorders caused by substances and medication are unspecified anxiety disorders. Treatment methods used in anxiety disorders are individual psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy, systematic sensitization, exposure, and psychopharmacology.",signatures:"Hülya Kök Eren",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73414",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73414",authors:[{id:"320115",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hülya",surname:"Kök Eren",slug:"hulya-kok-eren",fullName:"Hülya Kök Eren"}],corrections:null},{id:"76219",title:"Prevalence and Comorbidity of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Studies of PRIME-MD and PHQ (Patient Health Questionnaire) in Japan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97218",slug:"prevalence-and-comorbidity-of-anxiety-and-depressive-disorders-in-studies-of-prime-md-and-phq-patien",totalDownloads:238,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"We examine two studies on the prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders in Japanese patients in primary care settings. The PRIME-MD study (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders) in Japan was conducted in seven primary care sites. The sample group included 601 adult patients (249 males, 352 females, mean age = 58.9 years, SD = 16.5). Of the 12.5% of patients diagnosed with mood disorders, 5.0% (n = 29) were major depressive disorder, and 6.7% (n = 40) were minor depressive disorder. The odds ratio for co-occurrence of major depressive disorder with generalized anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder with anxiety disorders (NOS) was 11.5 (95% CI: 2.17–18.45) and 8.00 (95% CI: 3.19–20.07), respectively. The PHQ (Patient Health Questionnaire) study in Japan was conducted in eleven primary care sites. A total of 1409 adult patients (611 males, 797 females; mean age: 56.2 years, SD: ±20.4) completed the PHQ in full. The prevalence of diagnosis of any mood disorder or any anxiety disorder was 25.0%. Of the 15.8% of patients diagnosed with mood disorders, 5.3% were for major depression and 8.4% for other depressive disorders. The odds ratio for co-occurrence of major depressive disorder with other anxiety disorders was 30.4 (95% CI: 13.19–70.28).",signatures:"Kumiko Muramatsu, Hitoshi Miyaoka, Kunitoshi Kamijima, Yoshiyuki Muramatsu, Katsuya Fuse, Fumitoshi Yoshimine, Ichiro Mashima, Yutaka Tanaka, Michio Hosaka, Kikuchi Toshiaki, Natsue Shimizu and Shigeji Baba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76219",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76219",authors:[{id:"172478",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumiko",surname:"Muramatsu",slug:"kumiko-muramatsu",fullName:"Kumiko Muramatsu"},{id:"352305",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",surname:"Miyaoka",slug:"hitoshi-miyaoka",fullName:"Hitoshi Miyaoka"},{id:"352306",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunitoshi",surname:"Kamijima",slug:"kunitoshi-kamijima",fullName:"Kunitoshi Kamijima"},{id:"352307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiyuki",surname:"Muramatsu",slug:"yoshiyuki-muramatsu",fullName:"Yoshiyuki Muramatsu"},{id:"352308",title:"Dr.",name:"Katuya",surname:"Fuse",slug:"katuya-fuse",fullName:"Katuya Fuse"},{id:"352309",title:"Dr.",name:"Fumitoshi",surname:"Yoshimine",slug:"fumitoshi-yoshimine",fullName:"Fumitoshi Yoshimine"},{id:"352310",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichiro",surname:"Mashima",slug:"ichiro-mashima",fullName:"Ichiro Mashima"},{id:"352311",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tanaka",slug:"yutaka-tanaka",fullName:"Yutaka Tanaka"},{id:"352312",title:"Dr.",name:"Michio",surname:"Hosaka",slug:"michio-hosaka",fullName:"Michio Hosaka"},{id:"352313",title:"Prof.",name:"Kikuchi",surname:"Toshiaki",slug:"kikuchi-toshiaki",fullName:"Kikuchi Toshiaki"},{id:"352314",title:"Dr.",name:"Natsue",surname:"Shimizu",slug:"natsue-shimizu",fullName:"Natsue Shimizu"},{id:"353815",title:"Dr.",name:"Baba",surname:"Shigeji",slug:"baba-shigeji",fullName:"Baba Shigeji"}],corrections:null},{id:"72361",title:"De Clerambault Syndrome: Current Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92121",slug:"de-clerambault-syndrome-current-perspective",totalDownloads:305,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"De Clerambault syndrome is a psychological condition named after Gaetan Gatian De Clerambault in which the sufferer is under the delusion that a certain person is in love with him or her. This is a condition in which the patient, often a single woman, believes than an exalted person is in love with her although the alleged lover may never have spoken to them. Occasionally, isolated delusions of this kind are found in abnormal personality states. Erotomania may also be a feature of paranoid schizophrenia. Sometimes, schizophrenia may begin with a circumscribed delusion of a fantasy lover, and subsequently delusions may become more diffuse, and hallucinations may develop. This chapter will focus on the role of technological advancements in the origin of this syndrome in various age groups.",signatures:"Tulika Ghosh and Minkesh Chowdhary",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72361",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72361",authors:[{id:"315302",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulika",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"tulika-ghosh",fullName:"Tulika Ghosh"},{id:"315319",title:"Dr.",name:"Minkesh",surname:"Chowdwary",slug:"minkesh-chowdwary",fullName:"Minkesh Chowdwary"}],corrections:null},{id:"71110",title:"What is Capgras Syndrome? Diagnosis and Treatment Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91153",slug:"what-is-capgras-syndrome-diagnosis-and-treatment-approach",totalDownloads:909,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Capgras delusion is a complex psychopathological phenomenon that presents in a wide range of psychiatric and neurological disorders with differing patterns dependent on the main etiology. An underlying neurological disease should be suspected where the delusion concerns a spouse or inanimate objects and is associated with visual hallucinations, while a functional disorder is suggested by multiple imposters, strangers, additional delusions, and auditory hallucinations. Misidentifications in Capgras syndrome (CS) are fixed false beliefs and, therefore, represent true delusions. Even if when patients are confronted over and over with the illogical nature of the delusion, they keep their beliefs. Surprisingly, patients may show implicit or explicit awareness of their true situation. Some research suggests that a considerable number of patients with CS have some awareness of the bizarre nature of the misidentification delusions and therefore tend not to report them, especially during initial interviews when they are less likely to be confident with the clinician. Specific questions and interventions may assist clinicians in successfully identifying patients with CS. In a series of interviews with these patients, some focus on identifying CS, rather than a single interview which is likely to increase the detection of the delusional misidentification. The clinician should always be mindful of the risk of aggression and homicide in CS.",signatures:"Aslı Enzel Koc and Cicek Hocaoglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71110",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71110",authors:[{id:"28322",title:"Prof.",name:"Cicek",surname:"Hocaoglu",slug:"cicek-hocaoglu",fullName:"Cicek Hocaoglu"},{id:"315460",title:"Dr.",name:"Aslı",surname:"Koc",slug:"asli-koc",fullName:"Aslı Koc"}],corrections:null},{id:"71930",title:"Technologically Processed Highly Diluted Antibodies to S100 Protein in the Treatment of Neurotic Disorders: The Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92207",slug:"technologically-processed-highly-diluted-antibodies-to-s100-protein-in-the-treatment-of-neurotic-dis",totalDownloads:553,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Neurotic disorders (NDs) are among the most common mental diseases leading to a decrease in the quality of life, lack of socialization, and increased mortality. The diagnosis and treatment of all types of NDs are challenging. In the light of the ongoing search for an effective and safe therapeutic strategy influencing certain aspects of ND pathogenesis, technologically processed highly diluted antibodies to S100 protein (TP Abs to S100) seem to be a promising treatment option for patients with NDs. TP Abs to S100 possess stress-protective, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antiamnestic, and neuroprotective activities. In the current review, we describe the mechanisms of action and pharmacological effects of TP Abs to S100 demonstrated in nonclinical (preclinical) and clinical studies. Based on the data, we tried to evaluate the future prospects of the TP Abs to S100 as the drug of choice for ND treatment.",signatures:"Kristina Konstantinovna Khacheva, Gulnara Rinatovna Khakimova, Alexey Borisovich Glazunov and Victoria Vyacheslavovna Fateeva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71930",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71930",authors:[{id:"298539",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",surname:"Fateeva",slug:"victoria-fateeva",fullName:"Victoria Fateeva"},{id:"301989",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristina",surname:"Khacheva",slug:"kristina-khacheva",fullName:"Kristina Khacheva"},{id:"301990",title:"Dr.",name:"Khakimova Gulnara",surname:"Rinatovna",slug:"khakimova-gulnara-rinatovna",fullName:"Khakimova Gulnara Rinatovna"},{id:"319685",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexey",surname:"Glazunov",slug:"alexey-glazunov",fullName:"Alexey Glazunov"}],corrections:null},{id:"74645",title:"The Role of Personal and Immune Variables in the Development of Co-Morbid Affective and Related Psychopathological Syndromes in Partial Epilepsies in Relation to Handedness",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95318",slug:"the-role-of-personal-and-immune-variables-in-the-development-of-co-morbid-affective-and-related-psyc",totalDownloads:322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The current study was performed in order to find the influence of premorbid personality traits and immune variables on psychopathological constructs including affective and related syndromes in patients with epilepsy separately for right-handers and left-handers. Ninety two patients with epilepsy have been included into the study. There were 85 right-handers and 7 left-handers. Assessment of psychopathological status of patients has been performed by using of Symptom Check List −90 (SCL-90) and the Hamilton rating scales for Depression and Anxiety. The Munich Personality test (MPT) was used for the assessment of personality trait. The amounts of different lymphocytes clusters were calculated. The multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to find the relationships between personality, immunity variables and affective and related psychopathological syndromes separately for right-handers and left-handers.In the right-handers significant relationships between the Neuroticism level (MPT) and value of HAM-D, Depression construct (SCL-90), Anxiety (SCL-90), Obsessions (SCL-90) and Phobia construct (SCL-90) have been obtained. In the left-handers stochastically significant correlations between Regulatory Index (CD4/CD8) with Depression construct (SCL-90) and Obsession construct (SCL-90) were revealed. Premorbid personality traits determine the affective, anxiety, obsessive and phobia syndromes strictly in right-handed patients with epilepsy, while immunity variables (CD4/CD) quite the contrary predispose to affective and obsessive syndromes strictly in left-handed patients.",signatures:"Vladimir V. Kalinin, Kirill Y. Subbotin, Natalia G. Yermakova, Anna A. Zemlyanaya and Lyudmila V. Sokolova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74645",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74645",authors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin"}],corrections:null},{id:"73958",title:"Association of Personal Anxiety with Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4), DAT Genes Polymorphism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94386",slug:"association-of-personal-anxiety-with-dopamine-receptor-d4-drd4-dat-genes-polymorphism",totalDownloads:293,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Modern studies in the world have attached high priority to the role of genetics in human psychosocial stress. People who have strong biochemical responses to stress are more inclined to develop acute and posttraumatic stress disorders. Why do such unusually strong biological reactions occur in certain people? Psychogenetics focuses on many aspects: personality traits that can affect human behavior directly. Their individual variability has been found to be a genetic trait. At present we already know a number of genes, certain allelic variants and genotypes associated with some neuropsychological characters. Among these are genes encoding intracellular and plasma protein neurotransmitter transporters and their receptors; to date, there are only several dozen genes. Of particular interest are dopaminergic system genes. However, information about the polymorphism of known genes associated with personality traits is quite limited and contradictory for open population. Under these circumstances, the chapter is devoted to the association of polymorphisms of candidate genes of the dopaminergic system with anxiety in the open population.",signatures:"Valery V. Gafarov, Elena A. Gromova, Vladimir N. Maksimov, Igor V. Gagulin and Almira V. Gafarova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73958",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73958",authors:[{id:"325050",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena A.",surname:"Gromova",slug:"elena-a.-gromova",fullName:"Elena A. Gromova"},{id:"325389",title:"Dr.",name:"Valery V.",surname:"Gafarov",slug:"valery-v.-gafarov",fullName:"Valery V. 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The main contribution of some of the silent engineering parameters in both structure and geotechnical engineering will be comprehensively addressed. In order to undertake some statistical assessment, a comprehensive numerical simulation will be engaged in each chapter.
\r\n\r\n\tIn some structural engineering components, The linear buckling analysis will be simulated under different load combinations. It is determined the buckling load factor and corresponding mode shape of the structure under each given load combination case.
\r\n\r\n\tBesides, an accurate Finite Element technique to simulate the dynamic behavior of the composite steel-concrete beam systems under free and impulsive loading conditions will be developed. Different commercial Finite Element codes including ABAQUS/CAE and Strand 7 will be employed to suggest different approaches.
\r\n\r\n\tBased on the extensive statistical modeling, some practical equations will be suggested to provide more precise and reliable design equations in the current practice.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-103-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-102-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-104-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"63cb9ce2478d12b0649b47deaab8ab56",bookSignature:"Dr. Faham Tahmasebinia",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11930.jpg",keywords:"Numerical and Statistical Methods, Geotechnical Evaluation, Finite Element Analysis, Statistical Analysis, Failure Criterion, Dynamic Analysis, Soil Evaluation, Discrete Element Method, Analysis of Variance, Regression Analysis, Rock Bolt, Cable Bolt",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 20th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 5th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 4th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a day",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Tahmasebinia obtained two Ph.D. degrees in Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, has over ten years of research experience, with nearly 80 research paper publications, and is a member of the Insitute of Civil Engineers.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"211659",title:"Dr.",name:"Faham",middleName:null,surname:"Tahmasebinia",slug:"faham-tahmasebinia",fullName:"Faham Tahmasebinia",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211659/images/system/211659.jpg",biography:"Faham Tahmasebinia holds ME and ME-Research degrees in Civil/Structural Engineering from the University of Wollongong – Australia. 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Wood is a sustainable and renewable bio-composite material, which has a long history of serving human beings in the form of fuel, construction materials, furniture, paper, sports equipment, musical instruments, and transportation components. Wood is “manufactured” in a living tree with aims to grow it by transporting water and minerals and providing strength and rigidity to anchor it to the ground. A tree is optimally “designed” to resist the loads created by gravity, wind, snow, and others, rather than produce lumber and boards. The anatomical structure of wood is adapted to generate maximum strength in the stressed directions; yet in other directions, the strength is quite low [1]. This results in the anisotropic nature of wood, i.e., the properties of wood in a given direction are different from those in another. In addition, wood, as a biomaterial, maintains its fairly high variability of anatomical structures and physical properties; therefore, it requires a very large sampling size in research practice.
The dimensions of solid wood are entirely dependent on the dimensions of trees. The largest tree in the world is, in terms of the overall volume of its trunk, reported to be the Giant Sequoia (
An EWP is a product fabricated with wood materials and adhesives and/or fasteners (such as nails) targeted mainly for structural applications. An EWP has gone through an engineering design, which is often inspired by nature, and innovative technology. With the great efforts made by scientists and engineers in the last century, EWPs have grown into an extended family. Figure 1 illustrates commonly used EWPs and their respective abbreviations.
Major types of engineered wood products and their abbreviations (source: images obtained from
EWPs offer many advantages over traditional solid timber products [5, 6]: (1) EWPs can reach a size that is not confined by the tree dimension. Theoretically, EWPs are only limited in width and length under transportation considerations; (2) EWPs accommodate a wide spectrum of species and sizes of trees, allowing more efficient utilization of raw wood materials in the form of fibers, strands, veneers, and lumber; (3) EWPs have more uniform and reliable properties than solid wood, since the strength-reducing defects present in solid wood can be removed to a large degree or placed in a less critical zone(s) in the products; (4) EWPs exhibit greater dimensional stability and tolerances than sawn timber, due to the use of adhesives, dry wood elements, heat and pressure during their manufacturing processes; and (5) EWPs can make themselves much easier to adapt to market requirements than solid wood due to their designability. Figure 2 illustrates the yields of raw wood material usage from logs to various EWPs. It can be found that laminated strand lumber (LSL) and oriented strand board (OSB) have a higher yield (larger than 75%) than plywood, laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and parallel strand lumber (PSL) (less than 65%). It can also be reasonably estimated that finger-jointed lumber, glue laminated timber (GLT), cross laminated timber (CLT), nail laminated timber (NLT), or dowel laminated timber (DLT) has a yield being less than that of sawn lumber due to the loss of wood materials during their manufacturing. A higher raw wood material yield means less waste and lower production cost, suggesting that EWPs are a great solution to the utilization of wood resources.
Raw wood material yields of sawn lumber and EWPs from logs (data from [
However, there are some disadvantages associated with EWPs [5, 6], one of which is that the process of manufacturing of an EWP requires more variables to manipulate than that of sawn lumber. Thus, highly automated equipment and technologically intense processes are essential in the production of an EWP, which significantly increases the capital cost of establishing an EWP mill. Therefore, the production of an EWP with the existing technologies is very costly compared to that of sawn lumber. Another shortcoming of most EWPs is that the use of adhesives in those glue-bonded EWPs causes a negative impact on the ecological image of wood as a natural biomaterial [5].
From Figure 1, it can be easily distinguished that there exist two groups, i.e., beam-like and panel-like EWPs. The beam-like EWPs is a group of relatively large length and depth compared to width, which is commonly used for beams and columns. The beam-like EWPs include finger-jointed lumber, GLT, LVL, PSL, LSL, and oriented strand lumber (OSL). The panel-like EWPs are of relatively small thickness and large width and length, which are usually used for floors, walls, and roofs. The panel-like EWPs can be further classified into two sub-groups, in terms of thickness: (1) thick-panel-like EWPs, containing CLT, NLT, and DLT, and (2) thin-panel-like EWPs, consisting of plywood and OSB. However, there is not a widely accepted criterion for sorting EWPs according to their dimensions and shape. For example, GLT can be used flat as panels for decking like NLT. For another example, LSL can be manufactured in the form of panels at the beginning and then ripped along the panel length direction to make beam-like or lumber-like products. In addition to those EWPs listed in Figure 1, there are many other types of EWPs such as I-joist (or I-beam), timber concrete composite (TCC), and fiberglass-reinforced GLT. It is noteworthy that Figure 1 also lists two types of fiber-based EWPs, which are made of wood fibers as “fibers” and plastic or cement as “matrix”. These two fiber-based EWPs are not commonly used for structural components in wood buildings nowadays, but they can be used for ceilings and decking. Wood plastic composite (WPC) has found its applications in the automotive, marine, and construction industries. Wood cement fiberboard (WCF) has also been steadily invading the housing and construction market.
With advancing wood-based nanotechnology, nanomaterials, such as nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), have been derived from woody biomass and other cellulose sources such as straws. NCC is the celluloses in their crystalline form, which can be extracted by removing the amorphous sections from the celluloses and processed into solid flake, liquid, and gel forms. NCC can be employed, for instance, to reinforce the adhesive bond in EWPs. There is another innovative EWP called scrimber that is made of “scrims”, a kind of interconnected loose webs. The steps of manufacturing scrims include crushing small diameter logs into webs, drying the webs, applying an adhesive into the webs, cutting the webs to the required length and width, laying up the webs into a mat, and pressing the mat into a billet using a radio frequency heating press [5]. However, scrimber has not been well commercialized because of the application of large quantity of adhesive (causing the high cost of production), and damaged wood generated while preparing scrims (reducing the strength of wood).
EWPs (usually excluding fiber-based ones) can be also classified into parallel and cross-laminated groups. The parallel-laminated EWPs include LSL, OSL, LVL, PSL, GLT, NLT, and DLT; meanwhile, cross-laminated EWPs contain OSB, plywood, and CLT. The parallel-laminated EWPs are usually used for load-carrying members such as beams and headers; while the cross-laminated EWPs are used for floor plates and sheathing sheets. The way of lamination inspires a philosophy of designing EWPs, which will be briefly outlined in Section 2 “Stress” of this chapter.
Another way of grouping EWPs is rooted in the wood elements that make them, which include fiber, strand, veneer, and lumber-based EWPs, shown in Figure 3. It should be noted that PSL is made of long veneer strands (also called veneer strips). Thus, PSL is classified into the group of veneer-based EWPs rather than the group of strand-based EWPs albeit it has “strand” in its name. The wood elements largely govern, in terms of their dimensions, shape, moisture content (MC), species, the physical and mechanical properties of the product made from them. For instance, the density of an LVL made of yellow poplar is just slightly greater than that of yellow poplar veneer, which is attributed to the use of an adhesive(s) and slightly densified veneer during manufacturing. For another example, the equilibrium moisture content (
Classification of EWPs in terms of the wood elements used for making them.
In the course of discussing EWPs, it is worth introducing another two terms: structural composite lumber (SCL) and mass timber products (MTPs). SCL refers to those products that combine dried strands, veneer, or other small wood elements bonded with an exterior structural adhesive(s) to form thick-panel-like or beam-like EWPs [6, 9]. SCL basically includes LVL, LSL, OSL, and PSL. One outstanding characteristic of SCL is that the grain of the wood elements used is essentially aligned parallel to the length direction of its products with an aim to maximize its structural properties in this direction. Thus, SCL products are broadly used for beams and columns in wood buildings. MTPs connote a family of EWPs of a large section size, which can be employed to make strong but light load-bearing components for structural applications such as floors and walls [9]. MTPs basically include lumber-based EWPs, i.e., CLT, GLT, NLT, and DLT. However, MTPs also include SCL, TCC, and other large-size EWPs such as fiberglass-reinforced GLT, see Figure 4. Among EWPs, the lumber-based MTPs also possess other unique features, such as wood-look appearance, environmental friendliness, and low carbon emission. MTPs have been, since the mid-1990s, attracting architects, engineers, and builders to employ them in their design and construction of tall and large buildings with an aim to compete with or even substitute steel and concrete.
Classification of commonly used EWPs.
The philosophy of designing a timber structure/component/connection is largely rooted in two aspects: safety, limiting the maximum load-carrying capacity (i.e., strength) and serviceability, restricting excessive deflection (i.e., deformation) [10, 11]. The reaction of a material (such as wood) or a product (such as EWP) to the action of external forces is indicated by its mechanical properties, or otherwise known as engineering properties, including tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength, bending capacity, ductility, and creep. When an external load is applied on a wood component/connection/structure, it causes the stresses inside the wood component/connection/structure, generating deformations and eventually leading to failure. Failure can be, from an engineering point of view, defined as a fracture, when stress exceeds the strength of the wood component/connection/structure or failure as deformation exceeds the design value.
Under certain assumptions, such as ignorance of natural growth characteristics (e.g., knots and eccentricity) and growth ring curvature, a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system can be introduced in Figure 5, representing the wood/lumber longitudinal or EWP major direction (X), wood/lumber tangential or EWP minor direction (Y), and wood/lumber radial or EWP thickness direction (Z). On this basis, an orthotropic model can be built to simulate the mechanical behavior of wood, lumber, and EWPs in scientific research and engineering design. As mentioned above, the mechanical properties of natural wood vary much more than those of EWPs, which is illustrated in Figure 6. The lumber product has a relatively wide distribution of strength due to the nature of its biomaterial, and the EWP has a fairly narrow range since it goes through an engineering design during its manufacturing. Overall, the EWP has greater design stress, 5th percentile, and mean values than sawn lumber. The following two sections will discuss these two basic mechanical terms (stress and deformation) from the standpoint of tree growth and wood uses.
Cartesian coordinate system for wood/lumber (left), LVL (middle) or PSL (right).
Probability density functions for strength of lumber and EWP.
The strength of wood is a measure of its resistance to failure. If the stress applied to the wood exceeds the strength of the wood, will break. Stress accompanies wood during its formation in a living tree and its services over its life span. As mentioned, a tree is subjected to various types of stresses during its growth. Mattheck and Kubler depicted external loading and internal stresses distributed in a tree [1], Figure 7. By neglecting the weights of the stem and branches, and loads generated by wind and snow, they simplified their model by only considering the weights of the upper and lateral crowns (F1 and F2). The compressive stresses (σ1) produced by F1 act on the area (A1) of the stem above the lateral branch, equaling to F1/A1. The bending moment generated by F2 is applied on the lateral branches, which increases linearly towards the stem. Thus, the stem below the branch joint bears both bending moment (tensile and compressive stresses) and axial compressive stress (σ1).
Combined axial stresses and bending stresses in a tree generated by its crown weights [
These stresses refer to the mechanical stresses permanently supported by wood in a living tree during its growth, which are called tree growth stresses. The tree growth stresses result from the combined effects of the increase of dead weight and maturation of cell walls [12]. There is an interesting phenomenon that can be viewed in a leaning stem when it is subjected to a bending moment. In this situation, the stem tries to resume its original, usually upright, position, thus, it needs to counteract the bending moment. In such a stem, the growth stresses often differ on its two opposite sides, resulting in abnormally wide growth rings appearing in the upper or lower side of a leaning stem, Figure 8. The wood of such abnormally wide growth rings is called reaction wood. Reaction wood in hardwoods or softwoods is named tension wood or compression wood, respectively. Understanding compression wood is of great importance since softwood lumber is commonly used in construction of wood buildings. Compression wood has a relatively large longitudinal shrinkage compared to normal wood, which can reach 1–2% [13], around 10 times as large as that of normal wood. As a result, warping and even cracks, often emerge in softwood lumber. In comparison to normal wood, compression wood has a relatively high density but similar strength, resulting in a low strength-to-weight ratio [13].
Reaction wood in a leaning stem: (a) tension wood in hardwood, and (b) compression wood in softwood (modified from [
Wood is a complicated hollow structure consisting of substances and voids. The substance is the basic building materials constructing cell walls made of an ordered association of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, with an average density of 1.5 g/cm3 under oven-dry conditions [13]. The voids in wood appear in the form of cell lumens, pit openings, pit cavities, and intercellular spaces. The density of wood is largely governed by these voids, i.e., if a wood species has a larger volume of voids, its wood has a lower value of density. Figure 9 illustrates the tensile strength values of wood at various levels. At the molecular level, the strength of wood is extremely high in the longitudinal direction, with estimates exceeding 7000 MPa [14]. Wood strength is about 15 times larger than that of structural steel, which has a strength of 400–550 MPa. Bundles of cellulose molecules form so-called microfibrils, the basic cell wall elements constituting cell walls in association with hemicellulose and lignin. From the composite theory point of view, wood is a natural composite, i.e., nature’s fiberglass, in which celluloses are the “fibers” and hemicellulose and lignin are the “matrix”. Microfibrils have a strength of about 480 MPa and individual cells are estimated to have a strength of about 140 MPa [14]. The tensile strength of clear softwoods in the longitudinal direction has values ranging from 40 to 200 MPa [5]. However, lumber has, in the same longitudinal direction, a tensile strength of only 15–40 MPa [5] due to the existence of many strength-reducing characteristics such as knots, the slope of grain, checks, and splits. In the derivation of the design value of lumber, its characteristic strength properties, such as characteristic tensile strength in the longitudinal direction, are determined using the lower 5th percentile value of the Weibull distribution, which is much lower than the mean. From here, an allowable property value can be calculated by dividing the 5th percentile with a property reduction factor (n), or a so-called adjustment factor. For example, allowable tensile strength is equal to the 5th percentile divided by n, where n = 2.1 [15]. Finally, design value can be derived by multiplying the allowable property value with modification factors such as load duration, service condition, size, treatment, system, and other factors. For instance, the tensile strength of wood in the longitudinal direction can be as low as 2.5 MPa in the design of a structural component, which is fully attributed to the biomaterial nature of wood and its service conditions.
Tensile strength of wood at various levels.
The above discussion suggests that human beings have not fully utilized the strength of wood. Contributed by the recent technological progress, the optimized use of wood has been improved to a certain degree in terms of strength. Song et al. selected three hardwood species (basswood, oak, and poplar) and two softwood species (western red cedar and eastern white pine) as test materials, and took two steps to transform bulk natural wood directly into super strong and tough densified wood [16], Figure 10. Step 1 used a chemical treatment to partially remove lignin/hemicelluloses and Step 2 mechanically hot-pressed the chemically treated wood at 100°C to reduce its thickness by about 80%. They discovered that the tensile strength of densified wood reached about 550 MPa, which was 12 times as large as that of natural wood. This value is higher than that of microfibrils (about 480 MPa). They indicated that most of the densified wood consisted of well-aligned cellulose nanofibers, greatly enhanced hydrogen bond formation among neighboring nanofibers. Their research provides a promising method of maximizing the use of wood strength by removing most voids and some lignin/hemicellulose. As mentioned in Section 1, NCC derived from wood attracts increasing attention due to the non-renewability of petroleum and the global promotion of green materials and products. NCC made from bleached softwood kraft pulp exhibits a diameter of 10 nm and a length of 150 nm [17]. The Young’s modulus of NCC can reach about 137 GPa [18]; while that of Douglas fir clear wood, one of the strongest softwoods, reaches only about 14.5 GPa [19]. This is one of the key reasons for applying NCC as high-performance “fibers” to “matrix” to produce composite materials of increased stiffness and tensile strength.
Two-step processing approach for making densified wood (modified from [
EWPs are fabricated through an engineering process, the basic principle of which is to place stronger materials at the most stressed zones [5, 7, 9]. Each lamination, such as lumber and veneer, must be graded visually or mechanically. Figure 11 illustrates two lumber-based EWPs, GLT, and CLT. GLT here is made of sawn lumber of various visual grades, notably select structural (SS, the highest grade), No. 1, No. 2, and No.3 (the lowest grade here). The GLT in Figure 11 (left) is intended to be used as a beam subject to the bending of a simple span. Therefore, an unbalanced layup is designed with an aim to optimally and efficiently use lumber by locating SS-grade lumber on the bottom face and No. 3 lumber in the core layers. Figure 11 (right) depicts the basic idea of designing CLT, in which lumber grades in its major strength axis are required to be at least 1200f-1.2E MSR or visually graded No. 2, where No. 3 is the minimum lumber grade required in the minor strength axis [20]. This design gives CLT two-way action capacities, suitable for floor uses.
Design of GLT (left) and CLT (right) [
Figure 12 further justifies the principles of engineering design in wood in terms of two basic veneer-based EWPs, namely plywood and LVL. Veneer can be, according to the size and number of defects (such as knots), sorted into three grades (high, mid, and low). In the construction of plywood and LVL, the best quality veneer is used as top and bottom laminations; however, the laminating approach differs. The cross-lamination of veneer enables plywood to be relatively strong in both the length (X1) and width (Y1) directions when loaded on its face, enabling it be widely used as sheathing materials. In LVL, the grain of each layer of veneer runs in the same direction, i.e., parallel-lamination. As a result, the strength in the length direction (X2) of LVL is much stronger than that in the width direction (Y2), making it a more suitable material for beam and column uses.
Design of veneer-based products.
Assuming the same wood species, veneer quality, adhesive type, and other manufacturing parameters (except the laminating approach) are used in the fabrication of plywood and LVL, it can be reasonably predicted from Figure 12 that the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) are the largest in the direction X2, the second largest in X1, the second smallest in Y1, and the smallest in Y2. This is verified by a group of undergraduate students at the University of New Brunswick, Canada, who made 5-layer poplar plywood and LVL panels in their laboratory using a phenol-formaldehyde adhesive at two levels of pressure. Each panel they made had a width of about 150 mm and a length of about 300 mm, from which small specimens were cut for bending tests. Figure 13 summarizes their results indicating that there is a notable difference in MOE and MOR between plywood and LVL in either the major (X1 or X2) or minor (Y1 or Y2) direction. Plywood has fewer degrees of difference in MOR and MOE than LVL between the major and minor directions, suggesting a more uniform structure in plywood. However, LVL has a much higher MOR and MOE in the major direction (X1) than that in the minor one (X2), indicating its one-way strength capacities.
The means and standard deviations of MOR and MOE of plywood and LVL.
As discussed above, one of the advantages of EWPs over sawn lumber is that they can be engineering-designed. For instance, a cylindrical LVL was inspired by the hierarchical structure of a wood cell wall. A cell wall consists of three major layers in its secondary wall, and each layer has many lamellae containing microfibrils at different angles [21], Figure 14 (left). The middle layer in the secondary wall has 30–50 lamellae, occupying about 75% of the thickness of the cell wall. The microfibrillar angle in the middle layer ranges from 10 to 30 degrees relative to that of the longitudinal axis of the cell (almost parallel to the longitudinal direction of wood). Therefore, the middle layer governs the properties of the cell wall and furthermore the properties of wood, and provides considerably more strength and stiffness parallel to its axis than perpendicular. Yamauchi et al. used 2.5-mm-thick Japanese cedar veneer and a resorcinol resin to make cylindrical LVLs using the spiral-winding method, i.e., by laying neighboring veneer sheets at ±10 degrees to form an interlocked grain structure [22], Figure 14 (right). The cylindrical LVL specimens they made were about 300 mm in the outer diameter, 25 mm in the wall thickness, and 3600 mm in the specimen length. They discovered that (1) the MOE of cylindrical LVLs was the same as that of solid lumber of the same species; and (2) as the number of veneer plies used in cylindrical LVLs increased from 6 to 10, its MOR increased; yet MOE remained almost unchanged. Yamauchi et al. concluded that the interlocked grain structure they applied could effectively prevent a decrease in MOE and indicated that cylindrical LVL was suitable for structural uses, especially for posts in construction [22].
The hierarchical structure of a mature cell wall (left) (adapted from [
Wood and EWPs may undergo dimensional changes due to variation in ambient temperature and relative humidity, and stresses caused by external loads. The interaction of the surrounding atmosphere and loading conditions can create an enhanced level of deformation in wood. This section briefly explains how the change in moisture content of wood affects the shrinkage or swelling of wood and aims to increase the awareness of how the moisture-induced deformation impacts the structural performance of a timber building.
As a hygroscopic material, wood and its products can absorb and release moisture, resulting in dimensional changes. Figure 15 illustrates the possible changes in moisture content (MC) of wood during the construction and use of wood buildings. The initial MC is the MC at the time of the manufacturing of a wood product, which is usually less than 19% for lumber and 4–15% for EWPs [10, 23]. The initial MC of strand-based or veneer-based EWPs, such as OSB and LVL, ranges from 4–6% [10]. However, the initial MC of lumber-based EWPs, such as GLT and CLT, varies from 11–15% [10]. The difference in initial MC between strand/veneer-based and lumber-based EWPs can be attributed to the dimension and shape of wood elements, amount and type of adhesive, and heat and pressure applied during manufacturing. The MC can significantly increase during construction if the wood components are not well protected from moisture/water, which can cause a large change in dimension and shape as well. Proper cautions and measures must be used to minimize such a large dimensional change. After a wood building is completed and occupied, its in-service MC may vary from 7–15% [23], depending on the surrounding temperature and relative humidity, before eventually reaching equilibrium moisture content (EMC). The EMC fluctuates between the low and high in-service MC, resulting in some dimensional changes in wood from time to time.
Variation of moisture content of wood during the construction and use of wood buildings [
As discussed above, the wood components of a low
Detailing to account for vertical movement due to the change in moisture content [
Wood is indeed an anisotropic material. Thus, its dimensional change varies from one direction to another. The dimensional change in the longitudinal direction is as low as 0.1–0.2% for mature wood [13]; thus, it can be ignored. However, the dimensional change in the transverse (i.e., radial, tangential or in-between) direction can reach as high as 12% or so [13]; therefore, it must be taken into account during the design of wood buildings. However, it is not practical and sometimes impossible to estimate the dimensional change in the transverse direction because the grain orientation in the cross-section of lumber cannot be predicted in the construction of a wood building. To resolve this problem, the Canadian standard CSA O86 “Engineering design in wood” specifies Eq. (1) to estimate the dimensional change of a member made of sawn lumber or lumber-based EWPs such as GLT and CLT [11]:
where,
Scientists at FPInnovations, Canada, conducted a study by monitoring the vertical movement in a 4-storey wood-frame building over 22 months [24]. The floors consist of 38 mm by 240 mm “S-Dry” dimension lumber joists with a concrete topping. The walls consist of 38 mm by 140 mm “S-Dry” solid sawn plates and studs. Double top plates and double bottom plates are used in all storeys. The stud length of all storeys is 2.44 m. The joist spacing is 400 mm; joist spans are 3.75 m; and stud spacing is 400 mm. The scientists calculated the vertical wood movement including shrinkage from an initial
Estimated vertical movement due to changes in MC and axial compressive load (source: data from [
There are two basic wood framing construction methods, notably platform framing and balloon framing [25], Figure 18. In the platform framing, all vertical structural elements of the exterior bearing walls and partitions consist of single studs extending the full height of the frame. Meanwhile, in the balloon framing, the studs of the exterior walls and some of the interior walls are continuous from the foundation sill plate to the top plate below the roof framing. In comparison to balloon framing, platform framing is more commonly used for modern structures due to its simplicity and ease of erection; but its vertical movement due to MC changes is much larger. Balloon framing is rarely used nowadays since the length of sawn lumber available is not sufficient due to changes in forest resources with the production of smaller trees compared to older times. However, with advancing technologies, many modern EWPs have been invented and manufactured, providing sufficiently sized materials with less moisture-induced wood movements. This gives an opportunity for people to rethink the use of the balloon framing method in building construction.
Light frame construction methods: platform framing and balloon framing (modified from [
CLT panels can, attributed by their inherent two-way spanning capabilities, eliminate the necessity of placing beams underneath the panels, as with other MTPs. This facilitates the emergence and application of a post-and-panel mass timber construction system [9]. Therefore, this system significantly reduces the building height and construction time, as well as overall costs [26]. In this type of modern construction system, the CLT floor plates are point-supported by GLT and PSL columns. This may cause two potential issues, i.e., excessive vertical wood movement because of MC change and crushing of CLT panels due to axial loads, if there are no proper connectors joining CLT plates and columns. These issues occur because the vertical direction of the building is the thickness direction of CLT (i.e., the transverse direction of lumber), along which larger accumulated wood movements and lower compressive strengths exist in CLT. To address these issues, a so-called HSS steel connector was developed and employed, Figure 19 (lower), which can directly transfer load from upper columns to lower columns and provide some tolerance for dimensional change. The development of various types of metal connectors is of great importance in the design and construction of wood buildings with EWPs.
Column-to-column connection used in the Brock Commons Tallwood House in the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (upper: on-site installation of columns connected to CLT panels (source:
With climate change being an inevitable and urgent global challenge, it is essential to address such issues with real-life content, for instance, the global warming impacts caused by buildings and constructions. The World Green Building Council reports that building construction and operation account for 39% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions annually [27]. Among this 39%, 11% is from embodied carbon and 28% from operational carbon. The embodied carbon of a building is defined as the amount of carbon emitted during its construction. Whereas, operational carbon is defined as the amount of carbon emitted during the operation of a building. As innovative building technologies continue to develop, operational carbon will be significantly reduced, and embodied carbon can be responsible for almost 50% of total new construction emissions from now to 2050 [28]. In the next 40 years, with a doubled urban population, a building area of 2.48 trillion square feet is required to fit the needs of urban population growth [29]. The combination of considerable global CO2 emissions from the building sector and the increasing demand on buildings reveals that actions should be taken immediately to mitigate emissions from the embodied carbon. One of the answers to this global challenge is to increase the use of wood and wood-based products in the construction sector. As a biomaterial, wood possesses its natural ability to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2). During the growth of trees, wood is produced, sequestering carbon. After trees are harvested, wood can be processed into various products. These products can be therefore used in construction of buildings, which store carbon over their lifespan. The recently released report “The state of mass timber in Canada 2021” from the Government of Canada [30] indicates “As high-value wood products, mass timber can play an instrumental role in the circular economy by providing a renewable source of building materials and contributing to a lower carbon footprint for the construction sector.” In the last two decades, the development of mass timber was rapid in Canada, which can be viewed through the number of completed mass timber projects, Figure 20, with 10 projects in 2007 and upwards of 60 projects in 2018. It should be noted that each project listed in this figure must meet two criteria, i.e., a minimum floor area of 300 m2 and structural use of MTPs.
The number of completed mass timber projects per year in Canada [
Figure 21 illustrates the percentage share of each EWP in major markets over a time horizon [31]. The data in this figure are outdated, only depicting the status of EWPs in 2006, but it still provides some insight into the market shares of each EWP. The sheathing and industry plywood markets are in the stages of “decline” and “maturity”, respectively. This is mainly due to the decreasing volume of veneer quality logs and the rapid development of OSB. Sheathing OSB is in “rapid growth”, which has taken a big market share from plywood because of its high yield of using raw wood materials. Framing lumber takes 90% or more market shares since SCL is still much more expansive than sawn lumber, resulting in its failure to completely replace lumber [6]. Glulam, a commonly used name for GLT, has passed its plateau of market demand, moving into the “decline” stage. The main reason for this decline could be the emergence of other EWPs such as LVL, LSL, and PSL. Albeit LVL stays at the end of the “expansion”, it could have reached its maximum market share. This implies that the cost of producing LVL will, just like manufacturing plywood, definitely increase, since premium logs for producing veneer are becoming scarce [6]. LSL and PSL are in “expansion” due to their high raw material yield from logs to the final products. Figure 21 does not show the market shares of CLT, NLT, and DLT, but it can be reasonably speculated that these lumber-based EWPs are in the “development” and “expansion phase”, and will enter “rapid growth” quickly, particularly for CLT. As technologies advance, the cost of manufacturing EWPs will be further reduced. For example, adoption of the artificial intelligence in production can lead to an increased yield of raw material usage from logs and reduced labor costs. Therefore, EWPs will be more competitive to sawn lumber and make inroads into more market shares.
Percentage share in major markets of EWPs over time horizon (source: photos obtained from [
It can be well foreseen that EWPs will have a bright future in construction because (1) EWPs are designable, producing an optimal structural performance for construction; (2) EWPs have more uniform strength properties and fewer changes in dimensions and shape, making them more suitable building materials; (3) EWPs provide a wide selection of dimensions, allowing designers and builders to design and build tall timber, wood-concrete, and wood-steel hybrid structures; and (4) EWPs fall into the category of environmentally friendly and recyclable products, contributing to a lower carbon footprint for the construction sector.
This piece of work was financially supported by the New Brunswick Innovation Foundation (Canada) under its New Brunswick Innovation Research Chair Initiative Program and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada under its Discovery Grant Program (RGPIN 2017-03994).
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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Within academia, it has frequently been seen as the bastion of medical teaching, even as a handmaid of surgery. To the general public over recent years, it is represented by the enormously popular public exhibitions of plastinated cadavers and body parts. Increasingly within medical teaching, it has acquired a far more humanistic face, epitomized by ceremonies at the start and end of dissection to connect the dead body with the once living individual and his/her families. Modern anatomy has also developed a strong research ethos. These movements can be traced in the many editions of Gray’s Anatomy, from 1858 to the present day. However, the humanistic side of anatomy reminds us that anatomy is not merely a science, since its ethical dimensions are legion as it has transformed from a dubiously moral and barely legal activity to one that now aims to manifest the highest of ethical standards. Nevertheless, it continues to have challenging dimensions, such as its ongoing dependence upon the use of unclaimed bodies in many societies. These challenges are reminders that anatomy does not remain stationary.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"David Gareth Jones",authors:[{id:"35851",title:"Prof.",name:"Gareth",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"gareth-jones",fullName:"Gareth Jones"}]},{id:"55203",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68775",title:"Innovative Technologies for Medical Education",slug:"innovative-technologies-for-medical-education",totalDownloads:2103,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter aims to assess the current practices of anatomy education technology and provides future directions for medical education. It begins by presenting a historical synopsis of the current paradigms for anatomy learning followed by listing their limitations. Then, it focuses on several innovative educational technologies, which have been introduced over the past years to enhance the learning. These include E-learning, mobile apps, and mixed reality. The chapter concludes by highlighting future directions and addressing the barriers to fully integrating the technologies in the medical curriculum. As new technologies continue to arise, this process-oriented understanding and outcome-based expectations of educational technology should be embraced. With this view, educational technology should be valued in terms of how well the technological process informs and facilitates learning, and the acquisition and maintenance of clinical expertise.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Pascal Fallavollita",authors:[{id:"85455",title:"Prof.",name:"Pascal",middleName:null,surname:"Fallavollita",slug:"pascal-fallavollita",fullName:"Pascal Fallavollita"}]},{id:"54586",doi:"10.5772/67897",title:"Human Brain Anatomy: Prospective, Microgravity, Hemispheric Brain Specialisation and Death of a Person",slug:"human-brain-anatomy-prospective-microgravity-hemispheric-brain-specialisation-and-death-of-a-person",totalDownloads:1526,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Central nervous system seems to float inside a craniospinal space despite having miniscule amount of CSF. This buoyancy environment seems to have been existing since embryogenesis. This indicates central nervous system always need microgravity environment to function optimally. Presence of buoyancy also causes major flexure to occur at midbrain level and this deep bending area of the brain, better known as greater limbic system seems to regulate brain functions and site for cortical brainwave origin. These special features have made it as a possible site for seat of human soul and form a crucial part in discussion related to death. Besides exploring deep anatomical areas of the brain, superficial cortical areas were also studied. The brainwaves of thirteen clinical patients were analysed. Topographical, equivalent current dipoles and spectral analysis for somatosensory, motor, auditory, visual and language evoked magnetic fields were performed. Data were further analysed using matrix laboratory method for bilateral hemispheric activity and specialization. The results disclosed silent word and picture naming were bilaterally represented, but stronger responses were in the left frontal lobe and in the right parieto-temporal lobes respectively. The sensorimotor responses also showed bilateral hemispheric responses, but stronger in the contralateral hemisphere to the induced sensation or movements. For auditory-visual brainwave responses, bilateral activities were again observed, but their lateralization was mild and could be in any hemisphere. The conclusions drawn from this study are brainwaves associated with cognitive-language, sensorimotor and auditory-visual functions are represented in both hemispheres; and they are efficiently integrated via commissure systems, resulting in one hemispheric specialization. Therefore, this chapter covers superficial, integrative and deep parts of human brain anatomy with emphasis on brainwaves, brain functions, seat of human soul and death.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Zamzuri Idris, Faruque Reza and Jafri Malin Abdullah",authors:[{id:"42580",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafri",middleName:"Malin",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"jafri-abdullah",fullName:"Jafri Abdullah"},{id:"73844",title:"Prof.",name:"Zamzuri",middleName:null,surname:"Idris",slug:"zamzuri-idris",fullName:"Zamzuri Idris"},{id:"200214",title:"Dr.",name:"Faruque",middleName:null,surname:"Reza",slug:"faruque-reza",fullName:"Faruque Reza"}]},{id:"66388",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85177",title:"Orexin System and Avian Muscle Mitochondria",slug:"orexin-system-and-avian-muscle-mitochondria",totalDownloads:844,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In mammals, orexin A and B (also known as hypocretin 1 and 2) are two orexigenic peptides produced primarily by the lateral hypothalamus that signal through two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin receptors 1/2, and have been implicated in the regulation of several physiological processes. However, the physiological roles of orexin are not well defined in avian (non-mammalian vertebrate) species. Recently, we made a breakthrough by identifying that orexin and its related receptors 1/2 (ORXR1/2) are expressed in avian muscle tissue and cell line, and appears to be a secretory protein. Functional in vitro studies showed that orexin A and B differentially regulated expression of the orexin system, suggesting that orexins might have autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine roles. Administration of recombinant orexin modulated mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, function, and bioenergetics. In this chapter, we include a brief overview of the (patho) physiological role of orexin, comparative findings between mammalian and avian orexin, and in-depth analysis of orexin’s action on avian muscle mitochondria.",book:{id:"7870",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Muscle Cells",fullTitle:"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Kentu Lassiter and Sami Dridi",authors:[{id:"274577",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kentu",middleName:null,surname:"Lassiter",slug:"kentu-lassiter",fullName:"Kentu Lassiter"},{id:"274579",title:"Dr.",name:"Sami",middleName:null,surname:"Dridi",slug:"sami-dridi",fullName:"Sami Dridi"}]},{id:"66964",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85903",title:"Vascularisation of Skeletal Muscle",slug:"vascularisation-of-skeletal-muscle",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Skeletal muscle is mainly involved in physical activity and movement, which requires a large amount of glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen. These materials are supplied by blood vessels and incorporated into the muscle fiber through the cell membrane. In contrast, metabolic waste is discarded outside the cell membrane and removed by blood vessels. The formation of a functional, integrated vascular network is a fundamental process in the growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle. On the other hand, vascularization is one of the main central components in skeletal muscle regeneration. In order for regeneration to occur, blood vessels must invade the transplanted muscle. This is confirmed by the fact that muscle regeneration occurred from the outside of the muscle bundle toward the inner regions. In fact, it is likely that capillary formation is a key process to start muscle regeneration. Thus, vascularization activates muscle regeneration, and a decrease in vascularization could lead to disruption the process of muscle regeneration. Also, a better understanding of vascularization of skeletal muscle necessary for the successful formation of collateral arteries and recovery of injured skeletal muscle may lead to more successful strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration and engineering. So, in this chapter, we want to review vascularization in skeletal muscle.",book:{id:"7870",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Muscle Cells",fullTitle:"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Kamal Ranjbar and Bayan Fayazi",authors:[{id:"143655",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Ranjbar",slug:"kamal-ranjbar",fullName:"Kamal Ranjbar"},{id:"299168",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayan",middleName:null,surname:"Fayazi",slug:"bayan-fayazi",fullName:"Bayan Fayazi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70162",title:"Rehabilitation of Lateral Ankle Sprains in Sports",slug:"rehabilitation-of-lateral-ankle-sprains-in-sports",totalDownloads:1224,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in athletes. The rate of injury is as high as 70%. The most commonly involved ligament is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), followed by the calcaneofibular (CFL) and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). The common mechanism of injury is inversion with excessive ankle supination in forced plantarflexion when the ankle joint is in its most unstable position. There are three grades of ankle sprains: Grade I, mild with an incomplete tear of ATFL; Grade II, moderate with a complete tear of ATFL with or without an incomplete tear of CFL; and Grade III, severe with complete tear of ATFL and CFL. Grades I and II respond well to functional treatment. Functional treatment includes RICE protocol, i.e., rest, ice, compression, and elevation. It also includes range of motion and strengthening exercises, proprioceptive training, and sports-specific exercises. Bracing and taping of the ankle joint help in preventing the sprains and also reduce the recurrence of the injury. Grade III ankle injury may be treated with surgery if the symptoms persist post functional treatment. The guidelines provided for the treatment of ankle sprains are of general validity, but each athlete is different with different needs. Hence, a personalized exercise protocol should be followed to achieve best results.",book:{id:"9413",slug:"essentials-in-hip-and-ankle",title:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle",fullTitle:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle"},signatures:"Rachana Dabadghav",authors:[{id:"305115",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rachana",middleName:null,surname:"Dabadghav",slug:"rachana-dabadghav",fullName:"Rachana Dabadghav"}]},{id:"55330",title:"Mesencephalon; Midbrain",slug:"mesencephalon-midbrain",totalDownloads:3354,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The mesencephalon is the most rostral part of the brainstem and sits above the pons and is adjoined rostrally to the thalamus. It comprises two lateral halves, called the cerebral peduncles; which is again divided into an anterior part, the crus cerebri, and a posterior part, tegmentum. The tectum is lay dorsal to an oblique coronal plane which includes the aquaduct, and consist of pretectal area and the corpora quadrigemina. In transvers section, the cerebral peduncles are seen to be composed of dorsal and ventral regions separated by the substantia nigra. Tegmentum mesencephali contains red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, thochlear nucleus, reticular nuclei, medial lemnisci, lateral lemnisci and medial longitudinal fasciculus. In tectum, the inferior colliculus and superior colliculus have main nucleus, which are continuous with the periaqueductal grey matter. The mesencephalon serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. The mesencephalic syndrome cause tremor, spastic paresis or paralysis, opisthotonos, nystagmus and depression or coma. In addition cranial trauma, brain tumors, thiamin deficiency and inflammatory or degenerative disorders of the mesencephalon have also been associated with the midbrain syndrome.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu",authors:[{id:"200913",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayla",middleName:null,surname:"Kurkcuoglu",slug:"ayla-kurkcuoglu",fullName:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu"}]},{id:"64758",title:"Introductory Chapter: Histological Microtechniques",slug:"introductory-chapter-histological-microtechniques",totalDownloads:2245,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"7329",slug:"histology",title:"Histology",fullTitle:"Histology"},signatures:"Vonnie D.C. 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Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are the major salivary glands. The minor salivary glands are labial and buccal gland, glossopalatine gland, and palatine and lingual glands. Saliva plays an important role in mastication, speech, protection, deglutition, digestion, excretion, tissue repair, etc. Secretion stimulated in response to sympathetic stimulation will differ in protein and electrolyte from that due to parasympathetic stimulation. The concentration of saliva depends only on the rate of flow and not on the nature of stimulus. Saliva guides the clinician toward the optimal mode of treatment and guides the patient toward ultimate prognosis.",book:{id:"7329",slug:"histology",title:"Histology",fullTitle:"Histology"},signatures:"Sonia Gupta and Nitin Ahuja",authors:[{id:"245048",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",slug:"sonia-gupta",fullName:"Sonia Gupta"},{id:"258367",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitin",middleName:null,surname:"Ahuja",slug:"nitin-ahuja",fullName:"Nitin Ahuja"}]},{id:"55062",title:"Human Anatomy: A Review of the Science, Ethics and Culture of a Discipline in Transition",slug:"human-anatomy-a-review-of-the-science-ethics-and-culture-of-a-discipline-in-transition",totalDownloads:2265,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Anatomy has undergone radical changes over its history, and even now its appearance varies between audiences. Within academia, it has frequently been seen as the bastion of medical teaching, even as a handmaid of surgery. To the general public over recent years, it is represented by the enormously popular public exhibitions of plastinated cadavers and body parts. Increasingly within medical teaching, it has acquired a far more humanistic face, epitomized by ceremonies at the start and end of dissection to connect the dead body with the once living individual and his/her families. Modern anatomy has also developed a strong research ethos. These movements can be traced in the many editions of Gray’s Anatomy, from 1858 to the present day. However, the humanistic side of anatomy reminds us that anatomy is not merely a science, since its ethical dimensions are legion as it has transformed from a dubiously moral and barely legal activity to one that now aims to manifest the highest of ethical standards. Nevertheless, it continues to have challenging dimensions, such as its ongoing dependence upon the use of unclaimed bodies in many societies. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/25647",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"25647"},fullPath:"/chapters/25647",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()