Comparison of descriptives and internal consistencies of the unidimensional perceptual features. Calculations are based on the total sample (music and speech group,
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7110",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Opioids - From Analgesic Use to Addiction",title:"Opioids",subtitle:"From Analgesic Use to Addiction",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Morphine and other opioids are potent analgesic drugs, but their use can lead to complications. Being familiar with the use of this kind of drug can make the difference between obtaining the expected benefit of applied therapy or magnifying the risks to intolerable levels for the patient. Therefore, it is essential for practitioners to achieve adequate training in the management of these drugs based on criteria endorsed by scientific evidence that allows the proper use of these drugs and guarantees the best professional practice every time. Written by expert authors in the field, the purpose of this book is to offer an overview of opioid drugs, from their therapeutic use to the consequences associated.",isbn:"978-1-83880-953-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-958-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-954-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73905",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"opioids-from-analgesic-use-to-addiction",numberOfPages:106,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8bd70b93e5c8ff9ea766159555eb63da",bookSignature:"Pilar Almela Rojo",publishedDate:"June 10th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7110.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5376,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 23rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 31st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 29th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 18th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 16th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"98258",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Almela Rojo",slug:"pilar-almela-rojo",fullName:"Pilar Almela Rojo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/98258/images/system/98258.png",biography:"After completing her studies in Pharmacy at the University of Granada, Pilar Almela joined a PhD program in Experimental Biomedical Sciences at the University of Murcia in the Department of Pharmacology, under Professor Laorden’s supervision, where she studied different pathway involvement in the adaptive changes observed during morphine dependence. Her training was completed with stays at research centers in USA, France, United Kingdom and Spain.\nResults from her laboratory have given rise to numerous international publications. These findings can improve the knowledge of mechanisms involved in addiction and establish new prevention and treatment strategies.\nIn 2019, she became an Associate Professor at the Department of Pharmacology, focusing her current research on the design of new nanoparticulate systems for morphine administration.",institutionString:"University of Murcia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1197",title:"Pharmaceutical Drug",slug:"pharmaceutical-drug"}],chapters:[{id:"72068",title:"Introductory Chapter: Opioid Analgesics - History, Uses and Risks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92401",slug:"introductory-chapter-opioid-analgesics-history-uses-and-risks",totalDownloads:872,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pilar Almela",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72068",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72068",authors:[{id:"98258",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",surname:"Almela Rojo",slug:"pilar-almela-rojo",fullName:"Pilar Almela Rojo"}],corrections:null},{id:"66275",title:"A New Paradigm: Prevention of Central Sensitization in Pain Management through Minimizing Opioid Exposure",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85192",slug:"a-new-paradigm-prevention-of-central-sensitization-in-pain-management-through-minimizing-opioid-expo",totalDownloads:864,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Current exacerbations of chronic pain cannot be understood in isolation from how past incidents impact pain and its experience. Patients who frequent the Emergency Room or hospital for a pain crisis or intensification of their pain without new findings on X-rays or scans are often seen as ‘drug seekers.’ Yet, to the patient the pain is agonizing, and the suffering real. It is this type of patient that prompted an ongoing improvement project in our local hospital, our Multiple Visit Patient Complex Care Program. The goal was to determine the similarities between this type of ‘complex’ patient—who frequents the hospital despite no new radiographic change—and other patients. Understanding this ‘complex’ pattern in terms of central intractable pain can change the trajectory of treatment. Results of our program described here reveal that a better understanding of central pain and central sensitization can result in better patient care.",signatures:"Pamela Bolyanatz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66275",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66275",authors:[{id:"269060",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pamela",surname:"Bolyanatz",slug:"pamela-bolyanatz",fullName:"Pamela Bolyanatz"}],corrections:null},{id:"69169",title:"Other Uses of Morphine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85165",slug:"other-uses-of-morphine",totalDownloads:858,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Worldwide many different strong opioids and their formulations are available to control pain. Of which, morphine is considered as global opioid of choice and is widely used to control moderate to severe pain. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended morphine as one of the essential drug. Apart from analgesic use, research has proven its effectiveness for relief and treatment of various debilitating and distressing conditions like breathlessness, mucositis (oral and vaginal) and cough. However, its role in diarrhea and opioid substitution therapy (OST) is still nonconfirmatory. This chapter illustrates all available literature supporting effectiveness of morphine in above conditions and its impact on quality of life.",signatures:"Shrenik Ostwal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69169",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69169",authors:[{id:"267116",title:"Dr.",name:"Shrenik",surname:"Ostwal",slug:"shrenik-ostwal",fullName:"Shrenik Ostwal"}],corrections:null},{id:"70790",title:"Role of Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Relation between Stress and Opiate Addiction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90839",slug:"role-of-glucocorticoid-receptor-in-the-relation-between-stress-and-opiate-addiction",totalDownloads:694,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Stressful situations can result in relapse in dependent or abstinent causing reinstatement of drug-seeking. In fact, it has been suggested that activation of the brain stress system results in glucocorticoid release that affects the dopaminergic pathways. Also, the noradrenergic system innervates the extrahypothalamic BSS from the nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS), resulting in a feedforward loop between the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and noradrenaline (NA) crucial in drug addiction and relapses. Glucocorticoids interact with two receptors: mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) which bind to a GRE site located in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), resulting in the upregulation of TH synthesis and, finally, increasing dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens. TH upregulation depends on the phosphorylation of serine 31 and/or serine 40. Previous research has shown that protein kinase C (PKC) activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and in turn phosphorylates serine 31 in the NTS. Besides, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) is regulated by PKA and PKC. The results shown after pretreating morphine-withdrawn rats with mifepristone and spironolactone (GR and MR antagonists, respectively) suggest that glucocorticoids have a prominent role in addiction because GR would activate ERK and CREB in the NTS, phosphorylating serine 31 and activating TH and indeed noradrenergic release in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN).",signatures:"Javier Navarro-Zaragoza, María Victoria Milanés and María Luisa Laorden",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70790",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70790",authors:[{id:"98255",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Luisa",surname:"Laorden",slug:"m.-luisa-laorden",fullName:"M. Luisa Laorden"},{id:"255965",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Navarro-Zaragoza",slug:"javier-navarro-zaragoza",fullName:"Javier Navarro-Zaragoza"},{id:"314578",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Victoria",surname:"Milanés",slug:"m.-victoria-milanes",fullName:"M. Victoria Milanés"}],corrections:null},{id:"63223",title:"Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor (CRF) through CRF1 Receptor Facilitates the Expression of Morphine-Related Positive and Aversive Memory in Mice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80504",slug:"corticotrophin-releasing-factor-crf-through-crf1-receptor-facilitates-the-expression-of-morphine-rel",totalDownloads:970,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Different studies have elucidated the mechanisms underlying the formation and expression of drug-related cue memories; corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a critical role in reward- and aversion-driven associative learning. In the present chapter, we have evaluated whether CP-154,526, a selective CRF1 receptor (CRF1R) antagonist, or genetic deletion of CRF1R (KO mice) have comparable effects on conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned place aversion (CPA) learning. We also investigated CP-154,526 effects on morphine-induced CPP activation of CRF, CREB phosphorylation, and thioredoxin (Trx1) expression in dentate gyrus (DG), a brain region involved in memory consolidation, and the role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis in CPA expression and extinction. The CRF1R antagonist abolished the acquisition of morphine CPP, Trx-1 and BDNF increased expression, and pCREB/Trx-1 co-localization in the DG. The increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plasma levels observed after CPA expression was attenuated in CRF1R KO mice, suggesting a role of HPA axis in aversive memories. Altogether, these results suggest a critical role of CRF, through CRF1R, in molecular changes involved in memory formation and consolidation and may facilitate the development of effective treatments for opioid addiction.",signatures:"Pilar Almela, Juan A. García-Carmona, Elena Martínez-Laorden, María V. Milanés and María L. 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In the first section of this chapter, we will focus on the current pharmacological interventions to treat opioid addiction, such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone. Thanks to these medications, people are able to go back to their normal lives, by preventing withdrawal symptoms, reducing craving, and increasing their adherence to psychotherapy. In the second section, based on the evidence that addiction induces neuroadaptive changes in several neurotransmission systems, we focus on the wide range of possible pharmacological developments at the preclinical and clinical levels, which in recent years have increased considerably.",signatures:"Maria Carmen Blanco-Gandía, Sandra Montagud-Romero and Marta Rodríguez-Arias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65505",authors:[{id:"101721",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Rodriguez-Arias",slug:"marta-rodriguez-arias",fullName:"Marta Rodriguez-Arias"},{id:"260048",title:"Dr.",name:"M Carmen",surname:"Blanco-Gandia",slug:"m-carmen-blanco-gandia",fullName:"M Carmen Blanco-Gandia"},{id:"260049",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Montagud-Romero",slug:"sandra-montagud-romero",fullName:"Sandra Montagud-Romero"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2509",title:"Recent Advances in Novel Drug Carrier Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"57c10c8e0b4bb01a815f2c42db01956e",slug:"recent-advances-in-novel-drug-carrier-systems",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2509.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5525",title:"Pain Relief",subtitle:"From Analgesics to Alternative Therapies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ffdba8a1f402fe1b279cf05e2fa0aae",slug:"pain-relief-from-analgesics-to-alternative-therapies",bookSignature:"Cecilia Maldonado",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5525.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73432",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Maldonado",slug:"cecilia-maldonado",fullName:"Cecilia Maldonado"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9086",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Hypothesis, Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b13e06123db7a16dcdae682eb47ac66",slug:"drug-repurposing-hypothesis-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Farid A. 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Wrzal and Diana A. Averill-Bates",authors:[{id:"61148",title:"Prof.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Averill-Bates",fullName:"Diana Averill-Bates",slug:"diana-averill-bates"},{id:"62367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Bettaieb",fullName:"Ahmed Bettaieb",slug:"ahmed-bettaieb"},{id:"62368",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulina",middleName:null,surname:"K. Wrzal",fullName:"Paulina K. Wrzal",slug:"paulina-k.-wrzal"}]},{id:"44350",title:"Glioblastomas, Astrocytomas: Survival Amelioration Adding Hyperthermia to Conformal Radiotherapy and Temozolomide — Use of Pegylated Doxorubicin and Hyperthermia in the Treatment of a Recurrent Case",slug:"glioblastomas-astrocytomas-survival-amelioration-adding-hyperthermia-to-conformal-radiotherapy-and-t",signatures:"Gianfranco Baronzio, Gurdev Parmar, Michela De Santis and\nAlberto Gramaglia",authors:[{id:"58654",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianfranco",middleName:null,surname:"Baronzio",fullName:"Gianfranco Baronzio",slug:"gianfranco-baronzio"}]},{id:"41975",title:"Targeted Cancer Therapy by Dendritic Cell Vaccine",slug:"targeted-cancer-therapy-by-dendritic-cell-vaccine",signatures:"Hiroyuki Abe, Touko Shimamoto, Shinichiro Akiyama and Minako\nAbe",authors:[{id:"62629",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Abe",fullName:"Hiroyuki Abe",slug:"hiroyuki-abe"}]},{id:"44365",title:"Immunotherapy of Urinary Bladder Carcinoma: BCG and Beyond",slug:"immunotherapy-of-urinary-bladder-carcinoma-bcg-and-beyond",signatures:"Yi Luo, Eric J. Askeland, Mark R. Newton, Jonathan R. Henning and\nMichael A. O’Donnell",authors:[{id:"46467",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",fullName:"Yi Luo",slug:"yi-luo"},{id:"95257",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Henning",fullName:"Jonathan Henning",slug:"jonathan-henning"},{id:"95258",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"O'Donnell",fullName:"Michael O'Donnell",slug:"michael-o'donnell"},{id:"155748",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Askeland",fullName:"Eric Askeland",slug:"eric-askeland"},{id:"155749",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Newton",fullName:"Mark Newton",slug:"mark-newton"}]},{id:"44479",title:"Anti-Angiogenic Active Immunotherapy for Cancers: Dawn of a New Era?",slug:"anti-angiogenic-active-immunotherapy-for-cancers-dawn-of-a-new-era-",signatures:"Jianping Pan and Lihuang Zhang",authors:[{id:"157217",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"Pan",slug:"pan"}]},{id:"44354",title:"Nutrigenomics and Cancer Prevention",slug:"nutrigenomics-and-cancer-prevention",signatures:"Júlio César Nepomuceno",authors:[{id:"50743",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Júlio César",middleName:null,surname:"Nepomuceno",fullName:"Júlio César Nepomuceno",slug:"julio-cesar-nepomuceno"}]},{id:"44607",title:"The Impact of Vitamin D in Cancer",slug:"the-impact-of-vitamin-d-in-cancer",signatures:"Khanh vinh quoc Luong and Lan Thi Hoang Nguyen",authors:[{id:"48032",title:"Dr.",name:"Khanh",middleName:null,surname:"Luong",fullName:"Khanh Luong",slug:"khanh-luong"}]},{id:"44299",title:"The Treatment of Cancer: A Comprehensive Therapeutic Model Entailing a Complex of Interaction Modalities",slug:"the-treatment-of-cancer-a-comprehensive-therapeutic-model-entailing-a-complex-of-interaction-modalit",signatures:"R. Saggini and M. Calvani",authors:[{id:"60231",title:"Prof.",name:"Raoul",middleName:null,surname:"Saggini",fullName:"Raoul Saggini",slug:"raoul-saggini"}]},{id:"44356",title:"Supportive and Palliative Care in Solid Cancer Patients",slug:"supportive-and-palliative-care-in-solid-cancer-patients",signatures:"Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan, Zuraidah Binti Mohd Yusoff,\nMohamed Azmi Hassali and Saad Bin Othman",authors:[{id:"155124",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassam",middleName:"Abdul Rasool",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Bassam Hassan",slug:"bassam-hassan"}]},{id:"44609",title:"Impact of Cancer Treatment on Reproductive Health and Options for Fertility Preservation",slug:"impact-of-cancer-treatment-on-reproductive-health-and-options-for-fertility-preservation",signatures:"Kenny A. Rodriguez-Wallberg",authors:[{id:"157692",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenny",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Macias Wallberg",fullName:"Kenny Rodriguez-Macias Wallberg",slug:"kenny-rodriguez-macias-wallberg"}]},{id:"43661",title:"Sialyl Salivary–Type Amylase Associated with Ovarian Cancer",slug:"sialyl-salivary-type-amylase-associated-with-ovarian-cancer",signatures:"Takanori Moriyama",authors:[{id:"162211",title:"Prof.",name:"Takanori",middleName:null,surname:"Moriyama",fullName:"Takanori Moriyama",slug:"takanori-moriyama"}]},{id:"44421",title:"Role of CREB Protein Family Members in Human Haematological Malignancies",slug:"role-of-creb-protein-family-members-in-human-haematological-malignancies",signatures:"Francesca D’Auria and Roberta Di Pietro",authors:[{id:"60267",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Di Pietro",fullName:"Roberta Di Pietro",slug:"roberta-di-pietro"},{id:"167139",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"D'Auria",fullName:"Francesca D'Auria",slug:"francesca-d'auria"}]},{id:"44358",title:"Life-Cycling of Cancer: New Concept",slug:"life-cycling-of-cancer-new-concept",signatures:"Marina Shaduri and Marc Bouchoucha",authors:[{id:"16822",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Shaduri",fullName:"Marina Shaduri",slug:"marina-shaduri"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3273",title:"Cancer Treatment",subtitle:"Conventional and Innovative Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cdd9872a05001212b3583bff95bae979",slug:"cancer-treatment-conventional-and-innovative-approaches",bookSignature:"Letícia Rangel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3273.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60359",title:"Dr.",name:"Letícia",surname:"Rangel",slug:"leticia-rangel",fullName:"Letícia Rangel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3462",title:"Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy",subtitle:"Increasing Relevance in Cancer Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f88a3fde61b5535375bde00b9c13d1e",slug:"neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-increasing-relevance-in-cancer-management",bookSignature:"Maurie M. 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Rangel and Ian Victor Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4537.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60359",title:"Dr.",name:"Letícia",surname:"Rangel",slug:"leticia-rangel",fullName:"Letícia Rangel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6127",title:"Cancer Causing Substances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"174eb39b8b0e84934f4a958e6d4de827",slug:"cancer-causing-substances",bookSignature:"Faik Atroshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6127.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65639",title:"Dr.",name:"Faik",surname:"Atroshi",slug:"faik-atroshi",fullName:"Faik Atroshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8025",title:"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biological Cancer Treatments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9953ff7bc3b22ae75810e286dd86b73",slug:"cancer-immunotherapy-and-biological-cancer-treatments",bookSignature:"Hilal Arnouk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8025.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76431",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilal",surname:"Arnouk",slug:"hilal-arnouk",fullName:"Hilal Arnouk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80907",title:"The Influences of Hearing and Vision on Egocentric Distance and Room Size Perception under Rich-Cue Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102810",slug:"the-influences-of-hearing-and-vision-on-egocentric-distance-and-room-size-perception-under-rich-cue-",body:'The multimodal perception, integration and mental reconstruction of the physical world provide us, amongst other things, with various modality-specific and modality-unspecific features such as colors, timbres, smells, vibrations, locations, dimensions, materials, and aesthetic impressions, which are or can be related to perceived objects and environments. A fundamental issue is the extent to which such features rely on the different modalities and their cooperation. The present study examined and experimentally dissociated the important modalities of hearing and vision by separately providing and manipulating the respectively perceivable information about the physical world, i.e., auralized and visualized spatial scenes. In everyday life, both the egocentric distance to visible sound sources and the size of a surrounding room are important perceptual features, since they contribute to spatial notion and orientation. They are also relevant about artistic renditions and performance rooms, as they relate, for instance, to the concept of auditory intimacy, an important aspect of the quality of concert halls [1, 2, 3]. Accordingly, both the perceived egocentric distance and the perceived room size were investigated, primarily in the context of artistic renditions.
The interaction between hearing and vision occurs in the perception of various features, pertaining for example to intensity [4], localization [5, 6, 7], motion [8, 9, 10], event time [11, 12], synchrony [13], perceptual phonetics [14], quality rating [15], and room perception [16, 17, 18]. Regarding auditory-visual localization and spatial perception, research has focused mainly on horizontal directional localization to date, followed by distance localization, while room size perception has rarely been investigated. Two superior research objectives may be identified in the literature: One objective is the description of human perceptual performance and its dependence on physical cues. Within this context, distance perception was mainly investigated about its
Experimental stimuli may be real objects (e.g., humans, loudspeakers, mechanical apparatuses) that have diverse physical properties and may bear meaning. Otherwise, the investigation of detailed internal mechanisms using behavioral experiments often calls for neutral objects or energetic events with a maximally reduced number of properties and without meaning (e.g., lights, noise) [5]. Criteria for the selection of one of these stimulus categories are essentially the options of stimulus manipulation (e.g., real objects will hardly allow for conflicting stimuli) and the relation of internal and external validity. The advancement of virtual reality provided experimenters with extended and promising options for manipulating complex, naturalistic stimuli. Since the virtualization of real environments is known to affect various perceptual and cognitive features [20, 21, 22, 23], the impact of virtualization has become another prominent research issue.
The perception of distance and room size in the extrapersonal space depends on particular auditory and visual cues provided by the specific scene. Acoustic distance cues are weighted variably and comprise the sound pressure level and the direct-to-reverberant energy ratio [24, 25, 26], spectral attenuation due to air absorption [27], spectral properties due to temporal and directional patterns of reflections of surrounding surfaces [25], as well as spectral alterations due to both near-field conditions and the listener’s head and torso. Interaural level and time differences also appear to play a role, namely in connection with orientations and motions of the sound source and the listener [28, 29, 30].
In real acoustic environments, perceived egocentric distances are known to be compressed above distances of 2 to 7 m [27, 28, 31, 32, 33], hence they are found to be compressed comparably or even more in virtual acoustic environments [32, 34, 35, 36, 37]. However, a largely accurate estimation in high-absorbent and an overestimation in low-absorbent virtual environments were also reported [18, 38].
Acoustic room size cues comprise the room-acoustic parameters clarity (C80, C50) [39, 40, 41], definition (D50) [41], reverberation time (RT) [39, 42, 43], and likely the characteristics of early reflections [39]. In the medium- and large-sized rooms, the perceived room size was shown to be decreased by a binaural reproduction of the acoustic scene compared to listening in situ [40]. A more recent study found, however, that auralization by dynamic binaural synthesis did not affect the estimation of room size [38].
The estimation of the egocentric distance and the dimensions of visual rooms is based on visual depth cues. Common classifications differentiate between pictorial and non-pictorial, monocular and binocular, as well as visual and oculomotor cues. The cues cover different effective ranges: the personal space (0–2 m), the action space (2–30 m) and/or the vista space (> 30 m) [44]. The non-pictorial depth cues comprise three oculomotor cues:
In real visual environments, distances are normally estimated much more precisely and accurately than in real acoustic environments [47]. Beyond about 3 m distances are increasingly underestimated both under reduced-cue conditions [48] and in virtual visual environments, no matter if head-mounted displays or large screen immersive displays are used [38, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55]. However, also largely accurate estimates in virtual visual environments were reported [18, 56]. While the parallax and the observer-to-screen distance [57], as well as stereoscopy, shadows, and reflections [58] were identified to influence the accuracy of distance estimates in virtual visual environments, the restriction of the field of view [59] and the focal length of the camera lens [60] did not take effect. Room size was observed to be overestimated more in a real visual environment than in the correspondent virtual environment [38], as well as underestimated in other virtual visual environments [18].
Turning to acoustic-visual conditions, the experimental combination of acoustic and visual stimuli can be either congruent or divergent regarding positions or other properties. The widely-used variation of the
Under congruent conditions, as experienced in real life, distance estimation is normally highly accurate. Using virtual sound sources and photographs, the additional availability of visual distance information was demonstrated to improve the linearity of the relationship between the physical and the perceptual distance, and to reduce both the within- and the between-subjects variance of the distance judgments [61]. However, virtual acoustic-visual environments may, like virtual visual environments, be subject to compressed distance perception [32], regardless of the application of verbal estimation or perceptually directed action as a measurement protocol [36, 37]. A perceptual comparison between mixed and virtual reality [62] showed that the virtualization of the visual environment increased “aurally perceived” distance and room size estimates (p. 4). The perceived room width was found to be underestimated under the visual, overestimated under the acoustic, and well-estimated under the acoustic-visual conditions [17]. Findings on the accuracy of room size perception are in the same way inconsistent for acoustic-visual environments, as they are for visual environments (see above) [18, 38].
Experiments applying the conflicting stimulus paradigm are normally both more challenging and more instructive [36]. Such experiments have revealed that the localization of an auditory-visual object is largely determined by its visual position, which becomes particularly obvious when compared to the localization of an auditory object. This phenomenon was investigated relatively early [5], and in the case of a lateral or directional offset in the horizontal plane, it was initially referred to as the
In the case of an egocentric distance offset, the phenomenon was initially termed the
Indeed, it has been demonstrated that both visual and acoustic stimulus displacements cause significant changes in egocentric distance estimates [68], indicating that visual and auditory influences occur at the same time, however, with different weights. Regarding auditory features, Postma and Katz varied both visual viewpoints and auralizations in a virtual theater, while asking experienced participants for ratings upon distance and room acoustic attributes [69]. Few attributes (including auditory distance) were significantly influenced by the visual contrasts, whereas most attributes were by the acoustic. Interestingly, a deeper data analysis allowed partitioning participants into three groups being mainly susceptible to auditory distance, loudness, and none of the features, respectively, when exposed to different visual conditions. Amongst others, the study points to the principle, that acoustic and visual information weigh normally highest on auditory and visual features, respectively.
In the course of the advancement of a probabilistic view, it was evidenced that the weights adapt to the reliabilities of the sensory estimates in a statistically optimal manner [70]. Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) modeling was shown to apply to different multisensory localization tasks [47, 71, 72, 73]. Therefore, acoustic-visual stimuli should generally yield a more precise localization than merely acoustic or visual stimuli [72]. The weights may either be experimentally reduced by adding noise to the stimuli, or in turn, if estimated otherwise, indicate the relative acuity of the stimuli and the reliability of their sensory estimates, respectively. For instance, due to missing or largely reduced interaural level difference and interaural time difference cues, auditory positional information has a lower weight in case of a directional or depth offset in the median plane; in this case, localization is therefore more prone to the influence of visual positional information than in the case of a lateral offset [9, 74]. It was found that acoustic and visual contributions are not symmetric about frontal distance: Using LEDs and noise bursts, a “visual capture” effect and a respective aftereffect in frontal distance perception was observed, with a relatively greater visual bias for visual stimulus components being closer than the acoustic components ([75], p. 4).
Combining MLE with Bayesian causal inference modeling [76] is based on the idea that increasing temporal or spatial divergences between sensory-specific stimuli make the perceiver’s inference of more than one physical event more likely, and that multisensory integration takes place only for stimuli subjectively caused by the same physical event. A recent study demonstrated, however, a higher weight of visual signals in auditory-visual integration of spatial signals than predicted by MLE, which might be due to the participants’ uncertainty about a single physical cause [77]. While the result of the causal inference is normally not directly observable, the perceived spatial congruency is: Using stereoscopic projection and wave field synthesis, André and colleagues presented participants with 3D stimuli (a speaking virtual character) containing acoustic-visual angular errors. As expected, a higher level of ambient noise (SNR = 4 dB A) caused a 1.1° shift of the point of subjective equivalence and a steeper slope (−0.077 instead of −0.062 per degree) of the psychometric function. Results were not statistically significant, arguably due to the still too high SNR [78].
Evaluating different variants of probabilistic models through experiments using a virtual acoustic-visual environment and applying a dual-report paradigm, the Bayesian causal inference model with a probability matching strategy was found to explain the auditory-visual perception of distance best [79]. The authors also calculated the sensory weights for visual and auditory distances and found that in windows around the correspondent physical distance, auditory distances were predominantly influenced by visual, while visual distances were slightly influenced by auditory sensory estimates. Visual-auditory weights ranged from 0 to 1, auditory-visual weights from 0 to 0.2. Another study showed a major influence of the acoustic properties of spatial scenes on the collective egocentric distance perception (probably due to a substantially restricted visual rendering), whereas room size perception predominantly relied on the visual properties. The virtual environment was based on the dynamic binaural synthesis, speech and music signals, stereoscopic still photographs of a dodecahedron loudspeaker in four rooms, and a 61″ stereoscopic full HD monitor with shutter glasses [18].
The cited studies applied different data collection methods (e.g., triangulated blind walking, absolute scales, 2AFC), virtualization concepts (no virtualization, direct rendering, numerical modeling), stimulus content types (e.g., speech, noise; LEDs, visible sound sources), visual moves (photographs, videos), stimulus dimensionalities (2D, 3D), and reproduction formats (e.g., monophonic sound, sound field synthesis; head-mounted displays, large immersive screens). Thus, connecting the results in a systematic manner is challenging. Findings on the influences of concrete physical properties on percepts and their parameters have not achieved consistency.
Following a research strategy from the general to the specific, the present study focuses on the influences of the acoustic and visual environments’ properties in their totality. To this end, whole rooms and source-receiver configurations were experimentally varied. To make this feasible, a collective instead of an individual testing approach was taken, i.e., identical test conditions were allocated not to different repetitions (as necessary for data collection in the context of probabilistic modeling) but to different participants. To emphasize external validity and step towards “naturalistic environments” ([65], p. 805), two prototypic types of content (music, speech), six physically existing rooms, direct 3D renderings, long and meaningful stimuli, and a perceptually validated virtual environment were applied.
Methodologically, the prominent co-presence paradigm entails two restrictions. Firstly, the comparison between the acoustic or visual and the acoustic-visual condition involves two sources of variation: (a) the change between the stimulus’ domains (acoustic vs. visual), and (b) the change between the numbers of stimulus domains (1 vs. 2)—i.e., between two basic modes of perceptual processing. Thus, the co-presence paradigm confounds two factors at the cost of internal validity. Since single-domain (acoustic, visual) stimuli do not require a multimodal trade-off, whereas multi-domain (acoustic-visual) stimuli do, different weights of auditory and visual information depending on the basic mode of perceptual processing are expected [79]. To take account of the sources of variation, two dissociating research questions (RQs) were posed.
As a second restriction, the co-presence paradigm does not cover variations within the multi-domain stimulus mode, though it is prevalent in everyday life. Hence, additional RQs ask for the effects of the
RQ 1: To what extent do the perceptual estimates depend on the stimulus domain (acoustic vs. visual, and thereby of the involved modality) as such?
H10: μA = μV.
RQ 2: To what extent do the perceptual estimates depend on the basic mode of perceptual processing (single vs. multi-domain stimuli)?
H20: 2 · μAV = μA + μV.
RQ 3: To what extent do the perceptual estimates depend on the complex acoustic properties of the multi-domain stimuli?
H30: μA1V• = μA2V• = μA3V• = μA4V• = μA5V• = μA6V•.
RQ 4: To what extent do the perceptual estimates depend on the complex visual properties of the multi-domain stimuli?
H40: μA•V1 = μA•V2 = μA•V3 = μA•V4 = μA•V5 = μA•V6.
RQ 5: To what extent do the perceptual estimates depend on the interaction of the complex acoustic and visual properties of the multi-domain stimuli?
H50: μA
Note that not only distance and room size cues but whole scenes were varied, to infer the effects of the entire physical properties of the performance rooms, and therefore of the sensory modalities as such in the context of these environments. RQs 3–5 were made comparative by asking to which extent acoustic and visual properties, and their interaction, do proportionally account for the estimates. For this purpose, commensurable ranges of the factors had to be ensured (2.3, 2.7).
Dependent variables were the perceived egocentric distance and the perceived room size. Where reasonable, the accuracy of the estimates about the physical distances and sizes was also considered.
Answering RQs 1 to 2 requires the application of the co-presence design paradigm. Auralized, visualized, and auralized-visualized spatial scenes are levels of one factor. Answering RQs 3 to 5 requires the acoustic and visual properties of the scenes to be independent factors rather than just levels of one factor, i.e., the application of the conflicting stimulus paradigm. To allow for the quantification of the proportional influences of acoustic properties, visual properties, and their interaction on the perceptual features, however, certain methodological criteria have to be met, because light and sound cannot be directly compared due to their different physical nature. In particular, not only spatiotemporal congruency but also
These considerations result in the need for preservation of all perceptually relevant physical cues and a direct rendering, which we distinguish from fully numerical or partly numerical (hybrid) simulations. The latter approaches are based on assumptions of the physical validity of parametrized material and geometrical room properties, the imperceptibility of structural resolution limits, and/or the physical validity of the applied models on sound and light propagation, including methods of interpolation. By using the term direct rendering, we indicate that the rendering data corresponding to all supported participants’ movements were acquired in situ, i.e., neither calculated from a numerical 3D model nor spatially interpolated (see 2.5.).
With the objective of a clear description of investigated effects, it is indicated to factually and terminologically differentiate between ontological realms (
In view of both the context of the study (artistic renditions, performance rooms) and the complex variation of the stimuli (2.1), the collection of values of various features was of interest. Accordingly, a differential was used. A superordinate objective of the research project is a comparison of the features regarding their respective dependencies on the presences and properties of the acoustic and visual stimuli. Hence, the questionnaire consisted of 21 perceptual features, subdivided into four sets: auditory features (e.g.,
Since the visual stimuli showed only a part of the frontal hemisphere (see 2.5), the participants had to base their assessment of the invisible rear part of the rooms’ length on the visible frontal length, the room shape, their position in the room, and their experiential knowledge on the shape and size of performance rooms. Hence, before analyzing the calculated room volume/size estimates, dispersion and reliability measures of the unidimensional perceptual features were inspected (Table 1).
Measure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 45.833 | 22.162 | 14.672 | 10.431 |
Standard error of mean | 0.905 | 0.542 | 0.229 | 0.185 |
Cronbach’s Alpha | 0.926 | 0.889 | 0.867 | 0.850 |
Comparison of descriptives and internal consistencies of the unidimensional perceptual features. Calculations are based on the total sample (music and speech group,
Neither the reliability nor the dispersion of the perceived length is conspicuous, since the values for Cronbach’s Alpha are throughout high, for the perceived length even excellent, and the error-to-mean ratios are consistent across the perceptual features. By calculating the cube root of the product of the three collected features, the one-dimensional feature
Since answering RQs 1 to 2 requires the application of the co-presence paradigm, the factor
Label | KH | RT | KO | JC | KE | GH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume | 1899 | 1903 | 7266 | 8079 | 19539 | 22202 |
Size | 12.383 | 12.392 | 19.369 | 20.066 | 26.934 | 28.106 |
Position of receiver (row no./seat no.) | 6/8–9 | 11/178 | 9/20 | 3/- | -/- | 6/9 |
Distance receiver—central source | 9.97 | 9.90 | 9.46 | 7.19 | 15.84 | 9.84 |
Absorption coefficient | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.28 |
Reverberation time | 1.29 | 0.80 | 1.31 | 2.81 | 7.92 | 2.29 |
Early Decay Time | 1.31 | 0.72 | 1.17 | 2.67 | 8.20 | 1.99 |
Geometric and material properties of the selected rooms (taken from [85]). The index
The number of trials within a test sequence corresponds to the number of experimental conditions (factor level combinations). There are two options for allocating the trials to the scale items: (a) A long stimulus (ca. 2:00 min, cf. 2.5) is judged by means of the 21 items (2.2); there is just one test sequence. (b) A short stimulus (ca. 6 sec) is judged by means of one feature; the number of test sequences corresponds to the number of features. Option (a) was chosen for the following reasons: (1) In the case of option (b), the comparison of the features, as required by the research project (2.2), would be confounded with the repetition of a stimulus, including greater time intervals, whereas it is not in case of option (a). (2) Short stimuli would run counter to both the context (1.1) and the methodological aim (2.2, 2.3) of the study: artistic renditions are much longer than a few seconds, and—particularly regarding the aesthetic and presence features—responses to very short extracts could not be generalized for entire renditions. (3) To yield valid responses, stimuli must provide enough time and information for judgment formation. Building up an aesthetic impression about very short extracts of an artistic rendition would be hardly possible due to the lack of information about the course of time. Thus, artistically self-contained sections were to be presented at least. Long stimuli provide a greater number and variety of physical events, so that each participant can rely on the individually most helpful cues. (4) In the case of option (a) the decision times vary and are unknown, i.e., within the samples, decision times, as well as causal events and their cues, are pooled. On the one hand, this increases the external validity. On the other hand, it also decreases the internal validity, though, to an acceptable level, since both physical distance and size are constant within each stimulus, and attribution of the estimates to detailed cues or events is not part of the research questions (cf. 1.3).
The required sample size was calculated a priori with the aid of the software package G*POWER 3 [85, 86]. Since the groups of the factor
Hypoacusis; criterion: audiogram, hearing threshold >20 dB HL at either ear at any of seven tested frequency bands (125 to 8000 Hz), uncompensated by hearing aid (0 subjects).
Vision deficits; criterion: self-reported deficits, uncompensated by visual aid (0 subjects).
Red and/or green color blindness; criterion: unpassed Ishihara tests for protanomaly and deuteranomaly (3 subjects).
Loss of stereopsis; criterion: unpassed contour stereopsis test using the shutter glasses of the projection system (4 subjects).
Technical incident; failure of saving response data (6 subjects).
Subjectively untrue responses; criterion: implausible perceptual bias (factor ≥ 5) with reference to visual geometric dimensions (14 subjects, most frequent response: “0 m”).
The resultant valid net sample sizes accounted for
As far as possible in a virtual environment, a maximum ecological validity of the stimuli was sought by selecting dedicated performance rooms, artistic content and professional music and speech performers.
Six performance rooms differing in volume (low, medium, high) and average acoustic absorption coefficient (low: αmean(Sabine) < 0.2; high: αmean(Sabine) ≥ 0.2) were selected. Taking into account good speech intelligibility and an accurate perceptibility of the physical room properties (e.g., the visibility of the ceiling height), optimum receiver positions were defined. Based on geometric measures acquired in situ, models of the interior spaces, including the source-receiver-arrangements, were built using the software
The artistic content comprised a musical work and a text, which were chosen to support the perceptibility of the specific room properties by featuring, e.g., impulsivity and sufficient pauses. Two-minute excerpts of Claude Debussy’s String Quartet in g minor, op. 10, 2nd movement, and of Rainer Maria Rilke’s 1st Duino Elegy were selected. The artistic renditions were audio recorded in the anechoic room of the Technische Universität Berlin.
The performances were presented in the Virtual Concert Hall at Technische Universität Berlin, providing virtual acoustic and visual 3D renditions in rooms. It was particularly designed to meet the methodological requirements (2.1, 2.3), and was completely based on directional binaural room impulse responses (BRIRs) and stereoscopic panoramic images acquired in situ by means of the head and torso simulator
Participant in the Virtual Concert Hall (visual condition: KO).
The used BRIRs contained the fixed HRTFs of
The virtual environment did not provide auditory motion parallax cues by supporting lateral motion interactivity and rendering. This was due to limited in-situ acquisition times in the performance rooms. It would have required measurements at several additional positions of the head and torso simulator, depending on the content-specific minimum audible BRIR grid [101, 102], and thus would have multiplied the expenditure of acquisition time beyond the rooms’ availability. However, auditory motion parallax, describing the change in the angular direction of a distant sound source due to the movement of the listener, is assumed to be a supporting cue in absolute distance estimation [103] and known to be a cue in relative depth estimation [104]. Regarding a distance range within the personal space, it was demonstrated by means of a depth discrimination task, and under exclusion of all other distance cues, that auditory motion parallax is exploited by listeners allowing for the perception of distance differences of unknown acoustic stimuli [104]. The cue was shown to be effective for distances between 0.3 and 1.0 m and to be exploitable for lateral head movements within a range of 46 cm. The participants’ sensitivity was highest during self-induced motion. Even sensitive subjects did not perceive distance differences corresponding to angular displacements below 3.2°. This value is higher than the minimum audible movement angles (MAMAs) found in previous research (see [105] for an overview). Regarding a distance range of 1 to 10 m, Rumukkainen and colleagues determined the self-translation minimum audible angle (ST-MAA) to be 3.3° by means of 2AFC discrimination tasks without an external reference [106]. Taking into account the absence of external references in the present study and applying the ST-MAA to the nearest sound source used (7.19 m), a concertgoer would remain below perceptual threshold within a lateral moving range of ±41.5 cm, which corresponds to 150% of a typical concert seat’s width. Respective lateral movements are normally not observed amongst visitors of classical concerts. Since a relative lateral shift of the listener above the perceptual threshold is a precondition for yielding distance information from the auditory motion parallax cue by triangulation, we do expect neither an appreciable bias nor a deterioration of the accuracy of distance perception introduced by the absence of lateral motion interactivity and rendering.
As a result, the Virtual Concert Hall at Technische Universität Berlin provided almost all relevant auditory cues without major biases (rich-cue condition). Exceptions are the missing supports for (rarely performed and normally small) head orientations around the pitch and roll axes.
The sound pressure level of the virtual rendition was adjusted to the sound pressure level of a live rendition of a string quartet in a real room, which was recorded by the calibrated head and torso simulator. Accounting for the gain of the signal chain and the rooms’ STI measures, the level of the scenes’ average sound pressure level at the blocked ear canal was
The acquisition of the visual rendering data applied a fixed stereo base, which does not necessarily accord with the participants’ individual interpupillary distances (IPDs). Respective differences might potentially bias the individual distance and room size perception. To date, experimentation has shown inconsistent effects of the variation of IPD differences on distance perception (see [46] for a review). Most studies cannot be translated into the present study, since they investigated maximum target distances of 1 m and/or used simple numerically modeled objects/environments. Moreover, results differ regarding the significance, the size and/or the direction of the effects. This is apparently due to different rendering technologies (stereoscopic projection, HMD, CAVE), stages of virtualization (mixed reality, virtual reality), target distances (personal space, action space), simulated objects/environments (simple graphic objects, shapes, persons in hallways), and measurement protocols (triangulated distance estimation, blind walking, visual alignment, verbal estimation) [107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113]. Few experiments investigated distances roughly similar to those used in the present study (about 7 to 16 m). While Willemsen and colleagues did not observe a significant effect of IPD individualization on distance judgments [114], a large variation of the stereo base (0 to 4 times the IPD) showed significant effects on both distance and size judgments: Greater stereo bases resulted in perceptually closer and smaller objects [115]. However, relevance for the descriptive measures, effect sizes and significances of the present study is given rather by the expected value and distribution of the IPD differences than by their individual values. Anthropometric data of the German resident population, from which the sample was drawn, state median IPDs of 61 mm (male persons) and 60 mm (female persons) within the age range of 18 to 65 years [116]. Since the values do nearly exactly meet the stereo base of the target acquisition (60 mm), a substantial collective perceptual bias is unlikely to occur.
Limitations of the visual rendering pertain to the field of view (161° × 56°), which should at least not affect distance perception [59, 117]; the angular resolution (2.1 arcmin), which might affect distance perception [57]; the fixed single focal plane in stereoscopy providing an invariant accommodation cue, so that the connection between convergence and accommodation is suspended [45]; and an undersized luminance of the projection. Data projectors could not provide the luminance and the contrast of the real scenes, especially in connection with shutter glasses. Thus, the luminances of the scenes were fitted into the projectors’ dynamic range while maintaining compressed relations of the luminances. Scene luminances were calculated from exposure time, aperture, and ISO arithmetic film speed of correctly exposed photographs of a centrally placed and vertically oriented 18% gray card according to the additive system of photographic exposure (APEX). The average loss of the luminance value
Since electronic media transform both the physical stimuli and their perception, the replacement of natural by mediatized stimuli for serious experimental purposes demands the knowledge of the perceptual influences of the applied mediatizing system, as also pointed out by [16, 21]. The rendering technique of the Virtual Concert Hall was shown to provide perceptually plausible auralizations [119]. Specifically, the Virtual Concert Hall at Technische Universität Berlin was subjected to a test of auditory-visual validation by comparing a real scene and the correspondent virtual scene [38]. Amongst others, it yielded nearly equal loudness judgments of the real and the virtual environment, whereas the virtual environment—apparently due to the dark surrounding—was perceived slightly brighter than the respective real environment. The virtualization also generally lowered the perceived source distance and the perceived size of a real room—mainly due to the visual rendering. The mere auditory underestimation of source distance and room size introduced by the virtualization amounted only to 6.6 and 1.9%, respectively. The biases are considered in the discussion section.
Each participant ran through the test procedure individually. The procedure lasted about 3 hours and 10 minutes, and comprised color vision and stereopsis tests, audiometry, a socio-demographic questionnaire, a privacy agreement, the clarification of the questionnaire, the measurement of the individual inter-tragus distance (necessary for the technical adaption to the individuals’ ITDs), cabling, a familiarization sequence, and the actual test runs, inclusive of self-imposed breaks.
Arithmetic means standard deviations (Tables 11 and 12) and standard errors were calculated for all combinations of factor levels. The means were plotted against the combinations. According to the test design (2.3), the co-presence paradigm required 3 × 6 repeated measures analyses of variance (rmANOVA), the conflicting stimulus paradigm 6 × 6 rmANOVA for either level of
Source distance showed significant main and interaction effects of
S. o. V. | 1-β | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1521.061 | 1.782 | 853.503 | 36.965 | <0.001 | 0.086 | 0.306 | 0.122 | 0.430 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 2016.285 | 87.325 | 23.090 | |||||||
4610.610 | 3.845 | 1199.166 | 137.464 | <0.001 | 0.260 | 0.593 | 0.296 | 0.737 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 1643.487 | 188.397 | 8.724 | |||||||
597.939 | 7.113 | 84.059 | 9.593 | <0.001 | 0.034 | 0.187 | 0.052 | 0.164 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 3054.229 | 348.552 | 8.763 |
Results of the rmANOVA for
S. o. V. | 1-β | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
655.466 | 1.683 | 389.381 | 23.350 | <0.001 | 0.058 | 0.248 | 0.073 | 0.387 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 1038.621 | 62.284 | 16.676 | |||||||
1712.901 | 3.387 | 505.745 | 41.676 | <0.001 | 0.152 | 0.423 | 0.171 | 0.530 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 1520.729 | 125.315 | 12.135 | |||||||
639.600 | 5.709 | 112.027 | 10.836 | <0.001 | 0.057 | 0.245 | 0.072 | 0.227 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 2183.952 | 211.245 | 10.338 |
Results of the rmANOVA for
Means (markers) and standard errors (bars) of
Means (markers) and standard errors (bars) of
Regarding RQ 1, a priori main contrasts indicate that the mean estimates at level
Looking at the accuracy of the estimates, the mean estimates differed from the mean physical source distance by −2.36 m (−22.7%) at level
S. o. V. | 1-β | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
469.724 | 5.000 | 93.945 | 13.143 | <0.001 | 0.017 | 0.133 | 0.023 | 0.211 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 1751.252 | 131.608 | 13.307 | |||||||
6256.608 | 2.602 | 2404.324 | 105.444 | <0.001 | 0.233 | 0.551 | 0.238 | 0.683 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 2907.446 | 127.509 | 22.802 | |||||||
134.833 | 13.677 | 9.858 | 1.566 | 0.086 | 0.005 | 0.071 | 0.007 | 0.031 | 0.868 | |
Error ( | 4219.961 | 670.192 | 6.297 |
Results of the rmANOVA for
S. o. V. | 1-β | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
375.912 | 1.667 | 225.526 | 9.314 | 0.001 | 0.023 | 0.153 | 0.028 | 0.201 | 0.951 | |
Error ( | 1493.259 | 61.672 | 24.213 | |||||||
2936.460 | 2.724 | 1077.931 | 48.375 | <0.001 | 0.178 | 0.465 | 0.183 | 0.567 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 2245.993 | 100.794 | 22.283 | |||||||
31.620 | 12.609 | 2.508 | 0.531 | 0.902 | 0.002 | 0.044 | 0.002 | 0.014 | 0.317 | |
Error ( | 2203.942 | 466.540 | 4.724 |
Results of the rmANOVA for
Figures 4 and 5 show the generally lower mean distance estimates for the speech by trend. The figures also illustrate the ranges of the mean estimates. The average range of mean estimates caused by
Means (markers) and standard errors (bars) of
Means (markers) and standard errors (bars) of
Room size showed significant main and interaction effects of
S. o. V. | 1-β | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10148.965 | 1.651 | 6145.611 | 70.421 | <0.001 | 0.115 | 0.361 | 0.180 | 0.590 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 7061.808 | 80.919 | 87.270 | |||||||
28109.442 | 3.650 | 7701.183 | 226.890 | <0.001 | 0.319 | 0.685 | 0.379 | 0.822 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 6070.632 | 178.851 | 33.942 | |||||||
3733.981 | 7.522 | 496.424 | 21.814 | <0.001 | 0.042 | 0.210 | 0.075 | 0.308 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 8387.358 | 315.667 | 26.570 |
Results of the rmANOVA for
S. o. V. | 1-β | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6484.837 | 1.513 | 4285.200 | 42.093 | <0.001 | 0.082 | 0.299 | 0.131 | 0.532 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 5700.224 | 55.992 | 101.803 | |||||||
26573.103 | 2.994 | 8875.557 | 165.259 | <0.001 | 0.337 | 0.713 | 0.383 | 0.817 | >0.999 | |
Error (R | 5949.496 | 101.789 | 58.449 | |||||||
3000.770 | 6.785 | 442.292 | 19.791 | <0.001 | 0.038 | 0.199 | 0.065 | 0.348 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 5610.150 | 251.030 | 22.349 |
Results of the rmANOVA for
Means (markers) and standard errors (bars) of
Means (markers) and standard errors (bars) of
Regarding RQ 1, a priori contrasts indicated that the mean estimates at level
As with source distance, the range of the mean room size estimates introduced by the factor
Accuracies were generally low regardless of the level of
S. o. V. | 1-β | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3275.179 | 2.048 | 1599.570 | 25.911 | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.156 | 0.031 | 0.346 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 6193.742 | 100.329 | 61.734 | |||||||
32107.238 | 3.203 | 10025.415 | 110.275 | <0.001 | 0.233 | 0.551 | 0.239 | 0.692 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 14266.617 | 156.927 | 90.913 | |||||||
375.257 | 12.004 | 31.262 | 1.344 | 0.189 | 0.003 | 0.052 | 0.004 | 0.027 | 0.754 | |
Error ( | 13678.450 | 588.172 | 23.256 |
Results of the rmANOVA for
S. o. V. | 1-β | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3799.130 | 1.446 | 2626.800 | 11.517 | <0.001 | 0.026 | 0.162 | 0.030 | 0.237 | 0.968 | |
Error ( | 12205.465 | 53.513 | 228.084 | |||||||
23087.978 | 2.228 | 10363.307 | 54.821 | <0.001 | 0.155 | 0.429 | 0.160 | 0.597 | >0.999 | |
Error ( | 15582.628 | 82.431 | 189.039 | |||||||
185.804 | 7.540 | 24.642 | 0.662 | 0.716 | 0.001 | 0.035 | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.296 | |
Error ( | 10382.097 | 278.982 | 37.214 |
Results of the rmANOVA for
Figures 8 and 9 show the generally lower mean room size estimates for the speech by trend. The figures also illustrate the ranges of the mean estimates. The average range of mean estimates caused by
Means (markers) and standard errors (bars) of
Means (markers) and standard errors (bars) of
Most of the results apply likewise to both egocentric distance and room size estimation. RQ 1 asked for the difference between the modalities as such. Mean estimates across the rooms based only on visual information significantly and considerably exceeded those based only on acoustic information, specifically by about a fourth of the mean physical property in the case of distance and by about a third in the case of size. Hence, H11 can be accepted and might be reformulated directionally (H11: μA < μV) for future experimentation. Regarding egocentric distance estimation, the finding is plausible in principle given the reported compression of distance perception in real acoustic environments [27, 28, 31, 32, 33] and virtual acoustic environments [32, 34, 35, 36]. However, it does not agree with [36], who observed a compressed perception of visual distances between 1.5 and 5.0 m, or with [18], who used nearly the same auralization system in connection with smaller distances (1.93–5.88 m) and a restricted visualization. Though the general finding
Regarding RQ 2, there is evidence that the basic mode of perception (processing of single- vs. multi-domain stimuli) as such alters perceptual estimates of geometric dimensions in virtual rooms. Mean estimates based on acoustic-visual stimuli did not equal the average of the mean estimates based on either only acoustic or only visual stimuli. Rather, mean estimates of source distance under the acoustic-visual condition (with acoustic-visually congruent stimuli) were located at 85% (music) of the range between the mean estimates of the levels
Considering the multi-domain mode of perception and applying the conflicting stimulus paradigm, the distance and size estimates depended significantly on both the acoustic and the visual properties of the stimuli (RQs 3 and 4). Generally, about 89% of the explained variance arose from the entire visual and 10% from the entire acoustic information provided by the virtual environment. For both egocentric distance and room size perception, acoustic information showed a slightly greater proportion of explained variance under the speech than under the music condition.
In accordance with the MLE modeling of auditory-visual integration in principle, the acoustic and visual proportions of the explained variance appear to vary strongly according to the availability and, respectively, the richness of the cues in the particular domains: A preliminary experiment under substantially restricted visualization conditions (reduced field of view, reduced spatial resolution, still photographs instead of moving pictures, no maximal acoustic-visual congruency due to visible loudspeakers as sound sources) and non-restricted auralization conditions (identical auralization system) yielded a reversed order of proportions of the explained variance (cf. 2.7), which amounted to 33% for factor
Against the background of the prevalent term
Since the involved modalities and the mode of perception were constant across all factor levels, it may be assumed that VR-induced biases apply likewise to all factor levels of the conflicting stimulus paradigm and their combinations. Hence, the findings on RQs 3 to 5, i.e., the inferential statistics and the
Within the test design, the presence and properties of the acoustic and visual domains were varied to experimentally dissociate the auditory and the visual modalities. Because this variation was categorical, i.e., comprising the entire
There were some additional results on factors and measures which were not explicitly asked for by the RQs:
Both egocentric distance and room size mean estimates, regardless of whether based on acoustic, visual or acoustic-visual stimuli, were obviously lower for speech than for music (though this was not hypothesized or tested, see 2.7). Hence, there is a reason for hypothesizing an influence of content type. This might be due to differences between music and speech regarding, e.g., the bandwidth and energy distribution of the frequency spectra carrying spatial information, perceptual filtering and processing, receptiveness, and/or experiential geometric situations (non-mediatized speech is normally received from lower distances and within smaller rooms than non-mediatized music).
Both the non-significant interaction effect and the particular mean estimates in the experiment according to the conflicting stimulus paradigm indicated that acoustic-visual (mainly spatial) congruency of the stimulus properties did not lead to minimum, maximum or especially accurate mean estimates. This observation is not apt to constitute a general hypothesis, since congruency might play a greater role by contrast with a greater range of the incongruencies (e.g., further-away sound sources) or a greater number of incongruent properties (e.g., including incongruent content).
Egocentric distance mean estimates were most accurate under the acoustic-visual (music) and visual (speech) condition; the room size mean estimates, which were generally inaccurate, likely due to the lack of the visual rendering of the rooms’ rear part, were most accurate under the acoustic condition. In contrast to previous studies [32, 36], regardless of general under- or overestimations of the geometric properties (
Looking at the conflicting stimulus paradigm, the minimum and maximum mean estimates of both source distance and room size did not consistently correspond to the minimum and maximum physical distances and sizes.
Because mean estimates based on purely acoustic stimuli were generally higher in low-absorbent than in high-absorbent rooms (cf. [18]), the range of mean estimates introduced by the factor
Observations (d) and (e) and differences between the studies regarding domain proportions (4.3) give reason to hypothesize that structural and material properties of rooms influence distance perception. Thus, an additional experimental dissociation of the factors physical source distance, physical room size, and acoustic absorption (all else being equal) might be instructive. Furthermore, more detailed physical factors affecting both the acoustic and the visual domain might be disentangled (primary structures, secondary structures, materials). Because of the trade-off between the requirement of ecological stimulus validity and the costs of stimulus production, it might be worth investigating the moderating effects of certain aspects of virtualization (direct rendering, stereoscopy, visually moving persons). In the future, one major aim of research into the perception of geometric properties might be the connection of the modeling of internal mechanisms and the physical-perceptual modeling.
The influence of the presence as well as of the properties of acoustic and visual information on the perceived egocentric distance and room size was investigated applying both a co-presence and a conflicting stimulus paradigm. Constant music and speech renditions in six different rooms were presented using dynamic binaural synthesis and stereoscopic semi-panoramic video projection. Experimentation corroborated that perceptual mean estimates of geometric dimensions based on only visual information considerably exceeded those based on only acoustic information in general. However, the perceptual mode as such (single- vs. multi-domain stimuli) altered the perceptual estimates of geometric dimensions: Under the acoustic-visual condition with acoustic-visually congruent stimuli, the presence of visual geometric information was generally given more weight than the presence of acoustic information. While the egocentric distance estimation under the acoustic-visual condition did not tend to be compressed for music, it did for speech. When only acoustic stimuli were available, the greater amount of acoustic information provided by low-absorbent rooms appeared to be perceptually exploited to improve the accuracy of room size perception. Within the multi-domain mode of perception involving 30 acoustic-visually incongruent and 6 congruent stimuli, auditory-visual estimation of geometric dimensions in rooms relied about nine-tenths on the variation of visual, about one-tenth on the variation of acoustic properties, and negligibly on the interaction of the variation of the particular properties. Both the auditory and the visual sensory systems contribute to the perception of geometric dimensions in a straightforward manner. The observation of generally lower estimates for speech than for music needs to be corroborated and clarified. Further experimentation dissociating the factors source distance, room size, and acoustic absorption (all else being equal) is needed to clarify their particular influence on auditory-visual distance and room size perception.
According to the funding institution (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) an ethical approval is not required, since the respective indications do not apply [125]. The study was conducted under the ethical principles of the appropriate national professional society (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie) [126].
This work was carried out as a part of the project “Audio-visual perception of acoustical environments”, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG MA 4343/1-1) within the framework of the research unit SEACEN, coordinated by Technische Universität Berlin and Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany. We thank the staff of the performance rooms for their friendly cooperation, the Berlin Budapest Quartet (Dea Szücs, Éva Csermák, Itamar Ringel, Ditta Rohmann) and actress Ilka Teichmüller for their performances, Alexander Lindau, Fabian Brinkmann, and Vera Erbes for the in-situ acquisition of the rooms’ acoustic and visual properties, Mina Fallahi for the geometric picture editing, Annika Natus, Alexander Haßkerl, and Shamir Ali-Khan for the 3D video shooting and post-production, and all test participants. Finally, we thank the two anonymous reviewers for critically reading the manuscript and suggesting substantial improvements.
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Measure | off | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Music (n = 50) | off | — | 10.87 | 6.85 | 10.25 | 10.52 | 11.80 | 15.47 |
1 | 7.46 | 10.79 | 7.19 | 10.23 | 10.13 | 10.41 | 14.41 | ||
2 | 7.18 | 10.51 | 7.32 | 10.28 | 11.07 | 10.60 | 13.85 | ||
3 | 8.07 | 9.92 | 7.25 | 9.89 | 10.72 | 10.63 | 13.76 | ||
4 | 6.74 | 10.63 | 7.44 | 9.84 | 10.17 | 10.01 | 13.12 | ||
5 | 5.71 | 9.19 | 7.26 | 9.60 | 9.92 | 9.77 | 13.09 | ||
6 | 12.91 | 11.16 | 8.43 | 11.24 | 11.22 | 11.61 | 15.23 | ||
Speech (n = 38) | off | — | 9.96 | 5.91 | 9.56 | 10.33 | 10.19 | 12.45 | |
1 | 7.10 | 8.88 | 6.11 | 8.82 | 8.87 | 9.37 | 11.52 | ||
2 | 8.07 | 8.53 | 6.46 | 8.98 | 9.04 | 9.09 | 11.39 | ||
3 | 6.67 | 8.62 | 6.00 | 8.69 | 8.72 | 8.67 | 11.26 | ||
4 | 5.90 | 8.28 | 5.67 | 8.31 | 8.38 | 8.70 | 10.68 | ||
5 | 5.30 | 7.67 | 6.03 | 8.12 | 8.30 | 8.03 | 10.62 | ||
6 | 11.07 | 9.72 | 7.07 | 9.72 | 9.92 | 9.94 | 12.23 | ||
STD | Music (n = 50) | off | — | 4.36 | 3.04 | 3.53 | 2.59 | 3.54 | 3.61 |
1 | 3.54 | 3.77 | 2.40 | 3.03 | 3.07 | 3.10 | 3.83 | ||
2 | 4.03 | 3.78 | 2.74 | 3.11 | 3.01 | 2.94 | 3.63 | ||
3 | 4.19 | 3.15 | 2.90 | 2.83 | 3.20 | 3.05 | 3.69 | ||
4 | 3.09 | 4.24 | 2.69 | 2.77 | 3.03 | 2.88 | 4.42 | ||
5 | 2.93 | 3.08 | 2.73 | 3.15 | 3.39 | 3.30 | 4.04 | ||
6 | 4.83 | 4.12 | 3.90 | 3.57 | 3.58 | 4.17 | 3.72 | ||
Speech (n = 38) | off | — | 4.10 | 2.02 | 2.76 | 4.25 | 3.90 | 4.10 | |
1 | 3.52 | 3.15 | 2.28 | 2.74 | 2.67 | 2.95 | 4.44 | ||
2 | 4.17 | 3.01 | 2.55 | 2.81 | 2.50 | 3.02 | 3.95 | ||
3 | 3.04 | 3.46 | 2.12 | 2.73 | 2.36 | 2.44 | 4.48 | ||
4 | 2.75 | 2.81 | 1.93 | 2.63 | 2.57 | 3.08 | 4.54 | ||
5 | 3.34 | 3.21 | 2.55 | 2.38 | 2.91 | 2.67 | 4.83 | ||
6 | 5.82 | 3.70 | 2.73 | 3.01 | 3.37 | 3.60 | 4.03 |
Descriptive statistics of
Measure | off | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Music (n = 50) | off | — | 30.76 | 24.39 | 18.36 | 25.03 | 18.79 | 32.28 |
1 | 16.89 | 29.38 | 22.66 | 19.48 | 22.94 | 19.32 | 30.06 | ||
2 | 18.36 | 28.97 | 24.10 | 19.05 | 23.75 | 19.34 | 30.63 | ||
3 | 14.99 | 29.95 | 22.94 | 18.96 | 22.22 | 18.97 | 29.94 | ||
4 | 12.51 | 28.70 | 22.78 | 18.20 | 22.07 | 18.88 | 28.26 | ||
5 | 10.56 | 27.02 | 22.66 | 17.99 | 22.45 | 18.11 | 28.13 | ||
6 | 31.88 | 31.52 | 26.18 | 21.73 | 25.64 | 23.12 | 33.40 | ||
Speech (n = 38) | off | — | 29.29 | 21.56 | 17.18 | 21.41 | 17.43 | 32.04 | |
1 | 16.19 | 26.51 | 22.53 | 17.71 | 20.37 | 18.69 | 29.28 | ||
2 | 20.75 | 27.78 | 23.43 | 19.07 | 20.69 | 19.34 | 30.03 | ||
3 | 11.53 | 25.70 | 21.71 | 17.15 | 19.36 | 17.39 | 28.98 | ||
4 | 9.85 | 25.07 | 20.89 | 16.29 | 19.54 | 17.00 | 26.69 | ||
5 | 8.42 | 24.60 | 20.91 | 17.04 | 18.94 | 16.96 | 26.69 | ||
6 | 31.93 | 29.47 | 26.04 | 20.85 | 23.25 | 21.30 | 33.11 | ||
STD | Music (n = 50) | off | — | 7.01 | 7.09 | 6.67 | 7.45 | 6.79 | 8.76 |
1 | 6.58 | 8.39 | 6.21 | 5.62 | 7.40 | 7.02 | 9.12 | ||
2 | 7.05 | 8.89 | 7.96 | 6.50 | 7.10 | 6.66 | 8.73 | ||
3 | 6.30 | 8.06 | 7.10 | 6.36 | 7.17 | 5.69 | 8.73 | ||
4 | 6.36 | 7.88 | 7.02 | 5.49 | 6.74 | 6.57 | 9.00 | ||
5 | 4.83 | 9.12 | 7.24 | 5.54 | 7.51 | 6.54 | 8.96 | ||
6 | 8.67 | 7.91 | 7.91 | 8.58 | 8.21 | 8.68 | 9.20 | ||
Speech (n = 38) | off | — | 9.68 | 7.31 | 5.97 | 9.02 | 7.43 | 9.43 | |
1 | 7.28 | 10.02 | 7.79 | 8.06 | 8.25 | 8.15 | 11.07 | ||
2 | 7.56 | 9.79 | 8.60 | 7.53 | 8.09 | 8.02 | 11.42 | ||
3 | 5.94 | 11.32 | 10.34 | 7.93 | 7.68 | 7.59 | 12.80 | ||
4 | 3.48 | 11.35 | 9.37 | 6.92 | 8.40 | 7.91 | 12.47 | ||
5 | 5.89 | 10.99 | 10.12 | 8.07 | 9.18 | 8.03 | 12.94 | ||
6 | 8.39 | 9.36 | 8.82 | 10.39 | 9.82 | 9.66 | 10.71 |
Descriptive statistics of
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
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\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"235",title:"Gerontology",slug:"gerontology",parent:{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:72,numberOfWosCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitations:42,numberOfDimensionsCitations:80,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"235",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7904",title:"Aging",subtitle:"Life Span and Life Expectancy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4507619de679dfa85bc6e073d163f3c8",slug:"aging-life-span-and-life-expectancy",bookSignature:"Robert J. Reynolds and Steven M. Day",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220737",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"J. Reynolds",slug:"robert-j.-reynolds",fullName:"Robert J. Reynolds"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6704",title:"Geriatrics Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7cac7767e0b34391318cd4a680ca0d68",slug:"geriatrics-health",bookSignature:"Hülya Çakmur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6704.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190636",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hülya",middleName:null,surname:"Çakmur",slug:"hulya-cakmur",fullName:"Hülya Çakmur"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6381",title:"Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf232563c8fe15ef0848ed6ffb8f832d",slug:"gerontology",bookSignature:"Grazia D’Onofrio, Antonio Greco and Daniele Sancarlo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6381.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"272628",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"D'Onofrio",slug:"grazia-d'onofrio",fullName:"Grazia D'Onofrio"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5925",title:"Perception of Beauty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11f483d631557ad26d48b577e23a724f",slug:"perception-of-beauty",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5925.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"60564",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76249",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:7003,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"55388",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68944",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7768,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]},{id:"59227",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73385",title:"Differentiating Normal Cognitive Aging from Cognitive Impairment No Dementia: A Focus on Constructive and Visuospatial Abilities",slug:"differentiating-normal-cognitive-aging-from-cognitive-impairment-no-dementia-a-focus-on-constructive",totalDownloads:1353,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Constructive and visuospatial abilities in normal and in pathological aging (cognitive impairment, no dementia, CIND) are investigated. The sample includes 188 participants over 60 years of age, divided in 2 groups: healthy subjects (MMSE ≥28), without cognitive complaints, and individuals with CIND (MMSE between 24 and 27 and subjective cognitive complains). Drawing of cube and drawing of house, Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and Block design are used to test the hypothesis that short visuoconstructive and visuospatial tests can distinguish normal from pathological cognitive aging in its very early stages. Results proved the discriminative sensitivity of BVRT general assessment criteria and of omissions and distortions in CIND. The diagnostic sensitivity of a modification of Moore and Wike [1984] scoring system for house and cube drawing tasks was confirmed as well. Drawing of cube and house could be used for quick screening of CIND in subjects over 60. Principal component analysis with oblimin rotation was performed to explore the different dimensions in the visuospatial and visuoconstructive abilities in old age. A four-factor structure was established, all four factors explaining 71% of the variance.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Radka Ivanova Massaldjieva",authors:[{id:"75907",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Radka Ivanova",middleName:null,surname:"Massaldjieva",slug:"radka-ivanova-massaldjieva",fullName:"Radka Ivanova Massaldjieva"}]},{id:"59658",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74748",title:"Ageing Better in the Netherlands",slug:"ageing-better-in-the-netherlands",totalDownloads:1193,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The Dutch National Care for the Elderly Programme was an initiative organized by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) between 2008 and 2016. The aim of the programme was to collect knowledge about frail elderly, to assess their needs and to provide person-centred and integrated care better suited to their needs. The budget of EUR 88 million was provided by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. Putting the needs of elderly people at the heart of the programme and ensuring their active participation were key to the programme’s success. The programme outcomes included the establishment of eight geriatric networks around the medical universities with 650 organisations and the completion of 218 projects. These projects, involving 43,000 elderly people and 8500 central caregivers, resulted in the completion of 45 PhD theses and the publication of more than 400 articles and the development of 300 practice toolkits, one database and a website, www.beteroud.nl. The Dutch National Care for the Elderly Programme has since developed into a movement and continues under the consortium Ageing Better, made up of eight organisations. Through the use of ambassadors, Ageing Better promotes the message that ageing is not a disease but a new phase of life.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Betty Meyboom-de Jong, Klaske Wynia and Anjo Geluk-Bleumink",authors:[{id:"224997",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Betty",middleName:null,surname:"Meyboom-De Jong",slug:"betty-meyboom-de-jong",fullName:"Betty Meyboom-De Jong"},{id:"232900",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaske",middleName:null,surname:"Wynia",slug:"klaske-wynia",fullName:"Klaske Wynia"},{id:"232901",title:"Mrs.",name:"Anjo",middleName:null,surname:"Geluk-Bleumink",slug:"anjo-geluk-bleumink",fullName:"Anjo Geluk-Bleumink"}]},{id:"55890",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69529",title:"Mindfulness Meditation and the Perception of Beauty: Implications for an Ecological Well-Being",slug:"mindfulness-meditation-and-the-perception-of-beauty-implications-for-an-ecological-well-being",totalDownloads:1428,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Meditation is a first-person method for contemplating ourselves and the world, with more than 2500 years of history, rooted in the philosophical and contemplative traditions of the east. The present chapter aims to explore this worldview in order to demonstrate its relevance to our capacity for the appreciation of beauty. To this end, the aesthetic experience, the contemplative experience and their relationship with the practice of mindfulness are analysed. We suggest that the contemplative meditative experience bestows a state of consciousness and acceptance of life which places the practitioner in a progressive encounter with a self-concept that begins to detach from a static sense of the self and from the categories that define it, so that it may be experienced as an ongoing mental event, removed from cultural ideals of beauty or positivity. The result of this de-identification from the static self is a greater degree of psychological flexibility and a more genuine way of seeing the world, leading to a new perception of the self that is connected to an experience of freedom, and contributes to one’s own well-being, as well as to that of others and of the environment.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Álvaro I. Langer, Carlos Schmidt and Edwin Krogh",authors:[{id:"199843",title:"Dr.",name:"Álvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Langer",slug:"alvaro-langer",fullName:"Álvaro Langer"},{id:"201865",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Schmidt",slug:"carlos-schmidt",fullName:"Carlos Schmidt"},{id:"201866",title:"Dr.",name:"Edwin",middleName:null,surname:"Krogh",slug:"edwin-krogh",fullName:"Edwin Krogh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:6996,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"55388",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7764,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]},{id:"56505",title:"Aesthetics of the Naked Human Body: From Pornography (Sexualised Lust Object) to Iconography (Aesthetics of Human Nobility and Wisdom) in an Anthropology of Physical Beauty",slug:"aesthetics-of-the-naked-human-body-from-pornography-sexualised-lust-object-to-iconography-aesthetics",totalDownloads:2100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In many religious circles and philosophies of life, the human body is excluded from the realm of spirituality and meaning. Due to a dualistic approach, nudity is viewed as merely a physical and corporeal category. In social media, there is the real danger that the naked human body is exploited for commercial gain. Advertisements often leave the impression that the body, very specifically the genitals, is designed merely for physical desire and corporeal chemistry. They become easily objects for lust, excluded from the beauty of graceful existence and noble courage. It is argued that the naked human body is not designed for pornographic exploitation and promiscuous sensuality but for compassionate intimacy and nurturing care in order to instil a humane dimension in human and sexual encounters. In this regard, antiquity and the Michelangelesque perspective can contribute to a paradigm shift from abusive exploitation to the beauty of vulnerable sensitivity. In order to foster an integrative approach to theory formation in anthropology, the methodology of stereometric thinking is proposed.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Daniel J Louw",authors:[{id:"200645",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Johannes",surname:"Louw",slug:"daniel-louw",fullName:"Daniel Louw"}]},{id:"56059",title:"A Plastic Surgeon’s Perspective on Stereotyping and the Perception of Beauty",slug:"a-plastic-surgeon-s-perspective-on-stereotyping-and-the-perception-of-beauty",totalDownloads:1918,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In the world of plastic surgery, misconceptions may lead to irrational requests or outcomes not appreciated by patients. Those who manage aesthetics should always listen and recognize the variability of cultural identities, desires, attitudes, anxieties and uncertainties of the patient. Emerging from a diversity of cultures and its transforming trends, the scope of cosmetic surgery and its practice reflect not only the individual’s personality, but also the culture as a whole. When counseling an individual, one has to recognize that even in groups of seemingly identical social or cultural standards; there are subtle differences in expectations. To illustrate the potential for inaccuracy of ethnic profiling in the field of plastic surgery authors quote their own work on Asian subjects and facial beauty and resort to experience of others. To reaffirm their opinion and to exemplify how sometimes “fine” differences in the perception of beauty exist, an original study that evaluates the preferences among selected groups of Latina women in respect to buttock aesthetics has been included. This dissertation will focus on how cultural factors influence beauty perception; strengthen the fact that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and how variable differences exist even between small subgroups.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Johanna D’Agostino and Marek Dobke",authors:[{id:"17590",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek K.",middleName:null,surname:"Dobke",slug:"marek-k.-dobke",fullName:"Marek K. Dobke"},{id:"201244",title:"Dr.",name:"Johanna",middleName:null,surname:"D'Agostino",slug:"johanna-d'agostino",fullName:"Johanna D'Agostino"}]},{id:"80326",title:"Anti-Senescence Therapy",slug:"anti-senescence-therapy",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The development of therapeutic strategies aimed at the aging process of cells has attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to the involvement of this process in the development of many chronic and age-related diseases. Interestingly, preclinical studies have shown the success of a number of anti-aging approaches in the treatment of a range of chronic diseases. These approaches are directed against aging processes such as oxidative stress, telomerase shortening, inflammation, and deficient autophagy. Many strategies has been shown to be effective in delaying aging, including antiaging strategies based on establishing healthy lifestyle habits and pharmacological interventions aimed at disrupting senescent cells and senescent-associated secretory phenotype. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting were reported to activate autophagy and reduce inflammation. In turn, immune-based strategies, senolytic agents, and senomorphics mediate their effects either by eliminating senescent cells through inducing apoptosis or by disrupting pathways by which senescent cells mediate their detrimental effects. In addition, given the association of the decline in the regenerative potential of stem cells with aging, many experimental and clinical studies indicate the effectiveness of stem cell transplantation in preventing or slowing the progress of age-related diseases by enhancing the repairing mechanisms and the secretion of many growth factors and cytokines.",book:{id:"10935",slug:null,title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",fullTitle:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence"},signatures:"Raghad Alshadidi",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"235",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",abstract:"The word senescence is derived from the Latin word “senex” (meaning old). In biology, senescence is a process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing. Senescence is a natural universal phenomenon affecting all living organisms (e.g., humans, animals, and plants). It is the process of growing old (aging). The underlying mechanisms of senescence and aging at the cellular level are not fully understood. Senescence is a multifactorial process that can be induced by several stimuli including cellular stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation. The most popular theory to explain aging is the free radical theory. Senescence plays a role in the development of several age-related chronic diseases in humans (e.g., ischemic heart disease, osteoporosis, and cancer). Lifespan is a biological characteristic of every species. The lifespan of living organisms ranges from few hours (with mayfly) to potential eternity (with jellyfish and hydra). The maximum theoretical lifespan in humans is around 120 years. The lifespan in humans is influenced by multiple factors including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, environmental, metabolic, and endocrine factors. There are several ways to potentially extend the lifespan of humans and eventually surpass the maximum theoretical lifespan of 120 years. The tools that can be proposed include lifestyle, reduction of several life-threatening diseases and disabilities, hormonal replacement, antioxidants, autophagy inducers, senolytic drugs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati"},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",abstract:"The increasing trend of life-expectancy is becoming a significant demographic, societal and economic challenge. Currently, global number of people above sixty years of age is 900 million, while United Nations expect this number to rise to over 1.4 billion in 2030 and over 2.5 billion by 2050. Concordant to this trend, numerous physiological changes are associated with aging and brain-related ones are associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. The main goal of this chapter is to identify the most important neuropsychiatric diseases to assess in older patients to help to promote health and prevent diseases and complications associated with chronic illness, as these changes are progressive and require important psychological and setting-related social adjustments. Findings identify several health-aspects highly present in elderly: stroke, white matter lesions, dementia rise with age, changes in levels of neurotransmitters and hormones, depression as well as the bereavement following loss of the loved one, and the most common neurodegenerative disease—Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s. In conclusion, studying the aging process should include all developmental, circumstantial, and individual aspects of aging. This offers opportunities to improve the health of elderly by using a wide range of skills and knowledge. Thus, further studies are necessary to elucidate what can be done do to improve the aging process and health of elderly in the future.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Jelena Milić"},{id:"80326",title:"Anti-Senescence Therapy",slug:"anti-senescence-therapy",totalDownloads:110,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101585",abstract:"The development of therapeutic strategies aimed at the aging process of cells has attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to the involvement of this process in the development of many chronic and age-related diseases. Interestingly, preclinical studies have shown the success of a number of anti-aging approaches in the treatment of a range of chronic diseases. These approaches are directed against aging processes such as oxidative stress, telomerase shortening, inflammation, and deficient autophagy. Many strategies has been shown to be effective in delaying aging, including antiaging strategies based on establishing healthy lifestyle habits and pharmacological interventions aimed at disrupting senescent cells and senescent-associated secretory phenotype. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting were reported to activate autophagy and reduce inflammation. In turn, immune-based strategies, senolytic agents, and senomorphics mediate their effects either by eliminating senescent cells through inducing apoptosis or by disrupting pathways by which senescent cells mediate their detrimental effects. In addition, given the association of the decline in the regenerative potential of stem cells with aging, many experimental and clinical studies indicate the effectiveness of stem cell transplantation in preventing or slowing the progress of age-related diseases by enhancing the repairing mechanisms and the secretion of many growth factors and cytokines.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Raghad Alshadidi"},{id:"79828",title:"Cellular Senescence in Bone",slug:"cellular-senescence-in-bone",totalDownloads:119,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101803",abstract:"Senescence is an irreversible cell-cycle arrest process induced by environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. An accumulation of senescent cells in bone results in age-related disorders, and one of the common problems is osteoporosis. Deciphering the basic mechanisms contributing to the chronic ailments of aging may uncover new avenues for targeted treatment. This review focuses on the mechanisms and the most relevant research advancements in skeletal cellular senescence. To identify new options for the treatment or prevention of age-related chronic diseases, researchers have targeted hallmarks of aging, including telomere attrition, genomic instability, cellular senescence, and epigenetic alterations. First, this chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of bone tissue, the causes of skeletal involution, and the role of cellular senescence in bone and bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Next, this review will discuss the utilization of pharmacological interventions in aging tissues and, more specifically, highlight the role of senescent cells to identify the most effective and safe strategies.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Danielle Wang and Haitao Wang"},{id:"79668",title:"Identification of RNA Species That Bind to the hnRNP A1 in Normal and Senescent Human Fibroblasts",slug:"identification-of-rna-species-that-bind-to-the-hnrnp-a1-in-normal-and-senescent-human-fibroblasts",totalDownloads:81,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101525",abstract:"hnRNP A1 is a member of the hnRNPs (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins) family of proteins that play a central role in regulating genes responsible for cell proliferation, DNA repair, apoptosis, and telomere biogenesis. Previous studies have shown that hnRNPA1 had reduced protein levels and increased cytoplasmic accumulation in senescent human diploid fibroblasts. The consequence of reduced protein expression and altered cellular localization may account for the alterations in gene expression observed during senescence. There is limited information for gene targets of hnRNP A1 as well as its in vivo function. In these studies, we performed RNA co-immunoprecipitation experiments using hnRNP A1 as the target protein to identify potential mRNA species in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Using this approach, we identified the human double minute 2 (HDM2) mRNA as a binding target for hnRNP A1 in young and senescent human diploid fibroblasts cells. It was also observed that alterations of hnRNP A1 expression modulate HDM2 mRNA levels in young IMR-90 cells. We also demonstrated that the levels of HDM2 mRNA increased with the downregulation of hnRNP A1 and decrease with the overexpression of hnRNP A1. Although we did not observe a significant decrease in HDM2 protein level, a concomitant increase in p53 protein level was detected with the overexpression of hnRNP A1. Our studies also show that hnRNP A1 directly interacts with HDM2 mRNA at a region corresponding to its 3′ UTR (untranslated region of a gene). The results from this study demonstrate that hnRNP A1 has a novel role in participating in the regulation of HDM2 gene expression.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Heriberto Moran, Shanaz A. Ghandhi, Naoko Shimada and Karen Hubbard"},{id:"79295",title:"Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on Cutaneous Cellular Senescence",slug:"genetic-and-epigenetic-influences-on-cutaneous-cellular-senescence",totalDownloads:136,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101152",abstract:"Skin is the largest human organ system, and its protective function is critical to survival. The epithelial, dermal, and subcutaneous compartments are heterogeneous mixtures of cell types, yet they all display age-related skin dysfunction through the accumulation of an altered phenotypic cellular state called senescence. Cellular senescence is triggered by complex and dynamic genetic and epigenetic processes. A senescence steady state is achieved in different cell types under various and overlapping conditions of chronological age, toxic injury, oxidative stress, replicative exhaustion, DNA damage, metabolic dysfunction, and chromosomal structural changes. These inputs lead to outputs of cell-cycle withdrawal and the appearance of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, both of which accumulate as tissue pathology observed clinically in aged skin. This review details the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors that converge on normal cutaneous cellular processes to create the senescent state, thereby dictating the response of the skin to the forces of both intrinsic and extrinsic aging. From this work, it is clear that no single biomarker or process leads to senescence, but that it is a convergence of factors resulting in an overt aging phenotype.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Tapash Jay Sarkar, Maiko Hermsmeier, Jessica L. Ross and G. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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