Materials used in this study. The supply company, purity, crystal structure at room temperature, atomic radius [47], and VEC are also listed.
\r\n\tThe emphasis is on developing or modifying the available oral health diagnosis and preventive and corrective methods for children starting from newborn to pre-schoolers to school going and up to adolescence.
\r\n\tProfessionals involved in providing oral health care to children must keep themselves updated with the available and newer behaviour management and dental procedures and techniques that may begin with the first dental visit of the child write up to providing preventive and comprehensive treatment to the child and develop long-lasting good oral health habits.
\r\n\tThis book will provide an opportunity for various health professionals to share their expertise which may vary from providing various forms of oral health procedures to children at an individual and community level.
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a new class of materials and have attracted a great deal of attention [1, 2]. The concept of HEA was originally proposed for a face-centered-cubic (fcc), body-centered-cubic (bcc), or hexagonal-closed packing (hcp) structure. The most prominent feature of a HEA is that more than five elements, each having an atomic percentage between 5% and 35%, randomly occupy one crystallographic site (see also Figure 1(a)). This produces a large mixing entropy, and HEAs exhibit the combination of high yield strength and ductility [3], high strength at elevated temperatures [4], strong resistance to corrosion and oxidation [5], and so on. The high-entropy concept is extensively adapted in various materials such as oxides, chalcogenides, and halides [6, 7].
Crystal structure of compounds with (a) fcc and (b) Mn5Si3-type structures. In (a), a multicolored ball means a random occupation by constituent elements.
One of the novelties of HEAs is a cocktail effect, which indicates an enhancement of physical properties beyond the simple mixture of those of components. For example, several bcc HEAs show superior mechanical properties compared to conventional hard materials. Another example is found in magnetic spinel oxide (Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)Al2O4. The high-entropy type spinel oxide interestingly shows enhanced magnetic frustration [8]. The cocktail effect is also reported in the structural stability of high-entropy-type materials. A γ-type disilicate structure is stable from room temperature to 1900°C in (Gd1/6Tb1/6Dy1/6Tm1/6Yb1/6Lu1/6)2Si2O7. The outstanding thermal stability is ascribed to the high-entropy state at the rare-earth site [9]. The other novelty of HEAs is the tuning of physical properties via the change of microstructure. The manufacturing process of HEAs considerably affects their microstructures, which are often deeply related to their physical properties. Fe15Co15Ni20Mn20Cu30 shows a spinodal decomposition after the heat treatment [10]. The spinodally decomposed sample exhibits enhanced Curie temperature and magnetization compared to the homogenized single-phase sample. The tuning of magnetic properties is also reported in dual-phase HEAs [11, 12, 13].
One of the new research topics in HEA is the superconductivity found in 2014 [14]. Transition metal-based superconductors, forming simple crystalline structures, follow the so-called Matthias rule. When the superconducting critical temperature
In the typical HEAs with fcc, bcc, or hcp structure, the superconductivity seems to appear in bcc or hcp HEAs. According to the classification by VEC, single-phase fcc HEA is stabilized for VEC larger than 8.0 [1, 2], where
The concept of HEA is now used in superconducting materials with the crystal structures possessing multiple Wyckoff positions. For example, CsCl-type, α-Mn-type, A15, NaCl-type, σ-phase and CuAl2-type HEA superconductors are reported [29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. High degree-of-freedom in such a multisite HEA design would promote the investigations of multisite HEA superconductors. The second purpose of this chapter is the materials research on the hexagonal Mn5Si3-type HEAs, possessing multiple Wyckoff positions. Recently, several superconductors with the Mn5Si3-type—or its ordered derivative Ti5Ga4-type—structure have been found and attract much attention [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]. Besides, many intermetallic compounds are crystallizing into these crystal structures [45, 46]. Figure 1(b) shows the crystal structure of the Mn5Si3-type compound represented by M5X3. The space group is
In this chapter, we report the synthesis and characterization of the fcc and the Mn5Si3-type HEA samples. The measurement of AC magnetic susceptibility checked the superconducting state. We also present the phase analyses of both kinds of samples. Finally, the future direction of materials research on superconducting HEAs is mentioned.
All samples were synthesized by a home-made arc furnace in an Ar atmosphere. The constituent elements as listed in Table 1 were arc-melted on a water-cooled Cu hearth. The samples were turned over and melted several times. The Mn5Si3-type HEAs were annealed at 800°C for four days in evacuated quartz tubes.
Element | Supply company | Purity (%) | Crystal structure | Atomic radius (Å) | VEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zr | Soekawa Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan | 99 | A3 (hcp) | 1.6025 | 4 |
Nb | Nilaco, Tokyo, Japan | 99.9 | A2 (bcc) | 1.429 | 5 |
V | Kojundo Chemical Laboratory, Sakado, Japan | 99.9 | A2 (bcc) | 1.316 | 5 |
Ru | Soekawa Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan | 99.9 | A3 (hcp) | 1.3384 | 8 |
Ir | Furuya Metal, Tokyo, Japan | 99.99 | A1 (fcc) | 1.3573 | 9 |
Rh | Soekawa Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan | 99.9 | A1 (fcc) | 1.345 | 9 |
Pd | Tanaka Kinzoku Kogyo, Tokyo, Japan | 99.9 | A1 (fcc) | 1.3754 | 10 |
Cu | Soekawa Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan | 99.99 | A1 (fcc) | 1.278 | 11 |
Sc | Furuya Metal, Tokyo, Japan | 99.9 | A3 (hcp) | 1.641 | 3 |
Ti | Nilaco, Tokyo, Japan | 99.9 | A3 (hcp) | 1.4615 | 4 |
Ga | Kojundo Chemical Laboratory, Sakado, Japan | 99.99 | All | 1.392 | 3 |
Si | Soekawa Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan | 99.999 | A4 | 1.153 | 4 |
Ge | Soekawa Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan | 99.999 | A4 | 1.24 | 4 |
Pt | Tanaka Kinzoku Kogyo, Tokyo, Japan | 99.9 | A1 (fcc) | 1.387 | 10 |
Materials used in this study. The supply company, purity, crystal structure at room temperature, atomic radius [47], and VEC are also listed.
A powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD-7000 L, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with Cu-Kα radiation was employed to detect the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of prepared samples. The microstructure of each sample was examined by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, JSM-7100F; JEOL, Akishima, Japan). The atomic compositions of the samples were checked by an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer equipped to the FE-SEM.
To confirm the diamagnetic signal due to the superconducting state, the temperature dependence of the AC magnetic susceptibility
The starting compositions of prepared Nb-containing samples were determined, considering the conventional design rule [1, 2]: a
No. | Sample | Composition of Phase I, II or III | VEC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cu20Nb15Pd25Rh30V10 | 3.52 | 8.65 | |
Phase I | Cu8.3(8)Nb21.2(8)Pd21.6(4)Rh42.9(5)V6.0(5) | 3.14 | 8.29 | |
Phase II | Cu14.4(5)Nb12.6(5)Pd28(1)Rh26.4.(8)V18.6(5) | 3.26 | 8.32 | |
Phase III | Cu65(5)Nb2(1)Pd28(2)Rh2(1)V3(1) | 3.56 | 10.38 | |
2 | Cu21Ir21Nb15Pd22Rh21 | 3.45 | 9.04 | |
Phase I | Cu1.4(6)Ir36.4(8)Nb24.3(4)Pd10.1(9)Rh27.8(3) | 2.52 | 8.16 | |
Phase II | Cu8.5(7)Ir6(1)Nb12.5(6)Pd46(3)Rh27(2) | 2.66 | 9.13 | |
Phase III | Cu40(5)Nb4(1)Pd52(3)Rh4(1) | 3.74 | 10.16 | |
3 | Cu21Nb15Pd22Rh21Zr21 | 8.00 | 7.99 | |
Phase I | Cu19.3(3)Pd37.2(2)Rh19.2(4)Zr24.3(5) | 8.30 | 8.54 | |
Phase II | Cu7(1)Nb41(1)Pd8(1)Rh27(1)Zr17(1) | 6.60 | 6.73 | |
Phase III | Cu57(1)Pd13(1)Rh9(1)Zr21(1) | 9.33 | 9.22 | |
4 | Cu20Nb15Pd24Rh25V10Zr6 | 5.62 | 8.34 | |
Phase I | Cu14.5(3)Nb15.7(5)Pd31(1)Rh23.1(5)V7(1)Zr8.7(5) | 5.98 | 8.26 | |
Phase II | Cu15.0(5)Nb24(1)Pd18(1)Rh27.2(5)V15.8(8) | 3.72 | 7.89 | |
Phase III | Cu86(1)Pd14(1) | 2.62 | 10.86 | |
5 | Cu40Nb20Pd30V10 | 4.44 | 8.9 | |
Phase I | Cu21.1(2)Nb27.6(2)Pd39.7(7)V11 5(7) | 4.05 | 8.25 | |
Phase II | Cu89.2(5)Pd10.8(5) | 2.35 | 10.89 | |
6 | Ir10Nb17Pd33Rh28Ru12 | 2.21 | 8.54 | |
Phase I | Ir15.5(2)Nb17.7(8)Pd20.3(7)Rh29.7(2)Ru16.8(5) | 2.30 | 8.33 | |
Phase II | Ir4.0(6)Nb16.0(5)Pd51(1)Rh22(1)Ru7.0(7) | 2.02 | 8.8 |
and
where
Shown in Figure 2 is the XRD patterns of prepared samples. In the upper five samples, all containing Nb, Pd, and Cu atoms, Cu20Nb15Pd25Rh30V10 and Cu21Ir21Nb15Pd22Rh21 possess dominant fcc phases. On the other hand, the XRD patterns of Zr-containing samples (Cu21Nb15Pd22Rh21Zr21 and Cu20Nb15Pd24Rh25V10Zr6) cannot be characterized by fcc phases. These results suggest that Zr is unfavorable for the formation of an fcc structure. In order to further investigate the formation condition of the single fcc phase, the quaternary alloy Cu40Nb20Pd30V10 was synthesized. As shown in Figure 2, this sample exhibits two fcc phases with quite different lattice parameters. The XRD pattern of the sample with no Cu atom (see the bottom of Figure 2) can be explained by an fcc phase. The lattice parameters of all fcc phases were obtained by the least-square method [48, 49] and are shown in Figure 2.
XRD patterns of Nb-containing samples. The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value.
Figures 3(a)–(f) display the SEM images of samples, all indicating multi-phases. In Cu20Nb15Pd25Rh30V10 (Figure 3(a)) and Cu21Ir21Nb15Pd22Rh21 (Figure 3(b)), three contrast phases I, II and III were detected. In each case, the brightest area (phase I) showed a dendritic morphology, which is surrounded by phase II with the median contrast. The darkest area (phase III) would be the precipitate that formed in the final solidification process. A part of Cu21Nb15Pd22Rh21Zr21 (Figure 3(c)) or Cu20Nb15Pd24Rh25V10Zr6 (Figure 3(d)) showed a eutectic-like structure formed by phase I and phase II (see, for example, the green elliptic closed-curve). As shown in Figure 3(e), Cu40Nb20Pd30V10 possesses two phases, both of which would be fcc phases taking into account the XRD results. Ir10Nb17Pd33Rh28Ru12 displays two contrast areas (see phases I and II in Figure 3(f)). The shape of the main phase has a dendritic-like morphology. The compositions of all phases determined by EDX are listed in Table 2.
Back-scattered electron (15 keV) images of (a) Cu20Nb15Pd25Rh30V10, (b) Cu21Ir21Nb15Pd22Rh21, (c) Cu21Nb15Pd22Rh21Zr21, (d) Cu20Nb15Pd24Rh25V10Zr6, (e) Cu40Nb20Pd30V10, and (f) Ir10Nb17Pd33Rh28Ru12, respectively.
Here, we discuss the fcc phase stability, viewed from the parameters of
We have prepared five Mn5Si3-type HEAs as listed in Table 3, and the XRD patterns are given in Figure 4. All XRD patterns are well indexed by the hexagonal Mn5Si3-type structure, and the determined lattice parameters are displayed in Figure 4. The SEM images of all samples are presented in Figures 5 and 6, and
No. | Sample | Composition of main phase | Composition of minor phase | VEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | (NbScTiVZr)(GaGeSi) | (Nb13.0(1)SC15.5(1)Ti11.2(1)V4.6(2)Zr19.0(1))(Ga4.4(2)Ge19.3(1)Si13.1(1)) | Ga7(1)Ge6(1)Nb19(1)Sc8(1) Si7(1)Ti17(1)V28(1)Zr8(1) | 4 |
2 | (Nb1.25Sc1.25Ti1.25Zr1.25) (Ge1.8Si1.2) | (Nb17(1)Sc14(1)Ti16(1)Zr17(1)) (Ge22(1)Si14(1)) | — | 4 |
3 | (Nb1.25Sc1.25Ti1.25Zr1.25) (Ge1.55Ru0.47Si0.98) | (Nb18.0(2)Sc13.5(4)Ti12.3(5)Zr20.5(6)) (Ge21.4(2)Si14.3(4)) | Nb28(4)Ru31(4)Sc6(2)T31(3)Zr4(1) | 4.234 |
4 | (Nb1.4ScTiZr1.6) (Ge1.6Pt0.3Si1.1) | (Nb20.8(3)Sc8.4(5)Ti10.9(3)Zr24(1)) (Ge19.9(5)Pt1.0(4) Si15.0(5)) | Ge5.5(7)Sc37(2)Si1.7(2)Ti15(1)Pt40.7(7) | 4.275 |
5 | (Nb1.4ScTiZr1.6) (Ge1.6Ir0.3Si1.1) | (Nb20.4(2)Sc8.9(5)Ti10.9(1)Zr24.5(4)) (Ge20.3(3)Si15.0(2)) | Ge5.3(5)Ir27.7(9)Nb9.3(5) Sc20.5(9)Si4.0(6)Ti16.4(5) Zr16.7(8) | 4.238 |
Chemical compositions of phases detected by EDX measurements for Mn5Si3-type HEA samples. VEC of each starting composition is also shown.
XRD patterns of Mn5Si3-type HEAs. The simulation pattern is also shown. Each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity.
Back-scattered electron (15 keV) images of (a) (NbScTiVZr)(GaGeSi), and (b) (Nb1.25Sc1.25Ti1.25Zr1.25)(Ge1.8Si1.2), respectively. The elemental mappings are also shown.
Back-scattered electron (15 keV) images of (a) (Nb1.25Sc1.25Ti1.25Zr1.25)(Ge1.55Ru0.47Si0.98), (b) (Nb1.4ScTiZr1.6)(Ge1.6Pt0.3Si1.1), and (c) (Nb1.4ScTiZr1.6)(Ge1.6Ir0.3Si1.1), respectively.
Temperature dependences of
We have started from (NbScTiVZr)(GaGeSi), which shows a diamagnetic signal (see Figure 7). However, as shown in Figure 5(a), the elemental mapping has revealed the inhomogeneous distribution of constituent elements, which is obviously signaled by the V atom. The atomic compositions determined by EDX are (Nb13.0(1)Sc15.5(1)Ti11.2(1)V4.6(2) Zr19.0(1))(Ga4.4(2)Ge19.3(1)Si13.1(1)) for the V-poor phase and Ga7(1)Ge6(1)Nb19(1)Sc8(1)Si7(1)Ti17(1)V28(1) Zr8(1) for the V-rich phase, respectively. The separately synthesized latter phase crystallizes into a bcc structure. This compound also shows the diamagnetic signal at approximately 5 K, which is identical to that of (NbScTiVZr)(GaGeSi). Therefore, (NbScTiVZr)(GaGeSi) would be an intrinsically normal state down to 3 K. The result of the chemical composition of the Mn5Si3-type phase in (NbScTiVZr)(GaGeSi) suggests the difficulty of incorporation of V and Ga atoms in a Mn5Si3-type HEA. Taking into account this experimental result, we have synthesized (Nb1.25Sc1.25Ti1.25Zr1.25)(Ge1.8Si1.2). As shown in Figure 4, the sample is almost single phase, which is also supported by homogeneous elemental mapping (see also Figure 5(b)). The determined atomic composition is (Nb17(1)Sc14(1)Ti16(1)Zr17(1))(Ge22(1)Si14(1)), which agrees well with the starting composition. While the single-phase Mn5Si3-type HEA is successfully obtained, the diamagnetic signal cannot be confirmed down to 3 K, as shown in Figure 7.
One of the conceivable reasons for no superconductivity in the samples mentioned above is that the VEC value is slightly less than the optimal value (see also Table 3). As pointed out in the review [28], multisite HEA superconductors follow the respective Matthias rule, which means the important role of the density of states at the Fermi level. The VEC values of Mn5Si3-type superconductors Zr5Sb3 and Zr5Ge2.5Ru0.5 are 4.375 and 4.25, respectively [40, 42], while the VEC value of (NbScTiVZr)(GaGeSi) or (Nb1.25Sc1.25Ti1.25Zr1.25)(Ge1.8Si1.2) is 4. Thus, aiming at increasing the VEC, we substituted Ru, Pt, or Ir atoms at the Si site of Mn5Si3-type HEA. The prepared samples were (Nb1.25Sc1.25Ti1.25Zr1.25)(Ge1.55Ru0.47Si0.98), (Nb1.4ScTiZr1.6)(Ge1.6Pt0.3Si1.1), and (Nb1.4ScTiZr1.6)(Ge1.6Ir0.3Si1.1) with the respective VEC value of 4.234, 4.275, and 4.238. In each sample, the main phase of XRD pattern is well characterized by the Mn5Si3-type structure (see Figure 4). However, the atomic composition, deviating from the starting one, as shown in Table 3, indicates that Ru, Pt, or Ir atoms cannot replace the atoms at the Si site. The SEM images of these samples show the precipitation of impurity phases at the grain boundaries of hexagonal-shaped main phases (see Figure 6(a)–(c)).
We have carried out materials research on the fcc and the Mn5Si3-type HEA superconductors. In the study of fcc HEA superconductors, we employed the Nb element, taking into account that the inclusion of rather high
The conclusions regarding the manufacturing process or microstructure in HEA superconductors are bulleted below.
If one wants to obtain a single-phase sample with bcc, hcp, or fcc type structure by the arc-melting method, it would be a rather hard task due to an appearance of secondary phase and/or of phase with a slightly different composition.
Eutectic HEAs receive much attention due to the rich functions arising from the microstructures [53]. In some cases, eutectic superconductors show enhanced superconducting critical temperatures. Therefore, the study of the eutectic phase in HEA superconductors might be interesting.
Mechanical alloying has been widely used to produce HEAs [54]. The mechanical alloying process is different from the arc-melting one. So this is another route to obtain single-phase HEA superconductors.
The formation of single-phase fcc HEA is realized at VEC larger than 8.0. According to the Matthias rule of transition metal alloys,
Nb5Ir3O, crystallizing into the Ti5Ga4-type structure, which is the ordered derivative of Mn5Si3-type structure, is well known as a two-band superconductor [41]. By substituting Pt into Ir, the crossover to single-band superconductivity is observed [44], which is a rare phenomenon. This result promotes us to investigate multisite HEA superconductors for further search of the crossover phenomenon, and the high-entropy state may be a new route of controlling the superconducting band. Another interesting aspect of HEA is the cocktail effect. In bcc HEA superconductors, we have shown that the peculiar enhancement of
J.K. is grateful for the support provided by Comprehensive Research Organization of Fukuoka Institute of Technology.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Due to its advantages of abundant resources, less in cost, great workability and high physical properties, fly ash leads to achieving high mechanical properties. Fly ash is considered as one of the largest generated industrial solid wastes or so-called industrial by-products, around the world particularly in China, India, and USA. The characteristics of fly ash allow it to be a geotechnical material to produce geopolymer cement or concrete as an alternative of ordinary Portland cement. Many efforts are made in this direction to formulate a suitable mix design of fly ash-based geopolymer by focusing on fly ash as the main prime material. The physical properties, chemical compositions, and chemical activation of fly ash are analyzed and evaluated in this review paper. Reference has been made to different ASTM, ACI standards, and other researches work in geopolymer area.",book:{id:"9916",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Aissa Bouaissi, Long Yuan Li, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Romisuhani Ahmad, Rafiza Abdul Razak and Zarina Yahya",authors:null},{id:"73729",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93500",title:"Solar Energy and Its Purpose in Net-Zero Energy Building",slug:"solar-energy-and-its-purpose-in-net-zero-energy-building",totalDownloads:583,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The Net Zero Energy Building is generally described as an extremely energy-efficient building in which the residual electricity demand is provided by renewable energy. Solar power is also regarded to be the most readily available and usable form of renewable electricity produced at the building site. In contrast, energy conservation is viewed as an influential national for achieving a building’s net zero energy status. This chapter aims to show the value of the synergy between energy conservation and solar energy transfer to NZEBs at the global and regional levels. To achieve these goals, both energy demand building and the potential supply of solar energy in buildings have been forecasted in various regions, climatic conditions, and types of buildings. Building energy consumption was evaluated based on a bottom-up energy model developed by 3CSEP and data inputs from the Bottom-Up Energy Analysis System (BUENAS) model under two scenarios of differing degrees of energy efficiency intention. The study results indicate that the acquisition of sustainable energy consumption is critical for solar-powered net zero energy buildings in various building styles and environments. The chapter calls for the value of government measures that incorporate energy conservation and renewable energy.",book:{id:"9916",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Mostafa Esmaeili Shayan",authors:[{id:"317852",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Esmaeili Shayan",slug:"mostafa-esmaeili-shayan",fullName:"Mostafa Esmaeili Shayan"}]},{id:"67105",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86279",title:"Social Innovation and Environmental Sustainability in Social Housing Policies: Learning from Two Experimental Case Studies in Italy",slug:"social-innovation-and-environmental-sustainability-in-social-housing-policies-learning-from-two-expe",totalDownloads:998,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter critically examines approaches and solutions developed by social housing to sustainably respond to the housing emergency plaguing contemporary cities and Italian cities in particular. In a broader perspective, we also investigate how housing has become ‘difficult’ in Europe and the poorest segments of the population run the risk of having their right to housing dramatically denied. Analysing housing in terms of its procedural dimension, we focus on two Italian case studies that evoke a new way of inhabiting the city, cases in which high standards characterised social housing and yet remain accessible to all. The Sharing hotel residence in Turin and Zoia social housing in Milan combine housing with other socially innovative measures in a framework of sustainability and avant-garde construction. These are significant examples that speak to issues such as temporariness, flexibility and the coordination of measures. These two cases both pursued objectives having to do with social, planning, architectural and environmental quality, albeit each in their own way. There are by now numerous examples of social housing in Europe and these have recently attracted growing interest in Italy as well; in this country, however, such projects represent valid instances of experimentation but are not at all widespread.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Rossana Galdini and Silvia Lucciarini",authors:[{id:"281246",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Lucciarini",slug:"silvia-lucciarini",fullName:"Silvia Lucciarini"},{id:"282958",title:"Prof.",name:"Rossana",middleName:null,surname:"Galdini",slug:"rossana-galdini",fullName:"Rossana Galdini"}]},{id:"57401",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71325",title:"Basic Schemes: Preparations for Applying Control Science to Sustainable Design",slug:"basic-schemes-preparations-for-applying-control-science-to-sustainable-design",totalDownloads:1195,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"It is the ultimate goal for humankind to deal with various problems and achieve sustainability. Control science can be applied to all goal-oriented tasks and has already produced remarkable results. Accordingly, applying control science to the task of achieving sustainability is a rational and reliable approach. In order to apply control science to sustainability issues, our first study has shown the “basic control system for sustainability” as well as the “model of sustainability.” After that, in order to identify system components of practical control systems for promoting sustainable design, we have devised “two-step preparatory work for sustainable design.” The two steps of this preparatory work are “determining the relationships between the standard human activities and sustainability” and “sustainability checkup on human activities as an object.”",book:{id:"5692",slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",fullTitle:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"72850",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92725",title:"Computational Analysis of a Lecture Room Ventilation System",slug:"computational-analysis-of-a-lecture-room-ventilation-system",totalDownloads:824,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The level of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) has become a big topic of research, and improving it using passive ventilation methods is imperative due to the cost saving potentials. Designing lecture buildings to use less energy or Zero Energy (ZE) has become more important, and analysing buildings before construction can save money in design changes. This research analyses the performance (thermal comfort [TC]) of a lecture room, investigate the use of passive ventilation methods and determine the energy-saving potential of the proposed passive ventilation method using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Results obtained showed that air change per hour at a wind velocity of 0.05 m/s was 3.10, which was below standards. Therefore, the lecture hall needs external passive ventilation systems (Solar Chimney [SC]) for improved indoor air quality at minimum cost. Also, it was observed that the proposed passive ventilation (SC) system with the size between 1 and 100 m3, made an improvement upon the natural ventilation in the room. There was a 66.69% increase after 10 years in the saving of energy and cost using Solar Chimney as compared to Fans, which depicts that truly energy and cost were saved using passive ventilation systems rather than mechanical ventilation systems.",book:{id:"9916",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Abayomi Layeni, Collins Nwaokocha, Olalekan Olamide, Solomon Giwa, Samuel Tongo, Olawale Onabanjo, Taiwo Samuel, Olabode Olanipekun, Oluwasegun Alabi, Kasali Adedeji, Olusegun Samuel, Jagun Zaid Oluwadurotimi, Olaolu Folorunsho, Jacob Adebayo and Folashade Oniyide",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71982",title:"Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Principles and Applications",slug:"net-zero-energy-buildings-principles-and-applications",totalDownloads:2134,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Global warming and climate change are rising issues during the last couple of decades. With residential and commercial buildings being the largest energy consumers, sources are being depleted at a much faster pace in the recent decades. Recent statistics shows that 14% of humans are active participant to protect the environment with an additional 48% sympathetic but not active. In this chapter, net-zero energy buildings design tools and applications are presented that can help designers in the commercial and residential sectors design their buildings to be net-zero energy buildings. Case studies with benefits and challenges will be presented to illustrate the different designs to achieve a net-zero energy building (NZEB).",book:{id:"9916",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Maher Shehadi",authors:null},{id:"57400",title:"Case Study: Detached House Designed by Following the Control System",slug:"case-study-detached-house-designed-by-following-the-control-system",totalDownloads:1529,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The previous chapter has demonstrated the control system for promoting sustainable housing design in which the sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist are incorporated. Following this control system, we have actually designed and constructed a detached house. To be concrete, the homeowner and the architects of the housing manufacture have designed the home’s parts, or elements, so that as much as possible the elements’ variables meet their desired values. The sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist have been readily accepted because the material and spatial elements are equivalent to real parts of the home. After the home started to be used, we have obtained external evaluations of the home’s sustainability performance. For example, CASBEE for Detached Houses, a comprehensive assessment system, has readily ranked the house in the highest “S.” An energy-saving performance assessment has shown that this home has reduced energy consumption by over 70%, as compared with the average home. On the other hand, the reactions of the occupants and visitors have indicated the comfort, healthiness and safety of this house. Furthermore, this home has received a sustainable housing award, especially due to its extremely high sustainability and energy-saving performance.",book:{id:"5692",slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",fullTitle:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"67084",title:"Comprehensive Strategy for Sustainable Housing Design",slug:"comprehensive-strategy-for-sustainable-housing-design",totalDownloads:1348,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Sustainable housing needs to be designed to maximize occupants’ well-being and minimize the environmental load. The pursuit of combining these two different aspects toward sustainability is a goal-oriented task. The science of control can be applied to all goal-oriented tasks. Therefore, applying control science, we have been progressing in research on sustainable housing design. Our previous study has produced the control system for promoting sustainable housing design in which sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist are incorporated. Based on these accomplished results, this study has comprehensively visualized the process of producing and revising the sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist. Following this visualized process, also this study has concretely shown the production and revision processes of the sustainable design guidelines. The study results suggest that the comprehensive visualization can make these processes more manageable and help system designers to produce and revise the guidelines more efficiently. Furthermore, these results have led to indicating how to adjust the guidelines to different countries or regions as well as changing situations over time.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"65804",title:"Effects of Street Geometry on Airflow Regimes for Natural Ventilation in Three Different Street Configurations in Enugu City",slug:"effects-of-street-geometry-on-airflow-regimes-for-natural-ventilation-in-three-different-street-conf",totalDownloads:1375,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Efficient natural ventilation is dependent on the micro climate conditions of an urban environment. This is affected by ambient wind flow, radiation and air temperatures. The airflow within the urban street can be cultivated into two regions. The first is a recirculation region, which forms in the near wake of each building. The Second is a ventilated region downstream of the recirculation region, formed when the street is sufficiently wide. The development of the flow into these two regions depends on geometry. This chapter looks at the impacts of street geometry on these regions of airflow cultivation in three different street configurations in high density residential settlements in Enugu city. It utilized schematic analysis of airflow regimes to identify the behaviors of flow in these street configurations relative to the height and width ratios of the street canyon. This schematic analysis can be utilized in preliminary design studies by city and building designers for justifying street dimensions and configurations in tropical regions where natural ventilation is paramount.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Jideofor Anselm Akubue",authors:[{id:"139659",title:"Dr.",name:"Akubue",middleName:"Jideofor",surname:"Anselm",slug:"akubue-anselm",fullName:"Akubue Anselm"}]},{id:"66000",title:"Fundamentals of Natural Ventilation Design within Dwellings",slug:"fundamentals-of-natural-ventilation-design-within-dwellings",totalDownloads:946,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Along with acoustical and lighting comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort upon households are essential to maintain a proper indoor environment, therefore ensuring a welfare toward the occupants. Nevertheless, sometimes, these features are neglected by building designers and constructers, causing problems such as the so-called sick building syndrome (SBS) and thermal discomfort, among others. Although there are short-term solutions such as purifiers, extractors, fans, and air conditioning, eventually these methods become not sustainable activities that consume energy and emit polluting gases such as chlorofluorocarbons. One alternative to this is natural ventilation, understood as the airflow throughout a building caused by changes of pressures naturally produced. In this chapter, the role of the early-stage building design as well as the correct occupant behavior is presented as essential to develop a naturally ventilated dwelling, which is an excellent alternative to achieve proper levels of indoor environment in a sustainable manner.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",authors:[{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"852",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81264",title:"Holistic and Affordable Approach to Supporting the Sustainability of Family Houses in Cold Climates by Using Many Vacuum-Tube Solar Collectors and Small Water Tank to Provide the Sanitary Hot Water, Space Heating, Greenhouse, and Swimming Poole Heating De",slug:"holistic-and-affordable-approach-to-supporting-the-sustainability-of-family-houses-in-cold-climates-",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103110",abstract:"This work presents a new proposal for supporting the sustainability of a single-family house in very cold climates by installing many vacuum-tube solar collectors and a small water tank in order to fulfill the whole dweller demands of heat: space heating, sanitary hot water, and warming both, a greenhouse (spring and autumn) and a swimming pool (summer). This way is obtained a sustained demand that maximizes the utilization of heat from solar collectors throughout the year. This system is designed intending to use the smallest tank that fulfills the winter heating demand, supported by vacuum-tube solar collectors and a little help from electrical heaters working just on the valley tariff. This innovative design gets the most sustainable (but affordable) solution. This goal can be achieved by using a small well-insulated overheated aboveground water tank, instead of the huge underground reservoir of heat used by most projects tested up today. These large communal projects use huge reservoirs to provide seasonal thermal storage (STES) capacity, but their costs are huge too. Besides, it was observed that all these huge STES suffer large heat losses (about 40%), due to constraints for thermally insulating such very heavy systems. On the contrary, our small aboveground water tank can be thermally insulated very well and gets affordable costs. In this work is developed dynamical solar-thermal modeling for studying this novel approach and are discussed its major differences with traditional design. This modeling is used to study the whole demands of heat for one family living in the same conditions of the Okotoks’ project. The Okotoks’ project is based on many flat solar collectors (2,290 m2) and a huge (2,800 m3) rocky-underground STES system in order to almost fulfill (97%) the space heating demand of 52 houses (15,795 kWh/y ea.) in Alberta (Canada), having an overall cost of 9 MU$ (173,000 U$ ea.). We have already shown in previous work that this new proposal could reach noticeably lower costs (€30,500) than the Okotoks’ project in order to provide the same heating demand, by taking advantage of using 18 vacuum-tube collectors (solar area 37 m2) and a small (72 m3) well-insulated (heat losses 18%) water tank heated up to 85°C, which is the same temperature used in Okotoks and other traditional projects. Now, this proposal is enhanced by using a holistic approach to include other low-temperature demands (sanitary hot water and warming a greenhouse and swimming pool) that enhance the sustainability of dweller living. This way, the full production of heat from solar collectors is utilized (about six times larger than the single space heating demand, but using only 20 vacuum-tube solar collectors (21 m2 solar area) and a very small (10m3) water tank, reaching about a lower overall cost (€20,000), and so, the economic performance is enhanced as well. Besides, it is shown that using a small fraction of electrical heaters as a backup system (2%) and slightly overheating the water (up to 120°C@2 bar), which is feasible by using commercial stainless steel water tanks designed for such purposes, its economic performance could be again noticeably enhanced (reducing the overall cost to €20,000, and getting payback period less than two years). This way here is demonstrated the overall solar-STES system can be reduced by about half size meanwhile the energy output can be increased up to seven times. Hence, the thermal analysis performed suggested us strongly critic the traditional approach of using flat solar collectors instead of vacuum-tube collectors. This analysis shows that this choice has strongly driven the selection of a huge STES, which in turn increases noticeably the overall costs of the system since for such huge STES is mandatory to use underground reservoirs. However, this analysis also shows that without including those secondary demands, this proposal achieves a modest economic performance (payback period about 11 years) regarding its lower energy saved and compared against the “most smart” standard solution (one water tank with electrical heaters, costing about 5,000 U$ and exploiting the valley tariff of nocturnal electricity costing 0.1 €/kWh). On the contrary, when these secondary demands are included, the payback period is reduced by two years. Beyond the particular case studied here, this analysis suggests that the right design of any solar + STES system should be led by the solar production. On the contrary, the traditional design intends to fulfill one demand (space heating) concentrated during winter, and so, its performance is noticeably penalized, and the solution is definitely not to put a larger tank. Unfortunately, up today the poor performance of these projects has shown that this solar technology is (by far) unaffordable. Maybe its best days have gone, considering the enormous improvements achieved by another solar technology (using photovoltaic panels + heat pump + small daily-storage water tank), as it was discussed here.",book:{id:"11175",title:"Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) - Materials, Design and New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11175.jpg"},signatures:"Luis E. Juanicó"},{id:"81265",title:"An Aggregated Embodied and Operational Energy Approach",slug:"an-aggregated-embodied-and-operational-energy-approach",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103073",abstract:"Highly insulated envelopes are an integral part of any net zero energy building with a target to reduce the demand that need to be supplied by the renewable energy and other mitigating measures. While stricter insulation levels can in theory reduce the operational energy demand of buildings, the additional embodied energy investment in the insulations can become significant and not recovered within the expected timeframes. Accounting for embodied energy investment requires a paradigm shift in design of highly insulated buildings and can determine U-value levels that can be justified based on an aggregated operational and embodied energy approach. The following chapter discusses the aggregated approach in more detail showcasing the shortcomings of existing building codes and standards using a case study building. The chapter also reviews the potential barriers of adopting such approaches with a specific focus on the uncertainties of embodied energy data and offers a holistic view on its implications for various end-users and stakeholders within the construction sector. The presented analyses in this chapter depict optimal insulation levels beyond which the additional embodied energy burden cannot be recovered using the associated operational energy savings highlighting the necessity of accounting for embodied energy in developing future design principles for zero energy buildings.",book:{id:"11175",title:"Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) - Materials, Design and New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11175.jpg"},signatures:"Shahaboddin Resalati"},{id:"80715",title:"Highlighting the Design and Performance Gaps: Case Studies of University Buildings",slug:"highlighting-the-design-and-performance-gaps-case-studies-of-university-buildings",totalDownloads:32,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102779",abstract:"Buildings are one of the highest emitters of greenhouse gases globally. To reduce the detrimental effects of buildings on the environment and recognise their potential for emissions reductions, a transition towards sustainable building solutions has been observed globally. This trend and the associated benefits have been discussed and argued for more than three decades now. However, the impacts of sustainable buildings are yet to be demonstrated at macro, meso, and micro levels in the community, as the actual versus expected performance of such buildings are still being questioned. Consequently, this entry discusses the concepts underpinning sustainable buildings outlining the drivers and practices to achieve sustainable built environment solutions from the design to operation stage using university buildings as a case study. The chapter also recommends evidence-based solutions on understanding the actual and perceived gaps to achieve expected performance using “Green Star” rated academic buildings in Australia.",book:{id:"11175",title:"Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) - Materials, Design and New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11175.jpg"},signatures:"Karishma Kashyap, Usha Iyer-Raniga and Mary Myla Andamon"},{id:"80658",title:"An Integrated Design Process in Practice: A Nearly Zero Energy Building at the University of Brasília - Brazil",slug:"an-integrated-design-process-in-practice-a-nearly-zero-energy-building-at-the-university-of-bras-lia",totalDownloads:38,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102443",abstract:"This study aims to present the design experience of LabZERO|UnB, an NZEB building awarded in a public call, that will be built on the University of Brasília campus. The method consisted of defining the design team and the Integrated Design Process (IDP), establishing assumptions and design guidelines, schematic design, initial computer simulations, design development, new simulations, and final calculations for the synthesis of energy performance. As a result, IDP proved to be efficient and underlined the possibility of translating research experiences into practice. The barriers and potentialities related to the coordination of a multidisciplinary team stand out, likewise the organization, planning, and achievement of goals. In the design concept of the 200m2 building, the basic assumption was the adequacy of the architecture to favor the use of passive resources, respecting the local climate, classified as high-altitude tropical climate. Moreover, bioclimatic strategies were used, such as the North/South orientation of main façades, narrow floor plan, limited window-wall ratio, and adequate construction materials, to optimize energy consumption. As a result, the distributed generation of electricity was estimated at 58.29 kWh/m2. a year and the final electricity demand was 34.29 kWh/m2. year. Hence, this process indicates the real possibility of reaching the zero energy balance.",book:{id:"11175",title:"Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) - Materials, Design and New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11175.jpg"},signatures:"Cláudia Naves David Amorim, Joara Cronemberger Ribeiro Silva, Caio Frederico e Silva, Thiago Montenegro Góes, Ayana Dantas de Medeiros, João Manoel Dias Pimenta, Marco Antonio Egito, Adolfo Bauchspiess, Loana Nunes Velasco and José Manoel Morales Sánchez"},{id:"80047",title:"Coalash as Sustainable Material for Low Energy Building",slug:"coalash-as-sustainable-material-for-low-energy-building",totalDownloads:66,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101858",abstract:"Sand, which is a naturally occurring soft mineral ranks second after water, as far as consumption is concerned globally. Due to rapid infrastructural development worldwide, particularly in Asian region, the rate of natural formation of sand has been found to be outpaced by rate of consumption, causing greater ecological imbalances. Coalash, an industrial waste from thermal power plants are polluting in nature, and legacy ash in huge proportion without proper utilization is posing a serious threat to the environment. It was ideated to replace sand by coalash in concrete and mortar mix, and to evaluate the physical and thermal properties for its suitability in low energy building construction. Without compromising strength criteria, thermal transmittance value is found to be reduced up to considerable extent, which resulted lesser cooling requirement with added economic benefit. This medium technology application could be one of the economic pathway towards Near Zero Building Construction.",book:{id:"11175",title:"Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) - Materials, Design and New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11175.jpg"},signatures:"Avijit Ghosh"},{id:"80014",title:"Evaluation of Energy Efficiency of Buildings Based on LCA and LCC Assessment: Method, Computer Tool, and Case Studies",slug:"evaluation-of-energy-efficiency-of-buildings-based-on-lca-and-lcc-assessment-method-computer-tool-an",totalDownloads:91,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101820",abstract:"In this chapter, the development of a computer tool for the determination of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) metrics upgraded with life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) indicators is presented, following the requirements of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). The computer tool was developed for the assessment of new and renovated buildings to support the holistic decision-making process. The tool itself consists of two modules: the building description module (BDU), based on the national certification tool of buildings’ energy performance, and the LCA tool (Etool). BDU enables the assessment of energy needs, final energy demand, and primary energy needs. According to the EPBD, supporting standards was upgraded with the life cycle inventory database. The database includes data on predefined building materials, envelope components, heat generators, and energy carriers and is used by Etool with which mid-point and end-point life cycle impact assessment can be done by taking into account impact groups and damage factors from IMPACT2002+ and ReCiPe methods. The LCC assessment module, which is also part of Etool, was developed according to Commission Delegated Regulation No. 244/212. The use of computer tools is demonstrated through the case studies.",book:{id:"11175",title:"Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) - Materials, Design and New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11175.jpg"},signatures:"Suzana Domjan, Ciril Arkar, Rok Fink and Sašo Medved"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:11},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",slug:"felix-bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/24574",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"24574"},fullPath:"/chapters/24574",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()