",isbn:"978-1-80356-948-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-947-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-949-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",bookSignature:"Dr. Sylvanus Gbendazhi Barnabas",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg",keywords:"Indigenous People, Natives, First People, Minorities, United Nations, UN Declaration, Indigenous People Rights, Self-Determination, States, Independence, Struggle for Rights, Contemporary Times",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 5th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 21st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Legal practitioner, consultant and a law academic with a diversity of interest in multi and intra-disciplinary scholarship on legal issues at national regional and international levels.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"293764",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvanus",middleName:"Gbendazhi",surname:"Barnabas",slug:"sylvanus-barnabas",fullName:"Sylvanus Barnabas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293764/images/system/293764.jpg",biography:"Sylvanus Barnabas is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the Faculty of Law, Nile University of Nigeria where he teaches various subjects in law; he obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in international human rights law from Northumbria University at Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; he has a Master of Laws degree obtained with distinction in Environmental Law and Policy from University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom; he also holds a Bachelor of Laws degree from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; and he is also a qualified a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria.",institutionString:"Nigerian Turkish Nile University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Nigerian Turkish Nile University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440204",firstName:"Ana",lastName:"Cink",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440204/images/20006_n.jpg",email:"ana.c@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6494",title:"Behavior Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72a81a7163705b2765f9eb0b21dec70e",slug:"behavior-analysis",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou and Carolyn S. Ryan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9052",title:"Psychoanalysis",subtitle:"A New Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69cc7a085f5417038f532cf11edee22f",slug:"psychoanalysis-a-new-overview",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli, Barbara Marchesi and Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10981",title:"Sport Psychology in Sports, Exercise and Physical Activity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5214c44bdc42978449de0751ca364684",slug:"sport-psychology-in-sports-exercise-and-physical-activity",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10981.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde Dorthea Grindvik",surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-dorthea-grindvik-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde Dorthea Grindvik Nielsen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10211",title:"The Science of Emotional Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447fc7884303a10093bc189f4c82dd47",slug:"the-science-of-emotional-intelligence",bookSignature:"Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202046",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon George",surname:"Taukeni",slug:"simon-george-taukeni",fullName:"Simon George Taukeni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7811",title:"Beauty",subtitle:"Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f6fd59694706550db8dd1082a8e457b",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine and Júlia Scherer Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7811.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"24497",title:"Improving the Light-Emitting Efficiency of GaN LEDs Using Nanoimprint Lithography",doi:"10.5772/20712",slug:"improving-the-light-emitting-efficiency-of-gan-leds-using-nanoimprint-lithography",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/24497.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24497",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24497",totalDownloads:7368,totalViews:134,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,totalAltmetricsMentions:7,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:78,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"November 10th 2010",dateReviewed:"July 19th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 2nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/24497",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/24497",book:{id:"334",slug:"recent-advances-in-nanofabrication-techniques-and-applications"},signatures:"Yeeu-Chang Lee and Sheng-Han Tu",authors:[{id:"40202",title:"Prof.",name:"Yeeu-Chang",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Yeeu-Chang Lee",slug:"yeeu-chang-lee",email:"yclee@cycu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"100005",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheng-Han",middleName:null,surname:"Tu",fullName:"Sheng-Han Tu",slug:"sheng-han-tu",email:"shdo1021@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"334",type:"book",title:"Recent Advances in Nanofabrication Techniques and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Nanofabrication Techniques and Applications",slug:"recent-advances-in-nanofabrication-techniques-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 2nd 2011",bookSignature:"Bo Cui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/334.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-602-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5554-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:91,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"49496",title:"Prof.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",slug:"bo-cui",fullName:"Bo Cui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1168"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"24489",type:"chapter",title:"Electron Beam Lithography for Fine Dot Arrays with Nanometer-Sized Dot and Pitch",slug:"electron-beam-lithography-for-fine-dot-arrays-with-nanometer-sized-dot-and-pitch",totalDownloads:3316,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sumio Hosaka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"5524",title:"Prof.",name:"Sumio",middleName:null,surname:"Hosaka",fullName:"Sumio Hosaka",slug:"sumio-hosaka"}]},{id:"24490",type:"chapter",title:"Focused Ion Beam Lithography",slug:"focused-ion-beam-lithography",totalDownloads:10286,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Heinz D. Wanzenboeck and Simon Waid",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46112",title:"Prof.",name:"Heinz",middleName:null,surname:"Wanzenboeck",fullName:"Heinz Wanzenboeck",slug:"heinz-wanzenboeck"},{id:"58272",title:"MSc.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Waid",fullName:"Simon Waid",slug:"simon-waid"}]},{id:"24491",type:"chapter",title:"Atom Lithography: Fabricating Arrays of Silicon Microstructures Using Self-Assembled Monolayer Resist and Metastable Helium Beam",slug:"atom-lithography-fabricating-arrays-of-silicon-microstructures-using-self-assembled-monolayer-resist",totalDownloads:3049,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jianwu Zhang, Zhongping Wang and Zengming Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41411",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianwu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Jianwu Zhang",slug:"jianwu-zhang"},{id:"106699",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongping",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Zhongping Wang",slug:"zhongping-wang"},{id:"108126",title:"Dr.",name:"Zengming",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Zengming Zhang",slug:"zengming-zhang"}]},{id:"24492",type:"chapter",title:"Character Projection Lithography for Application-Specific Integrated Circuits",slug:"character-projection-lithography-for-application-specific-integrated-circuits",totalDownloads:2349,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Makoto Sugihara",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51342",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Sugihara",fullName:"Makoto Sugihara",slug:"makoto-sugihara"}]},{id:"24493",type:"chapter",title:"Transform-Based Lossless Image Compression Algorithm for Electron Beam Direct Write Lithography Systems",slug:"transform-based-lossless-image-compression-algorithm-for-electron-beam-direct-write-lithography-syst",totalDownloads:2322,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jeehong Yang and Serap A. Savari",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45287",title:"Mr",name:"Jeehong",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jeehong Yang",slug:"jeehong-yang"},{id:"56876",title:"Prof.",name:"Serap",middleName:null,surname:"Savari",fullName:"Serap Savari",slug:"serap-savari"}]},{id:"24494",type:"chapter",title:"Ultrafast Fabrication of Metal Nanostructures Using Pulsed Laser Melting",slug:"ultrafast-fabrication-of-metal-nanostructures-using-pulsed-laser-melting",totalDownloads:3303,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bo Cui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"49496",title:"Prof.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Bo Cui",slug:"bo-cui"}]},{id:"24495",type:"chapter",title:"Soft UV Nanoimprint Lithography: A Versatile Tool for Nanostructuration at the 20nm Scale",slug:"soft-uv-nanoimprint-lithography-a-versatile-tool-for-nanostructuration-at-the-20nm-scale",totalDownloads:3720,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Andrea Cattoni, Jing Chen, Dominique Decanini, Jian Shi and Anne-Marie Haghiri-Gosnet",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45172",title:"Prof.",name:"Anne-Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Haghiri-Gosnet",fullName:"Anne-Marie Haghiri-Gosnet",slug:"anne-marie-haghiri-gosnet"},{id:"45177",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Cattoni",fullName:"Andrea Cattoni",slug:"andrea-cattoni"},{id:"45179",title:"Mrs",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jing Chen",slug:"jing-chen"},{id:"45180",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Decanini",fullName:"Dominique Decanini",slug:"dominique-decanini"}]},{id:"24496",type:"chapter",title:"Repairing Nanoimprint Mold Defects by Focused-Ion-Beam Etching and Deposition",slug:"repairing-nanoimprint-mold-defects-by-focused-ion-beam-etching-and-deposition",totalDownloads:2942,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Makoto Okada and Shinji Matsui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43272",title:"Mr",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Okada",fullName:"Makoto Okada",slug:"makoto-okada"},{id:"57033",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",fullName:"Shinji Matsui",slug:"shinji-matsui"}]},{id:"24497",type:"chapter",title:"Improving the Light-Emitting Efficiency of GaN LEDs Using Nanoimprint Lithography",slug:"improving-the-light-emitting-efficiency-of-gan-leds-using-nanoimprint-lithography",totalDownloads:7368,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Yeeu-Chang Lee and Sheng-Han Tu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40202",title:"Prof.",name:"Yeeu-Chang",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Yeeu-Chang Lee",slug:"yeeu-chang-lee"},{id:"100005",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheng-Han",middleName:null,surname:"Tu",fullName:"Sheng-Han Tu",slug:"sheng-han-tu"}]},{id:"24498",type:"chapter",title:"Fabrication of Circular Grating Distributed Feedback Dye Laser by Nanoimprint Lithography",slug:"fabrication-of-circular-grating-distributed-feedback-dye-laser-by-nanoimprint-lithography",totalDownloads:3260,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yan Chen, Zhenyu Li, Zhaoyu Zhang and Axel Scherer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39577",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yan Chen",slug:"yan-chen"},{id:"56792",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhenyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Zhenyu Li",slug:"zhenyu-li"},{id:"56793",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhaoyu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Zhaoyu Zhang",slug:"zhaoyu-zhang"},{id:"56795",title:"Prof.",name:"Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer",fullName:"Axel Scherer",slug:"axel-scherer"}]},{id:"24499",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Nanoimprint Lithography to Distributed Feedback Laser Diodes",slug:"application-of-nanoimprint-lithography-to-distributed-feedback-laser-diodes",totalDownloads:3284,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Masaki Yanagisawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48705",title:"Dr",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Yanagisawa",fullName:"Masaki Yanagisawa",slug:"masaki-yanagisawa"}]},{id:"24500",type:"chapter",title:"Guided-Mode Resonance Filters Fabricated with Soft Lithography",slug:"guided-mode-resonance-filters-fabricated-with-soft-lithography",totalDownloads:3357,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kyu J. Lee, Jungho Jin, Byeong-Soo Bae and Robert Magnusson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"5469",title:"Professor",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Magnusson",fullName:"Robert Magnusson",slug:"robert-magnusson"},{id:"58083",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyu",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Kyu Lee",slug:"kyu-lee"},{id:"58084",title:"Prof.",name:"Byeong-Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Bae",fullName:"Byeong-Soo Bae",slug:"byeong-soo-bae"},{id:"58085",title:"Dr.",name:"JungHo",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",fullName:"JungHo Jin",slug:"jungho-jin"}]},{id:"24501",type:"chapter",title:"DUV Interferometry for Micro and Nanopatterned Surfaces",slug:"duv-interferometry-for-micro-and-nanopatterned-surfaces",totalDownloads:2718,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Olivier Soppera, Ali Dirani, Fabrice Stehlin, Hassan Ridaoui, Arnaud Spangenberg, Fernand Wieder and Vincent Roucoules",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40935",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Soppera",fullName:"Olivier Soppera",slug:"olivier-soppera"},{id:"57249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Dirani",fullName:"Ali Dirani",slug:"ali-dirani"},{id:"57250",title:"Mr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ridaoui",fullName:"Hassan Ridaoui",slug:"hassan-ridaoui"},{id:"57251",title:"Mr.",name:"Fernand",middleName:null,surname:"Wieder",fullName:"Fernand Wieder",slug:"fernand-wieder"},{id:"57252",title:"Mr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Roucoules",fullName:"Vincent Roucoules",slug:"vincent-roucoules"},{id:"98208",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnaud",middleName:null,surname:"Spangenberg",fullName:"Arnaud Spangenberg",slug:"arnaud-spangenberg"},{id:"120431",title:"Mr.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Stehlin",fullName:"Fabrice Stehlin",slug:"fabrice-stehlin"}]},{id:"24502",type:"chapter",title:"Ultrashort Pulsed Lasers – Efficient Tools for Materials Micro-Processing",slug:"ultrashort-pulsed-lasers-efficient-tools-for-materials-micro-processing",totalDownloads:3124,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Marian Zamfirescu, Magdalena Ulmeanu, Alina Bunea, Gheorghe Sajin and Razvan Dabu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"4391",title:"Dr.",name:"Gheorghe Ioan",middleName:null,surname:"Sajin",fullName:"Gheorghe Ioan Sajin",slug:"gheorghe-ioan-sajin"},{id:"48808",title:"Dr.",name:"Razvan",middleName:null,surname:"Dabu",fullName:"Razvan Dabu",slug:"razvan-dabu"},{id:"57219",title:"Mr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Zamfirescu",fullName:"Marian Zamfirescu",slug:"marian-zamfirescu"},{id:"57220",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Ulmeanu",fullName:"Magdalena Ulmeanu",slug:"magdalena-ulmeanu"},{id:"57221",title:"MSc.",name:"Alina-Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Bunea",fullName:"Alina-Cristina Bunea",slug:"alina-cristina-bunea"}]},{id:"24503",type:"chapter",title:"Laser-Based Lithography for Polymeric Nanocomposite Structures",slug:"laser-based-lithography-for-polymeric-nanocomposite-structures",totalDownloads:3452,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Athanassia Athanassiou, Despina Fragouli, Francesca Villafiorita Monteleone, Athanasios Milionis, Fabrizio Spano, Ilker Bayer and Roberto Cingolani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50038",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanassia",middleName:null,surname:"Athanassiou",fullName:"Athanassia Athanassiou",slug:"athanassia-athanassiou"},{id:"60866",title:"Dr.",name:"Despina",middleName:null,surname:"Fragouli",fullName:"Despina Fragouli",slug:"despina-fragouli"},{id:"60867",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Villafiorita Monteleone",fullName:"Francesca Villafiorita Monteleone",slug:"francesca-villafiorita-monteleone"},{id:"60868",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanasios",middleName:null,surname:"Milionis",fullName:"Athanasios Milionis",slug:"athanasios-milionis"},{id:"60869",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Spano",fullName:"Fabrizio Spano",slug:"fabrizio-spano"},{id:"60870",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilker",middleName:null,surname:"Bayer",fullName:"Ilker Bayer",slug:"ilker-bayer"}]},{id:"24504",type:"chapter",title:"Fabrication of 3-D Structures Utilizing Synchrotron Radiation Lithography",slug:"fabrication-of-3-d-structures-utilizing-synchrotron-radiation-lithography",totalDownloads:2724,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mitsuhiro Horade and Susumu Sugiyama",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56961",title:"Dr",name:"Mitsuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Horade",fullName:"Mitsuhiro Horade",slug:"mitsuhiro-horade"},{id:"58009",title:"Prof.",name:"Susumu",middleName:null,surname:"Sugiyama",fullName:"Susumu Sugiyama",slug:"susumu-sugiyama"}]},{id:"24505",type:"chapter",title:"Emerging Maskless Nanolithography Based on Novel Diffraction Gratings",slug:"emerging-maskless-nanolithography-based-on-novel-diffraction-gratings",totalDownloads:2610,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guanxiao Cheng, Yong Yang, Chao Hu, Ping Xu, Helun Song, Tingwen Xing and Max Q.-H. Meng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"11245",title:"Professor",name:"Max Q.-H.",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",fullName:"Max Q.-H. Meng",slug:"max-q.-h.-meng"},{id:"46995",title:"Dr.",name:"Guanxiao",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Guanxiao Cheng",slug:"guanxiao-cheng"},{id:"47352",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Yong Yang",slug:"yong-yang"},{id:"47629",title:"Prof.",name:"Chao",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Chao Hu",slug:"chao-hu"},{id:"81481",title:"Prof.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Ping Xu",slug:"ping-xu"},{id:"81489",title:"Dr.",name:"Helun",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Helun Song",slug:"helun-song"},{id:"81491",title:"Prof.",name:"Tingwen",middleName:null,surname:"Xing",fullName:"Tingwen Xing",slug:"tingwen-xing"}]},{id:"24506",type:"chapter",title:"Laser-Plasma Extreme Ultraviolet Source Incorporating a Cryogenic Xe Target",slug:"laser-plasma-extreme-ultraviolet-source-incorporating-a-cryogenic-xe-target",totalDownloads:2627,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Sho Amano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47619",title:"Prof.",name:"Sho",middleName:null,surname:"Amano",fullName:"Sho Amano",slug:"sho-amano"}]},{id:"24507",type:"chapter",title:"Irradiation Effects on EUV Nanolithography Collector Mirrors",slug:"irradiation-effects-on-euv-nanolithography-collector-mirrors",totalDownloads:3256,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"J.P. Allain",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56637",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Allain",fullName:"Jean Paul Allain",slug:"jean-paul-allain"}]},{id:"24508",type:"chapter",title:"High-Index Immersion Lithography",slug:"high-index-immersion-lithography",totalDownloads:3318,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Keita Sakai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52881",title:"Mr",name:"Keita",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",fullName:"Keita Sakai",slug:"keita-sakai"}]},{id:"24509",type:"chapter",title:"Double Patterning for Memory ICs",slug:"double-patterning-for-memory-ics",totalDownloads:5819,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Christoph Ludwig and Steffen Meyer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51008",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Ludwig",fullName:"Christoph Ludwig",slug:"christoph-ludwig"},{id:"57343",title:"Mr.",name:"Steffen",middleName:null,surname:"Meyer",fullName:"Steffen Meyer",slug:"steffen-meyer"}]},{id:"24510",type:"chapter",title:"Diffraction Based Overlay Metrology for Double Patterning Technologies",slug:"diffraction-based-overlay-metrology-for-double-patterning-technologies",totalDownloads:5076,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Prasad Dasari, Jie Li, Jiangtao Hu, Nigel Smith and\nOleg Kritsun",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45688",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasad",middleName:null,surname:"Dasari",fullName:"Prasad Dasari",slug:"prasad-dasari"},{id:"60188",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Jie Li",slug:"jie-li"},{id:"60189",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiangtao",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Jiangtao Hu",slug:"jiangtao-hu"},{id:"60190",title:"Dr.",name:"Nigel",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",fullName:"Nigel Smith",slug:"nigel-smith"},{id:"60191",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Kritsun",fullName:"Oleg Kritsun",slug:"oleg-kritsun"}]},{id:"24511",type:"chapter",title:"Nanolithography Study Using Scanning Probe Microscope",slug:"nanolithography-study-using-scanning-probe-microscope",totalDownloads:3159,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"S. Sadegh Hassani and H. R. Aghabozorg",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40881",title:"Ms.",name:"Sedigheh",middleName:"-",surname:"Sadegh Hassani",fullName:"Sedigheh Sadegh Hassani",slug:"sedigheh-sadegh-hassani"},{id:"52411",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Aghabozorg",fullName:"Hamid Reza Aghabozorg",slug:"hamid-reza-aghabozorg"}]},{id:"24512",type:"chapter",title:"Scanning Probe Lithography on Organic Monolayers",slug:"scanning-probe-lithography-on-organic-monolayers",totalDownloads:2659,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"SunHyung Lee, Takahiro Ishizaki, Katsuya Teshima, Nagahiro Saito and Osamu Takai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15715",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Takahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Ishizaki",fullName:"Takahiro Ishizaki",slug:"takahiro-ishizaki"},{id:"23786",title:"Dr.",name:"SunHyung",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"SunHyung Lee",slug:"sunhyung-lee"},{id:"23787",title:"Prof.",name:"Katsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Teshima",fullName:"Katsuya Teshima",slug:"katsuya-teshima"},{id:"40215",title:"Dr.",name:"Nagahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Saito",fullName:"Nagahiro Saito",slug:"nagahiro-saito"},{id:"55483",title:"Prof.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Takai",fullName:"Osamu Takai",slug:"osamu-takai"}]},{id:"24513",type:"chapter",title:"Controlled Fabrication of Noble Metal Nanomaterials via Nanosphere Lithography and Their Optical Properties",slug:"controlled-fabrication-of-noble-metal-nanomaterials-via-nanosphere-lithography-and-their-optical-pro",totalDownloads:2738,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Yujun Song",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"61237",title:"Dr.",name:"Yujun",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Yujun Song",slug:"yujun-song"}]},{id:"24514",type:"chapter",title:"A Feasible Routine for Large-Scale Nanopatterning via Nanosphere Lithography",slug:"a-feasible-routine-for-large-scale-nanopatterning-via-nanosphere-lithography",totalDownloads:3142,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhenyang Zhong, Tong Zhou, Yiwei Sun and Jie Lin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"54671",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenyang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhong",fullName:"Zhenyang Zhong",slug:"zhenyang-zhong"}]},{id:"24515",type:"chapter",title:"Electrohydrodynamic Inkjet – Micro Pattern Fabrication for Printed Electronics Applications",slug:"electrohydrodynamic-inkjet-micro-pattern-fabrication-for-printed-electronics-applications",totalDownloads:6589,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Kyung-Hyun Choi, Khalid Rahman, Nauman Malik Muhammad, Arshad Khan, Ki-Rin Kwon, Yang-Hoi Doh and Hyung-Chan Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"58849",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyung-Hyun",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Kyung-Hyun Choi",slug:"kyung-hyun-choi"},{id:"59424",title:"Mr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Khalid Rahman",slug:"khalid-rahman"},{id:"59425",title:"MSc",name:"Nauman",middleName:null,surname:"Malik Muhammad",fullName:"Nauman Malik Muhammad",slug:"nauman-malik-muhammad"},{id:"59426",title:"MSc",name:"Hyung-Chan",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Hyung-Chan Kim",slug:"hyung-chan-kim"},{id:"83556",title:"Mr.",name:"Arshad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Arshad Khan",slug:"arshad-khan"},{id:"83557",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang-Hoi",middleName:null,surname:"Doh",fullName:"Yang-Hoi Doh",slug:"yang-hoi-doh"},{id:"83576",title:"Prof.",name:"Ki-Rin",middleName:null,surname:"Kwon",fullName:"Ki-Rin Kwon",slug:"ki-rin-kwon"}]},{id:"24516",type:"chapter",title:"Lithography-Free Nanostructure Fabrication Techniques Utilizing Thin-Film Edges",slug:"lithography-free-nanostructure-fabrication-techniques-utilizing-thin-film-edges",totalDownloads:2372,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hideo Kaiju, Kenji Kondo and Akira Ishibashi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46943",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideo",middleName:null,surname:"Kaiju",fullName:"Hideo Kaiju",slug:"hideo-kaiju"},{id:"52870",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Kondo",fullName:"Kenji Kondo",slug:"kenji-kondo"},{id:"52871",title:"Prof.",name:"Akira",middleName:null,surname:"Ishibashi",fullName:"Akira Ishibashi",slug:"akira-ishibashi"}]},{id:"24517",type:"chapter",title:"Extremely Wetting Pattern by Photocatalytic Lithography and Its Application",slug:"extremely-wetting-pattern-by-photocatalytic-lithography-and-its-application",totalDownloads:3253,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yuekun Lai, Changjian Lin and Zhong Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40518",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuekun",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",fullName:"Yuekun Lai",slug:"yuekun-lai"},{id:"50876",title:"Prof.",name:"Changjian",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Changjian Lin",slug:"changjian-lin"},{id:"50879",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Zhong Chen",slug:"zhong-chen"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"46983",title:"Liposomes as Potential Drug Carrier Systems for Drug Delivery",slug:"liposomes-as-potential-drug-carrier-systems-for-drug-delivery",signatures:"Melis Çağdaş, Ali Demir Sezer and Seyda Bucak",authors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer"},{id:"129638",title:"Prof.",name:"Seyda",middleName:null,surname:"Bucak",fullName:"Seyda Bucak",slug:"seyda-bucak"}]},{id:"46702",title:"Techniques for the Preparation of Solid Lipid Nano and Microparticles",slug:"techniques-for-the-preparation-of-solid-lipid-nano-and-microparticles",signatures:"Luigi Battaglia, Marina Gallarate, Pier Paolo Panciani, Elena Ugazio,\nSimona Sapino, Elena Peira and Daniela Chirio",authors:[{id:"169320",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Battaglia",fullName:"Luigi Battaglia",slug:"luigi-battaglia"},{id:"169321",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Gallarate",fullName:"Marina Gallarate",slug:"marina-gallarate"},{id:"169322",title:"Dr.",name:"Pier Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Panciani",fullName:"Pier Paolo Panciani",slug:"pier-paolo-panciani"},{id:"170742",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Ugazio",fullName:"Elena Ugazio",slug:"elena-ugazio"},{id:"170743",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Sapino",fullName:"Simona Sapino",slug:"simona-sapino"},{id:"170774",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Peira",fullName:"Elena Peira",slug:"elena-peira"},{id:"170775",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Chirio",fullName:"Daniela Chirio",slug:"daniela-chirio"}]},{id:"47116",title:"Nanoemulsions — Advances in Formulation, Characterization and Applications in Drug Delivery",slug:"nanoemulsions-advances-in-formulation-characterization-and-applications-in-drug-delivery",signatures:"S.A. Chime, F.C. Kenechukwu and A.A. Attama",authors:[{id:"142947",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Attama",fullName:"Anthony Attama",slug:"anthony-attama"}]},{id:"46953",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",signatures:"Joana Silva, Alexandra R. Fernandes and Pedro V. Baptista",authors:[{id:"82671",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Baptista",fullName:"Pedro Baptista",slug:"pedro-baptista"},{id:"170360",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",fullName:"Alexandra Fernandes",slug:"alexandra-fernandes"},{id:"170361",title:"MSc.",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Joana Silva",slug:"joana-silva"}]},{id:"47150",title:"Nanoparticle based Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Infectious Diseases",slug:"nanoparticle-based-drug-delivery-systems-for-treatment-of-infectious-diseases",signatures:"Mojtaba Salouti and Azam Ahangari",authors:[{id:"62890",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Salouti",fullName:"Mojtaba Salouti",slug:"mojtaba-salouti"},{id:"171005",title:"MSc.",name:"Azam",middleName:null,surname:"Ahangari",fullName:"Azam Ahangari",slug:"azam-ahangari"}]},{id:"47025",title:"Nanoparticles for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery",slug:"nanoparticles-for-dermal-and-transdermal-drug-delivery",signatures:"Okoro Uchechi, John D. N. Ogbonna and Anthony A. Attama",authors:[{id:"142947",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Attama",fullName:"Anthony Attama",slug:"anthony-attama"}]},{id:"47162",title:"Nanoparticle Insulin Drug Delivery — Applications and New Aspects",slug:"nanoparticle-insulin-drug-delivery-applications-and-new-aspects",signatures:"Hatice Kübra Elçioğlu and Ali Demir Sezer",authors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer"},{id:"169323",title:"Dr.",name:"Kubra",middleName:null,surname:"Elcioglu",fullName:"Kubra Elcioglu",slug:"kubra-elcioglu"}]},{id:"46807",title:"Polymer Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery",slug:"polymer-nanoparticles-for-smart-drug-delivery",signatures:"Devasier Bennet and Sanghyo Kim",authors:[{id:"170171",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanghyo",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Sanghyo Kim",slug:"sanghyo-kim"},{id:"170816",title:"Dr.",name:"Devasier",middleName:null,surname:"Bennet",fullName:"Devasier Bennet",slug:"devasier-bennet"}]},{id:"46789",title:"Mannan as a Promising Bioactive Material for Drug Nanocarrier Systems",slug:"mannan-as-a-promising-bioactive-material-for-drug-nanocarrier-systems",signatures:"Songul Yasar Yildiz and Ebru Toksoy Oner",authors:[{id:"169329",title:"Dr.",name:"Songul",middleName:null,surname:"Yasar Yildiz",fullName:"Songul Yasar Yildiz",slug:"songul-yasar-yildiz"},{id:"169330",title:"Dr.",name:"Ebru",middleName:null,surname:"Toksoy",fullName:"Ebru Toksoy",slug:"ebru-toksoy"}]},{id:"47076",title:"Nanoflora — How Nanotechnology Enhanced the Use of Active Phytochemicals",slug:"nanoflora-how-nanotechnology-enhanced-the-use-of-active-phytochemicals",signatures:"Fadwa Odeh, Hala Al-Jaber and Dima Khater",authors:[{id:"169318",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadwa",middleName:null,surname:"Odeh",fullName:"Fadwa Odeh",slug:"fadwa-odeh"},{id:"171763",title:"Dr.",name:"Hala",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Jaber",fullName:"Hala Al-Jaber",slug:"hala-al-jaber"},{id:"171905",title:"Ms.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Khater",fullName:"Dima Khater",slug:"dima-khater"}]},{id:"46638",title:"Electroporation – Advantages and Drawbacks for Delivery of Drug, Gene and Vaccine",slug:"electroporation-advantages-and-drawbacks-for-delivery-of-drug-gene-and-vaccine",signatures:"Azam Bolhassani, Afshin Khavari and Zahra Orafa",authors:[{id:"169317",title:"Dr.",name:"Azam",middleName:null,surname:"Bolhassani",fullName:"Azam Bolhassani",slug:"azam-bolhassani"}]},{id:"46800",title:"Prodrugs for Masking the Bitter Taste of Drugs",slug:"prodrugs-for-masking-the-bitter-taste-of-drugs",signatures:"Rafik Karaman",authors:[{id:"169319",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafik",middleName:null,surname:"Karaman",fullName:"Rafik Karaman",slug:"rafik-karaman"}]},{id:"47114",title:"Organic Nanotubes: Promising Vehicles for Drug Delivery",slug:"organic-nanotubes-promising-vehicles-for-drug-delivery",signatures:"Utpal Bhadra, Manika Pal Bhadra, Jagannadh Bulusu and J.S. Yadav",authors:[{id:"169328",title:"Dr.",name:"Utpal",middleName:null,surname:"Bhadra",fullName:"Utpal Bhadra",slug:"utpal-bhadra"}]},{id:"46941",title:"Pharmacokinetic Properties and Safety of Cadmium-Containing Quantum Dots as Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"pharmacokinetic-properties-and-safety-of-cadmium-containing-quantum-dots-as-drug-delivery-systems",signatures:"Lourdes Rodriguez-Fragoso, Ivonne Gutiérrez-Sancha, Patricia\nRodríguez-Fragoso, Anahí Rodríguez-López and Jorge Reyes-\nEsparza",authors:[{id:"141589",title:"Prof.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Fragoso",fullName:"Lourdes Rodriguez-Fragoso",slug:"lourdes-rodriguez-fragoso"}]},{id:"45772",title:"Anticipating Market Introduction of Nanotechnology-Enabled Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"anticipating-market-introduction-of-nanotechnology-enabled-drug-delivery-systems",signatures:"Haico Te Kulve",authors:[{id:"169327",title:"Dr.",name:"Haico",middleName:null,surname:"Te Kulve",fullName:"Haico Te Kulve",slug:"haico-te-kulve"}]},{id:"46864",title:"Current Status and Future Scope for Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery",slug:"current-status-and-future-scope-for-nanomaterials-in-drug-delivery",signatures:"Biswajit Mukherjee, Niladri Shekhar Dey, Ruma Maji, Priyanka\nBhowmik, Pranab Jyoti Das and Paramita Paul",authors:[{id:"73326",title:"Prof.",name:"Biswajit",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",fullName:"Biswajit Mukherjee",slug:"biswajit-mukherjee"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1501",title:"Smart Nanoparticles Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9360fdc75621662ac2971d7472f1f164",slug:"smart-nanoparticles-technology",bookSignature:"Abbass Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1501.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2094",title:"Macro To Nano Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ab1da8af4d1105f8eaa755b5ee33b",slug:"macro-to-nano-spectroscopy",bookSignature:"Jamal Uddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2094.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"126741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamal",surname:"Uddin",slug:"jamal-uddin",fullName:"Jamal Uddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2258",title:"State-of-the-Art of Quantum Dot System Fabrications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c3411fdccdb578237b103a7b7fc877ff",slug:"state-of-the-art-of-quantum-dot-system-fabrications",bookSignature:"Ameenah Al-Ahmadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2258.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25229",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameenah",surname:"Al-Ahmadi",slug:"ameenah-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Ameenah Al-Ahmadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3071",title:"Updates in Advanced Lithography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c30b9539af2e12af0a8227b0fdb8ccb3",slug:"updates-in-advanced-lithography",bookSignature:"Sumio Hosaka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3071.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5524",title:"Prof.",name:"Sumio",surname:"Hosaka",slug:"sumio-hosaka",fullName:"Sumio Hosaka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"334",title:"Recent Advances in Nanofabrication Techniques and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a5d8d54b0af2f820664a57d2a763b5c",slug:"recent-advances-in-nanofabrication-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Bo Cui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/334.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49496",title:"Prof.",name:"Bo",surname:"Cui",slug:"bo-cui",fullName:"Bo Cui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"62301",title:"Predator-Prey Interactions in Ciliated Protists",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78622",slug:"predator-prey-interactions-in-ciliated-protists",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
A common definition for predatory behavior describes it as the process through which one animal, the predator, captures and kills another animal, the prey, before eating it in part or entirely [1]; however, according to the opinion of a number of microbiologists and protistologists, this definition should be also extended to different organisms included in other life Kingdoms, with particular regard to microorganisms. Indeed, especially in the last 30 years, a lot of studies have been devoted to describing the predator-prey interactions among unicellular eukaryotic organisms like protists. Whittaker [2] originally defined protists as those “organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues,” and for this reason they must carry out at the cellular level all the basic functions which can be observed in multicellular eukaryotes. Among these functions, self-nonself recognition mechanisms are represented by a large repertoire in protists and can trigger either autocrine or paracrine processes in some ciliates (see [3] for a review), together with the capability to detect prey (food) or predators in others. In this regard, it is known that protists have developed a variety of strategies of feeding behaviors especially in response to different environmental factors, together with a diverse kind of food available in micro-habitats. \nFigure 1\n shows a general scheme of predator-prey interactions, where the predator recognizes the presence of the prey (step 1) and can attack it (step 2). On the other hand the prey recognizes the presence of the predator (step 1′) and it can organize its defense mechanisms (step 2′) [4]. This scheme should be considered functional for both animals and protists, and indeed several studies have shown that the food recognition and the offense-defense mechanisms adopted by some groups of protists can be compared, in terms of complexity and variability, with those observed in animals.
\n
Figure 1.
General scheme of predator-prey interactions. Redrafted from [4].
\n
In this context, a common feeding mechanism found in heterotrophic protists is phagocytosis, a process which requires specific organelles for food assimilation and which occurs in three steps: food capture, phagosome formation, and food digestion [5]. Different techniques of phagocytosis have been described in various protists, where they have especially been investigated in ciliates [5, 6, 7]. Verni and Gualtieri [5] describe three main phagocytotic processes in ciliates: filter feeding, suctorial feeding, and raptorial feeding. The authors compare them to the strategies used in fishing, like netting, trapping, and harpooning. In filter-feeding ciliates, the food, represented by small organisms or edible debris of various types, was pushed into the ciliate buccal cavity by the rhythmical beats of the cilia located in its adoral apparatus. Suctorial-feeding ciliates are represented by sessile or sedentary species that for most of their lives remain attached to other organisms or various substrates, intercepting the food particles with their specialized tentacles. Finally, raptorial ciliates are able to directly catch other organisms using peculiar organelles to paralyze and/or kill their prey, generally called extrusomes.
\n
\n
\n
2. Extrusomes, the specialized organelles for predator-prey interaction
\n
The term “extrusome” was proposed, for the first time, by Grell in 1973 for extrusive (ejectable) bodies, which occur widely in protists [8]. They are membrane-bound organelles usually located in the cell cortex, attached to the cell membrane. They can display differences in structure and morphology, but they share the common characteristic of discharging their contents to the outside of the cell in response to mechanical or chemical stimuli. Remarkably, when the extrusomes are discharged, the cell remains intact and functional. Studies on extrusomes and related organelles have been reviewed by Hausmann [9], Dragesco [10], Kugrens et al. [11], Hausmann and Hülsmann [12], and Rosati and Modeo [13]. Typical examples of these organelles include toxicysts, trichocysts, mucocysts, cortical, or pigment granules in ciliates and flagellates, haptocysts in suctorians, and kinetocysts in heliozoan actinopods. Some extrusomes are known to be related in predator-prey interactions, for example, to catch and kill the prey (such as toxicysts, haptocysts, kinetocysts, and some cortical granules), or used as defensive organelles (such as the trichocysts and various cortical or pigment granules), but the role of other kinds of extrusomes such as the mucocysts in Tetrahymena or the trichites in Strombidiidae [13] still remains obscure.
\n
\n
\n
3. Offensive extrusomes
\n
Offensive extrusomes generally possessed by raptorial protists and located usually at or near the feeding apparatus are discharged after contact with a possible prey, which is immobilized, damaged, or firmly bound to the predator. Among these, organelles, certainly the most widely studied, belong to the category of toxicysts (toxic extrusomes) and they play an essential role in capturing and killing prey [7, 13]. Toxicysts are synthesized in Golgi or ER vesicles and are usually localized in the cell cortex attached to the cell membrane. Most of them are observed in species belonging to the class Litostomatea and subclass Haptoria, but they are also present in other predatory ciliates. They are usually positioned in a specific region of the cell, near the oral apparatus, and generally in the first portion which contacts the prey during the raptorial feeding [13]. Independently of the specific differences in the morphology of the cytostome, the toxicysts are always present in an appreciable number, for example, in the genera Didinium, Dileptus, Prorodon, Litonotus, Colpes, Homalozoon, and many others. In resting position, the toxicysts appear generally as rod-like elements (\nFigure 2\n), and could be discharged in milliseconds, if exposed to an appropriate stimulus such as contact with a prey (\nFigure 3\n) [7]. In this case, the tubules of the toxicysts are suddenly introduced into the cytoplasm of the prey’s body, like hypodermic needles, to inject the toxic material. Hausmann [7] reports essentially two ways by which the toxicysts may be discharged: in the first case, there is a fusion of the toxicyst’s membrane with the plasma membrane, followed by the tubule discharge via evagination; in the second, observed in certain ciliate species, a telescopic discharge of the tubules was observed. During or near the end of the toxicysts’ discharge, the toxic secondary metabolites were secreted by the tubules. It is worth noting that this mechanism of discharging toxic substances shows the structural and functional similarities that can be found between the toxicysts in ciliated protists and nematocysts in Cnidaria, despite the substantial differences in size [7].
\n
Figure 2.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) picture of the toxicysts in a dividing cell of a ciliate Didinium nasutum. Scale bar = 1 μm. Original picture by R. Allen from http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/images/10010.
\n
Figure 3.
Predatory behavior of Coleps hirtus on Pseudokeronopsis erythrina. The predator attacks the prey with its toxicysts (arrow). Micrograph extracted from a film clips. Scale bar = 200 μm.
\n
In contrast with recent and less recent studies about the nature of the toxic secondary metabolites used by ciliates in chemical defense, no exhaustive data are yet available about the composition of the toxins stored in the toxicysts of predatory ciliates. This is essentially due to the difficulty in separating the content of extrusomes from other molecules produced by the ciliate, in order to purify them at homogeneity for subsequent chemical and structural analyses.
\n
To date the presence of acid phosphatase has been demonstrated in the toxicysts of Didinium nasutum [14] and four other raptorial ciliates such as Enchelys mutans, Lacrymaria olor, Homalozoon vermiculare, and Pseudoprorodon niveus [15]. It has been supposed that this enzyme, generally present in lysosomes of animal cells, may probably be used by these ciliates to start the digestion of the prey.
\n
\n
3.1 The predatory behavior of Coleps hirtus\n
\n
The complete analysis of the content of the toxicysts, together with observations of the predatory behavior, was also performed on another species, Coleps hirtus, a freshwater protostomatid ciliate. C. hirtus (40–65 × 20–35 μm) has an oral apparatus placed at the anterior end of the cell and its barrel-shaped body is covered by calcified armor arranged in plates. This ciliate is able to feed off bacteria, algae, flagellates, and ciliates, but it is also histophagous, that is, it feeds on living plant and animal tissue such as rotifers, crustaceans, and fish [16, 17]. Coleps is also reported to show a scavenger feeding on tissues of dead metazoans, such as Daphnia, Diaphanosoma, and chironomid larvae [18], as well as toward dead ciliates and dead specimens of its own species. Coleps is usually equipped with toxicysts used by the ciliate to assist its carnivorous feeding, and its predatory behavior has recently been analyzed against another ciliate species used as prey, Euplotes aediculatus. Observations conducted on a mixture of predators and prey showed several contacts between the specimens of Colpes and Euplotes, but only after 5–10 min did interactions between the anterior section of a predator with a specimen of Euplotes become effective. This time was probably essential for prey detection and recognition, followed by prolonged contact between predator and prey, generally ending with the rapid backward swimming of the latter which separated the two organisms. When the attacks became numerous some individuals of Coleps remained attached to their prey (\nFigure 4\n), which decreased their swimming speed and gradually stopped swimming. After 20–30 min, the prey was fragmented and eaten by several specimens of Coleps, and a similar predatory behavior was also observed using different ciliate species as prey [19]. On the contrary the toxicysts-deficient specimens of Colpes (\nFigure 5\n) obtained by means of the application of the cold-shock method capable of inducing an exclusive massive discharge of extrusomes in ciliates [20] appear unable to catch and kill their prey [19].
\n
Figure 4.
Multiple attacks by different cells Coleps hirtus on a cell of Euplotes aediculatus. Micrograph extracted from a film clips. Scale bar = 200 μm.
\n
Figure 5.
(A) The toxicysts in Coleps hirtus appear as rod-shaped organelles (arrow) in the oral basket of a cell. (B) The photomicrograph shows the toxicysts discharged (arrow) into the medium, immediately after a cold-shock treatment. (C) No toxicysts are detected in a toxicyst-deprived cell. Photomicrographs of fixed specimens by protargol stain. Scale bar = 10 μm. Pictures from [19].
\n
Unexpectedly, the analysis of the bioactive fraction of the toxicyst discharge of Coleps hirtus (performed by liquid chromatography-electro-spray-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) showed the presence of a mixture of 19 saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs) with the addition of a minor amount of a diterpenoid (phytanic acid) but did not reveal the presence of enzymes, as reported for other predatory ciliates [19]. To date this is the only report on the presence of FFAs as toxic substances in the extrusomes of ciliated protists, but the use of this class of compounds as toxins by Coleps is shared with at least 15 freshwater, 13 marine, and 6 brackish water potentially harmful microalgae, as well with some multicellular organisms. For example, a chemical defense by a mixture of FFAs was studied and demonstrated for the harmful microalga Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) [21, 22, 23], and also in animals, a defensive strategy mediated by FFAs was recently described for the fish Barbus barbus which adopted it to protect its eggs from predators [24].
\n
Very little is known about the role and source of phytanic acid in ciliates, this being the additional component detected in the toxicyst discharge of Coleps. Phytanic acid can be produced from the biodegradation of the side chain of chlorophyll [25], so one possible source arises from Coleps’ carnivorous feeding on photosynthetic microorganisms [19]. Some insects, such as the sumac flea beetle, accumulate chlorophyll-derived metabolites as a chemical deterrent in excrements [26]. Komen et al. [27] demonstrated the toxic effect of phytanic acid on human skin fibroblasts, where it impaired mitochondrial respiration through protonophoric action. Regarding the role of phytanic acid in Coleps, it is possible to hypothesize that it can be used as a weapon, deterrent, or, at least, it could be stored in toxicysts given its potential toxic activity. In addition, it is known that ciliates themselves are also able to synthesize a huge number of terpenoids [28, 29]. This is the case of Euplotes focardi [30] and Euplotes rariseta [31] where the production of new diterpenoids was demonstrated. Terpene compounds and FFAs may also act together to exert cytotoxic effects [19]. FFAs may serve as a matrix to deliver toxic compounds to prey or predators and also to create a perfect environment where toxic metabolites can exert their functions.
\n
It has been demonstrated that the substances discharged from the toxicysts by Coleps are highly toxic for a number of ciliate species such as Euplotes aediculatus, Paramecium tetraurelia, Spirostomum teres, and S. ambiguum or Oxytricha sp. [19], and their action mechanism appears to be related to a necrotic process. The term necrosis refers to a rapid (unprogrammed) cell death, with plasmatic membrane rupture, often caused by external factors such as toxins. On the contrary, the apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by nuclear condensation, cytoplasmic shrinkage, and disintegration of the cell into small, membrane-bounded fragments. As shown in \nFigures 6\n and \n7\n, the purified toxin from Coleps is able to induce rapid cell death in E. aediculatus and in S. ambiguum preceded by cell membrane fracture without any changes in the morphology of the macronucleus. An action mechanism of this type seems to be a “good choice” for Coleps as it induces paralysis and a very rapid death in the prey.
\n
Figure 6.
(A) Necrotic effects of the toxicyst discharge of Coleps hirtus on Euplotes aediculatus and (B) Spirostomum ambiguum. Arrows indicate the cell-membrane fractures. Scale bar = 100 μm. Pictures from [19].
\n
Figure 7.
(A, B) Effects of the toxicyst discharge of Coleps hirtus on the macronuclear morphology in specimens of Euplotes aediculatus and (C, D) Spirostomum ambiguum. Cells were stained with acridine orange and ethidium bromide and observed by fluorescent microscopy. Viable cells show intact, bright green nuclei, nonviable cells show red/orange nuclei. M = macronucleus, m = micronucleus. Scale bar = 100 μm. Pictures from [19].
\n
Interestingly, the cells of Coleps can also be damaged if exposed, in vitro, to their own toxin discharge [19]. Nevertheless, this cannot occur in nature, because on the one hand, the toxins are stored in the toxicysts of the ciliate, thus avoiding autotoxicity and on the other hand, the accidental exposure of Coleps to the toxicyst discharge dissolved in the medium is also unlikely, due to the choice of the predator to directly inject the toxins into the prey [19]. In this context, it is worth remembering the peculiar predatory behavior of Coleps, which usually leads to the observation that the same prey undergoes multiple attacks by several raptorial specimens, a behavior also adopted against young larvae of zebrafish [17]. It is likely that this behavior has evolved to ensure a fast immobilization of the prey, that after simultaneous multiple attacks, it can easily accumulate lethal concentrations of toxins injected by numerous predators. Therefore, essentially for the “wolf-like” group hunting behavior of Coleps, the species that appeared relatively resistant to its toxicyst discharge may also be easily caught and killed.
\n
\n
\n
3.2 Didinium nasutum, a specialized hunter
\n
Differently to Coleps, other ciliate species have specialized in hunting and catching a few preferential prey. This is, for example, the case of Didinium nasutum that is capable of capturing and killing several species of Paramecium and few other ciliates. Generally, Paramecium species are able to defend themselves by means of mechanical extrusomes like trichocysts (that will be discussed later on this chapter) but Didinium seems to overcome the defense of Paramecium by means of a highly specialized combination of extrusomes. Present on the proboscis of Didinium are several units of two different kinds of extrusomes: toxicysts, as in other Litostomatea, and pexicysts, another specialized offensive extrusome observed only in this species [32]. These authors describe the discharge of pexicysts as the first response after the prey recognition [14], which is typically followed by the discharge of toxicysts. At the same time, the prey (generally a Paramecium) discharges its trichocysts which separate the two organisms, but the proboscis of Didinium remains attached to the prey by a tiny connection probably composed of a bundle of discharged pexicysts and toxicysts (\nFigure 8\n). Subsequently, the Paramecium will be reached again and captured by the predator. In the light of this observation, the pexicysts seem to act most by a mechanical function (as harpoon-like organelles) rather than with a chemical offense. This assumption is supported by the fact that another species of predatory ciliate, Monodinium balbiani, which is morphologically similar and phylogenetically close to Didinium, but without the presence of the pexicysts on its proboscis, unlike the Didinium, is sensitive to the defense mechanism possessed by Paramecium, which is often able to avoid capture [33].
\n
Figure 8.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) picture on the predator-prey interaction between a cell of Didinium nasutum and a cell of Paramecium multimicronucleatum. The bundle of toxicysts and pexicysts can be seen between the two organisms (arrow). Magnification ×50. Original picture by G. Antipa from http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/images/21991.
\n
\n
\n
3.3 The peculiar tentacles of suctorians
\n
In this context it is also relevant to mention the subclass Suctoria, represented by ciliates which become sessile during development and consequently lose the ciliary structure. Suctorians are able to feed on other protists and frequently on other ciliates by means of specialized tentacles. The distal ends of these tentacles are often equipped by peculiar extrusomes called haptocysts that are involved in prey capture. When a tentacle touches a possible prey, the discharge of haptocysts is able to penetrate the prey’s membrane, forming a connection between the predator and the prey and injecting the extrusome content into the latter, which also concurs to the fusion of the membranes belonging to the two organisms [13, 34]. However, the fusion of the two membranes is not always immediate, for example, in Heliophrya erhardi, Spoon et al. [35] observed that many specimens of Paramecium contacting the tentacles of the suctorian escaped discharging trichocysts at the point of contact, suggesting that Paramecium is able to defend itself from the puncture of the haptocysts.
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Defensive extrusomes
\n
In addition to predatory behavior, ciliated protists have also evolved different defense strategies, many based on the discharge of extrusomes. Two different mechanisms involved in their defense behavior are essentially observed: the first is mediated by the mechanical actions of trichocysts as in Paramecium or Frontonia and the second is mediated by the toxic secondary metabolites of different kinds of chemical extrusomes.
\n
\n
4.1 The mechanical defense
\n
Spindle trichocysts (or simply, trichocysts) are spindle-shaped organelles which discharge their content in the form of a thread. They are found in some ciliates and flagellates and are sometimes furnished with a specially constructed tip [9]. The best known and studied trichocysts are those in the genus Paramecium. Trichocysts in Paramecium are 3–4 μm long, carrot-shaped membrane-bounded organelles armed with a sharply pointed tip, and are present in thousands all over the cell surface, except at the oral apparatus (\nFigures 9\n and \n10\n). When paramecia are subjected to various stimuli, the membranes of the trichocysts and the cell membrane blend together, and the content of the extrusomes is immediately discharged to the outside of the cell, forming a spear-like structure in milliseconds (\nFigure 11\n) (see [13] for a review). Trichocyst discharge has therefore been extensively studied as a model system of exocytosis [36] (see [37] for a review). Synthesis, processing, and sorting of component proteins in trichocysts are also studied as model systems of protein biosynthesis [36] for a review.
\n
Figure 9.
Scheme of the ciliary structure and the trichocysts of Paramecium. Picture from http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca, redrafted by R. D’Arcangelo.
\n
Figure 10.
Membrane details of resting trichocysts under the freeze fracture. The trichocyst tip (tt) and body (tb) are covered by the same membrane. The A-face of this membrane (A-tin) possesses randomly distributed particles whereas the B-face (B-tin) shows corresponding depressions. Scale bar = 1 μm. Picture from [9].
\n
Figure 11.
The trichocysts discharged by a cell of Paramecium tetraurelia exposed to picric acid solution. Scale bar = 100 μm.
\n
Maupas, one of the pioneers of protozoology, first proposed the defensive function of trichocysts in Paramecium in 1883, observing its morphological features and judging it as self-evident [38]; however, this point was questioned for years. The main controversy was due to the fact that Paramecium species are easily preyed upon by Didinium in spite of massive trichocyst discharge by paramecia. Pollack reported that Didinium preys on wild-type cells as easily as trichocyst-defective mutants in P. tetraurelia [39]. However, further studies have unequivocally indicated that trichocysts in Paramecium exert an effective defensive function against unicellular predators, including the raptorial protists Dileptus margaritifer, Monodinium balbiani, Climacostomum virens, Echinosphaerium akamae, and E. nuceofilum [33, 40, 41, 42, 43]. In addition, a more recent paper also analyzed the defensive function of trichocysts in P. tetraurelia against some microinvertebrate predators, such as a rotifer (Cephalodella sp.), an ostracod (Eucypris sp.), and a turbellarian flatworm (Stenostomum sphagnetorum) [44]. The results of this study show the success in the defensive function of trichocysts against the rotifer and the ostracod while the mechanism seems ineffective against the flatworm. The authors speculate that the efficiency of the defense by means of trichocysts depends essentially on the kind of prey-capture behavior displayed by the predators. In particular, the success of the defense mediated by trichocysts appears positively related to the time that the predator requires to capture and manipulate the prey before ingestion. Consequently, and different from the turbellarian flatworm that directly swallows paramecia, predators such as the rotifer and the ostracod that, prior to ingesting paramecia, contact it with a ciliated corona or articulated appendices, give the prey sufficient time to activate the trichocysts discharge that allows it to escape [44]. Essentially this looks like the same phenomenon observed during the interaction between Paramecium and the predatory ciliate Dileptus margaritifer, that attempts to paralyze its prey with the toxicysts on its proboscis before ingestion, thereby inducing an explosive extrusion of trichocysts by Paramecium, which then swims away [44]. In this regard, another interesting observation was made when Paramecium was placed in a cell-free fluid containing the toxic material derived from the toxicysts from Dileptus [45] (Miyake A. personal communication); indeed after contact with this toxic solution, Paramecium cells violently reacted by immediately discharging most of their trichocysts before being killed. In this reaction, sometimes a single specimen (cell) of Paramecium was completely surrounded by its discharged trichocysts. When this occurred, the Paramecium survived long after other cells were killed, moving slowly in the narrow space in the capsule of discharged trichocysts. But when it happened that one of these encapsulated cells managed to squeeze out of the capsule, it was quickly killed. This observation suggests that discharged trichocysts of Paramecium function as a barrier against the Dileptus toxins and hence the locally discharged trichocysts in the Paramecium-Dileptus interaction function as an instant shield against Dileptus.
\n
To summarize, the mechanical defense by trichocysts and related extrusomes appear to be multiple, including quick physical displacement, the thrust into a predator, and protection against the predator’s toxins, increasing the chance for the prey to survive and escape. However, especially in ciliates and flagellates, other kinds of extrusomes used for defense were found, ones that, unlike trichocysts, are capable of discharging toxic materials in response to predatory behavior.
\n
\n
\n
4.2 The chemical defense
\n
\nPigment granules (also called pigmentocysts) and cortical granules are extrusive organelles containing pigmented or colorless toxic material, respectively, and they were originally classified as a special type of mucocysts [9]. Pigment and cortical granules are mainly present in heterotrich and karyorelictean ciliates, such as Blepharisma, Stentor, Loxodes, and Trachelonema, but they may also exist in other groups of ciliates. They are usually present in great numbers throughout the cell cortex, sometimes providing bright colors to their bearers. Examples are Stentor coeruleus, whose coloration is due to the pigment called stentorin, and several red species of Blepharisma, whose coloration is due to blepharismins, formerly overall called zoopurpurin by Giese [46]. The coloration of these common heterotrichs has long attracted attention and most studies on pigment granules have been carried out using S. coeruleus, and a few red species of Blepharisma. B. japonicum (\nFigure 12\n) is the best studied species of the genus Blepharisma and it presents pigment granules usually in a size of 0.3–0.6 μm diameter, arranged in stripes between the rows of cilia that confer a red-pink coloration to the ciliate (\nFigure 13\n). These granules have been shown to contain a mixture of five compounds called blepharismins that are multifunctional quinone derivatives structurally related to hypericin, a photodynamic toxin of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort), and stentorin, produced by the ciliate S. coeruleus [47, 48] (\nFigure 14\n). To date, two primary functions of blepharismins have been demonstrated: light perception and defense function against predators [47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. With regard to light perception, B. japonicum shows a temporal backward swimming or rotating movement (step-up photophobic response) if exposed to a sudden increase in light intensity. The step-up photophobic response helps the cells avoid strongly illuminated regions and lethal damage due to the photodynamic action of blepharismins [53]. In addition to light perception, blepharismins were found to act as chemical weapons via their light-independent cytotoxic effect against predatory protozoans and methicillin-resistant Gram-positive bacteria [49, 50, 54]. A possible explanation for this cytotoxicity can be found in the capability of blepharismins to form cation-selective channels in planar phospholipid bilayers [51], a phenomenon also expected to occur in the cell membranes of microorganisms exposed to toxic concentrations of ciliate pigments. The defensive function of blepharismins was initially proposed by Giese in 1949 who found that crude extracts of Blepharisma were toxic to various ciliates but not to Blepharisma itself [55]. Unfortunately, however, his preliminary tests did not support this assumption, that is, Blepharisma was easily eaten by predators such as the heliozoan Actinospherium eichhorni and small crustaceans [46, 55]. Some predators, Didinium nasutum, Woodruffia metabolica, and Podophrya fixa, did not eat Blepharisma, but they also ignored some other ciliates including uncolored ones. In the absence of further evidence, Giese was skeptical about the assumption [46]. This hypothesis was further unequivocally demonstrated by Miyake, Harumoto, and collaborators, comparing normally pigmented red cells of B. japonicum, albino mutant cells, and light-bleached cells (a phenocopy of the albino mutant) as prey for the raptorial ciliate Dileptus margaritifer and evaluating the toxicity of purified blepharismins on various ciliate species [49, 50]. As a response to the attack by D. margaritifer versus one cell of B. japonicum, the latter releases the toxic blepharismins, visible as spherical bodies of 0.2–0.6 μm in diameter under scanning electron microscopy (\nFigure 15\n). The discharge take place within a second and it is able to repel the predator, while the albino and light-bleached cells are much more sensitive to the attacks of D. margaritifer [49, 50]. Recently the defensive function of blepharismins was also investigated in two additional species of Blepharisma, B. stoltei, and B. undulans against two predatory protists (C. hirtus and Stentor roeseli) and one metazoan, the turbellarian S. sphagnetorum [56]. The results indicate that the chemical defense mechanism present in B. stoltei and B. undulans is mediated by the same five blepharismins present in B. japonicum, although produced in different proportions [56]. Authors speculate that the conservation of this panel of toxic secondary metabolites suggests that distinct roles for these molecules are likely required at least for the fine control of photophobic reactions, as initially proposed by Matsuoka et al. [48]. Summarizing, the Blepharisma species studied are able to defend themselves against C. hirtus, although S. sphagnetorum and S. roeseli seem to overcome Blepharisma’s chemical defense, but it was observed that after the ingestion of intact cells of the toxic ciliates these predators are not able to reproduce, suggesting the presence of the post-ingestion toxicity phenomena [56]. Additional toxic pigments, structurally related to hypericin, were found in other heterotrich ciliate species, such as stentorin in S. coeruleus (see [57] for a review), amethystin in S. amethystinus [58], and maristentorin in the marine ciliate Maristentor dinoferus [59], but the defensive function was experimentally proved only for S. coeruleus [60].
\n
Figure 12.
External morphology of a living cell of Blepharisma japonicum. Scale bar = 100 μm.
\n
Figure 13.
Extrusive pigment granules in Blepharisma japonicum (arrow) visible as red/pink dots under a vacuole. Scale bar = 100 μm.
SEM micrographs of the predator-prey interaction between a cell of Dileptus margaritifer (DI) and a cell of Blepharisma japonicum (BL). (A) Blepharisma being attacked by Dileptus. Arrow indicates the site of the damage inflicted by the proboscis of the Dileptus. The rupture runs across the adoral zone of membranelles of the Blepharisma. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) Enlargement of the region near the rupture in A. Scale bar = 5 μm. (C) The rupture magnification in B, showing the surface of Blepharisma peppered with spherules discharged from pigment granules. The surface is also pitted with small depressions presumably formed at the spots where the spherules have passed through the cell membrane. Scale bar = 5 μm. (D) Enlargement of a part of C. Scale bar = 0.5 μm. Pictures from [50].
\n
Karyorelictean ciliates also possess pigment granules which are similar in size, structure, and distribution to those in the heterotrichs, but principally due to the difficulties to the growing species of karyorelictid in the laboratory, the chemical nature of their pigments is still unknown. The most studied species is freshwater Loxodes striatus, which presents yellow-brown pigment granules previously examined as photoreceptors [61]. More recently it has been proved that the pigment granules in L. striatus are extrusive organelles which contain a toxic photodynamic pigment used for chemical defense against predators [62]. Loxodes are able to discharge the toxic pigment as response to attacks of the ciliate D. margaritifer (\nFigure 16\n) or of the turbellarian S. sphagnetorum repelling predators. Intriguingly Finlay and Fenchel already proposed a defensive function for the pigment granules in Loxodes (L. striatus and L. magnus) based on different evidences; specifically, they found that light induces in Loxodes a characteristic behavior to escape from toxic water and that the pigment granules are the photoreceptors for this reaction [61]. They assumed that this reaction may serve to localize Loxodes in regions of low oxygen tension where predators, such as planktonic metazoan, are rare and therefore the pigment may function as a predator-avoidance strategy. If this is the case, pigment granules of Loxodes participate in two very different kinds of defense, chemical defense and the behavior-based predator-avoidance, conferring to the ciliate an ability to defend itself against a wider range of predators [62].
\n
Figure 16.
Predator-prey interaction between Dileptus margaritifer and Loxodes striatus. (A) Dileptus (the slender cell at the left) starts swimming backward after hitting a Loxodes with its proboscis. (B) The same cells as in A, about a second later, showing the retreated Dileptus and a mass of brownish material (arrow) near the Loxodes. Micrograph extracted from a film clips. Magnification ×70. Pictures from [62].
\n
Pigmented granules are found also in other groups of ciliates as the Spirotrichea, and mainly in the genus Pseudokeronopsis, which shows species equipped with reddish-brown pigment granules morphologically similar to those in heterotrichs [63]. Particularly in P. carnea [64] and in P. erythrina [65], these granules are reported as extrusive organelles. New secondary metabolites, keronopsins and keronopsamides, respectively, produced by P. rubra and P. riccii, were recently isolated together with their sulfate esters (\nFigure 14\n) [66, 67]. In the case of P. rubra, it was demonstrated that a crude extract of this organism containing keronopsins, A1 and A2, and their sulfate esters B1 and B2, is capable of paralyzing or even killing ciliates and flagellates [66]. For these reasons a defensive function for these secondary metabolites has been proposed; however, no data relative to their cellular localization and mechanism of action are available to date. On the other hand, in the case of P. riccii, the function of the alkaloid secondary metabolite keronopsamide A and its sulfate esters B and C has not been investigated, and the possible localization of the pigments in the cortical granules is only presumed [67]. The most extensively studied species is P. erythrina; previously described as an estuarine one, it was successively found also in the freshwater environment and hence reported as a euryhaline organism [68]. This ciliate shows an elongated body (\nFigure 17\n) equipped with spherical, dark-reddish, brown, or brick red colored pigment granules of about 1 μm in diameter that are mainly arranged around ciliary organelles [69]. As the content of pigment granules, three new secondary metabolites have recently been characterized and named erythrolactones A2, B2, and C2. These are characterized by a central 4-hydroxy-unsaturated δ lactone ring bearing an alkyl saturated chain at carbon-2 and a butyl-benzenoid group at carbon-5 [65, 68]. These molecules were detected in the crude extract of whole cells together with their respective sulfate esters, erythrolactones A1, B1, and C1 (\nFigure 14\n). After the application of the cold-shock method on massive cell cultures of P. erythrina to induce the exclusive discharge of pigment granules, it was demonstrated that only non-sulfonated molecules A2, B2, and C2 were contained in the extrusomes of the ciliate [65]. The mixture of these three molecules has been proven to repel some predators, such as the ciliate C. hirtus, and to be toxic for a panel of ciliates and microinvertebrates [65]. Erythrolactones A2, B2, and C2 are the only toxins present in the extrusome discharge of P. erythrina, whereas their respective sulfate esters A1, B1, and C1 remain confined inside the cell environment [68]. It is known that the process of sulfonation of endogenous molecules is a major metabolic reaction in eukaryotes that can increase water solubility and influence conformational changes but can also lead to the activation or inactivation of a biological effect (see [70] for a review). Buonanno and collaborators [64] speculate that the exclusive maintenance of the sulfate esters of the erythrolactones inside the P. erythrina cell may be associated with their temporary inactivation, in order to prevent the phenomenon of self-toxicity that could occur before their definitive storing, as non-sulfonated and active compounds, in the cortical pigment granules.
\n
Figure 17.
External morphology of a living cell of Pseudokeronopsis erythrina. Scale bar = 100 μm.
\n
Other organelles strictly related to pigment granules are the colorless cortical granules in the heterotrich, sometimes reported as granulocysts to underline their extrusive nature. These organelles show a greatest morphological similarity to pigment granules, as in the case of the cortical granules of Climacostomum virens [71] and Blepharisma hyalinum [72]. The function and biological activity of the secondary metabolites contained in the cortical granules seem to be primarily related to chemical defense or offense, and the cortical granules in C. virens are to date the most studied. This freshwater heterotrich ciliate, if properly stimulated, is able to repel predators by discharging the colorless toxin climacostol (\nFigure 14\n) and some related analogues.
\n
This toxin may be chemically classified within a large group of natural compounds known as resorcinolic lipids (also called alkylresorcinols or 5-alkylresorcinols), widely detected in prokaryotes and eukaryotes [73] and with reported antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antitumoral, and genotoxic activities (see [74] for a review).
\n
A typical defensive behavior of C. virens occurs when a predator, such as the ciliate D. margaritifer, contacts a C. virens cell with its toxicysts bearing proboscis (\nFigure 18A\n). D. margaritifer swims backward while dense material is visible under dark field microscopy, emerging from the site where the proboscis touched the C. virens (\nFigure 18B\n) which swims away [75]. Sometimes, together with the discharged material from C. virens, it is also possible to detect some hazy material consisting of needle-like structures which appear to be discharged toxicysts of D. margaritifer (\nFigure 19\n), suggesting a possible further protection against the toxic extrusomes of predators [75]. Interestingly, the chemical defense adopted by C. virens against D. margaritifer is also effective against some other protists and metazoans [44, 76].
\n
Figure 18.
Predator-prey interaction between Dileptus margaritifer and Climacostomum virens. (A) Dileptus (the slender cell at the center) starts swimming backward after hitting with the proboscis Climacostomum. A small bulge (arrow) is developing on the surface of the Climacostomum at the site where the proboscis has just hit. (B) The same cells as in A, about a second later, show the retreated Dileptus and a small cloud (arrow) near the Climacostomum. Dark field micrographs of living cells. Magnification ×70. Pictures from [75].
\n
Figure 19.
Hazy cloud consisting of needle-like structures discharged from the toxicysts of Dileptus margaritifer. Magnification ×720. Pictures from [75].
\n
If the defensive function of cortical granules in C. virens is widely demonstrated, some evidences indicate that these extrusomes could be also successfully used for chemical offense. Differently from the Paramecium species which do not have trichocysts (exclusively for defense) localized in the oral apparatus, C. virens presents a wide number of cortical granules in the buccal cortex suggesting an additional offensive function for these extrusomes [71]. C. virens is able to catch and ingest prey of different sizes, from small flagellates such as Chlorogonium elongatum to large ciliates, such as B. japonicum or Spirostomum ambiguum [43, 77]. These prey are sucked up into the buccal cavity of C. virens, which is formed of a peristomial field and a buccal tube, and then ingested in a food vacuole, which arises at the end of the tube [43]. A cell of P. tetraurelia which is entirely taken into the buccal tube of C. virens is able to discharge the trichocysts and escape from the predator [43], different to what happens when an individual of the same species is totally caught in the pharynx of the microturbellarian S. sphagnetorum [44]. Perhaps, as in the case of contact with the toxicysts of the raptorial ciliate D. margaritifer, the trichocysts were discharged after contact with climacostol released from C. virens to kill the prey. A similar phenomenon also occurs with different preys which possess chemical extrusomes for defense such as the ciliate S. ambiguum. In this case, after a cell-cell contact, the S. ambiguum displays rapid cell contraction, and according to the authors, it is likely that this contraction is induced by the discharge of extrusomes by C. virens [77]. If this is the case, it is likely that the cortical granules of C. virens could be equally used as multifunctional extrusomes, both for chemical defense and offense.
\n
Besides the natural role of climacostol and thanks to the availability of a straightforward method for its chemical synthesis [78], other bioactivities of the toxin and its potential application to human health are, to date, investigated in various biological systems. The toxicity of climacostol proves very effective against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or S. pneumoniae and against a fungal pathogen, Candida albicans [79]. In addition, on the basis of the anticancer properties of other resorcinolic lipids, the toxic potential of climacostol is also studied against cancerous and non-cancerous mammalian cells, including human cell lines. The results show that climacostol effectively inhibits the growth of some tumor cell lines in a dose-dependent manner by inducing programmed cell death, with non-tumor cells proving significantly to be more resistant to the toxin [73, 80]. More recently the anti-tumor therapeutic activity of this toxin was also proved in vivo, using a melanoma allograft model in mice [81]. These results are quite interesting also in light of the fact that different molecules produced by other ciliate species show some particular pharmacological properties such as the sesquiterpenoid euplotin C or the cell type-specific signaling protein pheromone Er-1 from Euplotes species (see [82] for a review).
\n
Returning to the topic of this chapter, different secondary metabolites have been also isolated and characterized from other heterotrics, such as Spirostomum ambiguum, and S. teres. S. ambiguum (\nFigure 20\n) is a colorless freshwater species and one of the largest and elongated existing ciliates (800–2000 × 48–60 μm). The species is very common in the sludge-water contact zone of wells, ponds, sewage ponds, lakes, oxbows, ditches, and in the sediments of alpha- to beta-mesosaprobien rivers [77]. The defensive function of its cortical granules was recently demonstrated against different predators and the toxicity of its content was tested on a panel of freshwater ciliates [77, 83]. S. ambiguum has numerous cortical granules which, under a phase contrast microscope, appear as dots placed in the region between ciliary lines that could be observed in a large transparent contractile vacuole placed at the posterior end of the cell (\nFigure 21A\n) [77]. The cold-shock method was applied to S. ambiguum to obtain the cortical granule-deficient cells, which showed a markedly reduced number of extrusomes (\nFigure 21B\n). Both untreated and cortical granule-deficient cells were exposed to the attack of C. virens, and when the buccal apparatus of the predator makes contact with an untreated cell of S. ambiguum, it showed a rapid contraction while the predator swam backwards (\nFigure 22A\n). Similarly to untreated cells, cortical granule-deficient cells of S. ambiguum also showed rapid contraction after attack by C. virens, but they were successfully captured and sucked up by the predator into its buccal cavity (\nFigure 22B\n) [77]. The toxin involved in this interaction was purified by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and its structural characterization was carried out through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) measurements and revealed as 2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)benzene-1,4-diol(mono-prenyl hydroquinone) (\nFigure 14\n). Prenylated-hydroquinone derivatives are metabolites of abundant occurrence and have been isolated from fungi, algae, plants, animals, and bacteria [77]. In this case the involvement of this molecule in predator-prey interaction is clear. Interestingly, another freshwater species of the genus Spirostomum, S. teres, possesses a different colorless toxin used for defense, characterized as spiro[(2,5-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,4-dione)-8,6′-(pyrane2’,5′-dione)] and named spirostomin (\nFigure 14\n) [84]. It is no novelty that closely related organisms can produce different or even biogenetically distant specific secondary metabolites [77], and it is very common for ciliates [56]. To date, the only reported exception to this phenomenon is related to the genus Blepharisma in which the three species B. japonicum, B. stoltei and B. undulans share the same mixture of blepharismins even if produced in different proportions [56].
\n
Figure 20.
External morphology of living cells of Spirostomum ambiguum. Scale bar = 200 μm.
\n
Figure 21.
Reduction in the number of extrusomes (cortical granules) in Spirostomum ambiguum obtained by cold-shock treatment. (A) Extrusomes in an untreated cell. (B) Extrusome-deprived cell after cold shock. Magnification ×900. Pictures from [77].
\n
Figure 22.
Predator-prey interaction between Climacostomum virens and Spirostomum ambiguum. (A) 1: Cell of C. virens contacts a cell of S. ambiguum with its buccal apparatus. 2: S. ambiguum shows rapid contraction while the predator swims backwards. 3: The same cells as in 2, a second later, showing a retreated C. virens, while S. ambiguum swims away. (B) Predator-prey interaction between C. virens and extrusome-deficient cells of S. ambiguum obtained by cold-shock treatment. 1: C. virens cell contacts a S. ambiguum cell which instantly shows contraction. 2: C. virens engulfs the contracted S. ambiguum cell and continues to eat the S. ambiguum cell (3). Micrographs extracted from a film clip. Magnification ×50. Pictures from [77].
\n
\n
\n
4.3 The inducible defense
\n
Another peculiar defensive mechanism, reported as inducible defense, has been described for some Euplotes species as the response to the presence of some predators, such as microturbellarians, ciliates, or amoebas. These predators can release active substances, called kairomones, which induce some behavioral and morphological changes (such as the formation of spines in Euplotes) as a defensive mechanism in response to the presence of the predator [85, 86, 87, 88] for a review.
\n
It could be interesting to study the efficiency of the inducible defenses, if compared to mechanical and chemical defense by means of extrusomes. In this regard, a first study was performed to compare the efficiency of the defense mediated by trichocysts in P. aurelia with that mediated by cortical granules in C. virens and S. ambiguum [44]. The authors reported that the mechanical defense in Paramecium against metazoan predators appears to be equally effective as the chemical one, but can be successfully activated only during the very early interactions with the predator, whereas it is ineffective after the ingestion of the ciliate. In contrast, the chemical defense adopted by a toxic ciliate against metazoan predators can also be activated after the ingestion of the prey by the predator, but its effectiveness appears to be strictly linked to the cytotoxic potency of the compound stored in the protozoan cortical granules. It would also be interesting to compare these two mechanisms against unicellular predators.
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. Conclusions
\n
In a general perspective, it is clear that the researches on predatory behavior and on the related defensive mechanisms in protists not only represent progress in knowledge about the ecological role played in nature by predator-prey interactions in aquatic microhabitats but will also provide new research opportunities for evolutionary biology and may also represent a relevant source of new natural products.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
We are grateful to Dr. Gill Philip (University of Macerata) for the linguistic revision of the chapter. Financial support was provided by University of Macerata, Italy.
\n
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"protists, ciliates, extrusomes, secondary metabolites, chemical offense",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/62301.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/62301.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62301",totalDownloads:1269,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"October 31st 2017",dateReviewed:"May 11th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 24th 2021",dateFinished:"June 26th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Protists appeared relatively early in evolution, about 1.8 billion years ago, soon after the first prokaryotic organisms. During this time period, most species developed a variety of behavioral, morphological, and physiological strategies intended to improve the ability to capture prey or to avoid predation. In this scenario, a key role was played by specialized ejectable membrane-bound organelles called extrusomes, which are capable of discharging their content to the outside of the cell in response to various stimuli. The aim of this chapter is to describe the two main strategies adopted in ciliate predator-prey interactions: (a) the first is mediated by mechanical mechanisms and involves, for example, extrusomes called trichocysts and (b) the second is mediated by toxic secondary metabolites and involves different kinds of chemical extrusomes.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/62301",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/62301",signatures:"Federico Buonanno and Claudio Ortenzi",book:{id:"8415",type:"book",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",fullTitle:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites - Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",publishedDate:"February 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-039-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-038-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-040-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"231522",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Buonanno",fullName:"Federico Buonanno",slug:"federico-buonanno",email:"federico.buonanno@unimc.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"232021",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Ortenzi",fullName:"Claudio Ortenzi",slug:"claudio-ortenzi",email:"claudio.ortenzi@unimc.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Macerata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Extrusomes, the specialized organelles for predator-prey interaction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Offensive extrusomes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 The predatory behavior of Coleps hirtus\n",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Didinium nasutum, a specialized hunter",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 The peculiar tentacles of suctorians",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Defensive extrusomes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.1 The mechanical defense",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.2 The chemical defense",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.3 The inducible defense",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nMinelli A. Predation. In: Jørgensen SE, editor. Encyclopedia of Ecology. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V.; 2008. pp. 2923-2929\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nWhittaker RH. New concepts of kingdoms of organisms. Science. 1969;163(3863):150-160. DOI: 10.1126/science.163.3863.150\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nLuporini P, Alimenti C, Vallesi A. Ciliate pheromone structures and activity: A review. The Italian Journal of Zoology. 2015;82(1):3-14. DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2014.976282\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nHarumoto T. Interazione cellulare interspecifica tra predatore e preda nei ciliati: Organelli e molecole che partecipano all\'interazione [PhD thesis]. Italy: University of Camerino; 1993\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nVerni F, Gualtieri P. Feeding behaviour in ciliated protists. Micron. 1997;28(6):487-504. DOI: 10.1016/S0968-4328(97)00028-0\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nRadek R, Hausmann K. Phagotrophy of ciliates. In: Hausmann K, Bradbury PC, editors. Ciliates: Cells as Organisms. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1996. pp. 197-219\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nHausmann K. Food acquisition, food ingestion and food digestion by protists. Japanese Journal of Protozoology. 2002;35(2):85-95\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nGrell KG. Protozoology. Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag; 1973\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nHausmann K. Extrusive organelles in protists. International Review of Cytology. 1978;52:197-276. DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60757-3\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nDragesco J. Capture et ingestion des proies chez les Infusories Ciliés. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique. 1962;96:123-167\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nKrugens P, Lee RE, Corliss JO. Ultrastructure, biogenesis and functions of extrusive organelles in selected non-ciliate protists. Protoplasma. 1994;181:164-190. DOI: 10.1007/BF01666394\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nHausmann K, Hülsmann N, editors. Protozoology. 2nd ed. New York: Thieme; 1996\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nRosati G, Modeo L. Extrusomes in ciliates: Diversification, distribution, and phylogenetic implications. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2003;50:383-402. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00260.x\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nWessenberg H, Antipa G. Capture and ingestion of Paramecium by Didinium nasutum. Journal of Protozoology. 1970;17:240-270. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1970.tb02366.x\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nFauré-Fremiet E. Pouvoir lytique et phosphatase acid chez le Ciliés. Comptes Rendus de l\'Académie des Sciences. 1962;254:2691-2693\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nFoissner W, Berger H, Scaumburg J, editors. Identification and Ecology of Limnetic Plankton Ciliates. München: Bayerisches Landesamt für WasserWirtschaft; 1999. pp. 272-287\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nMazanec A, Trevarrow B. Coleps, scourge of the baby Zebrafish. Zebrafish Science Monitor. 1998;5:1\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nAuer B, Czioska E, Hartmut A. The pelagic community of a gravel pit lake: Significance of Coleps hirtus viridis (Prostomatida) and its role as a scavenger. Limnologica. 2004;34:187-198. DOI: 10.1016/S0075-9511(04)80044-6\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nBuonanno F, Anesi A, Guella G, Kumar S, Bharti D, La Terza A, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Ortenzi C. Chemical offense by means of toxicysts in the freshwater ciliate, Coleps hirtus. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2014;61(3):293-304. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12106\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nBuonanno F, Ortenzi C. Cold-shock based method to induce the discharge of extrusomes in ciliated protists and its efficiency. Journal of Basic Microbiology. 2016;56(5):586-590. DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500438\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nFu M, Koulman A, van Rijssel M, Lützen A, De Boer MK, Tyl MR, Liebezeit G. Chemical characterisation of three haemolytic compounds from the microalgal species Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae). Toxicon. 2004;43:355-363. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.09.012\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nPezzolesi L, Cucchiari E, Guerrini F, Pasteris A, Galletti P, Tagliavini E, Totti C, Pistocchi R. Toxicity evaluation of Fibrocapsa japonica from the Northern Adriatic Sea through a chemical and toxicological approach. Harmful Algae. 2010;9:504-514. DOI: 1016/j.hal.2010.03.006\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nDe Boer MK, Boerée C, Sjollema SB, de Vries T, Rijnsdorp AD, Buma AGJ. The toxic effect of the marine raphidophyte Fibrocapsa japonica on larvae of the common flatfish sole (Solea solea). Harmful Algae. 2012;17:92-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2012.03.005\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nMancini I, Defant A, Mesaric T, Potocnik F, Batista U, Guella G, Turk T, Sepcic K. Fatty acid composition of common barbel (Barbus barbus) roe and evalutaion of its haemolytic and cytotoxic activities. Toxicon. 2011;57:1017-1022. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.004\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nRontani J-F, Volkman JK. Lipid characterization of coastal hypersaline cyanobacterial mats from the Camargue (France). Organic Geochemistry. 2005;36(2):251-272. DOI: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.07.017\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nVencl FV, Morton TC. The shield defense of the sumac flea beetle, Blepharida rhois (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Chemoecology. 1998;8:25-32. DOI: 10.1007/PL00001800\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nKomen JC, Distelmaier F, Koopman WJH, Wanders RJA, Smeitink J, Willems PHMG. Phytanic acid impairs mitochondrial respiration through protonophoric action. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2007;64:3271-3281. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-007-7357-7\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nGuella G, Skropeta D, Di Giuseppe G, Dini F. Structures, biological activities and phylogenetic relationships of terpenoids from marine ciliates of the genus Euplotes. Marine Drugs. 2010;8:2080-2116. DOI: 10.3390/md8072080\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nSavoia D, Avanzini C, Allice T, Callone E, Guella G, Dini F. Antimicrobial activity of Euplotin c, the sesquiterpene taxonomic marker from the marine ciliate Euplotes crassus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2004;48(10):3828-3833. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.48.10.3828-3833.2004\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nGuella G, Dini F, Pietra F. Epoxyfocardin and its putative biogenetic precursor, focardin, bioactive, new-skeleton diterpenoids of the marine ciliate Euplotes focardii from Antarctica. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 1996;79:439-448. DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19960790211\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nGuella G, Callone E, Mancini I, Dini F, Di Giuseppe G. Diterpenoids from marine ciliates: Chemical polymorphism of Euplotes rariseta. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2012;02012:5208-5216. DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200559\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nWessenberg H, Antipa G. Studies on Didinium nasutum. Structure and ultrastructure. Protistologica. 1968;4:427447\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nMiyake A, Harumoto T. Defensive function of trichocysts in Paramecium against the predatory ciliate Monodinium balbiani. European Journal of Protistology. 1996;32:128-133. DOI: 10.1016/S0932-4739(96)80048-4\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nBenwitz G. Die Entladung der Haptocysten von Ephelota gemmipara (Suctoria, Ciliata). Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Section C. 1984;39:812-817\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nSpoon DM, Chapman GB, Cheng RS, Zane SF. Observations on the behavior and feeding mechanisms of the Suctorian Heliophrya erhardi (Rieder) Matthes preying on Paramecium. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 1976;95(3):443-462. DOI: 10.2307/3225137\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nAdoutte A. Exocytosis: Biogenesis, transport and secretion of trichocysts. In: Gortz HD, editor. Paramecium. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1988. pp. 325-362\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nPlattner H. Trichocysts-Paramecium\'s projectile-like secretory organelles: Reappraisal of their biogenesis, composition, intracellular transport, and possible functions. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2017;64(1):106-133. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12332\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nMaupas E. Contribution a l\'étude morphologique et anatomique des infusoires ciliés. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale. 1883;1:427-664\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nPollack S. Mutations affecting the trichocysts in Paramecium aurelia: I. Morphology and description of the mutants. Journal of Protozoology. 1974;21:352-362. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03669.x\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nHarumoto T, Miyake A. Defensive function of trichocysts in Paramecium. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 1991;260:84-92. DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402600111\n'},{id:"B41",body:'\nKnoll G, Haacke-Bell B, Plattner H. Local trichocyst discharge provides an efficient escape mechanism for Paramecium cells. European Journal of Protistology. 1991;27:381-385. DOI: 10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80256-7\n'},{id:"B42",body:'\nHarumoto T. The role of trichocyst discharge and backward swimming in escaping behavior of Paramecium from Dileptus margaritifer. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1994;41:560-564. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1994.tb01517.x\n'},{id:"B43",body:'\nSugibayashi R, Harumoto T. Defensive function of trichocysts in Paramecium tetraurelia against heterotrich ciliate Climacostomum virens. European Journal of Protistology. 2000;36:415-422. DOI: 10.1016/S0932-4739(00)80047-4\n'},{id:"B44",body:'\nBuonanno F, Harumoto T, Ortenzi C. The defensive function of trichocysts in Paramecium tetraurelia against metazoan predators compared with the chemical defense of two species of toxin-containing ciliates. Zoological Science. 2013;30:255-261. DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.255\n'},{id:"B45",body:'\nMiyake A. Cell-cell interaction by means of extru- somes in ciliates – Particularly on the predator–prey inteaction by extrusomal toxins. Japanese Journal of Protozoology. 2002;35:97-117\n'},{id:"B46",body:'\nGiese AC. Blepharisma. 1st ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1973\n'},{id:"B47",body:'\nLobban CS, Hallam SJ, Mukherjee P, Petrich JW. Photophysics and multifunctionality of hypericin-like pigments in heterotrich ciliates: A phylogenetic perspective. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2007;83:1074-1094. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00191.x\n'},{id:"B48",body:'\nMatsuoka T, Kotsuki H, Muto Y. Multi-functions of photodynamic pigments in ciliated ptotozoans. In: Méndez-Vilas A, editor. Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology. Badajoz: Formatex; 2010. pp. 419-426\n'},{id:"B49",body:'\nMiyake A, Harumoto T, Salvi B, Rivola V. Defensive function of pigment granules in Blepharisma japonicum. European Journal of Protistology. 1990;25:310-315. DOI: 10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80122-7\n'},{id:"B50",body:'\nHarumoto T, Miyake A, Ishikawa N, Sugibayashi R, Zenfuku K, Iio H. Chemical defense by means of pigmented extrusomes in the ciliate Blepharisma japonicum. European Journal of Protistology. 1998;34:458-470. DOI: 10.1016/S0932-4739(98) 80014-X\n'},{id:"B51",body:'\nMuto Y, Matsuoka T, Kida A, Okano Y, Kirino Y. Blepharismins, produced by the protozoan, Blepharisma japonicum, form ion-permeable channels in planar lipid bilayer membranes. FEBS Letters. 2001;508:423-426. DOI: 10.1016/ S0014-5793(01)03110-6\n'},{id:"B52",body:'\nUruma Y, Sakamoto K, Takumi K, Doe M, Usuki Y, Iio H. Assignment of 13C NMR spectrum for blepharismin C based on biosynthetic studies. Tetrahedron. 2007;63:5548-5553. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.04.015\n'},{id:"B53",body:'\nKato Y, Matsuoka T. Photodynamic action of the pigment in ciliated protozoan Blepha-risma. Journal of Protozoology Research. 1995;5:136-140\n'},{id:"B54",body:'\nPant B, Kato Y, Kumagai T, Matsuoka T, Sugiyama M. Blepharismin produced by a protozoan Blepharisma functions as an antibiotic effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 1997;155:67-71. DOI: 10.1111/ j.1574-6968.1997.tb12687.x\n'},{id:"B55",body:'\nGiese AC. A cytotoxin from Blepharisma. Biological Bullettin. 1949;97:145-149\n'},{id:"B56",body:'\nBuonanno F, Anesi A, Guella G, Ortenzi C. Blepharismins used for chemical defense in two ciliate species of the genus Blepharisma, B. stoltei and B. undulans (Ciliophora: Heterotrichida). European Zoological Journal. 2017;84(1):402-409. DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2017.1353145\n'},{id:"B57",body:'\nSong P-S, Kim I-H, Rhee JS, Huh JW, Florell S, Faure B, Lee KW, Kahsai T, Tamai N, Yamazaki T, Yamazaki I. Photoreception and photomovements in Stentor coeruleus. In: Lenci E, Ghetti E, Colombetti G, Hader D-P, Song P-S, editors. Biophysics of Photoreceptors and Photornovements in Microorganisms. New York: Plenum Press; 1991. pp. 267-279\n'},{id:"B58",body:'\nHöfle G, Reinecke S, Laude U, Kabbe K, Dietrich S. Amethystin, the coloring principle of Stentor amethystinus. Journal of Natural Products. 2014;77:1383-1389. DOI: 10.1021/np5001363\n'},{id:"B59",body:'\nMukherjee P, Fulton DB, Halder M, Han X, Armstrong DW, Petrich JW, Lobban CS. Maristentorin, a novel pigment from the positively phototactic marine ciliate Maristentor dinoferus, is structurally related to hypericin and stentorin. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 2006;110:6359-6364. DOI: 10.1021/jp055871f\n'},{id:"B60",body:'\nMiyake A, Harumoto T, Iio H. Defensive function of pigment granules in Stentor coeruleus. European Journal of Protistology. 2001;37:77-88. DOI: 10.1078/0932-4739-00809\n'},{id:"B61",body:'\nFinlay BJ, Fenchel T. Photosensitivity in the ciliated protozoon Loxodes: Pigment granules, absorption and action spectra, blue light perception, and ecological significance. Journal of Protozoology. 1986;33(4):534-542. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05658.x\n'},{id:"B62",body:'\nBuonanno F, Saltalamacchia P, Miyake A. Defense function of pigmentocysts in the karyorelictid ciliate Loxodes striatus. European Journal of Protistology. 2005;41:151-158. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2005.01.001\n'},{id:"B63",body:'\nSong W, Warren A, Roberts D, Wilbert N, Li L, Sun P, Hu X, Ma H. Comparison and redefinition of four marine coloured Pseudokeronopsis spp. (Ciliophora: Hypotrichida), with emphasis on their living morphology. Acta Protozoologica. 2006;45:271-287\n'},{id:"B64",body:'\nWirnsberger E, Hausmann K. Fine structure of Pseudokeronopsis carnea (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida). The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1988;35:182-189. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04321.x\n'},{id:"B65",body:'\nBuonanno F, Anesi A, Di Giuseppe G, Guella G, Ortenzi C. Chemical defense by erythrolactones in the euryhaline ciliated protist, Pseudokeronopsis erythrina. Zoological Science. 2017;34:42-51. DOI: 10.2108/zs160123\n'},{id:"B66",body:'\nHöfle G, Pohlan S, Uhlig G, Kabbe K, Schumacher D. Keronopsins A and B, chemical defence substances of the marine ciliate Pseudokeronopsis rubra (Protozoa): Identification by ex vivo HPLC. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 1994;33:1495-1497. DOI: 10.1002/anie.199414951\n'},{id:"B67",body:'\nGuella G, Frassanito R, Mancini I, Sandron T, Modeo L, Verni F, Dini F, Petroni G. Keronopsamides, a new class of pigments from marine ciliates. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2010;3:427-434. DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900905\n'},{id:"B68",body:'\nAnesi A, Buonanno F, Di Giuseppe G, Ortenzi C, Guella G. Metabolites from the eury-haline ciliate Pseudokeronopsis erythrina. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2016;7:1330-1336. DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501424\n'},{id:"B69",body:'\nChen X, Clamp JC, Song W. Phylogeny and systematic revision of the family Pseudokeronopsidae (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotricha), with description of a new estuarine species of Pseudokeronopsis. Zoologica Scripta. 2011;40:659-671. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00492.x\n'},{id:"B70",body:'\nStrott CA. Sulfonation and molecular action. Endocrine Reviews. 2002;5:703-732. DOI: 10.1210/er.2001-0040\n'},{id:"B71",body:'\nPeck R, Pelvat B, Bolivar I, de Haller G. Light and electron microscopic observation on the heterotrich ciliate Climacostomum virens. Journal of Protozoology. 1975;22:368-385. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb05187.x\n'},{id:"B72",body:'\nLarsen HF, Nilsson JR. Is Blepharisma hyalinum truly unpigmented. Journal of Protozoology. 1983;30:90-97. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1983.tb01039.x\n'},{id:"B73",body:'\nBuonanno F, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Amantini C, Lucciarini R, Santoni G, Ortenzi C. The protozoan toxin climacostol inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human tumor cell lines. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2008;176:151-164. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.07.007\n'},{id:"B74",body:'\nStasiuk M, Kozubek A. Biological activity of phenolic lipids. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2010;67(6):841-860. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0193-1\n'},{id:"B75",body:'\nMiyake A, Buonanno F, Saltalamacchia P, Masaki ME, Iio H. Chemical defence by means of extrusive cortical granules in the heterotrich ciliate Climacostomum virens. European Journal of Protistology. 2003;39:25-36. DOI: 10.1078/0932-4739-00900\n'},{id:"B76",body:'\nBuonanno F, Ortenzi C. The protozoan toxin climacostol and its derivatives: Cytotoxicity studies on 10 species of free-living ciliates. Biologia. 2010;65:675-680. DOI: 10.2478/s11756-010-0071-1\n'},{id:"B77",body:'\nBuonanno F, Guella G, Strim C, Ortenzi C. Chemical defence by mono-prenyl hydroquinone in a freshwater ciliate, Spirostomum ambiguum. Hydrobiologia. 2012;684:97-107. DOI: 10.1007/s10750-011-0972-1\n'},{id:"B78",body:'\nFiorini D, Giuli S, Marcantoni E, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Amantini C, Santoni G, Buonanno F, Ortenzi C. A straightforward diastereoselective synthesis and evaluation of climacostol, a natural product with anticancer activities. Synthesis. 2010;9:1550-1556. DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1218695\n'},{id:"B79",body:'\nPetrelli D, Buonanno F, Vitali LA, Ortenzi C. Antimicrobial activity of the protozoan toxin climacostol and its derivatives. Biologia. 2012;67:525-529. DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0030-0\n'},{id:"B80",body:'\nQuassinti L, Ortenzi F, Marcantoni E, Ricciutelli M, Lupidi G, Ortenzi C, Buonanno F, Bramucci M. DNA binding and oxidative DNA damage induced by climacostol-copper(II) complexes: Implications for anticancer properties. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2013;206:109-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.08.007\n'},{id:"B81",body:'\nPerrotta C, Buonanno F, Zecchini S, Giavazzi A, Proietti Serafini F, Catalani E, Guerra L, Belardinelli MC, Picchietti S, Fausto AM, Giorgi S, Marcantoni E, Clementi E, Ortenzi C, Cervia D. Climacostol reduces tumour progression in a mouse model of melanoma via the p53-dependent intrinsic apoptotic programme. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:27281. DOI: 10.1038/srep27281\n'},{id:"B82",body:'\nCatalani E, Proietti Serafini F, Zecchini S, Picchietti S, Fausto AM, Marcantoni E, Buonanno F, Ortenzi C, Perrotta C, Cervia D. Natural products from aquatic eukaryotic microorganisms for cancer therapy: Perspectives on anti-tumour proprieties of ciliate biocative molecules. Pharmacological Research. 2016;113:409-420. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.018\n'},{id:"B83",body:'\nBuonanno F. The changes in the predatory behavior of the microturbellarian Stenostomum sphagnetorum on two species of toxin-secreting ciliates of the genus Spirostomum. Biologia. 2011;66(4):648-653. DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0061-y\n'},{id:"B84",body:'\nSera Y, Masaki ME, Doe M, Buonanno F, Miyake A, Usuki Y, Iio H. Spirostomin, defense toxin of the ciliate Spirostomum teres: Isolation, structure elucidation, and synthesis. Chemistry Letters. 2015;44:633-635. DOI: 10.1246/cl.150044\n'},{id:"B85",body:'\nKuhlmann H-W, Heckmann K. Interspecific morphogens regulating prey–predator relationships in protozoa. Science. 1985;227:1347-1349. DOI: 10.1126/science.227.4692.1347\n'},{id:"B86",body:'\nKuhlmann H-W, Heckmann K. Predation risk of typical ovoid and winged morphs of Euplotes (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Hydrobiologia. 1994;284:219-227. DOI: 10.1007/BF00006691\n'},{id:"B87",body:'\nKush J. Induction of morphological changes in ciliates. Oecologia. 1993;94:571-575. DOI: 10.1007/BF00566974\n'},{id:"B88",body:'\nLaas S, Spaak P. Chemically induced anti-predator defences in plankton: A review. Hydrobiologia. 2003;491(1-3):221-239. DOI: 10.1023/A:1024487804497\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Federico Buonanno",address:"federico.buonanno@unimc.it",affiliation:'
Department of ECHT, Laboratory of Protistology and Biology Education, University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy
Department of ECHT, Laboratory of Protistology and Biology Education, University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8415",type:"book",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",fullTitle:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites - Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",publishedDate:"February 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-039-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-038-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-040-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"20558",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Katsnelson",email:"M.Katsnelson@science.ru.nl",fullName:"Mikhail Katsnelson",slug:"mikhail-katsnelson",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"14433",title:"Theory of Doping: Monovalent Adsorbates",slug:"theory-of-doping-monovalent-adsorbates",abstract:null,signatures:"B. Sachs, T.O. Wehling, A. I. Lichtenstein and M. I. Katsnelson",authors:[{id:"20155",title:"Mr.",name:"Tim Oliver",surname:"Wehling",fullName:"Tim Oliver Wehling",slug:"tim-oliver-wehling",email:"twehling@physnet.uni-hamburg.de"},{id:"20557",title:"Mr.",name:"Burkhard",surname:"Sachs",fullName:"Burkhard Sachs",slug:"burkhard-sachs",email:"bsachs@physnet.uni-hamburg.de"},{id:"20558",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikhail",surname:"Katsnelson",fullName:"Mikhail Katsnelson",slug:"mikhail-katsnelson",email:"M.Katsnelson@science.ru.nl"},{id:"20559",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Lichtenstein",fullName:"Alexander Lichtenstein",slug:"alexander-lichtenstein",email:"alichten@physnet.uni-hamburg.de"}],book:{id:"1482",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-theory",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"15947",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Feher",slug:"alexander-feher",fullName:"Alexander Feher",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"16306",title:"Prof.",name:"Tong",surname:"Guo-Ping",slug:"tong-guo-ping",fullName:"Tong Guo-Ping",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Zhejiang Normal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"16862",title:"Prof.",name:"Rocco",surname:"Martinazzo",slug:"rocco-martinazzo",fullName:"Rocco Martinazzo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"19872",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",surname:"Syrkin",slug:"eugen-syrkin",fullName:"Eugen Syrkin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20155",title:"Mr.",name:"Tim Oliver",surname:"Wehling",slug:"tim-oliver-wehling",fullName:"Tim Oliver Wehling",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20557",title:"Mr.",name:"Burkhard",surname:"Sachs",slug:"burkhard-sachs",fullName:"Burkhard Sachs",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20559",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Lichtenstein",slug:"alexander-lichtenstein",fullName:"Alexander Lichtenstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20577",title:"Dr.",name:"Simone",surname:"Casolo",slug:"simone-casolo",fullName:"Simone Casolo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20578",title:"Prof.",name:"Gian Franco",surname:"Tantardini",slug:"gian-franco-tantardini",fullName:"Gian Franco Tantardini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"22393",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruiqin",surname:"Zhang",slug:"ruiqin-zhang",fullName:"Ruiqin Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"City University of Hong Kong",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"copyright-policy",title:"Copyright Policy",intro:"
As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\n
HOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\n\\n\\t
By accepting the agreement terms Authors retain their copyright on their Work but grant broad publishing and distribution rights to the publisher.
\\n\\t
Depending on the type of publication (Chapter or Long Form Monograph/Compacts; see definitions below), IntechOpen applies a Creative Commons license to the publication, allowing readers to use and share it freely.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen makes the publication available online under an appropriate license.
\\n\\n\\n
Agreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
The following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\n
Author - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\n
Work - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\n
Monograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\n
Compilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\n
Scientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\\n\\n
Journal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\n
IntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\\n\\n
Video Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
TERMS
\\n\\n
All Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\n
Copyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\t
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
\\n
\\n\\n
And for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An Attribution, giving appropriate credit and providing a link to the license, with an indication as to whether changes to the original were made
\\n\\t
A commitment not to add additional restrictions. In effect, this prohibits the application of legal conditions or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything that the license permits.
\\n
\\n\\n
All Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)
\\n\\t\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t
5 October 2011 (2011-10-05)
\\n\\t\\t\\t
Currently
\\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t
Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles
\\n\\t\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t
15 March 2022
\\n\\t\\t\\t
Currently
\\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\n
\\n\\n
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
Originally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\n
Republishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
The same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\n
DISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
All rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
The copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
Copyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\t
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
\\n
\\n\\n
Under the following terms:
\\n\\n
There must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\n
NonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\n
No additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\n
The CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
Originally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\n
All Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
Every reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\n
Under the following terms:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Attribution — give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
\\n\\t
NonCommercial use only - you may not use the material for commercial purposes. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\t
Distribution of remixed or transformed material building on the original termed derivatives is not permitted.
\\n\\t
No additional restrictions — you may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
\\n
\\n\\n
Users wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
Users wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\n
All software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\n
Unless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
All content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\n
IntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\n
HOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\n\n\t
By accepting the agreement terms Authors retain their copyright on their Work but grant broad publishing and distribution rights to the publisher.
\n\t
Depending on the type of publication (Chapter or Long Form Monograph/Compacts; see definitions below), IntechOpen applies a Creative Commons license to the publication, allowing readers to use and share it freely.
\n\t
IntechOpen makes the publication available online under an appropriate license.
\n\n\n
Agreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
The following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\n
Author - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\n
Work - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\n
Monograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\n
Compilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\n
Scientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\n\n
Journal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\n\n
IntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\n
IntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\n
Video Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\n
TERMS
\n\n
All Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\n
Copyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\n
\n\t
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\t
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
\n
\n\n
And for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\n
\n\t
An Attribution, giving appropriate credit and providing a link to the license, with an indication as to whether changes to the original were made
\n\t
A commitment not to add additional restrictions. In effect, this prohibits the application of legal conditions or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything that the license permits.
\n
\n\n
All Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
5 October 2011 (2011-10-05)
\n\t\t\t
Currently
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
15 March 2022
\n\t\t\t
Currently
\n\t\t
\n\t\n
\n\n
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
Originally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\n
Republishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\n
The same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\n
DISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\n
All rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\n
The copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
Copyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\n
\n\t
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\t
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
\n
\n\n
Under the following terms:
\n\n
There must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\n
NonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\n
No additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\n
The CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
Originally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\n
All Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\n
Every reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\n
Under the following terms:
\n\n
\n\t
Attribution — give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
\n\t
NonCommercial use only - you may not use the material for commercial purposes. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\t
Distribution of remixed or transformed material building on the original termed derivatives is not permitted.
\n\t
No additional restrictions — you may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
\n
\n\n
Users wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
Users wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\n
All software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\n
Unless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\n
All content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\n
Policy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6674},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2461},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12719},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1018},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17724}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134203},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11635",title:"Towards New Perspectives on Toxoplasma gondii",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2d409a285bea682efb34a817b0651aba",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saeed El-Ashram, Dr. Guillermo Téllez and Dr. Firas Alali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11635.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"209746",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",surname:"El-Ashram",slug:"saeed-el-ashram",fullName:"Saeed El-Ashram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11721",title:"Hypothermia and Hyperthermia - Physiology Concepts and Clinical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b0d0d929b72cece233f4b8cd014550c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marinos Kosmopoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11721.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"442908",title:"Dr.",name:"Marinos",surname:"Kosmopoulos",slug:"marinos-kosmopoulos",fullName:"Marinos Kosmopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11877",title:"Ergonomics - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8b7474730a8f1ec6615e66e12a72b4b5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Orhan Korhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11877.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101698",title:"Dr.",name:"Orhan",surname:"Korhan",slug:"orhan-korhan",fullName:"Orhan Korhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:36},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:108},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:394},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4438},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"113",title:"Chemical Engineering",slug:"engineering-chemical-engineering",parent:{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"},numberOfBooks:40,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1236,numberOfWosCitations:3122,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1461,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3918,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"113",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10159",title:"Swelling Elastomers in Petroleum Drilling and Development",subtitle:"Applications, Performance Analysis, and Material Modeling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cc0099da7f0fbf5572428795e43b796",slug:"swelling-elastomers-in-petroleum-drilling-and-development-applications-performance-analysis-and-material-modeling",bookSignature:"Sayyad Zahid Qamar, Maaz Akhtar and Tasneem Pervez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10159.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"21687",title:"Prof.",name:"Sayyad Zahid",middleName:null,surname:"Qamar",slug:"sayyad-zahid-qamar",fullName:"Sayyad Zahid Qamar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"7353",title:"Paraffin",subtitle:"an Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"37902d2ff0f7e495b628ab41622be6e4",slug:"paraffin-an-overview",bookSignature:"Fathi Samir Soliman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7353.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"270842",title:"Dr.",name:"Fathi Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Soliman",slug:"fathi-samir-soliman",fullName:"Fathi Samir Soliman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7323",title:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a019fb5c826a5049700528cfc505f0db",slug:"processing-of-heavy-crude-oils-challenges-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Marappa Gounder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"209620",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Marappa Gounder",slug:"ramasamy-marappa-gounder",fullName:"Ramasamy Marappa Gounder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8448",title:"Glycerine Production and Transformation",subtitle:"An Innovative Platform for Sustainable Biorefinery and Energy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63834d3e01c2550240908758fb0fbe34",slug:"glycerine-production-and-transformation-an-innovative-platform-for-sustainable-biorefinery-and-energy",bookSignature:"Marco Frediani, Mattia Bartoli and Luca Rosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8448.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Frediani",slug:"marco-frediani",fullName:"Marco Frediani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6829",title:"Petroleum Chemicals",subtitle:"Recent Insight",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"058919afbb548d3448e70238b4637e84",slug:"petroleum-chemicals-recent-insight",bookSignature:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",middleName:null,surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6770",title:"Laboratory Unit Operations and Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a139364b1ca4b347f2321a0430079830",slug:"laboratory-unit-operations-and-experimental-methods-in-chemical-engineering",bookSignature:"Omar M. Basha and Badie I. Morsi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6770.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174770",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar M.",middleName:null,surname:"Basha",slug:"omar-m.-basha",fullName:"Omar M. Basha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7230",title:"Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cebbba5d7b2b6c41fafebde32f87f90b",slug:"recent-advances-in-ionic-liquids",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6186",title:"Carbon Dioxide Chemistry, Capture and Oil Recovery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"720a601cd2b5476cbeb817906a4ab2dd",slug:"carbon-dioxide-chemistry-capture-and-oil-recovery",bookSignature:"Iyad Karamé, Janah Shaya and Hassan Srour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6186.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145512",title:"Prof.",name:"Iyad",middleName:null,surname:"Karamé",slug:"iyad-karame",fullName:"Iyad Karamé"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6730",title:"Palm Oil",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96d058f3abbc8d0660dcd56042a8ece8",slug:"palm-oil",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6730.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6631",title:"Heat Transfer",subtitle:"Models, Methods and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18bd3ce3b071e4f0cb9d4f58ac33c2fa",slug:"heat-transfer-models-methods-and-applications",bookSignature:"Konstantin Volkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6631.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118184",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volkov",slug:"konstantin-volkov",fullName:"Konstantin Volkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5758",title:"Pyrolysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"536c8699f8fa7504a63a23de45158a24",slug:"pyrolysis",bookSignature:"Mohamed Samer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5758.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175050",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Samer",slug:"mohamed-samer",fullName:"Mohamed Samer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:40,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"13254",doi:"10.5772/13474",title:"Insight Into Adsorption Thermodynamics",slug:"insight-into-adsorption-thermodynamics",totalDownloads:7146,totalCrossrefCites:88,totalDimensionsCites:262,abstract:null,book:{id:"25",slug:"thermodynamics",title:"Thermodynamics",fullTitle:"Thermodynamics"},signatures:"Papita Saha and Shamik Chowdhury",authors:[{id:"13943",title:"Dr.",name:"Papita",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"papita-saha",fullName:"Papita Saha"},{id:"24184",title:"Mr.",name:"Shamik",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"shamik-chowdhury",fullName:"Shamik Chowdhury"}]},{id:"23520",doi:"10.5772/20206",title:"Dissolution Trapping of Carbon Dioxide in Reservoir Formation Brine – A Carbon Storage Mechanism",slug:"dissolution-trapping-of-carbon-dioxide-in-reservoir-formation-brine-a-carbon-storage-mechanism",totalDownloads:5673,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:112,abstract:null,book:{id:"925",slug:"mass-transfer-advanced-aspects",title:"Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Mass Transfer - Advanced Aspects"},signatures:"Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"}]},{id:"13466",doi:"10.5772/13548",title:"Microwave Heating Applied to Pyrolysis",slug:"microwave-heating-applied-to-pyrolysis",totalDownloads:5843,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:108,abstract:null,book:{id:"29",slug:"advances-in-induction-and-microwave-heating-of-mineral-and-organic-materials",title:"Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials",fullTitle:"Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials"},signatures:"Yolanda Fernandez, Ana Arenillas and J. Angel Menendez",authors:[{id:"14045",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Menéndez Díaz",slug:"j.-angel-menendez-diaz",fullName:"J. Angel Menéndez Díaz"},{id:"15134",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Arenillas",slug:"ana-arenillas",fullName:"Ana Arenillas"},{id:"15135",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez",slug:"yolanda-fernandez",fullName:"Yolanda Fernandez"}]},{id:"23539",doi:"10.5772/22962",title:"A Review of Mass Transfer Controlling the Reaction Rate in Heterogeneous Catalytic Systems",slug:"a-review-of-mass-transfer-controlling-the-reaction-rate-in-heterogeneous-catalytic-systems",totalDownloads:32454,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:80,abstract:null,book:{id:"925",slug:"mass-transfer-advanced-aspects",title:"Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Mass Transfer - Advanced Aspects"},signatures:"Raweewan Klaewkla, Matthias Arend and Wolfgang F. Hoelderich",authors:[{id:"49984",title:"Dr.",name:"Raweewan",middleName:null,surname:"Klaewkla",slug:"raweewan-klaewkla",fullName:"Raweewan Klaewkla"},{id:"53030",title:"Prof.",name:"Wolfgang",middleName:null,surname:"Hoelderich",slug:"wolfgang-hoelderich",fullName:"Wolfgang Hoelderich"},{id:"82993",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Arend",slug:"matthias-arend",fullName:"Matthias Arend"}]},{id:"56034",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69036",title:"Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste",slug:"pyrolysis-a-sustainable-way-to-generate-energy-from-waste",totalDownloads:8226,totalCrossrefCites:49,totalDimensionsCites:77,abstract:"Lignocellulosic biomass is a potentially more valuable renewable resource that can be utilized effusively as a chief source of heat for cooking and can correspondingly subsidize the production of electricity, heat, biofuels and chemicals including solid fuel like char or carbon. Lignocellulosic residues are mixed and burnt with coal to generate electricity. Presently, crude oil is replaced by bioethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass substrate. Some special class of chemicals can be derived from biomass that can subsequently replace the usage of non‐renewable resources of oil and coal. Pyrolysis of woody biomass to obtain pyroliginous acid was started hundreds of years ago, which has versatile applications. The range of products that can be derived from biomass is huge, prompting extent of research using different types of thermal conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, torrefaction, anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal processing. This chapter provides insights about the stages of reaction during pyrolysis and the outcome of reaction conditions on the products. Technical development and adjustment of process condition can offer a suitable environmentally benign scheme to increase the energy density of the lignocellulosic residues.",book:{id:"5758",slug:"pyrolysis",title:"Pyrolysis",fullTitle:"Pyrolysis"},signatures:"Chowdhury Zaira Zaman, Kaushik Pal, Wageeh A. Yehye, Suresh\nSagadevan, Syed Tawab Shah, Ganiyu Abimbola Adebisi, Emy\nMarliana, Rahman Faijur Rafique and Rafie Bin Johan",authors:[{id:"198251",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaira",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"zaira-chowdhury",fullName:"Zaira Chowdhury"},{id:"208451",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kaushik",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"kaushik-pal",fullName:"Kaushik Pal"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56034",title:"Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste",slug:"pyrolysis-a-sustainable-way-to-generate-energy-from-waste",totalDownloads:8214,totalCrossrefCites:49,totalDimensionsCites:76,abstract:"Lignocellulosic biomass is a potentially more valuable renewable resource that can be utilized effusively as a chief source of heat for cooking and can correspondingly subsidize the production of electricity, heat, biofuels and chemicals including solid fuel like char or carbon. Lignocellulosic residues are mixed and burnt with coal to generate electricity. Presently, crude oil is replaced by bioethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass substrate. Some special class of chemicals can be derived from biomass that can subsequently replace the usage of non‐renewable resources of oil and coal. Pyrolysis of woody biomass to obtain pyroliginous acid was started hundreds of years ago, which has versatile applications. The range of products that can be derived from biomass is huge, prompting extent of research using different types of thermal conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, torrefaction, anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal processing. This chapter provides insights about the stages of reaction during pyrolysis and the outcome of reaction conditions on the products. Technical development and adjustment of process condition can offer a suitable environmentally benign scheme to increase the energy density of the lignocellulosic residues.",book:{id:"5758",slug:"pyrolysis",title:"Pyrolysis",fullTitle:"Pyrolysis"},signatures:"Chowdhury Zaira Zaman, Kaushik Pal, Wageeh A. Yehye, Suresh\nSagadevan, Syed Tawab Shah, Ganiyu Abimbola Adebisi, Emy\nMarliana, Rahman Faijur Rafique and Rafie Bin Johan",authors:[{id:"198251",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaira",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"zaira-chowdhury",fullName:"Zaira Chowdhury"},{id:"208451",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kaushik",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"kaushik-pal",fullName:"Kaushik Pal"}]},{id:"44033",title:"Ion-Exchange Chromatography and Its Applications",slug:"ion-exchange-chromatography-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:29853,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"3487",slug:"column-chromatography",title:"Column Chromatography",fullTitle:"Column Chromatography"},signatures:"Özlem Bahadir Acikara",authors:[{id:"109364",title:"Dr.",name:"Özlem",middleName:null,surname:"Bahadır Acıkara",slug:"ozlem-bahadir-acikara",fullName:"Özlem Bahadır Acıkara"}]},{id:"52155",title:"EOR Processes, Opportunities and Technological Advancements",slug:"eor-processes-opportunities-and-technological-advancements",totalDownloads:5499,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:"Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes are well known for their efficiency in incrementing oil production; however, the selection of the most suitable method to adopt for specific field applications is challenging. Hence, this chapter presents an overview of different EOR techniques currently applied in oil fields, the opportunities associated with these techniques, key technological advancements to guide the decision‐making process for optimum applicability and productivity and a brief review of field applications.",book:{id:"5143",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Lezorgia Nekabari Nwidee, Stephen Theophilus, Ahmed Barifcani,\nMohammad Sarmadivaleh and Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"},{id:"179076",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezorgia",middleName:"Nekabari",surname:"Nwidee",slug:"lezorgia-nwidee",fullName:"Lezorgia Nwidee"},{id:"179077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Barifcani",slug:"ahmed-barifcani",fullName:"Ahmed Barifcani"},{id:"179078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Theophilus",slug:"stephen-theophilus",fullName:"Stephen Theophilus"},{id:"189371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmadivaleh",slug:"mohammad-sarmadivaleh",fullName:"Mohammad Sarmadivaleh"}]},{id:"57510",title:"Solvents for Carbon Dioxide Capture",slug:"solvents-for-carbon-dioxide-capture",totalDownloads:4051,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are considered the major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. The mitigation of this kind of CO2 emissions relies on a portfolio of alternatives where CO2 absorption appears as the nearest approach to be applied at industrial scale. Researchers have been focused on developing new formulations of solvents to make more competitive CO2 absorption as a carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. In this sense, this chapter summarizes both the conventional solvents and the most recent investigations on this field. Chemical absorption is more suitable for a lot of industrial process due to the flue gas conditions: ambient pressure, low CO2 concentration and large volume. Therefore numerous novel solvents came up in recent years and they are further discussed in this chapter. The most recent solvents, their mechanisms and kinetics and the advantages and disadvantages are also included. Finally, physical solvents are adequate in high CO2 partial pressure applications and they are reported in the last section. Although physical absorption field is constrained to high-pressure flue gas, physical solvents provided higher performance in CO2 separation process and their characteristics are also summarized.",book:{id:"6186",slug:"carbon-dioxide-chemistry-capture-and-oil-recovery",title:"Carbon Dioxide Chemistry, Capture and Oil Recovery",fullTitle:"Carbon Dioxide Chemistry, Capture and Oil Recovery"},signatures:"Fernando Vega, Mercedes Cano, Sara Camino, Luz M. Gallego\nFernández, Esmeralda Portillo and Benito Navarrete",authors:[{id:"10704",title:"Prof.",name:"Benito",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"benito-navarrete",fullName:"Benito Navarrete"},{id:"209759",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Vega",slug:"fernando-vega",fullName:"Fernando Vega"},{id:"218843",title:"Dr.",name:"Mercedes",middleName:null,surname:"Cano",slug:"mercedes-cano",fullName:"Mercedes Cano"},{id:"218844",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Camino",slug:"sara-camino",fullName:"Sara Camino"},{id:"218845",title:"Mrs.",name:"Luz. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Gallego Fernández",slug:"luz.-m.-gallego-fernandez",fullName:"Luz. M. Gallego Fernández"},{id:"218846",title:"Mrs.",name:"Esmeralda",middleName:null,surname:"Portillo",slug:"esmeralda-portillo",fullName:"Esmeralda Portillo"}]},{id:"13241",title:"Heat Flow, Work Energy, Chemical Reactions, and Thermodynamics: a Dynamical Systems Perspective",slug:"heat-flow-work-energy-chemical-reactions-and-thermodynamics-a-dynamical-systems-perspective",totalDownloads:3246,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"25",slug:"thermodynamics",title:"Thermodynamics",fullTitle:"Thermodynamics"},signatures:"Wassim M. Haddad, Sergey G. Nersesov and VijaySekhar Chellaboina",authors:[{id:"15784",title:"Dr.",name:"Wassim",middleName:"M.",surname:"Haddad",slug:"wassim-haddad",fullName:"Wassim Haddad"},{id:"15788",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:"G.",surname:"Nersesov",slug:"sergey-nersesov",fullName:"Sergey Nersesov"},{id:"15789",title:"Prof.",name:"Vijay Sekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Chellaboina",slug:"vijay-sekhar-chellaboina",fullName:"Vijay Sekhar Chellaboina"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"113",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. Reviews on specialized areas of animal science are also welcome.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:358,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78018",title:"Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99162",signatures:"Gabriel Alexis S.P. Tubalinal, Leonard Paulo G. Lucero, Jim Andreus V. Mangahas, Marvin A. Villanueva and Claro N. Mingala",slug:"application-of-noble-metals-in-the-advances-in-animal-disease-diagnostics",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77455",title:"Marek’s Disease Is a Threat for Large Scale Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98939",signatures:"Wojciech Kozdruń, Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk and Natalia Styś-Fijoł",slug:"marek-s-disease-is-a-threat-for-large-scale-poultry-production",totalDownloads:261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"74655",title:"Taxon-Specific Pair Bonding in Gibbons (Hylobatidae)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95270",signatures:"Thomas Geissmann, Simone Rosenkranz-Weck, Judith J.G.M. Van Der Loo and Mathias Orgeldinger",slug:"taxon-specific-pair-bonding-in-gibbons-hylobatidae",totalDownloads:399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14794/images/system/14794.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Murat Şentürk obtained a baccalaureate degree in Chemistry in 2002, a master’s degree in Biochemistry in 2006, and a doctorate degree in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/24497",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"24497"},fullPath:"/chapters/24497",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()