Results of parameters from spatial autocorrelation (Moran Index, Z Score) and dispersion functions (Prob1Pnt).
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Wheatley",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"59585",title:"Dr.",name:"Sally",middleName:null,surname:"Wheatley",fullName:"Sally Wheatley",slug:"sally-wheatley"}]},{id:"23926",type:"chapter",title:"Anticancer Properties of Curcumin",slug:"anticancer-properties-of-curcumin",totalDownloads:4157,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Varisa Pongrakhananon and Yon Rojanasakul",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52705",title:"Prof.",name:"Yon",middleName:null,surname:"Rojanasakul",fullName:"Yon Rojanasakul",slug:"yon-rojanasakul"},{id:"60007",title:"Prof.",name:"Varisa",middleName:null,surname:"Pongrakhananon",fullName:"Varisa Pongrakhananon",slug:"varisa-pongrakhananon"}]},{id:"23927",type:"chapter",title:"Salograviolide A: A Plant-Derived Sesquiterpene Lactone with Promising Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Effects",slug:"salograviolide-a-a-plant-derived-sesquiterpene-lactone-with-promising-anti-inflammatory-and-anticanc",totalDownloads:2615,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Isabelle Fakhoury and Hala Gali-Muhtasib",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"57145",title:"Prof.",name:"Hala",middleName:null,surname:"Gali-Muhtasib",fullName:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib",slug:"hala-gali-muhtasib"}]},{id:"23928",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Inflammation in Cancer",slug:"the-role-of-inflammation-in-cancer",totalDownloads:1667,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"O’Leary D.P., Neary P.M. and Redmond H.P.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53469",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Neary",fullName:"Peter Neary",slug:"peter-neary"},{id:"54816",title:"Prof.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Redmond",fullName:"Henry Redmond",slug:"henry-redmond"},{id:"56447",title:"Mr.",name:"Donal",middleName:"Peter",surname:"OLeary",fullName:"Donal OLeary",slug:"donal-oleary"}]},{id:"23929",type:"chapter",title:"CD277 an Immune Regulator of T Cell Function and Tumor Cell Recognition",slug:"cd277-an-immune-regulator-of-t-cell-function-and-tumor-cell-recognition",totalDownloads:2434,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jose Francisco Zambrano-Zaragoza, Nassima Messal, Sonia Pastor, Emmanuel Scotet, Marc Bonneville, Danièle Saverino, Marcello Bagnasco, Crystelle Harly, Yves Guillaume, Jacques Nunes, Pierre Pontarotti, Marc Lopez and Daniel Olive",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"60372",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Olive",fullName:"Daniel Olive",slug:"daniel-olive"},{id:"60373",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Zambrano-Zaragoza",fullName:"Jose Francisco Zambrano-Zaragoza",slug:"jose-francisco-zambrano-zaragoza"},{id:"68501",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Scotet",fullName:"Emmanuel Scotet",slug:"emmanuel-scotet"},{id:"68504",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bonneville",fullName:"Marc Bonneville",slug:"marc-bonneville"},{id:"68507",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Saverino",fullName:"Daniele Saverino",slug:"daniele-saverino"},{id:"68508",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Bagnasco",fullName:"Marcello Bagnasco",slug:"marcello-bagnasco"},{id:"68511",title:"Dr.",name:"Yves",middleName:null,surname:"Guillaume",fullName:"Yves Guillaume",slug:"yves-guillaume"},{id:"69390",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaques",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",fullName:"Jaques Nunes",slug:"jaques-nunes"},{id:"69392",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Pontarotti",fullName:"Pierre Pontarotti",slug:"pierre-pontarotti"},{id:"69394",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",fullName:"Marc Lopez",slug:"marc-lopez"},{id:"69398",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristelle",middleName:null,surname:"Harly",fullName:"Cristelle Harly",slug:"cristelle-harly"},{id:"69399",title:"Dr.",name:"Nassima",middleName:null,surname:"Messal",fullName:"Nassima Messal",slug:"nassima-messal"}]},{id:"23930",type:"chapter",title:"Transcription Regulation and Epigenetic Control of Expression of Natural Killer Cell Receptors and Their Ligands",slug:"transcription-regulation-and-epigenetic-control-of-expression-of-natural-killer-cell-receptors-and-t",totalDownloads:1981,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhixia Zhou, Cai Zhang, Jian Zhang and Zhigang Tian",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"49603",title:"Prof.",name:"Cai",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Cai Zhang",slug:"cai-zhang"},{id:"59821",title:"Mrs.",name:"Zhixia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Zhixia Zhou",slug:"zhixia-zhou"}]},{id:"23931",type:"chapter",title:"Non-Invasive Devices for Early Detection of Breast Tissue Oncological Abnormalities Using Microwave Radio Thermometry",slug:"non-invasive-devices-for-early-detection-of-breast-tissue-oncological-abnormalities-using-microwave-",totalDownloads:3318,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tahir H. Shah, Elias Siores and Chronis Daskalakis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52670",title:"Prof.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Siores",fullName:"Elias Siores",slug:"elias-siores"},{id:"53035",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahir",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",fullName:"Tahir Shah",slug:"tahir-shah"},{id:"53198",title:"MSc",name:"Chronis",middleName:null,surname:"Daskalakis",fullName:"Chronis Daskalakis",slug:"chronis-daskalakis"}]},{id:"23932",type:"chapter",title:"Immunophenotyping of the Blast Cells in Correlations with the Molecular Genetics Analyses for Diagnostic and Clinical Stratification of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Single Center Experience",slug:"immunophenotyping-of-the-blast-cells-in-correlations-with-the-molecular-genetics-analyses-for-diagno",totalDownloads:2556,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Irina Panovska-Stavridis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51581",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Panovska-Stavridis",fullName:"Irina Panovska-Stavridis",slug:"irina-panovska-stavridis"}]},{id:"23933",type:"chapter",title:"Prospective Applications of Microwaves in Medicine",slug:"prospective-applications-of-microwaves-in-medicine",totalDownloads:5308,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jaroslav Vorlíček, Barbora Vrbova and Jan Vrba",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"49876",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Vrba",fullName:"Jan Vrba",slug:"jan-vrba"}]},{id:"23934",type:"chapter",title:"Photon Total Body Irradiation for Leukemia Transplantation Therapy: Rationale and Technique Options",slug:"photon-total-body-irradiation-for-leukemia-transplantation-therapy-rationale-and-technique-options",totalDownloads:3435,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Brent Herron, Alex Herron, Kathryn Howell, Daniel Chin and Luann Roads",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53244",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Herron",fullName:"Alex Herron",slug:"alex-herron"},{id:"53247",title:"Ms.",name:"Luann",middleName:null,surname:"Roads",fullName:"Luann Roads",slug:"luann-roads"},{id:"94906",title:"MSc.",name:"Brent",middleName:null,surname:"Herron",fullName:"Brent Herron",slug:"brent-herron"},{id:"95310",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathryn",middleName:null,surname:"Howell",fullName:"Kathryn Howell",slug:"kathryn-howell"},{id:"95312",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Chin",fullName:"Daniel Chin",slug:"daniel-chin"}]},{id:"23935",type:"chapter",title:"Radio-Photoluminescence Glass Dosimeter (RPLGD)",slug:"radio-photoluminescence-glass-dosimeter-rplgd-",totalDownloads:6749,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"David Y.C. Huang and Shih-Ming Hsu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53301",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"David Huang",slug:"david-huang"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8774",title:"Programmed Cell Death",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0459d0c7a518f61817a48fd4709c35bd",slug:"programmed-cell-death",bookSignature:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib and Omar Nasser Rahal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57145",title:"Prof.",name:"Hala",surname:"Gali-Muhtasib",slug:"hala-gali-muhtasib",fullName:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"67900",title:"The Underlying Mechanisms of Chinese Herbal Medicine-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Cancer",slug:"the-underlying-mechanisms-of-chinese-herbal-medicine-induced-apoptotic-cell-death-in-human-cancer",signatures:"Feiyu Chen, Zhangfeng Zhong, Hor Yue Tan, Ning Wang and Yibin Feng",authors:[null]},{id:"66895",title:"Programmed Cell Death Deregulation in BCR-ABL1-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms",slug:"programmed-cell-death-deregulation-in-bcr-abl1-negative-myeloproliferative-neoplasms",signatures:"Carmen C. Diaconu, Petruta Gurban, Cristina Mambet, Mihaela Chivu-Economescu, Laura G. Necula, Lilia Matei, Denisa Dragu, Saviana Nedeianu, Ana I. Neagu, Aurelia Tatic, Diana Cristodor and Coralia Bleotu",authors:[null]},{id:"66585",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Cell Death",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-mediated-cell-death",signatures:"Mehtap Kara and Ezgi Oztas",authors:[null]},{id:"70279",title:"Cell Death Mechanisms of the Promising Anticancer Compound Gallotannin",slug:"cell-death-mechanisms-of-the-promising-anticancer-compound-gallotannin",signatures:"Marwa Houssein and Hala Gali-Muhtasib",authors:[{id:"57145",title:"Prof.",name:"Hala",middleName:null,surname:"Gali-Muhtasib",fullName:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib",slug:"hala-gali-muhtasib"}]},{id:"68414",title:"Autophagy and Cell Death: Antitumor Drugs Targeting Autophagy",slug:"autophagy-and-cell-death-antitumor-drugs-targeting-autophagy",signatures:"Hai Zhang and Zhinan Chen",authors:[null]},{id:"67450",title:"Autophagy and Cell Death in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Prion Diseases",slug:"autophagy-and-cell-death-in-alzheimer-s-parkinson-s-and-prion-diseases",signatures:"Samo Ribarič and Irina Milisav Ribarič",authors:[{id:"30734",title:"Prof.",name:"Samo",middleName:null,surname:"Ribaric",fullName:"Samo Ribaric",slug:"samo-ribaric"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3002",title:"Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics",subtitle:"Novel Approaches in Biomarkers Discovery and Therapeutic Targets in Cancer",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8990331803d9e6084b367163dcf218",slug:"oncogenomics-and-cancer-proteomics-novel-approaches-in-biomarkers-discovery-and-therapeutic-targets-in-cancer",bookSignature:"César López-Camarillo and Elena Aréchaga-Ocampo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3002.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3273",title:"Cancer Treatment",subtitle:"Conventional and Innovative Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cdd9872a05001212b3583bff95bae979",slug:"cancer-treatment-conventional-and-innovative-approaches",bookSignature:"Letícia Rangel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3273.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60359",title:"Dr.",name:"Letícia",surname:"Rangel",slug:"leticia-rangel",fullName:"Letícia Rangel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3462",title:"Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy",subtitle:"Increasing Relevance in Cancer Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f88a3fde61b5535375bde00b9c13d1e",slug:"neoadjuvant-chemotherapy-increasing-relevance-in-cancer-management",bookSignature:"Maurie M. 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Rangel and Ian Victor Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4537.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60359",title:"Dr.",name:"Letícia",surname:"Rangel",slug:"leticia-rangel",fullName:"Letícia Rangel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6127",title:"Cancer Causing Substances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"174eb39b8b0e84934f4a958e6d4de827",slug:"cancer-causing-substances",bookSignature:"Faik Atroshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6127.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65639",title:"Dr.",name:"Faik",surname:"Atroshi",slug:"faik-atroshi",fullName:"Faik Atroshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1311",title:"Advances in Cancer Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24db071212f134f4a7dc3dc0cc786fec",slug:"advances-in-cancer-therapy",bookSignature:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57145",title:"Prof.",name:"Hala",surname:"Gali-Muhtasib",slug:"hala-gali-muhtasib",fullName:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73697",title:"Spatial Visualization of Geochemical Data: Application to the Chichinautzin Volcanic Field, Mexico",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93798",slug:"spatial-visualization-of-geochemical-data-application-to-the-chichinautzin-volcanic-field-mexico",body:'The presence of volcanic centers clustered in a monogenetic field involves possible control from the feeding plumbing system architecture. The range of chemical composition (i.e. major elements abundances such as SiO2 contents, trace elements, etc.) from the effusive as explosive volcanic rocks also lead to various interrogations regarding origin of the magma that circulate in the lithosphere below monogenetic volcanic fields. Most of all, the presence of spatial magma heterogeneities is a major observation discussed and synthesized for volcanic fields in subduction zones [1, 2, 3]. Visualization tools are required to facilitate these observations and analyses for understanding the building of minor volcanic centers as defining the origin of the magma in monogenetic fields.
The Chichinautzin Volcanic Field (CVF) in the center of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) represents the ideal study case to improve observations and simplify visualization of spatial heterogeneities among a volcanic field. The high sampling density of volcanic rock samples in CVF literally favor the area for such studies. Building a spatial visualization model becomes necessary regarding natural hazards because of CVF vicinity to the greater Mexico city, globally one of the most populated urban area.
A novel spatial model and geomatic tool are thus presented here to illustrate the geochemical dispersion from sampled volcanic rocks. This spatial model is simple and involves high precision for object localization on a map. Geochemical markers (geomarkers) related to classic igneous petrological analyst tools now are given quantitative symbols and projected on a digital elevation model (DEM) background. Point symbols and polygons that mark specific ranges of values from the geomarkers show clear spatial magma heterogeneities that can be interpreted and used in various disciplines of geosciences.
The Chichinautzin Volcanic Field (CVF) in the center of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) is a key zone to understand recent monogenetic magmatism in a subduction zone. The volcanism of CVF and seismic activity underneath is rift-related and is also affected by the subduction of the Cocos plate under North American plate [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. The age of volcanism is relatively young; geochronological 14C data, paleomagnetic measurements and the 40Ar/39Ar method applied on volcanic rocks give ages that goes up to 1200 ka [10, 11, 12]. The youngest eruption is the Xitle scoria cone around 1665±35 years b.p., whose lavas destroyed and buried the pre-Hispanic settlement of Cuicuilco [13].
The question of where volcanism occur is particularly of interest for geologists since around the populated valley of the greater city of Mexico, the CVF includes more than 220 quaternary cinder cones and few shield volcanoes, with their associated lava flows and tephra sequences (Figure 1a, b). In addition, the region is still “geologically active”; the volcanic structures tend to be aligned on E-W normal faults [14] with stratovolcanoes (Popocatépetl-Iztaccihuatl and Toluca) occurring at the intersection of N-S and E-W faults [16, 18]. The source of magmatic and seismic activity is also of concern [19], beneath all CVF, the inferred depth of the slab interface is changing between 80 km and drastically to levels far deeper than 100 km [8, 20]. The crustal thickness beneath the CVF is ~40 to 50 km which is the greatest in the TMVB [8, 9].
Area of study (map modified from the following authors; [
Noteworthy in the field of geochemistry, [14] mentioned a spatial variation from the composition of volcanic rocks and schematic sections were proposed to show where are the different kind of magmas in CVF [15, 21]. Overall, there have been lots of work done in the CVF relating its heterogeneity, and with the rapid development of analytical techniques in geochemistry, a new data compilation was needed after [22].
The geochemistry of the volcanic products in the CVF is characterized by basaltic andesite to dacitic rocks with alkaline to calc-alkaline affinities [9, 23]. The majority are subalkaline, except for the most mafic samples (ex: Chichinautzin and Guespalapa) which are transitional and plot in the alkaline field [14]. Mafic melt compositions (basalt, basaltic andesites) are found in olivine phenocrysts holding glass inclusions of ~49 to <54 wt.% SiO2 (i.e. see Xitle, [24] and Pelagatos, [25]).
Since the first proposed petrogenetic explanation from Gunn and Mooser works (1970s), the origin of magmas heterogeneities in the CVF is still debated. Two different types of mantle-derived primitive mafic magmas have been suggested for CVF based on Sr-Nd isotopes, trace elements and mineralogical features [15, 26]. The first type is an OIB-like mafic magma, and is characterized as anhydrous [6, 9, 15, 23, 27, 28, 29]. The second type is associated to a metasomatized mantle source, with incompatible elements of a depleted mantle source, but enriched in mobile elements that are possibly coming from the subducting slab [6, 9, 23, 29].
A database of whole rock composition was produced by the compilation of geochemical data from 583 samples of volcanic materials within the CVF (Appendices). A total of 32 references was used containing whole rock data (major and trace elements from (A) Scoria cones in the Chichinautzin Volcanic Field (sample of lava, bomb and scoria), (B) Iztaccihuatl, (C) Popocatepetl, (D) Nevado de Toluca. In the case of stratovolcanoes (B-C-D), only were considered juvenile samples of pyroclast, pumice or a dome fragment.
Pairs of geochemical elements from whole rock analysis and representing high density sampling area were chosen based on their petrogenetic significance. All referenced data from the geochemical dataset of CVF were given latitude and longitude coordinates (Appendices I, II), then a spatial attribute is automatically associated when the tables are uploaded in a Geographic Information System (GIS). This database was projected with ArcGIS software [30] to detect any spatial trend. The compiled data come from 32 published works between 1948 and 2011 (See Appendix II for a list of the references used). Also, for comparison, data from the neighbor polygenetic volcanoes are included: Popocatepetl, Iztaccihuatl and Nevado de Toluca.
The systematic approach described above was possible to propose with a recompilation and a methodical statistical investigation of geochemical tracers of petrogenetic and tectonic processes. The statistic distribution of a single ratio is called a geochemical marker (geomarker).
In this review, 2 geomarkers were chosen based on the significance they represent in rock classification and petrogenesis. Two datasets of each geomarker were then created from the central geodatabase and plotted in the GIS map:
The alkali geomarker (464 datas) which represents the alkalinity of the rocks and may be indicative of assimilation from continental crust during formation of the magmas. The ratio is obtained by dividing alkalis over silica which transform the conventional bivariant graphic into a univariable value for mapping [31, 32, 33]. The Sr/Y geomarker (228 datas) is used to evaluate the significance of the alkali geomarker. The alkalinity of the rocks has high probability to be associated to the systematic of crustal thickness when high values from Sr/Y point symbols match areas with strong alkalinity. Th Updates in Volcanology – Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science e equilibrium of plagioclase fractionating on Sr and both amphibole + garnet phases on Y is recognized to correlate with the variation of crust thickness in arc magmas [27].
The Ba/Nb geomarker (320 data) is used to geochemically characterize the tectonic environment. Ba is more soluble and mobile in subduction fluids [34]. Nb is considered immobile in subduction fluids, it is not added to the mantle asthenospheric wedge and the rising basaltic melts, because it remains in the metamorphic rocks of the subduction zone [35, 36]. High ratios of Ba/Nb are then suspected of magmas enriched in fluid coming from subduction.
The method proposed in this work uses spatial interpolation models which require evaluation depending on the data dispersion of the samples and previous geostatistics made on the databases. The principle of interpolation in cartography is applied to improve visualization of regional patterns of a natural phenomenon and to generalize a numerical distribution in a certain region [37, 38]. The equations of such models can be consulted in [37, 38], and also searched in the GIS tutorials [30, 39].
Evaluations on previous interpolation approaches to CVF were resumed in [40]. Intercomparing of kriging, inverse distance weight (IDW) and Linear Decrease (LD) is necessary due to the difference of input parameters between each approach. Ordinary kriging is proposed here according to the high density of samples in several areas between Popocatepetl and Nevado de Toluca flanks, mostly between latitudes 19°00′ and 19°20′ (Figure 1). As petrologists are interested by geological factors that influence the geomarkers at different scales [27, 34, 35, 36], the semi-variogram evaluation preceding the ordinary kriging becomes necessary to determine at what distance are the geochemical changes tendencies [40]. As a matter of fact, the common analyze of nugget, sill, and range for determining the spatial dependence of geochemistry is unique to this interpolation technique [37, 38]. If the preferential orientation of data positions in the map was constrained (i.e. anisotropy), the angle (in degrees) could be manipulated by specific kriging methods in several pieces of GIS software. In CVF, as seen in Figure 1, the large 2500 km2 area contains too many sources of anisotropy, which lead to eliminate angles dependence along the input parameters.
The interpolation model is only applied for the monogenetic cones of the CVF, because the material dispersion is not the same for the eruption of stratovolcanoes. A map with punctual representation of each calculated average composition at each volcanic emission center is compared with the original dataset (Figure 1) and used for the interpolation model. When the raster model is obtained for the alkalis and Ba/Nb geomarkers, four categories of raster values are associated to quartiles in four categories of colors used for the geomarkers of CVF and then transformed into polygon shapefiles. The mapped results of interpolation of CVF is sliced in the GIS with the same four quartile limits (the same colors) for each range of values.
As for other interpolation techniques, the limiting distance (Do) chosen for considering a maximum number of points is important [37, 38]. This is determined for modeling the distribution of rock geochemistry because it is setting a maximum distance of influence between different sampled sites. This limiting distance (Do), or technically called “search radius” use a weighting exponent adjusted to the influence of the distance between sample points. First, to provide estimated values at locations of interest and second, to generate values presenting the same dispersion characteristics as the original data [38].
To determine Do, the physical environment must be considered. In this study, a Do of 6000 m was used based on the maximum length of lava flows measured from 76 cones in CVF, this is considering that effusive rocks are emitted at larger distance than ballistic projectiles from explosive eruptions. A 6000 m buffer area was thus drawn covering almost all the data on the map and tried to avoid isolated samples (sometimes outliers). The buffer separates the farthest sample on the map from this artificial boundary. The radius is especially useful for limiting the interpolation calculation. In addition, by clipping for the same distance the resulting matrix image, a better design of the geomarker dispersion model is obtained. The drawing of the four polygons color categories is recommended to fit exactly with the four quantile categories that represent the range of pixel values.
The datasets of alkalis and Ba/Nb are analyzed with spatial geostatistical tools, specifically the Moran’s Index (I) because of its simple interpretation for determining the level of spatial autocorrelation (Table 1). The spatial autocorrelation from such index measures dependence among nearby values in a spatial distribution [41]. It considers that variables may be correlated because they are affected by similar processes, or phenomena, that extend over a larger region [38, 41]. The index is the result of a specialized algorithm; it first takes into account the classes of distances created for point pairs that are more or less at the same distance to each other [30, 39].
Moran’s I index | 0.42 | 0.48 |
Z score | 2.81 | 3.02 |
Prob1Pnt (m) | 8250 | 9500 |
Results of parameters from spatial autocorrelation (Moran Index, Z Score) and dispersion functions (Prob1Pnt).
Recall the legend for Moran I: Strong positive autocorrelation (I > 0), Strong negative autocorrelation (I < 0), Random distribution of values (I = 0).
For all point pairs within a distance group, the spatial autocorrelation index (I) is calculated and it can be summarized as follow [equation in ILWIS 3.7, 38]: strong positive autocorrelation (I > 0), strong negative autocorrelation (I < 0), or random distribution of values (I = 0).
Pattern characteristics of the data were also analyzed. The parameter Prob1Pnt was calculated using ILWIS 3.7. This calculates the probability that within a certain distance (column distance) of any point, at least one other point will be found, i.e. the probability to find the nearest neighbor of any point list within this distance. It is a direct measure of dispersion and for the case of CVF, it indicates if the sampling area is well covered for the 220 identified volcanic centers (Table 1).
To evaluate “how good” is the model, cross validation calculation was used where the goal is to have the smallest root-mean-squared prediction errors [30, 38]. The cross-validation method is based on percent error or PE (%) and a RMSE (root mean square error). It is the mean of the squared difference between the observed value (Pi*) and the predicted value (Pi), where n is the number of observations.
The geochemistry diagram shows alkaline enrichment in the four groups and greater dispersion for CVF (Figure 2A). The alkalinity is stronger for the stratovolcanoes and the rock names vary from basaltic trachy andesite to trachydacite. The CVF is classified between basaltic andesite to dacite. Iztaccihuatl have similar values from sample of East CVF or Valley of Puebla (same trend). The Nevado de Toluca has strong alkalis values (third and fourth quartiles).
(A) TAS diagram (alkali vs. silica) for all CVF data point. Data from Popocatepetl-Iztaccihuatl and Nevado de Toluca are also included for composition. (B) Distribution diagram of the alkali geomarker. The solid vertical lines are the four quantile limits (0.093, 0.097, 0.101, 0.148) with the second and fourth representing the median and the maximum and the dashed vertical line represents the average (x̄=0.097). (C) Semi-variogram for the alkali geomarker for all CVF data points.
As seen in Figure 2B, the total sample distribution is almost a Gaussian curve for all incorporated samples in the database. The Moran Index (Table 1) demonstrates data that are spatially clustered, but the distribution is not random. The study gives a probability pattern to find a first interpolation point for 8250 m.
From the semi-variogram evaluation on the model (Figure 2C), the determined range (first plateau) is given with the spherical function model at 13,000 m which indicates a smaller scale influence compare to the other ratios. It is interesting to see a maximum over ~20,050 m and for other distances (plateau at 39,500 m) which indicates different scale influence of the alkalinity.
High values (third and fourth quartiles) from the alkali geomarker as spatial dispersion are variable at large scale in general, from east to west in CVF (Figure 3). Large surface of high alkalinity and high Sr/Y ratios are found near the Sierra de Las Cruces (SDLC) and Nevado de Toluca, some others south of Valley of Puebla Scoria Cones and in the center of CVF. Regionalization of low values is found for large area in the center of CVF, but some low Sr/Y ratios do not match with high alkaline contents for Guespalapa, Chichinautzin, Herradura and Suchioc samples. The distribution of alkalinity follows elongated polygons over CVF (NE-SW and SE-NW tendencies), but small anomalies are also observed. Stratovolcanoes are represented by high values of Sr/Y among point symbols, but geostatistics show large ranges of alkalinity.
Symbol map and spatial overlay results of ordinary kriging for alkalinity ratio. The point map symbol overlays represent center of emission and volcanic deposits with their respective average alkalinity. The color legend is from Sr/Y ratio separated with quartiles. The circle point symbols represent monogenetic cones, and the triangle point symbols represent important deposits emitted by the stratovolcanoes. The symbol codes in the legend attributed for the ratio alkali categories in the legend are built with quartiles.
The geochemistry diagram, while in most cases there is no correlation with the large variation of Nb datas, Ba values generally are higher for CVF, but there are no positive-negative relationships with Nb (Figure 4A). CVF have widely scattered values, the Nb values of Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl are generally lowers, but Nevado de Toluca’s values are higher.
(A) Ba vs. Nb diagram for all CVF data point. Data from Popocatepetl-Iztaccihuatl and Nevado de Toluca are also included for composition. (B) Distribution diagram of the Ba/Nb geomarker. The solid vertical lines are the four quartile limits (41.1, 74.0, 114.0, 1081.0) with the second representing the median, and the fourth quantile represents the maximum. The dashed vertical line represents the average (x̄=104.9). Circular box represents where are the monogenetic cones in the population, and the thin border rectangular box represents the stratovolcanoes. (C) Semi-variogram for the Ba/Nb geomarker for all CVF data points.
The total sample distribution appears as two Gaussian curves. Those curves represent two populations of data with distinct patterns and two central tendencies (Figure 4B). Since Ba is not variable inside each group, the distribution of the Ba/Nb ratio is controlled by Nb. From Moran Index, the data form clustered pattern without a random distribution. The study gives a probability pattern to find an interpolation point for 9500 m so the influence between each sample is less important than for alkalis. From the semi-variogram, the determined range is given at 14,500 m which indicates a larger scale influence compare to the other ratios. A maximum is present at ~38,000 m (Figure 4C).
On the map, there are important first order tendencies. The entire CVF is exceptionally low, but regionalized and high values are found around the stratovolcanoes where the Nb is the lowest (La Hoya, Loma Sacramento, Tenayo), but also through SDLC or near Nevado de Toluca. The geochemistry changes from east to west starting from the Popocatepetl area (Figure 5). The polygons from the Ba/Nb spatial model are clearly elongated in a N-S direction.
Symbol map and spatial overlay results of ordinary kriging for Ba/Nb ratio. The point map symbol overlays represent center of emission and volcanic deposits with their respective average Ba/Nb ratio. The circle point symbols represent monogenetic cones (n = 134), and the triangle point symbols represent important deposits emitted by the stratovolcanoes (n = 16). The color codes attributed for the ratio categories in the legend are the same for the point map symbol and surface layers.
The analysis of pattern (Table 1) showed that samples were grouped in disordered cluster without random dispersion, reflecting the different field strategies that influence the targeted investigated area of CVF. This dispersion diverges from systematic grids performed for small scales mineral exploration tactics or soil surveys [38].
The measure of dispersion gives values between 8250 and 12,900 meters and it is inversely proportional to the quantity of samples in each dataset. Despite those distances, the spatial dependence of the models varies between 13,000 and 18,000 meters (Figure 2C,4C; see semi-variogram evaluation). The changes of geochemistry are interpreted to occur for small distances between eruptive centers, but also for ranges over larger distances as it is shown for alkali, Sr/Y and Ba/Nb datasets. Finally, from observation of the point value symbol maps (Appendix I), despite of the rich geological knowledge and sampling works in CVF, the measure of dispersion allows to interpret an insufficient density of certain sampling area, particularly for monogenetic cones N-E of Xitle in urban sector, in the valley around Sta. Cruz volcano, and south of the CVF (forest).
The evaluation of rock chemistry affinity can be used to evaluate target for petrological investigation and resume spatial patterns as a clear idea of geochemical distribution of a monogenetic field. On the other hand, the presented methodology finds limitations for different reasons (we proposed four factors):
Detailed toponymic descriptions are furnished without coordinates of samples by some authors which complicate assigning geographical coordinates (Appendix II; the number of references being n = 15/32). This is in addition to the quantity of elements analyzed for geochemistry in certain sectors (different analytical instrument, necessity or not to use rare earth and trace elements) as the targeted material from the publication which involve for some authors to study different kinds of external and internal petrological processes.
Control of arbitrary parameters such as the search radius and weighting exponent in the interpolation approach can be affecting the error and precision of the model [40]. The IDW and LD techniques are ideal in areas without anisotropy and where the quantity of point neighbors is not critical (i.e. constant in a structured sample grid [30, 37, 38, 39].
Sampling density and dispersion as determined with (I) find limitations from the physical environment (topography, vent locations reported in literature, nonpreferential flow orientation, etc.).
Strategical sampling affects the distribution of sampling site positions (i.e. various objectives of petrological sampling, sample distance to road of access, uncertainties of rock sample association to emitting vent, etc.).
Trace element ratios Ba/Nb show first-order trends and one maximum in the semi-variograms for 38 km (Figures 2,4). Spatial variations of trace element ratios are correlated for limits that correspond to larger distances. These changes of geochemistry are visible in a larger area and may be related to large-scale tectonic effects which may be associated to new input material from the subduction zone [3].
Alkalis shown on the maps has tendency of second order (for 13,000 m) and have different changes of spatial dependence for larger distances interpreted in the semi-variogram (Figures 2,4). These second plateau and maximum can also be interpreted as secondary large-scale tendencies. At local scale, it perfectly marks the regional heterogeneity known in the CVF, but larger scale effects also occur (i.e. For example Pelagatos and the center of the monogenetic field is clearly less evolved and less alkaline; see [25, 42, 43]).
The geochemistry of monogenetic cones satellites/boundaries of Popocatepetl, Iztaccihuatl: like the neighbor stratovolcanoes have volcanic arc affinity (high Ba/Nb), influence of crustal thickness (high Sr/Y) and constitute predominantly felsic rocks. Despite of this, alkalinity anomalies are observed, in some cases, few minor eruptive centers constitute low Sr/Y ratios, but high alkalinity (ex. Nealtica, Tetela), or even the contrary, high Sr/Y ratios, but low alkalinity (Cerro Xoyaca, Loma Tepenasco, La Joya next to Iztaccihuatl; [44]). Overall, the heterogeneity of the CVF monogenetic bodies decreases as it approaches the Popocatepetl-Iztaccihuatl stratovolcanoes. This distribution suggests the possibility that the CVF and the stratovolcanoes share the same mantle source which is a petrological evidence in literature [14, 44]. The contrast of Ba/Nb values between the stratovolcanoes and the center of CVF can be explained by different degrees of sediment contribution from the mantle [45], crustal assimilation (i.e. on Sr and Y; [39]), but also fractional crystallization, all having effects on the content of Ba and Nb [36].
The most remarkable observation in the spatial model is the similarity with the geomarkers to the east CVF and the Popocatepetl-Iztaccihuatl complex. This could imply that since Quaternary, the magma source of many monogenetic conduits east of CVF and minor eruptive vents find similar magmatic source/a common root in the mantle in the vicinity of the polygenetic edifices (ex. La Hoya, [44]).
At the eastern limit of the mapped faults in [10], a similar N-S trending corridor is observed with high Ba/Nb anomalies. This includes the Pelagatos volcano mafic rocks despite the intermediate alkalinity and Sr/Y ratios (Figures 3,5). Such signatures are associated to enriched mantle in incompatible elements. No regional faults are reported, and neither are lacustrine sediment covers east of Pelagatos [11]. A clear lineation of scoria cones is observed as shown by the point map overlays (Figure 1; Appendices). A E-W large scale change of crustal thickness can explain the variation, but Sr/Y do not show this N-S systematic association nor gradual changes along the direction of the Cocos plate subduction under the continent [8, 20].
A different dispersion pattern of the magma conduits could occur in this area due to complexity of cortical pathways for magma, but as the interpolation model and semi-variogram indicate (Figure 4C), individual plumbing systems of the monogenetic field must share a deep mantle source. Large-scale geochemical changes from all geomarkers do not correlate with the subducting slab geometry [8, 20, 34, 46], which point out that spatial heterogeneities of magma source rather increase where mantle interact with continental crust.
Monogenetic cones north and south of CVF are more mafic, less alkaline and many aligned scoria cones share the same rock composition (Figures 3,5). Overall, monogenetic cones are spatially associated to E-W normal faults reported in the works of [16, 18] and recent mapping advances resumed in [10, 11]. Even though, no clear geochemistry (ex. Sr/Y) vs structural orientations associations are observed (Figure 1) contrary to some volcanic fields (minor eruptive centers along the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, Southern Andes; [47, 48]). The normal fault systems in CVF also affect the crust below stratovolcanoes in addition to NE faults. This could imply to redirect orientations for magmas pathways and plumbing system depths. Thus, the extend of magma differentiation is variable and therefore the geochemistry of satellite monogenetic cones is modified to the polygenic edifices (i.e. Huililco monogenetic cones versus Llaima stratovolcano in Chile; [2]).
As for Nevado de Toluca, only Sta. Cruz and Tenango have remarkably similar trace element ratios (Figures 4,5); Sr/Y as for Ba/Nb are associated to the high topography from SDLC. Overall, the western part of CVF constitutes spatial changes of geochemistry that vary over small areas. For example, near the flanks of the SDLC, rocks are more diverse in SiO2 contents, have higher alkalinity and local interpolations show high Ba/Nb ratios [subduction signature). Then, further west, the same high Ba/Nb tendency follows a N-S corridor (Texontepec to Tezontle).
Local anomalies are various west of CVF and Tenango lateral fault system. Many E-W structures [11] do not correlate with the orientation of elongated polygons of high alkalinity and neither do they follow regional tendencies of spatial Sr/Y distribution (Figure 3). A more complex structural system can explain this difference according to the maps published in [1, 10, 49], which may imply contrasting basement lithologies (i.e. see [11, 50, 51]), crustal thickness or lithospheric fractures distinct in depth origin, movement and geometry in comparison to the Popocatepetl-Iztaccihuatl complex.
The geostatistic and geographical mapping model of volcanic bulk rock chemistry in the Chichinautzion Volcanic Field (CVF) served as a methodological approach. Improve the comprehension of the spatial distribution of the magma heterogeneities inside a typical monogenetic volcanic field. The major methodological outcomes and geological explanations for such geochemical variations are resumed as follows:
The method presented here showed incertitude particularly for interpreting alkalis and Sr/Y lineation on the final models (Figures 2,3). Limitations were encountered for assigning geographical coordinates, to control arbitrary parameters for spatial interpolation, to integrate physical environment parameters and to consider all strategical sampling objectives that may influence sample rock positions cumulated since 1948. The Moran Index (I) and the parameter Prob1Pnt helped to determine sample dispersion, which become mandatory to determine if some sectors inside a monogenetic field as CVF should be preferred for kriging, IDW or LD. It is consequently recommended to segment the area of study from monogenetic field and use the kriging method where a preferential sample orientation for high sample density cover is observed (satellite cones on the same flank from a polygenetic system, unidirectional topographic gradient, sampling along a lava flow or a structural lineation). Sectors where sample orientation is random and distribution is homogeneous should consider the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) and Linear Decrease (LD).
The tectonic significance of high Ba/Nb geomarker is particularly of interest to indicate contribution of fluids derived from the subducted plate. This occurs in addition to the highly depleted mantle signature in the region of stratovolcanoes [21, 28, 29, 44]. One consideration is the presence of such anomalies related to amphibole fractioning [7] and even garnet from a deep source (~400 km; [27]). Another consideration is that such magmas are deeply sourced where hydrated fluids are produced by a metasomatized mantle source (from the slab, for example supported by [23, 29]). Despite of this association, such anomalies are geographically restricted to polygenetic systems. In addition, the Sr/Y ratio or alkalis geomarkers as Ba/Nb itself do not correlate with literature observations of the continental thickness [10, 11, 16, 18] nor the contact geometry of the subducted slab vs. lower continental crust [8, 20, 46]. Consequently, below CVF, rather than the slab influence [45], it is suggested that the role of lithospheric mantle–crust interaction is crucial to modify geochemical signature on the magmas feeding minor eruptive vents.
Shallow depth rigid continental crust (thickness and fractures) does not allow sufficient time and space for magmas to record subduction signature, therefore, the fast magma ascent feeding typical monogenetic systems do not easily record high Ba/Nb ratios [1]. In some cases, those magma could rather come from a fertile mantle, some with OIB signature, some hybrid depleted mantles [7, 9, 15, 21]. If this inference is correct, obstacles in the continental crust could be slowing down the frequent injection of new batches of magma feeding new minor eruptive vents around Iztaccihuatl-Popocatepetl, and Nevado de Toluca volcanic complexes. The plumbing system architecture of those stratovolcanoes already channel volumetric magmas derivated from a contrasting mantle-crust source.
The persons especially thanked for the technical support are Isaac Abimelec Farraz Montes (technician), Osvaldo Franco Ramos (student at Instituto de geografia, UNAM), and Laura Luna (technical secretary at Instituto de Geologia, UNAM). Dolores Ferres and Marie-Noël Guilbaud from Instituto de Geofisica (UNAM) reviewed datasets and gave important opinions about the methodology and the volcanological aspects of the work.
This work was supported by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec Nature et technologies (FRQNT) (Concours B1, Comité B4 (Maîtrise) who helped to support the Master program between 2010 and 2013 at Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). The submission work process is supported by Conicyt Fondecyt Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, with Project Code 11190846 attributed to Dr. Philippe Robidoux from Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes (CEGA) and Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile.
Dispersion of the 583 samples in study (map modified from: Siebe et al., 2005; Siebe et al., 2004). The Chichinautzin Volcanic Field (CVF) is shown (shaded polygon) over the digital elevation model (DEM) from INEGI (2011). The big pale solid triangles represent the three well known stratovolcanoes and their associated samples (small solid black triangle). The small solid black circles represent the samples from the monogenetic cones of CVF.
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Antonio, Marco, 2008. Reconstrucción del evento eruptivo asociado al emplazamiento del flujo piroclástico El Refugio hace 13 ka, volcán Nevado de Toluca (México), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, V.25, # 1, 2008, p.115-147 | Yes | Yes | Description, maps | |
Meriggi, Lorenzo, José Luis Macías, Simone Tommasini, 2008. Heterogeneous magmas of the Quaternary Sierra Chichinautzin volcanic field (central Mexico): the role of an amphibole-bearing mantle and magmatic evolution processes, HeterRevista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, v. 25, #.2, p. 197-216 | Yes | Yes | Table | |
Straub, S. M., Martin-Del Pozzo, A. L., Langmuir, C.H., 2008. Evidence from High-Ni Olivines for a Hybridized peridotite/pyroxenite source for orogenic andesites from the central Mexican volcanic belt; Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 9, 33 p. | Yes | Yes | Table | |
Guilbaud, M.-N., Siebe, C., Agustín-Flores, J., 2009. Eruptive style of the young high-Mg basaltic-andesite Pelagatos scoria cone southeast of México City. Bull. Volcanol. 71, 859–880. | Yes | Yes | Table, maps | |
Augustin Flores, Javier, 2009. Geologia y petrogenesis de los volcanes monogeneticos Pelagatos, Cerro del Agua y Dos Cerros en la Sierra Chichinautzin, al sur de la Ciudad de Mexico, Master thesis: Maestria en Ciencias (Vulcanologia), Postgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (Instituto de Geofisica), 97 p. | Yes | Yes | Table | |
Arana-Salinas, L., Claus Siebe and José Luis Macias 2010. Dynamics of the ca. 4965 yr 14C BP "Ochre Pumice" Plinian eruption of Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 192, Issues 3-4, 10 May 2010, p. 212-228 | Yes | Yes | Description | |
Augustin-Flores, Javier, Claus Siebe and Marie-Noëlle Guilbaud, 2011. Geology and geochemistry of Pelagatos, Cerro del Agua, and Dos Cerros monogenetic volcanoes in the Sierra Chichinautzin Volcanic Field, south of Mexico City, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 201, Issues 1-4, 15 April 2011, p.143-162 | Yes | Yes | Table |
It is specified if major elements (ME) or Rare Earth and Trace Elements (RETE) are available from the references. Coordinates (Coord.) are taken from tables, maps or interpreted from description in the text.
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
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\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
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\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
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\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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In this context, this chapter presents key subjects while implementing a quality management system at materials science laboratories and some considerations on strategies for effectively implementing such systems.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Rodrigo S. Neves, Daniel P. Da Silva, Carlos E. C. Galhardo, Erlon H.\nM. Ferreira, Rafael M. Trommer and Jailton C. Damasceno",authors:[{id:"20571",title:"Prof.",name:"Erlon H.",middleName:null,surname:"Martins Ferreira",slug:"erlon-h.-martins-ferreira",fullName:"Erlon H. 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The quality practices or quality management systems adopted by industries will further evolve due to the changes of quality concepts as time goes by. This chapter discusses the change of quality concepts and the related revolution of quality management systems in the past century. The quality concepts were gradually changed from the achievement of quality standards, satisfaction of customer needs, and expectations to customer delight. Since merely satisfying customers is not enough to ensure customer loyalty, the enterprises gradually focus on customers’ emotional responses and their delight in order to pursue their loyalty. The emotion of “delight” is composed of “joy” and “surprise,” which can be achieved as the customers’ latent requirements are satisfied. Thus, the concept of “customer delight” and the means to provide the innovative quality so as to meet the unsatisfied customers’ latent needs are elaborated on. Finally, a framework of innovation creation is developed that is based on the mining of customer's latent requirements. This outline will manifest the essential elements of the related operation steps.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Ching-Chow Yang",authors:[{id:"11862",title:"Prof.",name:"Ching-Chow",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"ching-chow-yang",fullName:"Ching-Chow Yang"}]},{id:"62915",title:"Advanced Methods of PID Controller Tuning for Specified Performance",slug:"advanced-methods-of-pid-controller-tuning-for-specified-performance",totalDownloads:3476,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"This chapter provides a concise survey, classification and historical perspective of practice-oriented methods for designing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers and autotuners showing the persistent demand for PID tuning algorithms that integrate performance requirements into the tuning algorithm. The proposed frequency-domain PID controller design method guarantees closed-loop performance in terms of commonly used time-domain specifications. One of its major benefits is universal applicability for both slow and fast-controlled plants with unknown mathematical model. Special charts called B-parabolas were developed as a practical design tool that enables consistent and systematic shaping of the closed-loop step response with regard to specified performance and dynamics of the uncertain controlled plant.",book:{id:"6323",slug:"pid-control-for-industrial-processes",title:"PID Control for Industrial Processes",fullTitle:"PID Control for Industrial Processes"},signatures:"Štefan Bucz and Alena Kozáková",authors:[{id:"21933",title:"Ms.",name:"Alena",middleName:null,surname:"Kozakova",slug:"alena-kozakova",fullName:"Alena Kozakova"},{id:"213658",title:"Dr.",name:"Štefan",middleName:null,surname:"Bucz",slug:"stefan-bucz",fullName:"Štefan Bucz"}]},{id:"75699",title:"Data Clustering for Fuzzyfier Value Derivation",slug:"data-clustering-for-fuzzyfier-value-derivation",totalDownloads:292,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The fuzzifier value m is improving significant factor for achieving the accuracy of data. Therefore, in this chapter, various clustering method is introduced with the definition of important values for clustering. To adaptively calculate the appropriate purge value of the gap type −2 fuzzy c-means, two fuzzy values m1 and m2 are provided by extracting information from individual data points using a histogram scheme. Most of the clustering in this chapter automatically obtains determination of m1 and m2 values that depended on existent repeated experiments. Also, in order to increase efficiency on deriving valid fuzzifier value, we introduce the Interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means (IT2PFCM), as one of advanced fuzzy clustering method to classify a fixed pattern. In Efficient IT2PFCM method, proper fuzzifier values for each data is obtained from an algorithm including histogram analysis and Gaussian Curve Fitting method. Using the extracted information form fuzzifier values, two modified fuzzifier value m1 and m2 are determined. These updated fuzzifier values are used to calculated the new membership values. Determining these updated values improve not only the clustering accuracy rate of the measured sensor data, but also can be used without additional procedure such as data labeling. It is also efficient at monitoring numerous sensors, managing and verifying sensor data obtained in real time such as smart cities.",book:{id:"9976",slug:"fuzzy-systems-theory-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Systems",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Systems - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"JaeHyuk Cho",authors:[{id:"329648",title:"Prof.",name:"JaeHyuk",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",slug:"jaehyuk-cho",fullName:"JaeHyuk Cho"}]},{id:"39778",title:"GPS and the One-Way Speed of Light",slug:"gps-and-the-one-way-speed-of-light",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2387",slug:"new-approach-of-indoor-and-outdoor-localization-systems",title:"New Approach of Indoor and Outdoor Localization Systems",fullTitle:"New Approach of Indoor and Outdoor Localization Systems"},signatures:"Stephan J.G. 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The fact that each component of the function has different effects requires assigning different weight coefficients to these components. In this study, the Bees Algorithm (BA) is used to determine the weights. Using the multi-objective function in BA, it has been tried to determine the weights that reduce the current values together with the speed error. Three different PI controllers have been designed to compare the MPC method. The coefficients of one of these are tuned with BA. Good Gain Method and Tyreus-Luyben Method were used in the other two. As a result of experimental studies, it has been observed that MPC can control PMSM more smoothly and accurately than PI controllers, with weights optimized with BA. With MPC, PMSM has been controlled with 15% settling time than other controllers and also with no overshoot.",book:{id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering - Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg"},signatures:"Murat Sahin"},{id:"78164",title:"Use of Discrete-Time Forecast Modeling to Enhance Feedback Control and Physically Unrealizable Feedforward Control with Applications",slug:"use-of-discrete-time-forecast-modeling-to-enhance-feedback-control-and-physically-unrealizable-feedf",totalDownloads:67,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99340",abstract:"When the manipulated variable (MV) has significantly large time delay in changing the control variable (CV), use of the currently measured CV in the feedback error can result in very deficient feedback control (FBC). However, control strategies that use forecast modeling to estimate future CV values and use them in the feedback error have the potential to control as well as a feedback controller with no MV deadtime using the measured value of CV. This work evaluates and compares FBC algorithms using discrete-time forecast modeling when MV has a large deadtime. When a feedforward control (FFC) law results in a physically unrealizable (PU) controller, the common approach is to use approximations to obtain a physically realizable feedforward controller. Using a discrete-time forecast modeling method, this work demonstrates an effective approach for PU FFC. The Smith Predictor is a popular control strategy when CV has measurement deadtime but not MV deadtime. The work demonstrates equivalency of this discrete-time forecast modeling approach to the Smith Predictor FBC approach. Thus, this work demonstrates effectiveness of the discrete-time forecast modeling approach for FBC with MV or DV deadtime and PU FFC.",book:{id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering - Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg"},signatures:"Derrick K. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:45,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. 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Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. 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Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"208123",title:"Dr.",name:"Mari-Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Uribe",slug:"mari-carmen-uribe",fullName:"Mari-Carmen Uribe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"345713",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Szabó",slug:"csaba-szabo",fullName:"Csaba Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"345719",title:"Mrs.",name:"Márta",middleName:null,surname:"Horváth",slug:"marta-horvath",fullName:"Márta Horváth",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. 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