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1. Introduction
Cannabis sativa L. and Linum usitatissimum L. belong to fibrous plant family containing fibers occurring as bast of the stalk. Both the fibrous plants have gained importance in the face of bioeconomy development in the whole world resulting from pro-ecological character of the flax/hemp value chains as well as a growing preference for natural raw materials, which are desired for bioproduct manufacture in many sectors.
Observed climate change and environmental degradation impose taking measures that will protect the globe for future generations [1]. The European Green Deal (EGD) set up three main objectives to counteract negative phenomenon:
no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050,
economic growth decoupled from resource use,
no person and no place left behind.
One of the assumptions of the European Green Deal is the improvement of the well-being and health of citizens by providing:
fresh air, clean water, healthy soil, and biodiversity,
longer lasting products that can be repaired, recycled, and reused.
C. sativa L. and L. usitatissimum L. plants, delivered by them raw materials as well as flax/hemp value chains and bast-fiber-based bioproducts are fully in line with the EGD measures. Their impact on environment and agriculture is discussed in many scientific articles [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
The hemp cultivation ensures positive impact on preserving biodiversity, improvement of soil quality, and dredging of heavy metals from the ground and, from the other side, supports cleaning of air by the absorption of CO2 from atmosphere. Hemp is a yearling fast growing plant with well-developed leaves system, which results in that one season of hemp cultivation causes absorption about 10 tons of CO2 from the air. Hemp is resistant to drought; due to a long-root system, dense hemp cultivation causes effective blocking of weed growing, which means significantly less consumption of water and pesticides in comparison to cotton. The environmental approach to flax/linen processes based on Life cycle assessment (LCA) study for linen shirt production confirms that the impacts of the linen shirt are up to seven times smaller than the impacts of the cotton shirt in terms of the most relevant environmental indicators, such as the freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential or water consumption. In the case of the global warming potential or the primary energy consumption, the environmental impacts of the linen shirt production are either equivalent to those of the cotton shirt or 10–15% higher [7].
Reports on linen/hemp textile bioactivity and its effect on human in terms of the well-being and health of wearer are very limited in the available literature.
The goal of this chapter is to provide knowledge covering a new approach to flax/hemp fibers regarding their potential to give new properties of clothing, which are able to ensure optimal environment for human body and improve health and quality of life. The properties of the textiles are determined by carefully selected fibrous plant variety and fiber processing suitable to final application.
This chapter covers discussion about new approach to the flax and hemp fibers taking into account their features and potential to have a positive impact on human life, based on authors’ finding and other available literature.
The authors introduce multiperspective meaning of the term “improvement of human life” to demonstrate environmental and human-ecological performance of flax/hemp fibers.
The discussed textile plant raw materials have positive impact on the following:
environment—ensuring contribution to striving toward keeping green planet and healthy life for current and future generation,
hemp and flax cultivation protects agriculture areas against loss of biodiversity, which is important for limitation of greenhouse gasses emission,
hemp improves the productivity of the soil, removes heavy metals, and can be used for soil remediation and reclamation at industrial area,
1 ha of hemp plantation absorbs about 10 tons of CO2 from atmosphere every year,
hemp and flax have potential to cascade the use of the whole biomass delivering war materials to different sectors of economy, according to strategy “zero waste,”
fibrous plants deliver raw materials for production of bioproducts giving possibility to replace nonrenewable raw materials, e.g., construction, plastics, textiles, with natural ones
hemp and flax fibers are renewable and biodegradable;
the pursuit of plastic elimination in many sectors, including everyday life contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gasses emissions and, consequently, decarbonization,
multifaced human-ecological performance—linen and hemp textiles based on their inherent properties ensure comfort, well-being, and health-supporting properties for users target improving of everyday life.
Both the aspects of environmental and human-ecological performance of flax and hemp have to be identified as complex factors, which have a significant effect on the improvement of human life.
2. Characteristic of bast fibers: structure and chemical composition
Flax and hemp are the most popular bast fibers, which can be used for textile purpose, including apparels. The lignocellulosic fibers are delivered by yearling plants with potential of multiple applications.
The structure of stem of flax and hemp is very similar; fibers are created as concentric rings around lumen and xylem in the whole length of stem parallel to the stem axis. Figure 1 shows the cross section of flax and hemp stem [8, 9].
Figure 1.
Structure of flax and hemp stem. (a) Cross section of stem. (b) Fiber bundle.
The cellulosic structure inside the secondary cell wall of fiber is schematically presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Schematic depiction of the microscopic structure of an elementary flax fiber showing the cellulosic structure inside the secondary cell wall (figure redrawn from [10]).
Flax and hemp fibers occur in form of bundle called technical fibers containing elementary fibers glued by pectin and lignin as well as naturally connected together due to their arborescent structure (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Real and graphical image of naturally arborescent structure of flax/hemp fibers (based on [11, 12]).
2.1 Chemical composition
Bast fibers contain cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, waxes, and fats in their chemical composition. The schematic image of the chemical components distribution in the cell wall of the fiber is presented in Figure 4. The figure illustrates schematically in which way the chemical components of bast fibers are distributed in the fiber structure.
Figure 4.
Schematic image of the section of a hemp cell wall [13].
The share of the chemical components depends on the fibrous plant variety and the applied method of fiber extraction. From this reason, different values of the cellulose, lignin, pectin, and hemicellulose waxes are given by different authors in their scientific articles [14, 15, 16, 17, 18].
The diversification of fiber chemical composition [19] resulting from fibrous plan variety, applied method of retting, fiber extraction, and subsequent stages of processes is presented in Table 1.
Degumming method
Variety
Content of:
Waxes and fats
Pectin
Lignin
Celullose
Hemicelullose
%
SD
%
SD
%
SD
%
SD
%
SD
HEMP
Water retting
Beniko
0.23
0.01
1.47
0.09
2.81
0.29
71.31
1.32
15.03
0.02
Wojko
0.24
0.04
0.67
0.02
3.02
0.31
72.53
0.11
16.67
0.24
Tygra
0.25
0.04
0.56
0.00
2.78
0.28
70.79
0.13
15.00
0.28
Białobrzeskie
0.34
0.02
0.67
0.02
2.38
0.22
72.03
0.22
14.37
0.29
Decortication
0.47
0.02
2.00
0.09
5.55
0.17
66.02
0.46
21.25
0.05
Dew retting
0.56
0.14
3.68
0.19
4.31
0.04
66.16
0.48
21.72
0.12
Water retting
Białobrzeskie
0.34
0.02
0.67
0.02
2.38
0.22
72.03
0.22
14.37
0.29
Osmotic degumming
0.44
0.04
2.82
0.22
4.03
0.09
67.81
0.52
16.29
0.03
FLAX
Decortication
1.26
0.00
4.62
0.16
4.00
0.16
68.89
1.91
29.35
0.16
Wet degumming +ultrasound
Modran
0.69
0.07
4.41
0.50
4.20
0.16
75.54
1.18
19.62
0.15
Cottonization
0.97
0.10
4.72
0.39
4.26
0.15
73.51
0.98
16.44
0.23
Decortication
1.47
0.07
4.11
0.38
8.60
0.30
64.57
0.85
29.38
0.08
Wet degumming +ultrasound
NIKE
0.76
0.00
3.56
0.27
4.46
0.48
77.44
1.58
16.43
0.25
Cottonization
0.95
0.05
2.39
0.22
4.87
0.51
74.25
0.20
13.84
0.06
Decortication
1.47
0.07
4.11
0.38
8.60
0.30
64.57
0.85
29.38
0.08
Wet degumming +ultrasound
B14 Iung
1.33
0.01
5.43
0.28
6.69
0.48
75.04
0.46
23.92
0.02
Cottonization
1.72
0.09
3.57
0.23
6.10
0.01
72.20
0.47
20.41
0.09
Table 1.
Chemical composition of fibers coming from different varieties of flax controlled in sequence stages of fiber processing; different varieties of hemp extracted with use of dew retting as well as hemp fiber Białobrzeskie variety obtained by different methods of fiber extraction: Decortication, osmotically degumming, and water retting [19].
The cultivar of fibrous plants, the method of plant growing, and the method of fiber extraction have to be selected taking into account the obtaining of the fiber with chemical composition suitable for textile purpose. The high cellulose content gives softness to the fiber and ensures efficient spinnability in opposite to lignin and pectin. Their big share in the fiber results in low fiber quality, e.g., high stiffness and high linear density coming from inefficient fiber separation, which makes the spin process difficult.
3. Bast fiber processes
Flax/hemp fiber extraction from the stem is strongly connected to the retting process, which is usually a microbiological process that uses bacteria and fungi strains applied in order to degrade pectin and lignin, remove woody part of the stalk, and divide the technical bundles to smaller fiber complexes. There are several retting methods: water, dew, chemical, enzymatic, and physical retting. The use of the three last listed methods is limited to small application; these methods have not been used in large industrial scale yet.
The traditional water retting process delivers the best quality of long fibers characterizing by high cellulose content and low lignin and pectin share resulting in low fiber linear density, good mechanical properties, and good spinnability. Water retting used to be the most recommended process for bast fiber dedicated to textile production. Nevertheless, owing to the generation of large amounts of wastewater and high pollution of soil and air, this method has been abandoned in Europe and many other countries in the 1960s [20, 21, 22].
The second retting method delivering good quality of long fibers is dew retting; nevertheless, the process effectiveness and quality of the fibers are not stabile because it depends on weather conditions prevailing in time of the stalk remaining on the field.
The method of fiber extraction, which allows one to avoid the retting process, is the decortication of raw straw collected when the plants reach proper fiber maturity. Decortication is a mechanical process giving one type of insufficiently dividing fibers with high impurities content.
The method of flax/hemp fiber extraction determines further technological chain of fiber processing and spinning. The simplified schema of value chains of bast-fiber-based textile for both the methods of fiber extraction, e.g., with the use of retting and with application of decortication, is presented in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Simplified value chain of hemp/flax textile product [own elaboration].
Flax/hemp stalks after retting are mechanically breaking and scutching to separate fibers from the woody part of the plant and dividing big complexes of fibers to smaller ones. The processes are efficient due to the decomposition of noncellulose components made by bacteria and fungi activity during retting. As a result of scutching, long fibers and scutched tow are produced. Long fibers must be mechanically cleaned and straighten as well as laid parallelly toward each other with the use of hackling machine dedicated only to bast fibers processing. The hackling process delivers sliver of long fibers and mass of short fibers, e.g., hackling tow. Both types of fibers are spun with application of linen spinning system, long fibers with the use of wet spinning, and short fibers by wet or dry spinning.
Second value chain determined for decorticated fibers allowing avoid of retting has to employ the wet degummed process to remove lignin, pectin, and partially hemicellulose in order to make it possible to divide the bast fibers for elementary ones. Using this system, only one type of fibers is produced; it is not possible to obtain long and separately short fibers. Degummed decorticated fibers are cottonized to make the fibers suitable for spinning with the use of the cotton spinning system [23].
The yarn prepared by using the cotton spinning system, including decortication, and the linen spinning system can be used for textile purpose.
4. Bioactivity of bast fibers
4.1 Antioxidant activity
Flax and hemp fibers apart from the main components as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, fats, and waxes contain in their chemical composition phenolic acids, which are natural antioxidants [24]. Based on an effectively scavenging chain reaction and deleterious radicals as well as suppressing radiation-induced oxidative reactions, phenolic acids serve for preserving the physiological integrity of plant cells exposed to both air and impinging ultraviolet (UV) radiation [25].
The study described in [19] confirmed the diversified presence of ferulic, p-coumaric, syringic acids and small amounts of sinapinic acid in the chemical composition of flax and hemp fibers. The differences resulted from various fibrous plant varieties and the method of fiber extraction, which have effect on their chemical composition. Syringic acid naturally occurring in O-methylated phenolic acid shows high antioxidant and antibacterial activity and can be enzymatically degraded by some bacteria as a source of methane or methanol [26]. As is visible in Table 2, the decorticated fibers of hemp Bialobrzeskie as well as Modran and B14 flax varieties show the highest content of syringic acid. The lower share in retted fibers results from the fact that syringic acid can be degraded during the biological retting process.
Degumming method
Variety
Content of acids:
Syringic [mg/100 g]
Sinapinic [mg/100 g]
p-coumaric [mg/100 g]
Ferulic [mg/100 g]
Result
±SD
Result
±SD
Result
±SD
Result
±SD
HEMP
Water retting
Beniko
0.031a
0.001
-*a
—
0.722a,b
0.019
-*a
—
Wojko
0.046
0.001
0.048
0.002
0.741a
0.006
0.027a
0.001
Tygra
0.036
0.001
0.100
0.003
0.695b
0.034
0.572
0.031
Białobrzeskie
0.033a
0.001
-*a
—
0.024
0.006
-*a
—
Decortication
0.224
0.011
0.672
0.023
0.746
0.008
2.082
0.036
Dew retting
0.079
0.003
-*a
—
0.717
0.008
0.039a
0.004
Water retting
Białobrzeskie
0.033
0.001
-*a
—
0.024
0.006
-*a
—
Osmotic degumming
0.094
0.003
-*a
—
1.111
0.011
0.625
0.009
FLAX
Decortication
0.235
0.008
-*a
—
0.995
0.024
5.749
0.159
Wet degumming + ultrasound
Modran
-*
—
-*a
—
-*a
—
0.041
0.002
Cottonization
0.035
0.002
-*a
—
-*a
—
1.206
0.053
Decortication
-*a
—
-*a
—
-*a
—
1.485
0.034
Wet degumming + ultrasound
NIKE
-*a
—
-*
—
-*a
—
0.054
0.001
Cottonization
-*a
—
-*a
—
-*a
—
1.035
0.020
Decortication
0.125
0.060
-*a
—
0.904
0.009
3.146
0.106
Wet degumming + ultrasound
B14 IUNG
0.052a
0.002
-*a
—
0.027
0.008
2.525
0.106
Cottonization
0.040a
0.001
-*a
—
0.756
0.034
1.736
0.045
Table 2.
Acid content in the flax and hemp fiber. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), n = 4. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 according to the Tukay’s HSD test [19].
-* not identified.
a and b represent the groups for which the mean values do not differ statistically at the assumed significance level. The mean values labeled with the same letter (a or b) do not differ statistically at (α = 0.05).
Sinapinic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimutagenic, antiglycemic, neuroprotective, and antibacterial activities [27]. Sinapinic acid occurs only in hemp fibers; the highest amount was detected in the decorticated Bialobrzeskie hemp, as well as in the water-retted Wojko and Tygra hemp.
Coumaric and ferulic acids are the main hydroxycinnamic acids in flax [28]. p-coumaric acid is mainly a plant metabolite, which exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It also shows bactericidal activity by damaging bacterial cell membrane and by interacting with bacterial DNA.
Ferulic acid, together with dihydroferulic acid, is a component of lignocellulose, serving to crosslink the lignin and polysaccharides, thereby conferring rigidity to the cell walls [29]. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of monolignols, the monomers of lignin, and is also used for the synthesis of lignans. Ferulic acid shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is able to suppress UV-radiation-induced oxidative reductions, which has a negative effect on the skin.
Ferulic acid is easily soluble in water and can be easily removed from the fibers during the retting process; however, coumaric acid is poorly soluble in water, and its removal could be only partial. Among all types of tested flax and hemp fibers, almost all the decorticated fibers contained the highest amount of p-coumaric and ferulic acids because decortication is an entirely dry mechanical process.
Because the flax and hemp fibers contain phenolic acids in their chemical composition, they show antioxidant activity, which is presented in Table 3. The fiber antioxidant activity depends on the type and variety of fibrous plant as well as on the method of fiber extraction [30]. The highest value of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and value of 2,2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH radical) scavenging activity illustrating antioxidant activity of the fibers were found in all types of fibers after decortication because the fibers contain the largest amount of phenolic acids.
Degumming method
Variety
FRAP [μmol/L]
Inhibition of DPPH [%]
Result
±SD
Result
±SD
HEMP
Water retting
Beniko
140.34
4.75
11.30a
0.92
Wojko
156.75
2.31
10.04a
0.49
Tygra
165.76
1.62
32.55
0.32
Białobrzeskie
76.62
1.33
3.09
0.18
Decortication
230.22
1.55
18.03
0.63
Dew retting
124.09
1.93
5.31
0.25
Water retting
Białobrzeskie
76.62
1.33
3.09a
0.18
Osmotic degumming
93.71
0.69
3.94a
0.19
FLAX
Decortication
523.00
2.08
33.85
0.17
Wet degumming + ultrasound
Modran
129.45
1.28
5.80
0.14
Cottonization
70.69
2.31
3.29
0.24
Decortication
519.75
2.69
29.76
0.15
Wet degumming + ultrasound
NIKE
140.79
1.16
7.64
0.16
Cottonization
78.84
1.59
5.10
0.36
Decortication
485.84
2.11
37.71
0.14
Wet degumming + ultrasound
B14 Iung
195.79
2.23
11.05
0.11
Cottonization
119.42
4.55
6.82
0.23
Table 3.
The antioxidative activity of different varieties of bast fibers depending on the extraction method. Results are expressed as mean wf standard deviation (SD), n = 3. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 according to the Tukay’s HSD test [19].
a represents the group for which the mean values do not differ statistically at the assumed significance level. The mean values labeled with the same letter (a) do not differ statistically at (α = 0,05).
4.2 Antibacterial activity
The tests of antibacterial properties of flax fibers were conducted with a fluorescent method using strains of the clinical bacteria Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ill people [31].
Test conditions:
Bacterial suspension density: 0.5 McF,
Incubation conditions: temperature—37°C, time—90 min.
S. aureus belongs to the most common etiological factors of inflammation in surgical places. The evaluation of bacteria viability was performed using the Bacterial Viability Kit (Molecular Probes).
The images presented in Figures 6 and 7 show the fibers and strains of the clinical bacteria S. aureus isolated from ill people after 90 minutes of incubation. The orange particles on the fiber surface illustrate killed bacteria. It is visible that killed bacteria are located only in direct contact with the fibers.
The study [31] on the antibacterial activity of flax covered five varieties: Artemida, Modran, Sara Nike, and Luna. The extracted fibers with use of dew retting or water retting method were tested in order to evaluate their ability to reduce colonies of S. aureus bacteria. The results confirmed that the fiber antibacterial capacity is strongly related to plant variety and the applied extraction method, which have effect on fibers chemical composition, mainly content of lignin cross-linked with phenolic compounds. Percentage differences in the antibacterial capacity of all types of flax fibers are shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Comparison of antibacterial capacity of flax fibers.
Dew-retted flax fibers coming from all tested plant varieties showed stronger capacity to reduce S. aureus bacterial colonies than water-retted fibers. This resulted from the fact that some types of phenolic acids, for example, ferulic acid, are water soluble and have been removed during the water-retting process.
4.3 Antimicrobial modification of bast fibers
4.3.1 Genetic engineering
In order to improve antibacterial properties of flax fibers, researchers applied genetic engineering to modify plant DNA [32]. Transgenic flax plants overproducing compounds from phenylpropanoid pathway accumulate phenolic derivatives of potential antioxidative and, thus, antimicrobial activity. The researchers showed that the extract alkali hydrolyzed seedcake had antibacterial activity, which might be useful as a prophylactic against bacterial infection.
Although the GMO plant modification is not allowed in Europe due to the strategy “Europe free from GMO,” studies on fibrous plant genetic engineering are very limited.
4.3.2 Chemical modification
The way to obtain stronger antibacterial properties of bast fibers is the chemical modification of linear or flat textiles. Flax and hemp as cellulosic fibers are characterized with high reactivity due to containing hydroxy group in compounds in their chemical composition.
Racu conducted study on the application of grafting of monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin on hemp fiber stream at the time of wet spinning. Four compounds, e.g., ferulic acid, caffeic acid, ethyl ferulate, and allantoin, have been included into the cavities of monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin and grafted on hemp fibers. Obtained yarn showed that the method allowed for a significant modification of Sano Genetics properties of the hemp fibers [33].
The application of silver in shape of nanoparticles is the most common method to functionalize different textile materials, including natural fibers. Research on the functionalization of the scoured flax fibers by the insertion of silver nanoparticles was conducted with the use of two different methods: first where Ag + was reduced by using the functional groups of flax in the internal reduction, and second where trisodium citrate was used as an external reducing agent in the external reduction method [34]. The modified scoured flax fibers with silver nanoparticles showed very good barrier properties against UV radiation and excellent antibacterial activity.
A good example of nanosilver application for hemp fiber to make strong antibacterial activity is the use of selective 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation, i.e., oxidation with sodium hypochlorite, catalytic amount of sodium bromide, and the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy radical (TEMPO), followed by silver sorption from aqueous silver nitrate solution, described by Milanović et al. [35]. The introduced hydrophilic carboxyl in hemp fibers caused by TEMPO-mediated oxidation influenced increased silver sorption and, in consequence, gave efficient antibacterial activity. The TEMPO-oxidized hemp fibers with absorbed silver showed good antibacterial activity against the tested bacterium strains: S. aureus and Escherichia coli, and the fungus Candida. albicans.
The new method of improving of antibacterial activity of hemp fibers has been developed by Chang [36]. The research group developed method of grafting of hemp fiber with the use of quaternary ammonium groups (HF–GTA) prepared by alkalization, oxidation, amination, and quaternization multistage reactions, whereby the grafting reaction mainly takes place on the cellulose and hemicellulose hydroxyl groups, without negative effect on fibrous morphology, thermal stability, and hygroscopicity. This method gives good antibacterial activity of hemp fiber against bacteria strains E. coli and S. aureus. The obtained barrier properties are characterized by good washing resistance.
5. Well-being and comfort
Physiological comfort determined by skin parameters, such as temperature and moisture, is affected by raw materials as well as clothing design and depends particularly on the suitability of worn type of clothing to the level of physical activity of user and ambient climatic conditions.
Hemp and flax fibers show high ability to moisture sorption from ambient air. The hygroscopicity of lignocellulosic fibers depends on the relative humidity of air, which is shown in Table 4. The fibers can absorb more moisture in conditions of higher relative humidity of air, which means, in practice, that the linen/hemp clothing easily absorbs sweat produced by the human body. In the case of conditions of everyday life and moderate physical effort, the clothing ensures optimal comfort to the wearer, allowing easy skin breathing and air exchange from the area of skin clothing to outside. In the case of high physical effort, doing sports, when the intensity of sweating is high, the T-shirt made of cellulosic raw material becomes uncomfortable due to feeling of wet touch. Linen/hemp clothing should be dedicated to everyday life, indoor and outdoor work, leisure, tourism, and other activities with low and moderate effort, when the garment ensures optimal comfort to the human body [37].
Fiber
Moisture content in condition of different relative humidity of air [%]
30
40
50
60
70
100
Flax
7.5
8.3
9.1
9.9
10.7
23
Hemp
8.0
8.7
9.4
10.1
10.8
24
Table 4.
Effect of relative air humidity on the hygroscopicity of selected bast fibers [17].
The comparative study on comfort parameters of linen and linen/polyethersulfone (PES) clothing during moderate physical exercise was described by Zimniewska [38]. Tested shirts and trousers were prepared from linen and polyester fiber in different composition of the raw materials; share of linen in the blend with PES increased by 25% in each following clothing sample. The fabrics were characterized by the similar density of threads; linen and PES yarns produced to this experiment have similar linear density.
Values of the parameters that affected the comfort of clothing are presented in Figures 9–12.
Figure 9.
Hygroscopicity of linen/PES fabrics tested in 65% and 100% relative humidity of air (based on [38]).
Figure 10.
Time needed to drop water sorption by tested linen/PES fabrics (based on [38]).
Figure 11.
Air permeability of linen/PES fabrics with different share of both types fiber (based on [38]).
Figure 12.
Surface resistance of linen/PES fabrics with different share of both types fiber (based on [38]).
The fabric hygroscopicity increased with increasing of the share of linen in the blends linen/PES; similarly, the time needed to drop water sorption is longer in the case of bigger PES content in the blend. The linen fabric showed the biggest value of air permeability; the lowest one was observed for 100% PES fabric. The evaluation of moisture of back skin of clothing users during 5 hours of experiment was conducted in order to assess the comfort. During the experiment, volunteers did not perform any physical activity. Results of the experiment are presented in Figure 13.
Figure 13.
The moisture of back skin under tested clothes during 5 hours of experiment (Grant 1000 series squirrel – Operating instruction) [38].
The results proved that the skin moisture was the lowest in case of wearing the clothing made of 100% linen; however, the biggest increasing of moisture was observed when PES clothing was worn.
Bast fiber does not gather electrostatic charges on their surface, which results in their high ability of moisture sorption. The values of electrostatic potential of the tested linen/PES fabrics are presented in Figure 14, where the highest value observed for PES fabric decreased when linen share in the blends increased. The presence of electrostatic charges on the synthetic clothing surface results in some kind of skin and mental irritation of garment users.
Figure 14.
The electrostatic potential on the surface of tested fabrics [39].
6. Positive effect on the human body
Clothing covering the body of the user in the conditions of daily life affects their physiological parameters. The clothing made of bast fibers or made from blend bast fibers/synthetic fibers with high share of natural fibers provides the optimal comfort for users and affects some physiological parameters of the human body.
6.1 Muscle tension and fatigue tendency
The human skin parameters that determine the comfort during clothing wearing in ambient climatic conditions and given level of physical activity are strongly related to well-being and can affect tendency to tiredness [38, 39].
The study on the monitoring of shoulder muscle tension of volunteers wearing linen/PES clothing with different shares of both components allowed identifying the phenomenon of clothing influence on electromyographic parameters of the muscles [38]. Examples of global electromyographic records taken at resting state from a volunteer wearing 100% linen clothing (a), 100% linen clothing double layers (b), 50% linen 50% PES clothing (c), and 100% PES are presented in Figure 15. The results of the tests proved that polyester clothing can change muscle electromyography (EMG) records in the range of amplitude and frequency after 5 hours of covering on the body with this kind of apparel, which indicates the occurrence of desynchronization of motor units. In the case of wearing linen clothing, such a phenomenon did not occur. The PES clothing gathered electrostatic charges on its surface causing increase in the mean value of frequency of motor units in the resting state. More intensive sweating of volunteers’ body under the influence of PES clothing caused changes in the EMG amplitude in the resting state and amplitude and frequency during voluntary movement. The threshold value of polyester fiber share in blend with linen fiber is 25%. The clothing made of 100% linen fabric or 75% linen/25% PES did not cause the desynchronization of motor units in healthy muscles and provided optimal comfort of apparel use. Changes in the activity of the motor units of muscles found during the study proved that the polyester clothing can cause increase of tendency toward general fatigue of people wearing the clothing.
Figure 15.
Examples of global electromyographic records taken at resting state from a volunteer wearing: 100% linen clothing (a), 100% linen clothing double layers (b), 50% linen 50% PES clothing (c), and 100% PES (d) [39].
6.2 Oxidative stress
Study on clothing influence on some parameters of human physiology covered the experiment on oxidative stress affected by clothing made of different raw materials [37]. The experiment was done with volunteers wearing linen and then PES clothing in given climatic conditions during an 8-hour rest period, 20-minute moderate physical activity at a level of 75 W, on a stationary bike and the period of returning to baseline. One of the ways to test the ability of the organism to defense itself against the reactive oxygen species is to determine the so-called total antioxidant status (TAS). This parameter informs about the total ability of tissues to neutralize exactly determined amount of reactive oxygen species. The TAS was tested based on blood analysis after each stage of the volunteers’ activity.
The results of the TAS test are shown in Figure 16. The lower level of total antioxidative status in individuals wearing polyester clothing indicated that, probably, this is an effect of increased production of reactive oxygen species, which are responsible for the oxidative stress. The phenomena observed during conducted tests confirmed the stipulations that the wear made of linen—a natural fiber—not only guarantees a comfort, but may also have a positive effect on users’ health. The clothes made from polyester fibers can have an unfavorable effect on human organism.
Figure 16.
The values of total antioxidant status (TAS) in volunteers wearing linen and PES clothing [40].
These TAS changes tested in conditions of increased sweating, i.e., during exercise, were statistically significant. The results of the research resulted from the following phenomena accompanying of polyester clothing:
accumulation of electrostatic charges on the surface,
low permeability,
low hygroscopicity,
cause of sweating increase,
cause increase of body temperature.
6.3 UV barrier
Garment barrier properties against ultraviolet radiation are mainly determined by the structure and thickness of fabric or knitted fabric used for clothing preparation. High fabric density and minimalized porosity play the most important role to block UV rays transitioning through the fabric and make it impossible to touch the skin of the wearer.
Even in the dense structure of fabrics and proper thickness to make mechanical barrier against radiation, the clothing does not always ensure safety for wearers in conditions of intensive solar radiation.
Bast fibers contain in their chemical composition lignin and phenolic acids, including ferulic acid, with ability to absorb ultraviolet rays. The values of ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of tested samples of linen fabrics characterized by different mesh/hollows content in their structure are shown in Figure 17 [41]. Clothing made of bast fibers with proper parameters of fabric structure offers very good UV barrier properties—guarantee safety and optimal comfort for users under conditions of solar radiation.
Figure 17.
“Mesh” size and UPF of 100% flax fabrics [41].
In case of using the garment in extremely high UV index area, the inherent protective properties of bast fibers can be supported by the application of UV absorbers, for example, by nanolignin coating, which is the most ecological method of fabric modification [42, 43].
7. Bioactive bast fiber textile products
7.1 Clothing as a supplement of skin disease treatment
The bast fibers showing inherent antibacterial and antioxidant activity and properties guaranteeing optimal comfort of clothing are suitable raw materials dedicated to functional textile manufacture. One of the examples of flax fiber functional textile is clothing, which acts as a supplement of dressing addressed the treatment of dermatological diseases [44]. The clothing was made of combination of two raw materials: linen for active part of clothing and organic cotton for other clothing elements. From both the raw materials, only linen-knitted fabric was enriched with biologically active medicinal plants extracts closed in microcapsules to ensure high bioactive performance of the selected clothing parts. Microcapsules containing herbal extracts are fixed to the inner clothing layer in order to guarantee direct and continuous contact of herbs with ill skin. The fabrics were dyed with natural herbal extracts to avoid allergic reaction and guarantee safety for dermatological patients during clothing wearing. To ensure an effective treatment of skin problems, herbal extracts, viola tricolor and green tea with proved properties suitable for dermatitis healing, were implemented to this solution. The content of active components in herbal extracts is presented in Table 5 [45].
The extract
Flavonoids expressed as quercetin [%]
Polyphenols expressed as rosemarinic acid [%]
Tannins expressed as pyrogallol [%]
Green tea
1.01 ± 0.01
5.63 ± 0.38
15.14 ± 0.15
Viola tricolor
7.61 ± 0.06*
0.44 ± 0.03
0.72 ± 0.12
Table 5.
The content of polyphenolic compounds in ethanol-water extracts (1:1) from the tested raw materials.
The results of tests conducted during 5 weeks of everyday functional clothing wearing by dermatological patients confirmed efficiency of applied method of skin treatment in improving of skin condition determined by skin moisture content (Figure 18) and transepidermal water loss (Figure 19) as well as lowering of skin illness sensation, e.g., itching feeling (Figure 20).
Figure 18.
Skin moisture content tested with the corneometric method (based on [45]).
Figure 19.
Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measured during experiment (based on [45]).
Figure 20.
Comparison of intensity of ill skin itching tested with a numeric scale in patients before and after wearing of the tested clothing (based on [45]).
The observed changes of skin parameters tested before and after the experiment of clothing wearing proved that clothing made of naturally dyed linen-knitted fabric enriched with herbal extracts locked in microcapsules can serve as a supplement in the treatment of dermatological diseases.
7.2 Flax/hemp wound dressing
The study on the effective implementation of inherent antibacterial and antioxidant properties as well as high ability to liquid sorption of bast fibers for medical target resulted in the development of flax/hemp wound dressing. The investigation is protected by patent [46]. Carefully selected flax and hemp variety characterized by high phenolic acid content as well as the use of determined fiber processing that allows us to keep the bioactive substances in the fibers on proper level leads to obtain bioactive textile suitable to wound dressing when the structure of dressing is developed accordingly.
The developed flax/hemp wound dressing was clinically tested with patients under care of surgical clinic suffering from nonhealing venous ulcers of legs and diabetic wounds. One of the examples of the efficiency of linen dressing is nonhealing venous ulcer of the right shin of the one patient. Before linen dress application, the patient was treated with using different medicines for three years with no success (antibiotics and ointment). After the application of treatment by the linen dress, the duration of healing was 4 months.
8. Conclusion
A multiperspective approach to bast fibers reveals their high potential to be used for the development and implementation of safe barrier and functional textiles. The chemical composition of the lignocellulosic fibers, including phenolic acids, results in their unique inherent bioactivity, which cannot be found in other natural or man-made fibers can give some competitive advantage of linen/hemp bioproducts. Owing to the sensitivity of phenolic acids on some wet aggressive methods of fiber extraction and processes, the design of technological chain should be well cherry-picked and focused on keeping the active fiber components on the desired level in order to produce bioactive functional textiles. Entering of other active substances on the textile surface, such as nanosilver, nanolignin, or simply herbal extracts, can strengthen the functionality of final linen/hemp goods. The linen/hemp apparels provide well-being and optimal comfort to the users, can cause improvement of skin condition, and protect against UV radiation. Bast fiber sector covering both agriculture and industry meets environmental requirements determined by the European Green Deal (EGD) strategy and contributes to the limitation of greenhouse gasses emission. Flax and hemp cultivation and their use for different purposes are in line with aims of EGD, particularly, can have influence on the improvement of the well-being and health of citizens as well as can support activity for future generations by caring for the environment and sustainability of the holistic value chain for bast fiber bioproducts.
Bast-fiber-based textile targets the improvement of human everyday life on the following levels:
by direct covering body of wearer ensuring optimal comfort and healthy skin,
by sustainability and lowering of environmental impact,
by potential to improve bioeconomy,
by possibility to use all by-products and be in line with the zero-waste strategy.
Acknowledgments
This work was realized within Project POIR.01.01.01-00-0597/21 entitled: Development of biodegradable face mask Type II from natural fibers, which is co-financed by European Regional Development Fund and The National Center for Research and Development in Poland.
\n',keywords:"flax, hemp, fiber processing, fiber properties, bioactivity, antioxidant activity",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82007.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82007.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82007",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82007",totalDownloads:8,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 27th 2022",dateReviewed:"May 4th 2022",datePrePublished:"June 15th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"May 28th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Cannabis sativa L. and Linum usitatissimum L. belong to fibrous plant family delivering textile fibers located in their bast of stalk. This chapter covers discussion about flax and hemp fibers properties and processing based on authors’ finding and available literature. The authors will present research on flax and hemp fibers bioactivity in relationship with their chemical composition, which is strongly related to the selected method of fiber processing, including methods of fiber extraction in light of their effect on fibers antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Human-ecological features of linen/hemp textiles, including clothing effect on human physiology, are described. The case study of functional clothing preparation based on the bioactivity of bast fibers will be presented. This chapter delivers knowledge about complex factors of human-ecological performance of flax and hemp, which have a significant effect on the improvement of human life, including comfort, well-being, and health-supporting performance. The environmental approach of bast fibers in terms of contribution to green planet protection is shortly discussed. Collected literature and authors’ findings allowed to prove the positive effect of bast fibers textiles on the improvement of human life in terms of everyday wearing of clothing as well from the viewpoint of environmental impact, which is in line with the European Green Deal strategy.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82007",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82007",signatures:"Malgorzata Zimniewska and Barbara Romanowska",book:{id:"11122",type:"book",title:"Natural Fiber",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Fiber",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Han-Yong Jeon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11122.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-214-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-213-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-215-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"114618",title:"Prof.",name:"Han-Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Jeon",slug:"han-yong-jeon",fullName:"Han-Yong Jeon"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Characteristic of bast fibers: structure and chemical composition",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Chemical composition",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. Bast fiber processes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"4. Bioactivity of bast fibers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.1 Antioxidant activity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.2 Antibacterial activity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.3 Antimicrobial modification of bast fibers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"4.3.1 Genetic engineering",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"4.3.2 Chemical modification",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Well-being and comfort",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"6. Positive effect on the human body",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"6.1 Muscle tension and fatigue tendency",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"6.2 Oxidative stress",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"6.3 UV barrier",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"7. Bioactive bast fiber textile products",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"7.1 Clothing as a supplement of skin disease treatment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"7.2 Flax/hemp wound dressing",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19",title:"8. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'European Commission [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en'},{id:"B2",body:'Turunen L, van der Werf HMG. The production chain of hemp and flax textile yarn and its environmental impacts. Journal of Industrial Hemp. 2007;12(2):43-66. DOI: 10.1300/J237v12n02_04'},{id:"B3",body:'Van der Werf HMG, Turunen L. The environmental impacts of the production of hemp and flax textile yarn. Industrial Crops and Products. 2008;27(1):1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.05.003'},{id:"B4",body:'Le Duigou A, Davies P, Baley C. Environmental impact analysis of the production of flax fibres to be used as composite material reinforcement. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy. 2011;5(1):153-165. DOI: 10.1166/jbmb.2011.1116'},{id:"B5",body:'Deng Y, Tian Y. Assessing the environmental impact of flax fibre reinforced polymer composite from a consequential life cycle assessment perspective. Sustainability. 2015;7(9):11462-11483. DOI: 10.3390/su70911462'},{id:"B6",body:'Zimniewska M. Hemp fibre proper-ties and processing target textile: Review. Materials. 2022;15(5):1901. DOI: 10.3390/ma15051901'},{id:"B7",body:'Labouze E, Le Guern Y, Petiot CH. Eco-profile of a linen shirt and comparative analysis of linen and cotton shirts. In: Labouze E, Le Guern Y, Petiot CH, editors. Organisations professionnelles du lin: Bio Intelligence Service S.A.S. 2007. pp. 1-9. http://news.europeanflax.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ACV-_-VERSION-EN.pdf'},{id:"B8",body:'Härkäsalmi T. Innovaatiohakuisuus runkokuitujen tekstiilituotannossa – konseptoinnilla kohti lyhytkuitujen tuotteistamista. Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Doctoral dissertation. University of Helsinki. Dissertation. 2006'},{id:"B9",body:'Nykter M. Microbial Quality of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) from plants to thermal insulation. Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agrotechnology. Doctoral dissertation. Helsinki: University of Helsinki; 2006. ISBN 952-10-3208-1'},{id:"B10",body:'Lefeuvre A, Bourmaud A, Lebrun L, Morvan C, Baley C. A study of the yearly reproducibility of flax fiber tensile properties. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013;50:400-407. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.035'},{id:"B11",body:'Beyette B. 100% Wild Organic Linen/Flax Fiber Directly From Belarus [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://pl.pinterest.com/pin/53832158018247849/'},{id:"B12",body:'Szałkowski Z, editor. Poradnik inżyniera. Włókiennictwo. 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The effect of raw material composition of clothes on selected physiological parameters of human organism. Journal of the Textile Institute. 2010;101(2):154-164. DOI: 10.1080/00405000802309568'},{id:"B39",body:'Zimniewska M, Huber J, Krucińska I, Torlińska T, Kozłowski R. The influence of clothes made from natural and synthetic fibers on the activity of the motor units in selected muscles in the forearm – Preliminary studies. FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe. 2002;10(4):55-59'},{id:"B40",body:'Zimniewska M, Witmanowski H, Kozłowski R. Clothing effect on selected parameters of oxidative stress. Lenzinger Berichte. 2006;85:17-21'},{id:"B41",body:'Zimniewska M, Batog J. Chapter 4: Ultraviolet-blocking properties of natural fibres handbook of natural fibres. In: Kozłowski RM, editor. Volume 2: Processing and Applications. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited; 2012. pp. 141-167. ISBN 978-1-84569-698-6'},{id:"B42",body:'Zimniewska M, Kozłowski R, Batog J. Nanolignin modified linen fabric as multifunctional product. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals. 2008;484:43-50. DOI: 10.1080/15421400801903395'},{id:"B43",body:'Zimniewska M, Kozłowski R, Batog J. Cellulose fibre textiles containing nanolignin, a method of applying nanolignin onto textiles and the use of nanolignin in textile production. European Patent No. EP 2150649 B1. 2012'},{id:"B44",body:'Zimniewska M, Krucińska I, Frydrych I, Mikołajczak P, Schmidt-Przewoźna K, Pawlaczyk M, et al. Clothing dressing as a supplement in the treatment of dermatological diseases. Patent No. 229203. 2018'},{id:"B45",body:'Zimniewska M, Pawlaczyk M, Krucińska I, Frydrych I, Mikołajczak P, Schmidt-Przewoźna K, et al. The influence of natural functional clothing on some biophysical parameters of the skin. Textile Research Journal. 2019;89(8):1381-1393. DOI: 10.1177/0040517518770680'},{id:"B46",body:'Zimniewska M, Szkaradkiewicz A, Szlęzak A, Spychalski G, Władyka-Przybylak M. Wound dressing made of natural bast fibers flax/hemp, method of their manufacture and application natural genetically unmodified bast fibers flax/hemp to wound dressing manufacture. Patent No. PL 220546. 2015'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Malgorzata Zimniewska",address:"malgorzata.zimniewska@iwnirz.pl",affiliation:'
Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, Poznan, Poland
Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, Poznan, Poland
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Please complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
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2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
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After approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
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External reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
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4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
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If the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
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We will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
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Your manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
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6. INVOICE PAYMENT
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The invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
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Credit Card
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7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
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IntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
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If you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
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This chapter is a generalization of the famous study of binary relations over finite Boolean algebras obtained by Wong, Yao and Lingras. We study the implications of various types of supermodularity for preferences over finite lattices. We prove that preferences on a finite lattice merely respecting the lattice order cannot disentangle these usual economic assumptions of supermodularity and infinite supermodularity. More precisely, the existence of a supermodular representation is equivalent to the existence of an infinitely supermodular representation. In addition, the strict increasingness of a complete preorder on a finite lattice is equivalent to the existence of a strictly increasing and infinitely supermodular representation. For wide classes of binary relations, the ordinal contents of quasisupermodularity, supermodularity and infinite supermodularity are exactly the same. 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In such smart deregulated market environment, cooperative game theory can play a vital role for analyzing various smart deregulated market problems. As an optimization tool, cooperative game theory is very useful in smart energy logistics and economy analysis problem. The economy associated with smart deregulated structure can be better optimized and allocated with the help of cooperative game theory. Initially, due to regulated structure, there is no cooperation between different entities of energy sector. But after new market structure, all the entities are free to take their own decisions as an independent entity. Transmission open access of energy logistics is also comes into the picture, as all the generators and demands have the same right to access the transmission system. In this market situation, multiple utilities are using the same energy logistic network. This situation can be formulated as a cooperative game in which generators and demands are represented by players. This chapter deals with energy logistic cost allocation problems for a smart deregulated energy market. 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His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. 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At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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