ZnO thin film formation condition in this study.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10729",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Infections and Sepsis Development",title:"Infections and Sepsis Development",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Infection is a common clinical condition that may cause local inflammation but, in some cases, can lead to systemic inflammation, with sepsis and organ dysfunction. Septic shock is a condition of inadequate tissue perfusion and cellular use of oxygen due to the cytotoxic action of bacterial toxins. There is no relationship between the pathological characteristics and the severity of the primary septic outbreak and the development of septic shock, and the time that elapses until the start of the shock is not predictable. Thus, knowledge of the pathophysiology of septic shock is fundamental for treatment. This book presents a comprehensive overview of infectious agents and their therapeutic control, pathological conditions with infective etiology such as diabetic foot osteomyelitis and infections in neurosurgery, and the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of sepsis.",isbn:"978-1-83969-458-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-457-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-459-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94701",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"infections-and-sepsis-development",numberOfPages:394,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"de8b1d035f242a8038f99d48b9069edf",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri, Lixing Huang and Jie Li",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10729.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3523,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 5th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 15th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 14th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 2nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 1st 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170938/images/system/170938.jpeg",biography:"Vincenzo Neri is a former Professor of General Surgery (retired), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy. He also held positions such as Director of Division of General Surgery, Director of Residency School of General Surgery, Director of Department of Surgical Sciences, and President of Course of Degree of Medicine and Surgery at the same university. He also served as an assistant professor (1974–1982) and associate professor (1982–2001) at the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Italy, where he obtained a degree in Medicine and Surgery and completed postgraduate training in General Surgery and Emergency Surgery. He obtained a diploma of 'Maitrise Universitaire en Pedagogie des Sciences de la Santè” from the University Paris-Nord Bobigny in 1995. Dr. Neri’s research interests include hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery, acute pancreatitis, and treatment of pancreatic and liver tumors. He has published research papers, reviews, congress proceedings, and book chapters. In the period 1991–2016, he attended the Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery Service of Beaujon Hospital, Universitè de Paris, Clichy. As part of the 2010–2011 ERASMUS Program, Dr. Neri developed a seminar on 'Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas” at Ghent University, Belgium. He is a member of several scientific associations including Società Italiana di Chirurgia (SIC), International Hepato-Pancreato Biliary Association (IHPBA), European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), New European Surgical Academy (NESA), and Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons (SLS).",institutionString:"University of Foggia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"9",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"333148",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixing",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"lixing-huang",fullName:"Lixing Huang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333148/images/system/333148.jpg",biography:"Dr. Lixing Huang is an associate professor at Jimei University, China. He is engaged in research of molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogen-host interaction, including but not limited to applying dual RNA-seq and dual iTRAQ approaches to complex infection settings comprising bacterial pathogens, their hosts, and resident gut microbiota; the interplay between host cell microRNAs/proteins and bacterial infection; the impact of bacterial pathogens on host cell RNA metabolism; the effect of bacterial non-coding RNAs/proteins on key host intracellular pathways; and nutritional immunity, the struggle for nutrient metals between hosts and pathogens. He is the author of more than sixty research articles. He is also a member of the China Society of Fisheries (CSF) and the Chinese Society of Toxicology (CST).",institutionString:"Jimei University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Jimei University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"336590",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"jie-li",fullName:"Jie Li",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336590/images/system/336590.png",biography:"Dr. Jie Li is an Associate Professor and Research Fellow of the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences. He completed a Ph.D. at the Institute of Oceanology, the Chinese Academy of Science. His research is directed at the epidemiology and immunology of bacterial pathogens in farming fish, including but not limited to fish disease control, fish vaccine development, and pathogenicity mechanisms of fish pathogens. He is the author of ten research articles and a member of the China Society of Fisheries (CSF).",institutionString:"Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046",title:"Infectious Diseases",slug:"infectious-diseases"}],chapters:[{id:"78345",title:"Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Antibiotics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99546",slug:"bactericidal-and-bacteriostatic-antibiotics",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Of all the medications available to physicians worldwide, antibiotics play an essential role in inpatient and outpatient settings. Discovered in the early nineteenth century by Alexander Fleming, penicillin was the first antibiotic isolated from a mold. Dr. Gerhard Domagk developed synthetic sulfa drugs by altering the red dye used in chemical industries. Since then, multiple antibiotic classes have been discovered with varying antimicrobial effects enabling their use empirically or in specific clinical scenarios. Antibiotics with different mechanisms of action could be either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. However, no clinical significance has been observed between cidal and static antibiotics in multiple trials. Their presence has led to safer deep invasive surgeries, advanced chemotherapy in cancer, and organ transplantation. Indiscriminate usage of antibiotics has resulted in severe hospital-acquired infections, including nosocomial pneumonia, Clostridioides difficile infection, multidrug-resistant invasive bacterial infections, allergic reactions, and other significant side effects. Antibiotic stewardship is an essential process in the modern era to advocate judicial use of antibiotics for an appropriate duration. They play a vital role in medical and surgical intensive care units to address the various complications seen in these patients. Antibiotics are crucial in severe acute infections to improve overall mortality and morbidity.",signatures:"Sachin M. Patil and Parag Patel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78345",authors:[{id:"352750",title:"Dr.",name:"Sachin M.",surname:"Patil",slug:"sachin-m.-patil",fullName:"Sachin M. Patil"},{id:"424644",title:"Dr.",name:"Parag",surname:"Patel",slug:"parag-patel",fullName:"Parag Patel"}],corrections:null},{id:"77292",title:"Distribution and Molecular Detection of Methicilin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98655",slug:"distribution-and-molecular-detection-of-methicilin-resistant-em-staphylococcus-aureus-em-",totalDownloads:173,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus is quite common in both the general population and hospital environment. The heterogeneity of the disease and the unique ability of S. aureus to develop resistance to the most recently discovered antibacterial drugs points to its ability to adapt and survive in different conditions. CA-MRSA is different from hospital strains of MRSA by its epidemiological, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The emergence of MRSA in the community suggests the need for a new approach to managing the indications and the certification of staphylococcal infections, with special emphasis on the selection of empiric antibiotic therapy. In the study, we analised of MRSA from 4341 samples taken from patients from the general population of Sarajevo Canton in the six-month period of follow-up processed at the Public Health Institute of Sarajevo Canton. We determined the epidemiological characteristics of the isolated strains. Methicillin resistance was determined by phenotypic methods. The following molecular methods were used for the confirmation of methicillin resistance: determination of the mecA gene, PFGE profile, genetic type of MRSA being determined by spa typing, the distribution of SCCmec types being examined, and the detected gene for PVL. The study stresses the need for national monitoring of spreading of the existing epidemic strains, as well as the monitoring of emergence of new strains which would enable the inclusion of our country in the international network of monitoring bacterial resistance.",signatures:"Velma Rebić, Mufida Aljičević, Sajra Vinčević-Smajlović and Damir Rebić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77292",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77292",authors:[{id:"335553",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Velma",surname:"Rebić",slug:"velma-rebic",fullName:"Velma Rebić"},{id:"349103",title:"Prof.",name:"Mufida",surname:"Aljičević",slug:"mufida-aljicevic",fullName:"Mufida Aljičević"},{id:"349104",title:"M.D.",name:"Sajra",surname:"Vinčević-Smajlović",slug:"sajra-vincevic-smajlovic",fullName:"Sajra Vinčević-Smajlović"},{id:"349107",title:"Prof.",name:"Damir",surname:"Rebić",slug:"damir-rebic",fullName:"Damir Rebić"}],corrections:null},{id:"77570",title:"Potential Natural Product from Tropical Fruits: A Mixture Young Coconut Fruit and Kaffir Lime Fruit as Immunonutrition for the Treatment of Sepsis by Lipopolysaccaride Escherichia coli (Infectious Disease)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99005",slug:"potential-natural-product-from-tropical-fruits-a-mixture-young-coconut-fruit-and-kaffir-lime-fruit-a",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The high number of cases reported of antibiotic resistance use and mortality due to gram-negative sepsis, triggered the development of natural agents to be used in the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Studies continue to be developed on the use of tropical fruits such as coconut fruit and kaffir lime fruit which contain high antioxidants and many potential compounds. Recent experimental data has proven that the high antioxidant activity found in the coconut fruit mixture, namely processed fruit flesh and coconut water and added kaffir lime juice, can be used as an immunonutrition agent that can improve body physiology and can increase the survival rate of test animals from endotoxemia lipopolysaccharide induced by Eschercia coli intraperitoneally. This chapter provides an overview of the potential of natural products that can be used as immunonutrition preparations. Finally, this provides information showing the importance of the intake of immunonutrition in conditions of sepsis infection.",signatures:"Rahmayati Rusnedy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77570",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77570",authors:[{id:"414194",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rahmayati",surname:"Rusnedy",slug:"rahmayati-rusnedy",fullName:"Rahmayati Rusnedy"}],corrections:null},{id:"76994",title:"Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy in Critically Ill Septic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98327",slug:"empiric-antimicrobial-therapy-in-critically-ill-septic-patients",totalDownloads:144,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepsis is a medical emergency and life-threatening condition due to a dysregulated host response to infection, which is time-dependent and associated with unacceptably high mortality. At the bedside of a patient with sepsis or septic shock, clinician must make immediate life-saving decisions including empirical initiation of broad-spectrum antimicrobials; the most likely to be appropriate. The empiric regimen should be initiated within the first hour of diagnosis and determined by assessing patient and epidemiological risk factors, likely source of infection based on presenting signs and symptoms, and severity of illness. Optimizing antibiotic use is crucial to ensure successful outcomes and to reduce adverse antibiotic effects, as well as preventing drug resistance. All likely pathogens involved should be considered to provide an appropriate antibiotic coverage. Herein, we tried to make suggestions of empirical therapeutic regimens in sepsis/septic shock according to most likely pathogens in cause and sepsis source based on the recent recommendations of learned societies. Some suggestions were adapted to an environment of low-resource regions where the ecology of multi drug resistant organisms is of concern.",signatures:"Ahlem Trifi, Sami Abdellatif, Sameh Trabelsi and Salah Ben Lakhal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76994",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76994",authors:[{id:"352049",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ahlem",surname:"Trifi",slug:"ahlem-trifi",fullName:"Ahlem Trifi"},{id:"416660",title:"Prof.",name:"Sami",surname:"Abdellatif",slug:"sami-abdellatif",fullName:"Sami Abdellatif"},{id:"416661",title:"Prof.",name:"Salah",surname:"Ben Lakhal",slug:"salah-ben-lakhal",fullName:"Salah Ben Lakhal"},{id:"421061",title:"Prof.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Trabelsi",slug:"sameh-trabelsi",fullName:"Sameh Trabelsi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77791",title:"Specific Bacterial Immunotherapy in Treating Chronic Osteomyelitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98751",slug:"specific-bacterial-immunotherapy-in-treating-chronic-osteomyelitis",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The immunological experience is treating osteomyelitis chronic forms at the Istituto Putti in Cortina starts in 1963 by introducing immunotherapy, applied by the progressive administration in growing doses of a staphylococci pool, that had been collected from some patients with bone infections by the same germ and then inactivated in an aqueous solution suspension. This therapy is coadjutant of antibiotics, surgical and hyperbaric therapy and not substitutive of these. This study ascertained indeed a reduction of the phagocytic activity as a whole, and especially the opsonisation activity It has been thought therefore that in immunotherapy more factors are involved; their principal property is to reduce the allergising effect and therefore to desensitise vs. the germ proteins and to increase the phagocytic activity. This condition, neither whose entity nor its lasting may be defined, does not appear to be unlimited. Obviously this desensitisation can be obtained also by the right antibiotic choice that, as already said mainly in acute forms, may develop their bactericidal properties and sterilise the focus. In the chronic forms it is possible to provoke this mechanism by carrying out a surgical toilette that restores the vascularization and stimulation conditions needed for a correct antibiotic action. Checks upon immuno-stimulation treatment termination clearly showed corresponding results between laboratory deficit corrected and clinical conditions bettering. The casuistry is based on 50 patients with hematogenic osteomyelitis, all under the age of 16, age at which the growth plate is still active, and 117 post-traumatic septic non-union, where this term was adopted for cases that showed a lack of non-solidification at 6 months after trauma. We have expressly made a distinction between hematogenic and post-traumatic forms, since the relationships between bacterial counts vs. host response do differ.",signatures:"Ferdinando Da Rin de Lorenzo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77791",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77791",authors:[{id:"350650",title:"Prof.",name:"Ferdinando",surname:"Da Rin de Lorenzo",slug:"ferdinando-da-rin-de-lorenzo",fullName:"Ferdinando Da Rin de Lorenzo"}],corrections:null},{id:"75640",title:"Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenicity of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Suburban and Rural Groundwater Supplies of Marrakesh Area (Morocco)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96696",slug:"prevalence-antimicrobial-resistance-and-pathogenicity-of-non-o1-em-vibrio-cholerae-em-in-suburban-an",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This synthesis of research work considers the dynamic, antibiotic resistance, hemolytic, and hemagglutination activities of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in comparison with those of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from suburban and rural groundwater supplies in a Marrakesh area (Morocco). In addition, it assesses the influence of some chemical factors on the distribution of all these bacterial groups. The obtained results showed that the prospected well waters contain them at varying abundance degrees while undergoing generally spatial and temporal fluctuations. The total occurrence of these bacteria during the period of study was 94%. Detectable non-O1 V. cholerae was present in 81% of the samples and the mean abundances ranged from 0 to 11100 MPN/100 ml. According to WHO standards for drinking water, they were heavily contaminated and could have significant health risks for the local population consuming them. Non-O1 V. cholerae and the other studied bacteria are virulent since most of them were found to be adhesive, producers of hemolysins and multi-resistant to antibiotics. Pollution activities around the wells lead to an increase of virulence and antimicrobial resistance in groundwater. This shows the role of these bacteria in several cases of gastro-enteric and systemic pathologies noted in Marrakech local population.",signatures:"Hafsa Lamrani Alaoui, Khalid Oufdou and Nour-Eddine Mezrioui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75640",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75640",authors:[{id:"343471",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Hafsa",surname:"Lamrani Alaoui",slug:"hafsa-lamrani-alaoui",fullName:"Hafsa Lamrani Alaoui"},{id:"347389",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid",surname:"Oufdou",slug:"khalid-oufdou",fullName:"Khalid Oufdou"},{id:"347390",title:"Prof.",name:"Nour-Eddine",surname:"Mezrioui",slug:"nour-eddine-mezrioui",fullName:"Nour-Eddine Mezrioui"}],corrections:null},{id:"75676",title:"Community Change and Pathogenicity of Vibrio",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96515",slug:"community-change-and-pathogenicity-of-em-vibrio-em-",totalDownloads:252,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vibrio is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria, which is widely distributed in marine and estuarine environments worldwide. It is an important component of the aquatic ecosystem and plays an important role in biogeochemical cycle. Its population dynamics are usually affected by climate and seasonal factors. Most of the Vibrios in the environment are not pathogenic, but some of them are pathogenic bacteria for human and animal, such as Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio anguillarum, etc., which are generally reported to be related to aquatic animal diseases and human food-borne diseases. Over the last couple of years, due to the influence of the rising seawater temperature and climate change, the incidence of diseases caused by Vibrio infection has increased significantly, which poses a great threat to human health and aquaculture. The research on pathogenic Vibrio has attracted more and more attention. The abundance and community changes of Vibrio in the environment are usually controlled by many biological and abiotic factors. The Vibrio pathogenicity is related to the virulence factors encoded by virulence genes. The process of Vibrio infecting the host and causing host disease is determined by multiple virulence factors acting together, instead of being determined by a single virulence factor. In this chapter, community changes of Vibrio, as well as the virulence factors of Vibrio and the related virulence genes of Vibiro are summarized, and their important roles in Vibrio infection are also discussed.",signatures:"Lixing Huang, Qiancheng Gao, Youyu Zhang, Wei Xu and Qingpi Yan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75676",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75676",authors:[{id:"333148",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixing",surname:"Huang",slug:"lixing-huang",fullName:"Lixing Huang"},{id:"343504",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingpi",surname:"Yan",slug:"qingpi-yan",fullName:"Qingpi Yan"},{id:"343506",title:"Dr.",name:"Youyu",surname:"Zhang",slug:"youyu-zhang",fullName:"Youyu Zhang"},{id:"351789",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiancheng",surname:"Gao",slug:"qiancheng-gao",fullName:"Qiancheng Gao"},{id:"351791",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Xu",slug:"wei-xu",fullName:"Wei Xu"}],corrections:null},{id:"75818",title:"The Secretome of Vibrio cholerae",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96803",slug:"the-secretome-of-em-vibrio-cholerae-em-",totalDownloads:269,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vibrio cholerae is a facultative human pathogen responsible for the cholera disease which infects millions of people worldwide each year. V. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments and the infection usually occurs after ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virulence factors of V. cholerae have been extensively studied in the last decades and include the cholera toxin and the coregulated pilus. Most of the virulence factors of V. cholerae belong to the secretome, which corresponds to all the molecules secreted in the extracellular environment such as proteins, exopolysaccharides, extracellular DNA or membrane vesicles. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of the secretome of V. cholerae and its role in virulence, colonization and resistance. In the first section, we focus on the proteins secreted through conventional secretion systems. The second and third sections emphasize on the membrane vesicles and on the secretome associated with biofilms.",signatures:"Annabelle Mathieu-Denoncourt, Sean Giacomucci and Marylise Duperthuy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75818",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75818",authors:[{id:"342286",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Marylise",surname:"Duperthuy",slug:"marylise-duperthuy",fullName:"Marylise Duperthuy"},{id:"343168",title:"Mrs.",name:"Annabelle",surname:"Mathieu-Denoncourt",slug:"annabelle-mathieu-denoncourt",fullName:"Annabelle Mathieu-Denoncourt"},{id:"343169",title:"Mr.",name:"Sean",surname:"Giacomucci",slug:"sean-giacomucci",fullName:"Sean Giacomucci"}],corrections:null},{id:"77674",title:"Challenges in Controlling Vibriosis in Shrimp Farms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97018",slug:"challenges-in-controlling-vibriosis-in-shrimp-farms",totalDownloads:275,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recently the shrimp farming has blooming as a crucial counterpart in the aquaculture industry which contribute the remarkable role in sea food production as well economy of the country. However, this could be fluctuated every year through several circumstances such as unfavorable (Poor water and soil quality) environmental factors. The environmental factors includes disease causing bacterial pathogens in the soil and water which causes the bacterial diseases in the aquatic animals, like this hectic problems are prevented through bioaugmentation strategies. The pond environment plays a vital role in determining the healthy culture system, but there is high risk for manipulation by bacterial community which takes care of waste generated in the system through in situ bioremediation. Due to the impact of rapidly growing bacterial diseases of shrimps throughout the world, numerous studies have been carried out to find immunostimulants, immunomodulators and biotic component that can be used against vibrio causing pathogens, and can also be used as an alternative for antibiotics. Recent research focus towards the marine resources such as microalgae, seaweed, live feeds (like artemia, copepods, rotifers), bacteriophage, and probiotics have been found to have higher potential in reducing vibriosis. Eco-based shrimp farming includes green water technology, phage therapy bio-floc technology (BFT) and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), these methods hold a promising alternative to antibiotics in the near future. Bacterial diseases caused by vibrios have been reported in penaeid shrimp culture systems implicating at least 14 species and they are Vibrio harveyi, V. splendidus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. vulnificuslogei etc.",signatures:"Hethesh Chellapandian, Jeyachandran Sivakamavalli, A. Vijay Anand and Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77674",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77674",authors:[{id:"347251",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hethesh",surname:"Chellapandian",slug:"hethesh-chellapandian",fullName:"Hethesh Chellapandian"},{id:"347284",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeyachandran",surname:"Sivakamavalli",slug:"jeyachandran-sivakamavalli",fullName:"Jeyachandran Sivakamavalli"},{id:"421444",title:"Dr.",name:"A. Vijay",surname:"Anand",slug:"a.-vijay-anand",fullName:"A. Vijay Anand"},{id:"421445",title:"Dr.",name:"Balamuralikrishnan",surname:"Balasubramanian",slug:"balamuralikrishnan-balasubramanian",fullName:"Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian"}],corrections:null},{id:"76988",title:"Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: Frequent Pathogens and Conservative Antibiotic Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98328",slug:"diabetic-foot-osteomyelitis-frequent-pathogens-and-conservative-antibiotic-therapy",totalDownloads:182,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chronic diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a frequent complication in adult polyneuropathy patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus. Regarding the conservative therapy, there are several crucial steps in adequate diagnosing and approaches. The management should be performed in a multidisciplinary approach following the findings of recent research, general principles of antibiotic therapy for bone; and according to (inter-)national guidance. In this chapter we emphasize the overview on the state-of-the-art management regarding the diagnosis and antibiotic therapy in DFO. In contrast, in this general narrative review and clinical recommendation, we skip the surgical, vascular and psychological aspects.",signatures:"Nicolas Vogel, Tanja Huber and Ilker Uçkay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76988",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76988",authors:[{id:"349987",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",surname:"Vogel",slug:"nicolas-vogel",fullName:"Nicolas Vogel"},{id:"350000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilker",surname:"Uçkay",slug:"ilker-uckay",fullName:"Ilker Uçkay"},{id:"417116",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tanja",surname:"Huber",slug:"tanja-huber",fullName:"Tanja Huber"}],corrections:null},{id:"78056",title:"Infections in Neurosurgery and Their Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99115",slug:"infections-in-neurosurgery-and-their-management",totalDownloads:194,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Surgical site and postoperative infections are common problems in surgical wards and treating them can be challenging and very complicated. It is important to understand different types of postoperative infections and their best management. In this chapter we try to emphasis on infections which are occurring in neurosurgical units and how to approach them. Foreign body infection is another challenge that happens in neurosurgical units, and it is vital to recognize these infections in time and start the treatment as soon as possible. Atypical infections occurrence is low therefore this problem is not addressed often in textbooks or in the literature, therefore atypical infections will be discussed in this chapter too. By discussing the most common postoperative complications and their best management profile, the authors here will try to widen the perspective of readers on infections in neurosurgical units in order to understand this problem better. Untreated infections or poorly treated infections can lead to sepsis and catastrophic results.",signatures:"Seyed Arad Senaobar Tahaei, Seyyed Ashkan Senobar Tahaei, Zoltan Mencser and Pal Barzo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78056",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78056",authors:[{id:"351819",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Arad",surname:"Senaobar Tahaei",slug:"seyed-arad-senaobar-tahaei",fullName:"Seyed Arad Senaobar Tahaei"},{id:"353235",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltán",surname:"Mencser",slug:"zoltan-mencser",fullName:"Zoltán Mencser"},{id:"353236",title:"Prof.",name:"Pál",surname:"Barzó",slug:"pal-barzo",fullName:"Pál Barzó"},{id:"422719",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Ashkan",surname:"Senobar Tahaei",slug:"seyyed-ashkan-senobar-tahaei",fullName:"Seyyed Ashkan Senobar Tahaei"}],corrections:null},{id:"77653",title:"An Explainable Machine Learning Model for Early Prediction of Sepsis Using ICU Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98957",slug:"an-explainable-machine-learning-model-for-early-prediction-of-sepsis-using-icu-data",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Early identification of individuals with sepsis is very useful in assisting clinical triage and decision-making, resulting in early intervention and improved outcomes. This study aims to develop an explainable machine learning model with the clinical interpretability to predict sepsis onset before 6 hours and validate with improved prediction risk power for every time interval since admission to the ICU. The retrospective observational cohort study is carried out using PhysioNet Challenge 2019 ICU data from three distinct hospital systems, viz. A, B, and C. Data from A and B were shared publicly for training and validation while sequestered data from all three cohorts were used for scoring. However, this study is limited only to publicly available training data. Training data contains 15,52,210 patient records of 40,336 ICU patients with up to 40 clinical variables (sourced for each hour of their ICU stay) divided into two datasets, based on hospital systems A and B. The clinical feature exploration and interpretation for early prediction of sepsis is achieved using the proposed framework, viz. the explainable Machine Learning model for Early Prediction of Sepsis (xMLEPS). A total of 85 features comprising the given 40 clinical variables augmented with 10 derived physiological features and 35 time-lag difference features are fed to xMLEPS for the said prediction task of sepsis onset. A ten-fold cross-validation scheme is employed wherein an optimal prediction risk threshold is searched for each of the 10 LightGBM models. These optimum threshold values are later used by the corresponding models to refine the predictive power in terms of utility score for the prediction of labels in each fold. The entire framework is designed via Bayesian optimization and trained with the resultant feature set of 85 features, yielding an average normalized utility score of 0.4214 and area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.8591 on publicly available training data. This study establish a practical and explainable sepsis onset prediction model for ICU data using applied ML approach, mainly gradient boosting. The study highlights the clinical significance of physiological inter-relations among the given and proposed clinical signs via feature importance and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) plots for visualized interpretation.",signatures:"Naimahmed Nesaragi and Shivnarayan Patidar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77653",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77653",authors:[{id:"349984",title:"Dr.",name:"Shivnarayan",surname:"Patidar",slug:"shivnarayan-patidar",fullName:"Shivnarayan Patidar"},{id:"349994",title:"Mr.",name:"Naimahmed",surname:"Nesaragi",slug:"naimahmed-nesaragi",fullName:"Naimahmed Nesaragi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77002",title:"Organ Damage in Sepsis: Molecular Mechanisms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98302",slug:"organ-damage-in-sepsis-molecular-mechanisms",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepsis is one of the most common reasons for hospitalisation. This condition is characterised by systemic inflammatory response to infection. International definition of sepsis mainly points out a multi-organ dysfunction caused by a deregulated host response to infection. An uncontrolled inflammatory response, often referred to as “cytokine storm”, leads to an increase in oxidative stress as a result of the inhibition of cellular antioxidant systems. Oxidative stress, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, initiate vascular endothelial dysfunction and, in consequence, impair microcirculation. Microcirculation damage leads to adaptive modifications of cell metabolism. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction takes place which results in increased apoptosis and impaired autophagy. Non-coding RNA, especially miRNA and lncRNA molecules, may play an important role in the pathomechanism of sepsis. Altered expression of various ncRNAs in sepsis suggest, that these molecules can be used not only as diagnostics and prognostic markers but also as the target points in the pharmacotherapy of sepsis. The understanding of detailed molecular mechanisms leading to organ damage can contribute to the development of specific therapy methods thereby improving the prognosis of patients with sepsis.",signatures:"Grażyna Sygitowicz and Dariusz Sitkiewicz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77002",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77002",authors:[{id:"351353",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Grażyna",surname:"Sygitowicz",slug:"grazyna-sygitowicz",fullName:"Grażyna Sygitowicz"},{id:"351355",title:"Prof.",name:"Dariusz",surname:"Sitkiewicz",slug:"dariusz-sitkiewicz",fullName:"Dariusz Sitkiewicz"}],corrections:null},{id:"78035",title:"Inflammatory Mediators Leading to Edema Formation through Plasma Membrane Receptors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99230",slug:"inflammatory-mediators-leading-to-edema-formation-through-plasma-membrane-receptors",totalDownloads:124,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Edema is a swelling from liquid accumulation in body tissues. Injuries in tissues or organs may cause this disorder leading to chemical mediators releasing and triggering the inflammatory process. Inflammatory mediators, when released in response to injuries, promote biological reactions at the affected site. Furthermore, plasma membrane receptors modulate the inflammatory chemical agent synthesis and release. Pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll Like is an example of plasma membrane receptors associated with chemical agents recognizing and cascade amplification. Therefore, these plasma membrane proteins exhibit essential roles during injuries and immunologic response. Thus, this review discusses the plasma membrane receptors modulation in the inflammatory area, focusing on edema formation.",signatures:"Guilherme Teixeira and Robson Faria",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78035",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78035",authors:[{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria"},{id:"345859",title:"Mr.",name:"Guilherme",surname:"Teixeira",slug:"guilherme-teixeira",fullName:"Guilherme Teixeira"}],corrections:null},{id:"78075",title:"Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, Bacterial Translocation and Inflammation: Deathly Triad in Sepsis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99554",slug:"intestinal-barrier-dysfunction-bacterial-translocation-and-inflammation-deathly-triad-in-sepsis",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepsis, as a complex entity, comprises multiple pathophysiological mechanisms which bring about high morbidity and mortality. The previous studies showed that the gastrointestinal tract is damaged during sepsis, and its main symptoms include increased permeability, bacterial translocation (BT), and malabsorption. BT is the invasion of indigenous intestinal bacteria via the gut mucosa to other tissues. It occurs in pathological conditions such as disruption of the intestine’s ecological balance and mucosal barrier permeability, immunosuppression, and oxidative stress through transcellular/paracellular pathways and initiate an excessive systemic inflammatory response. Thereby, recent clinical and preclinical studies focus on the association between sepsis and intestinal barrier dysfunction. This chapter overviews the current knowledge about the molecular basis of BT of the intestine, its role in the progress of sepsis, detection of BT, and actual therapeutic approaches.",signatures:"Bercis Imge Ucar and Gulberk Ucar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78075",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78075",authors:[{id:"251368",title:"Prof.",name:"Gulberk",surname:"Ucar",slug:"gulberk-ucar",fullName:"Gulberk Ucar"},{id:"415028",title:"Dr.",name:"Bercis Imge",surname:"Ucar",slug:"bercis-imge-ucar",fullName:"Bercis Imge Ucar"}],corrections:null},{id:"77454",title:"Assessment and Management of Hypoperfusion in Sepsis and Septic Shock",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98876",slug:"assessment-and-management-of-hypoperfusion-in-sepsis-and-septic-shock",totalDownloads:232,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Diagnosis of organ hypoperfusion in patient with sepsis is not always straightforward which makes septic shock definition, diagnosis, and early treatment are major challenges that emergency physicians and intensivist must deal with in their daily practice. Normal blood pressure does not always mean good organ perfusion, which means patient might develop septic shock, yet they are not hypotensive. There are several indices that could be used in combination to diagnose and manage hypoperfusion in patients with septic shock. Fluid resuscitation and vasopressor administration along with infection sources control are the cornerstones in septic shock management. This chapter will cover indices that can be used to diagnose hypoperfusion, type and amount of fluid and vasopressor that can be used in resuscitating septic shock patients.",signatures:"Zohair Al Aseri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77454",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77454",authors:[{id:"350564",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zohair",surname:"Al Aseri",slug:"zohair-al-aseri",fullName:"Zohair Al Aseri"}],corrections:null},{id:"76836",title:"Sepsis Associated Acute Kidney Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97609",slug:"sepsis-associated-acute-kidney-injury-1",totalDownloads:270,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"AKI is a syndrome consisting of several clinical conditions, due to sudden kidney dysfunction. Sepsis and septic shock are the causes of AKI and are known as Sepsis-Associated AKI (SA-AKI) and accounted for more than 50% of cases of AKI in the ICU, with poor prognosis. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized by a sudden decline in kidney function for several hours/day, which results in the accumulation of creatinine, urea and other waste products. The most recent definition was formulated in the Kidney Disease consensus: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO), published in 2012, where the AKI was established if the patient’s current clinical manifestation met several criteria: an increase in serum creatinine levels ≥0.3 mg/dL (26.5 μmol/L) within 48 hours, an increase in serum creatinine for at least 1.5 times the baseline value within the previous 7 days; or urine volume ≤ 0.5 ml/kg body weight for 6 hours. The AKI pathophysiology includes ischemic vasodilation, endothelial leakage, necrosis in nephrons and microtrombus in capillaries. The management of sepsis associated with AKI consisted of fluid therapy, vasopressors, antibiotics and nephrotoxic substances, Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) and diuretics. In the analysis of the BEST Kidney trial subgroup, the likelihood of hospital death was 50% higher in AKI sepsis compared to non-sepsis AKI. Understanding of sepsis and endotoxins that can cause SA-AKI is not yet fully known. Some evidence suggests that renal microcirculation hypoperfusion, lack of energy for cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, endothelial injury and cycle cell arrest can cause SA-AKI. Rapid identification of SA-AKI events, antibiotics and appropriate fluid therapy are crucial in the management of SA-AKI.",signatures:"Titik Setyawati, Ricky Aditya and Tinni Trihartini Maskoen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76836",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76836",authors:[{id:"352148",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tinni",surname:"Maskoen",slug:"tinni-maskoen",fullName:"Tinni Maskoen"},{id:"352152",title:"Dr.",name:"Titik",surname:"Setyawati",slug:"titik-setyawati",fullName:"Titik Setyawati"},{id:"352159",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricky",surname:"Aditya",slug:"ricky-aditya",fullName:"Ricky Aditya"}],corrections:null},{id:"78742",title:"Atrial Fibrillation during Septic Shock",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100317",slug:"atrial-fibrillation-during-septic-shock",totalDownloads:189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is an early and common occurrence during septic shock, accounting for 25–30% of admissions. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors do not generally increase its incidence, especially in cases of new-onset AF. Inflammation during the sepsis process has been postulated as a possible trigger. Detrimental effects of AF result in prognosis worsening, even when the probability for a negative outcome has been adjusted for severity of illness. New-onset AF (NOAF) has been associated with greater mortality rate than preexisting chronic AF. Early cardioversion has not uniformly improved hospital outcomes. In this review, the incidence, prognosis and management of AF in septic shock patients are summarized.",signatures:"Manuel Vélez-Gimón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78742",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78742",authors:[{id:"415055",title:"M.D.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Vélez-Gimón",slug:"manuel-velez-gimon",fullName:"Manuel Vélez-Gimón"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7920",title:"Infectious Process and Sepsis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"15ab9e0f38bdfb589c1dd56f8211a860",slug:"infectious-process-and-sepsis",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7920.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6352",title:"Gastrointestinal Surgery",subtitle:"New Technical Proposals",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f75fc66eb312d3a8a6be8256c5ffb279",slug:"gastrointestinal-surgery-new-technical-proposals",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10314",title:"Esophagitis and Gastritis",subtitle:"Recent Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"018c77c0b435770edd232fbdf706d573",slug:"esophagitis-and-gastritis-recent-updates",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri and Monjur Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206355/images/system/206355.jpeg",biography:"Monjur Ahmed, MD, FRCP, is an Associate Professor of Medicine, at the Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. He has been a practicing gastroenterologist for twenty-four years. He has a special interest in biliary diseases, gastrointestinal bleeding, colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, eosinophilic esophagitis, gastrointestinal motility disorders, and dysphagia. He also serves as an editor-in-chief of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.",institutionString:"Thomas Jefferson University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Thomas Jefferson University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8443",title:"Gastrointestinal Stomas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e8dfeaf7ef41c96a76cb124dccbac94",slug:"gastrointestinal-stomas",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8443.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"825",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef65e8eb7a2ada65f2bc939aa73009e3",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-medicine",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/799.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2068",title:"Understanding Tuberculosis",subtitle:"New Approaches to Fighting Against Drug Resistance",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"077a11a53e4b135020092b8c1143f93c",slug:"understanding-tuberculosis-new-approaches-to-fighting-against-drug-resistance",bookSignature:"Pere-Joan Cardona",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2068.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78269",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Pere-Joan",surname:"Cardona",slug:"pere-joan-cardona",fullName:"Pere-Joan Cardona"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"322",title:"Flavivirus Encephalitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"269535b3a2f21a46216f4ca6925aa8f1",slug:"flavivirus-encephalitis",bookSignature:"Daniel Růžek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/322.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33830",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Ruzek",slug:"daniel-ruzek",fullName:"Daniel Ruzek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3842",title:"Leishmaniasis",subtitle:"Trends in Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"861f3ca84eede677ba6cd863093d62f8",slug:"leishmaniasis-trends-in-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"David M. 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At present, data from various devices is scattered and siloed, but it is predicted that in the latter half of the 2020s, hundreds of billions of devices will be connected to the Internet. In the second half of the 2020s, hundreds of billions of devices are expected to be connected to the Internet. A vast amount of data and information will be constantly being formed, but if the data is siloed, it will be impossible to share it. Therefore, it is necessary to create a wearable device that can constantly hold and share data. In order to achieve this, electronic devices with ubiquitous functions are expected to be realized as wearable devices, and flexible shapes, light weight, large area, and optically transparent functions are expected to be necessary.
Conductive oxide thin films such as indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are expected to be the key semiconductor elements for wearable devices, but the manufacturing method to obtain conductive thin films with high electrical properties has not been established. ZnO thin films, which are introduced in this chapter, show great promise as photomechanical materials for photography [1, 2] and electrochemical and biosensor materials for various devices [3, 4, 5, 6, 7], and the applications of these thin films are diverse, including transparent electrodes, solar cells, and memory storage devices. When metal oxide thin films are used as optical films for liquid crystal displays and touch panels, both high transparency and low resistivity are required. At present, the aforementioned indium-tin oxide (ITO) and tin oxide are used in combination with other transparent materials. However, due to the low reserves of indium, it is expected to be depleted as a resource, and there is a need to search for alternative conductive materials, and research and development of alternative material technology has been conducted for many years. Research on ZnO has a history as long as that of ITO, and has produced many interesting results in recent years. ZnO has been grown by a number of methods, including sputtering [8, 9, 10, 11, 12], chemical vapor deposition [13], pulsed laser deposition [14], and wet coating [15]. each of these methods for growing ZnO introduces high conductance and high transparency properties into the film but high-performance ZnO films have yet to be fabricated using low-cost, simple processes. The low-cost process is characterized by a fast growth rate at low temperatures. However, ZnO fabrication techniques are sensitive to growth temperature, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen concentration, making it difficult to synthesize uniform ZnO films. In addition, the high dependence on the performance of the synthesis equipment has made it impossible to achieve a uniform crystal structure at low temperatures as well as a high growth rate. Therefore, we aimed to establish a simple, low-cost and stable fabrication process based on the wet coating method for growing ZnO films.
In this chapter, the author explains the need for a technological breakthrough to form oxide conductive thin films with stable conductivity on plastic films in order to utilize ZnO thin films as highly functional films for processing large amounts of data while maintaining their flexibility. The conductivity mechanism of oxide conductive materials has been inferred from indirect data such as the dependence of conductivity on oxygen partial pressure [1, 2]. In particular, ZnO, along with ITO, was first discovered as a semiconductor in the 1930s. Since then, its optical transparency in the visible range has been exploited, and research and development on its optical and electrical properties have been conducted for use as a transparent conductive film in memory devices, photovoltaics, transistors, and other applications. Furthermore, ZnO has a high carrier electron concentration, which is due to the potential presence of crystal defects caused by dopants and contaminants intervening in the crystal during ZnO synthesis. The problem of the electron mobility limit of ZnO has been clarified to some extent by a great deal of research and development into methods of ZnO synthesis and optimal selection of dopants. Although some progress has been made with ZnO thin films, they still do not have the high-performance characteristics to withstand the mega-data processing that will be required in IoT devices. The decrease in mobility is attributed to grain boundary scattering and ionized impurity scattering depending on the grain size, and the control mechanism of electrical properties differs depending on the synthesis form, such as thin film or nanowire.
Therefore, the author focused on the “non-equilibrium reaction field” as a bottom-up architecture. Although many studies have been reported on the control of one-dimensional nanowire growth and the physical properties of the composites by moving the atomic and molecular groups constituting the oxide particles without heating, no technology has been found to create thin-film nanocomposite structures in a simple two-dimensional process. In this study, the author succeeded in discovering the basis of this technology by using an electron source that emits electrons uniformly in a plane. In addition, we will elucidate the interfacial phenomena and crosslinking mechanisms that occur during the bonding of metal oxide particles, and clarify the effects on the physical properties of the interface, mechanical properties, optical properties, and electronic structure. In addition, the author aims to create low-dimensional nanomaterials based on heterogeneous oxide-metal bonding with various dimensions, construct hybrid structures, control nanostructures, surfaces and interfaces, and control higher-order functional properties in metal-ceramics-semiconductor composites, and provide next-generation nanodevice components in a broad sense.
Zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2) (high purity chemistry), ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2 CO3) (high purity chemistry), ethanol, and deionized water are used. Deionized water is purified to high purity water using a distillation vessel, and 1.0 M zinc nitrate and ammonium carbonate are dissolved in high purity water respectively. The zinc nitrate solution is dropped into the strongly stirred ammonium carbonate solution and reacts in a molar ratio of 1:1.5 (= Zn(NO3)2: (NH4)2CO3) to synthesize a white precipitate. The precipitate was filtered and cleaned several times with high-purity water and ethanol, and then dried at 100 °C in air for 6 hours to form the precursor of zinc oxide. The ZnO particles were then sintered at 400 °C for 4 hours in an electric furnace to obtain ZnO particles [16, 17, 18]. The obtained ZnO particles had a median diameter of 0.18 μmϕ, with 89% of the synthesized particles distributed between 0.12 and 0.25 μmϕ. The powder is represented in Figure 1.
ZnO nanoparticles.
Prepare a coating of ZnO particles with zinc complex (zinc acetylacetonate (Zn(AcAc)), propanol (2-propanol) and a small amount of surfactant (thiol). See Table 1 for the weight ratio; the ZnO particles were agglomerated and thiol was used to disperse them. The ZnO particles were agglomerated and thiol was used to disperse them. For the mixed solution of ZnO particles and Zn(AcAc) prepared in this study, the location of Zn(AcAc) in the residual solution after filtration of ZnO particles was not confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Zn(AcAc) was adsorbed on the zinc oxide surface. It is expected that Zn(AcAc) is electrostatically adsorbed on the surface of particles in the paint and the complexes serve as seeds for cross-linking between ZnO particles and promote the formation of ZnO thin films in two dimensions [19]. No solvent is added to act as a binder, and the coating is used to form a thin film. Plastic films with high transmittance, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polycarbonate film (PC), can be used as substrates to support the thin film. For thin film formation, a spray method was used, and a thin film with a thickness of 80 μm was applied before drying. The thin film was then dried using dry air at 60 °C to volatilize the solvent (propanol) and form a foil with only solids. At this point, the foil formed on the substrate is an aggregate of fine particles and almost no adhesion has occurred.
ZnO | Thiol | Zinc acetylacetonate | Solvant | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Composition ratio of mixture (wt%) | 16.9 | 4.3 | 6.8 | 72.0 |
ZnO thin film formation condition in this study.
In order to realize uniform planar electron emission as a non-equilibrium reaction field, it is essential to employ highly crystalline single-walled carbon nanotubes (hc-SWCNTs) in electrical devices as field emitters, and the effect of increasing the crystallinity of SWCNTs on electrical properties has been investigated [20, 21]. We employed hc-SWCNTs as field emission (FE) electron sources with a weight density of less than 1.3 mg/cm2 and fabricated electrodes on graphite plates by electrostatic coating method. The FE electron source as the cathode electrode to induce FE was then grooved by physically carving the coating film to expose the hc-SWCNTs as the field emitter [20]. The electron source was stacked with an FE cathode fabricated with hc-SWCNTs to emit electrons, a gate electrode to block the FE electrons, an accelerator to adjust the acceleration energy of the FE beam from 0 to 120 kV, and an anode electrode placed on the ZnO particles, as shown in Figure 2a. Ever since Rinzler et al. predicted the possibility of electronic devices using CNTs in their landmark paper [22], carbon nanostructures with one-dimensional shapes have attracted much attention for their applications in electronic and electrical devices. The hc-SWCNTs have excellent physicochemical properties. Tohji et al. succeeded in synthesizing pure hc-SWCNTs by purification and annealing at high temperature of 1473 K and low pressure of less than 10−5 Pa [23]. We also established a method to evaluate the crystallinity of SWCNTs by using cryogenic thermal desorption spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM, Hitachi High-Technologies) [24]. The HR-TEM image of such a crystal is shown in Figure 2b. We succeeded in uniformly dispersing hc-SWCNTs [23], which have excellent physicochemical properties, and they have been employed as field emitters to produce uniform planar FE electron emission over a wide range of electron emission currents, as shown in Figure 2c. It is difficult to form ZnO particles with uniform morphology and crystal structure when the variation of the dose in the plane is more than 0.5%. Controlling the intensity of the electron beam in the plane is essential for fabricating devices that can serve as electron sources.
FE source using hc-SWCNTs. (a) Structure of FE source with high energy electron beam to fabricate ceramic nanostructure. (b) HR-TEM image of hc-SWCNTs after crystallization. (c) FE characteristics between cathode and anode electrodes and image of lighting emitted by a planar FE cathode (inset).
It is speculated that the nanoscale Zn grains rotate and vibrate when irradiated with electrons of up to 120 keV using the system shown in Figure 2a [25], and that each Zn terminal interface after electron irradiation is activated as a non-equilibrium reaction field of appropriate energy of about 120 keV to bridge to other Zn atoms.
The possibility of using plastic films as substrates for general-purpose construction of key semiconductor elements for IoT devices may be well considered in the future. In order to investigate the process of device construction without heating considering the heat resistance of plastic, this study aims to form a two-dimensional continuous thin film by applying a non-equilibrium reaction field and using high-energy electron beam irradiation as the non-equilibrium reaction field.
We have developed a technique to fabricate ZnO thin films on thin PET substrates using FE electron beam irradiation as a non-equilibrium reaction field as shown in Figure 3a. The ZnO thin films were prepared by wet coating and electron beam irradiation methods [26, 27]. In this process, the thickness of the ZnO film was controlled from 100 nm to 10 μm. The FE current density emitted from each hc-SWCNT as an electron emission source was controlled to about 20 pA/cm2, which corresponds to 1013 electrons/cm2 -s for the preparation of the films. The electrical and optical properties of carrier density, hole mobility, resistivity and optical transmittance at 550 nm wavelength were evaluated for ZnO thin films of about 100 nm thickness fabricated by using 120 keV FE electron beam as basic properties. 120 keV FE electron beam irradiated ZnO thin films showed carrier density The ZnO thin films prepared by irradiation of 120 keV FE electron beam showed carrier density of 1.8 × 1018 cm−3, hole mobility of 158.6 cm2/Vs, resistivity of 8.6 × 10−4 Ω-cm and optical transmittance of 78% at 550 nm wavelength. Although attempts to improve the electrical properties of ZnO thin films using various synthetic techniques have been reported, the fabrication of highly functional ZnO thin films on plastic films at low temperatures has not yet been done due to the temperature limitations of the substrate supporting the films. Considering the defects that stabilize the sites between the anti-sites, it is important to (1) clarify the interfacial phenomena and bridging mechanisms that selectively occur in the c-axis direction during the bonding of the terminal crystal interface of metal oxide particles as shown in Figure 3b, and (2) determine how to fabricate stable ZnO thin films on plastic substrates due to the constraints related to the temperature of the substrate supporting the thin films, (2) electron irradiation and acceleration energy of electron beam are necessary for crystal structure rearrangement and film synthesis after ZnO grain formation. In the present work, we propose to form ZnO bulk by FE electron beam irradiation during bridging between ZnO grains and to fabricate ceramic thin films without heat treatment.
(a) Images of (left) ZnO thin film synthesized on a PET substrate with irradiation of electron energy of 120 keV and (right) a bare PET substrate. (b) Schematic diagram showing bridging of ZnO crystal.
By using non-equilibrium reaction fields as a bottom-up tool for the formation of oxide thin films, we have discovered a process technology for the formation of ZnO thin films on PET film substrates. The thin films obtained by this process have been evaluated for their conductive properties. In this study, we have evaluated the basic physical properties of this thin film such as carrier density, hole mobility, resistivity and optical transmittance. The results are shown in Figure 4 for carrier density, hole mobility and resistivity, and Figure 5 for transmittance [26]. We have succeeded in finding that each property differs depending on the electron beam irradiation energy. ZnO thin films grown at electron energy of 120 keV have electrical properties of carrier density of 1.8 × 1018 cm−3 and hole mobility of 208.6 cm2/Vs, and resistivity of 8.6 × 10−4 Ω-cm. However, due to the limitations of the ZnO (plus dopant) formation temperature and the substrate on which the thin film is supported, low-temperature ZnO formation has not yet yielded highly functional thin films in terms of hole mobility and resistivity. O atoms, and complex defects that stabilize Zn interstitials and Zn anti-sites, the technology to build stable ZnO thin films or bulk structures has not been established. It has been reported that strict and stable control of the deposition environment is necessary from the time of ZnO formation with regard to oxygen defects and defects in the crystal concept, and that rearrangement of the crystal structure and control of crystal defects by annealing at 500 K or higher after the formation of the thin film are necessary to improve electrical properties [28, 29]. In our proposal, a thin film is formed by Zn cross-linking between ZnO particles and Zn partial oxidation by controlling the oxygen atmosphere during film formation without using a heating process, and we assume that the cross-linked Zn plays the role of atoms close to n-type dopants. As for the transmittance (Figure 5), it shows the dependence of transmittance on electron beam irradiation energy at 550 nm. The ZnO thin film has a band gap of about 3.7 eV and was found to have a crystalline structure similar to the bulk structure [29, 30].
(a) Resistivity and hole mobility dependence on electron beam irradiation energy, (b) carrier density and hole mobility dependence on electron beam irradiation energy.
Spectral transmittance of ZnO thin film on PET substrate as a function of electron irradiation energy at 550 nm. The red dotted line in the graph shows the transmittance at 550 nm for PET substrate only, and the inset shows the spectral transmittance for PET substrate only at electron irradiation energy of 10 keV (blue solid line) and 120 keV (red solid line).
The transmittance of the ZnO thin film was 70% @ λ550nm, the same as that of the PET substrate, and Figure 5 shows that there is still room for improvement in the transmittance.
The surface morphology and composition distribution of ZnO particles on PET film substrates were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM; Hitachi High-Technologies Co., Ltd., Japan) and Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA; JEOL). Figure 6a shows the surface morphology of the coating during the formation of ZnO thin film, and Figure 6b and c show the surface morphology of the coating after plasma treatment. Figure 6b–e show the compositional separation of ZnO particles as oxide and Zn (including Zn ions) as metal, analyzed by EPMA. Figure 6b shows the uniform dispersion of ZnO particles and Zn ions in submicron order and the close relationship between ZnO particles (gray) and Zn ions (white) in the coating film after plasma treatment. Ions (white) can be confirmed. Furthermore, Figure 6c–e show the EPMA images of the surface after irradiation with 10, 70 and 120 KeV electron beams. As the electron beam energy intensity increased, the distribution of Zn ions, represented by white color, disappeared and was found to be dominated by ZnO. However, it is difficult to form ZnO thin films with uniform composition and crystal structure when the in-plane dose density variation is more than 0.5%, and the control of the in-plane electron dose is a very important performance in the construction of electron source devices.
The surface after ZnO coating (a) SEM after plasma treatment, (b) EPMA of the film surface after plasma treatment, (c) EPMA of the film surface after 10 keV electron beam irradiation, (d) EPMA of the film surface after 70 keV electron beam irradiation, (e) EPMA of the film surface after 120 keV electron beam irradiation.
The electron diffraction patterns of (a) and (e) are shown in Figure 7 using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM; JEOL). For the thin film immediately after coating, it represents a mass of submicron sized ZnO particles, i.e., polycrystalline structure, and it can be seen that there are individual particles with aligned crystallinity in random directions. In the crosslinking between ZnO particles, diffraction grating images along the C axis were observed, and the internal crystalline structure of the particles themselves was retained in the direction along the a and b axes. In the crosslinking between ZnO particles, diffraction grating images along the C-axis were observed, suggesting that a crystal structure similar to that of ZnO was constructed between the particles in the direction along the a- and b-axes while the internal crystal structure of the particles was retained.
(a) SEM observation and TEM diffraction image of the film cross-section after coating process, (b) TEM observation and diffraction image of the film cross-section after 120 keV electron beam irradiation.
The macrocrystalline structure of ZnO thin film formed by electron beam irradiation was analyzed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD; Rigaku) for its dependence on electron beam irradiation energy (Figure 8 [26]). It was found that the grain size of ZnO-derived single crystals increased with increasing electron beam energy, indicating that the electron beam irradiation energy promoted grain cross-linking, i.e., crystal growth. Adsorbed on the ZnO particles were observed to cross-link with ZnO while aligning the crystal direction by plasma exposure and electron beam irradiation.
XRD patterns of ZnO thin films after plasma treatment and electron irradiation.
We were able to obtain different electrical properties depending on the process conditions of the non-equilibrium reaction field without changing the materials that make up the ZnO film. The change in the electrical properties of ZnO, especially the mobility (carrier density), is mostly due to the scattering of electrons and holes in the ZnO crystal structure by ionized impurities or grain boundaries. The degree of scattering is greatly influenced by the control of crystallinity. In this study, only ZnO particles and zinc complexes were used for ZnO thin film formation, and we tried to analyze the surface state of ZnO to investigate factors other than the effect of dopants.
Figure 9 shows the results of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS; Bruker) analysis of ZnO particles only. The binding energy of Zn intercalated in the particle surface was evaluated [26]. The ZnO particles with Zn ions adsorbed from Zn(AcAc) from plasma treatment were irradiated with electron beam and it was found that the binding energy of Zn2p3/2 and Zn2p1/2 shifted to higher energy side with the increase of electron beam energy. In particular, when the electron beam energy is 110 keV, the binding energy is increased by 0.8 eV. Due to the increase in binding energy, the valence electron density of states decreases, i.e., the oxidation number increases. It is speculated that electron beam irradiation makes Zn and ZnO particle surfaces more susceptible to oxidation, and that defects such as oxygen defects and interstitial zinc on ZnO surfaces are oxidized and bound.
Binding energy transitions of Zn 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 after plasma treatment and electron beam energy of 30, 70 and 120 keV irradiation of ZnO thin films by XPS.
Figure 10 shows the spectra of zinc in ZnO particles synthesized by 120 keV electron beam irradiation, obtained from electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS; Gatan Corporation) [31]. The measurement points were the edges of the short and long axes and the center of the ellipsoidal particles, as shown in Figure 10b. The spectra obtained at both edges of the particle (point 2 and point 3 in the inset of Figure 10b) were different from those obtained at point 1 in the inset of Figure 10b. The spectrum obtained at point 1 provided information about the ZnO bulk. The zinc terminal interfaces of the ZnO particles synthesized by electron irradiation had different compositions and complex electrical states, and the interface belonging to the long axis of the particles (c-axis of ZnO) was found to activate the crystal bridging [32, 33, 34, 35].
Zinc spectrum of a ZnO particle synthesized by electron beam irradiation. The inset shows the measured points on the particle.
The angle between the long axis, meaning the direction of the elongated ZnO particles aggregated with nanoscale ZnO particles in the synthesized particles, and the c-axis of each ZnO particle in the synthesized particles is shown in Figure 11a, and the angular distribution along the long axis of the particles as shown in Figure 11b was obtained by TEM [31]. Figure 11b shows the variation dependence of the angle obtained by clockwise rotation between the c-axis of each ZnO particle in the ZnO composite particles and the z-axis in Figure 11a on the electron energy of each electron source. The range of the angle is from 0 to 90 degrees. The results show that the c-axis of each ZnO grain in the particle is aligned with high energy resolution and high acceleration energy of about 90–120 keV. In particular, the crystallization of ZnO particles by FE electron beam irradiation resulted in fine bridges between the c-axes of each formed grain. For the electron-beam treated ZnO particles, aggregation of nanoscale ZnO particles, i.e., polycrystalline structure, was observed with crystallographically continuous structure along the c-axis similar to that of bulk ZnO crystals, indicating the distribution of individual nanoscale grains with an ordered crystal structure. The energy resolution of the electron beam depends on the electron emission mechanism.
Dependence of the c-axis direction and the angle from the major axis of the ZnO particles observed after electron irradiation at acceleration voltages from 0 to 120 keV. (a) Schematic diagram showing the angle between the long axis of the synthesized particles and the c-axis direction of each ZnO particle in the particles. (b) Schematic diagram showing the dependence of the angle change from the c-axis direction on the electron energy of the electron beam.
We have developed a method for non-thermal cross-linking of ZnO particles by FE electron beam irradiation as a non-equilibrium reaction field. In order to enhance the crystallinity of ceramic materials, it is necessary to control the energy resolution and acceleration of the electron beam. In this study, an FE electron beam source with a low energy resolution and a half-value width of less than 100 meV was employed. by irradiating FE electron beams with a dose of less than 0.5% in the plane, the energy of the terminal crystalline interface of ZnO nanoscale particles was activated and the zinc ions decomposed from the ZnO particles where bridging was achieved. Thus, by energy exchange between each ZnO particle, the zinc was connected to the zinc or oxide of other site atoms. Furthermore, the processing architecture obtained in this study allowed us to fabricate ZnO thin films with good electrical properties on PET film substrates. In the future, we will aim to obtain higher electrical and optical properties by synthesizing ZnO thin films on PET film by controlling the adhesion between ZnO and substrate and the crystal orientation of the ZnO layer near the substrate. If we can control the crystal orientation and nanostructure of the ceramic film near the substrate, we expect to be able to fabricate ceramic thin films (layers) on top of other materials, semiconductors, or other ceramic layers.
This bottom-up architecture will also enable us to (1) determine the interfacial properties and their effect on the electronic structure, and (2) control the nanostructured end-crystalline interface to provide the basic elements for a wide range of next-generation devices by using composites of metals, ceramics, and semiconductors to achieve highly functional properties.
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