Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
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Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5705",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Future Foods",title:"Future Foods",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"It is anticipated that by 2050 we will have nine billion people to feed-how can we manage? As scarcities of agricultural land, water, forest, fishery and biodiversity resources, as well as nutrients and nonrenewable energy are foreseen, insect rearing is one solution for food and feed security in the future. In this book, we have nine chapters ranging from mushroom, insect, and earthworm farming to smart packaging and 3D printing of future foods. However, because of their biological composition, several issues should be considered, such as microbial safety, toxicity, palatability, and the presence of inorganic compounds. Specific health implications ought to be kept in mind especially if mushrooms, earthworms, or insects are reared on waste products. Allergies induced through insects' ingestion also deserve attention. A possible HACCP plan has been described considering pre-requirements in insect production and transformation.",isbn:"978-953-51-3552-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3551-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4633-9",doi:"10.5772/65132",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"future-foods",numberOfPages:194,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3e0407db8b07ae39128d6454b67bc690",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",publishedDate:"October 4th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5705.jpg",numberOfDownloads:17863,numberOfWosCitations:25,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:51,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:99,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 6th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 20th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 18th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 15th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144330/images/system/144330.png",biography:"Heimo Mikkola obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Kuopio (now Eastern Finland University), where he also served as an adjunct professor in Applied Zoology. From 1974 to 2007, he worked with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, first in Colombia and then in Africa, where he served as the organization’s resident representative. After retiring from the FAO in Uruguay, Dr. Mikkola has worked as a part-time professor at three Kazakh universities and one Kyrgyz university. His work has taken him to 137 countries, and he has written almost 700 reports and scientific papers and books, mainly on owls and other birds, fish, insects, and food. He has studied bats for many years on almost all continents as they often share night-time activity and biotopes with owls. This is the second book on bats he has edited for IntechOpen.",institutionString:"University of Eastern Finland",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:{name:"University of Eastern Finland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Finland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"328",title:"Food Technology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-bromatology-food-technology"}],chapters:[{id:"55485",title:"Competitive Edible Mushroom Production from Nonconventional Waste Biomass",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69071",slug:"competitive-edible-mushroom-production-from-nonconventional-waste-biomass",totalDownloads:1801,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Worldwide, there is an increase in acreage dedicated to the competitive production of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and palms crops as productive diversification for food, feed, fiber, and fuels. However, in developing countries, there is malnutrition by an inadequate diet caused by deficiency in quality or quantity of food. Therefore, options are needed for the production of foods, mainly of high protein content such as edible mushroom from by‐products. In Veracruz, Mexico, there is a large megadiversity of wastes derived from endemic plants, fruits, legumes, pods, leaves, straws, and flowers that are generated in a large amount and are disposed off through open‐field burning without a specific use. The objective was to evaluate the potential of 30 nonconventional by‐products and wastes for the production of low‐cost oyster mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus. Biological efficiency (BE) varied from 17.65 to 180% and at least the 60% of the evaluated substrates (BE greater than 50%) are viable for the production of mushroom Pleurotus especially in view of its low contamination in trials and abundance and availability and diversity throughout the agricultural year as wastes. Besides, the spent substrates were converted into organic manure compost, vermicompost and bocashi to close the cycle for new food production.",signatures:"Noé Aguilar‐Rivera, Régulo Carlos Llarena‐Hernández, Christian\nMichel‐Cuello, Martin Roberto Gámez‐Pastrana and Teresita de\nJesús Debernardi‐Vazquez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55485",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55485",authors:[{id:"143375",title:"Dr.",name:"Noe",surname:"Aguilar Rivera",slug:"noe-aguilar-rivera",fullName:"Noe Aguilar Rivera"},{id:"207098",title:"Dr.",name:"Régulo Carlos",surname:"Llarena-Hernández",slug:"regulo-carlos-llarena-hernandez",fullName:"Régulo Carlos Llarena-Hernández"},{id:"207099",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian Michel-Cuello",surname:"Michel-Cuello",slug:"christian-michel-cuello-michel-cuello",fullName:"Christian Michel-Cuello Michel-Cuello"},{id:"207100",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin Roberto",surname:"Gámez- Pastrana",slug:"martin-roberto-gamez-pastrana",fullName:"Martin Roberto Gámez- Pastrana"},{id:"207101",title:"MSc.",name:"Teresita De Jesus",surname:"Debernardi-Vazquez",slug:"teresita-de-jesus-debernardi-vazquez",fullName:"Teresita De Jesus Debernardi-Vazquez"}],corrections:null},{id:"56341",title:"Nutritional Value, Food Ingredients, Chemical and Species Composition of Edible Insects in China",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70085",slug:"nutritional-value-food-ingredients-chemical-and-species-composition-of-edible-insects-in-china",totalDownloads:2004,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"As the prevailing food cultures, edible insects could be dated back to ancient China. It is becoming clear that insect resource can be mass‐produced in sustainable development food utilization. China could introduce insects into modern western diets. It is a precious resource considering the nutritional value, food ingredients and chemical composition of species. Meanwhile, the edible insects’ consumption also led to a challenge of addressing food security, nature conservation and the erosion of traditional food culture. We summarized the resourceful edible insects containing the nutrition substance, such as essential proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral elements and other functional ingredients with the insect secondary metabolite, including the flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, hormones and phospholipids, which have high economic value for development and utilization.Based on the history, custom, plasmid resource, production and status of edible insects in China at present, it has been proven that the development of insects food well matches the need for human health in China.",signatures:"Weiping Yin, Junna Liu, Huaqing Liu and Biyu Lv",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56341",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56341",authors:[{id:"199487",title:"Prof.",name:"Weiping",surname:"Yin",slug:"weiping-yin",fullName:"Weiping Yin"},{id:"213808",title:"Dr.",name:"Junna",surname:"Liu",slug:"junna-liu",fullName:"Junna Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"55643",title:"Selected Edible Insects and Their Products in Traditional Medicine, Food and Pharmaceutical Industries in Africa: Utilisation and Prospects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68330",slug:"selected-edible-insects-and-their-products-in-traditional-medicine-food-and-pharmaceutical-industrie",totalDownloads:2264,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Edible insects are a widely exploited food source by many indigenous populations in most regions of the world. Edible insects have been used as food in sub-Saharan Africa, being a good source of protein and essential amino acid. Historically, they are important contributors to improving food and nutrition security, particularly for people who suffer from malnutrition due to protein deficiency. Africa is the continent with the highest number of records (19 countries), followed by the USA (5 countries) and Asia (5 countries). The species used for food and as feed include Hodotermitidae, Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae. Insects, such as termites, are also eaten raw directly on emergence from the holes. Species used in traditional popular medicine include Hodotermitidae and Termitidae. They are used in the treatment of various diseases that affect humans such as influenza, asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough, sinusitis, tonsillitis and hoarseness.",signatures:"Afam I.O. Jideani and Rinah K. Netshiheni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55643",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55643",authors:[{id:"200822",title:"Prof.",name:"Afam I. O.",surname:"Jideani",slug:"afam-i.-o.-jideani",fullName:"Afam I. O. Jideani"},{id:"201856",title:"Dr.",name:"Khavhatondwi",surname:"Rinah Netshiheni",slug:"khavhatondwi-rinah-netshiheni",fullName:"Khavhatondwi Rinah Netshiheni"}],corrections:null},{id:"54930",title:"Allergy to Edible Insects: A Computational Identification of the IgE-Binding Cross-Reacting Allergen Repertoire of Edible Insects",doi:"10.5772/68124",slug:"allergy-to-edible-insects-a-computational-identification-of-the-ige-binding-cross-reacting-allergen-",totalDownloads:1815,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Allergic manifestations to the ingestion of edible insects have been reported, especially in countries where edible insects are traditionally consumed. However, to date, allergens of edible insects have been poorly investigated. The AllergenOnline server was used for assessing the allergenic character of the putative IgE-binding cross-reactive allergens from the consumed yellow mealworm, silkworm, house fly maggot, migratory locust, house cricket, greater wax moth, black soldier fly, American grasshopper and Indian mealmoth. Positive hits correspond to allergens exhibiting >35% identity over an 80-residue sliding window and 100% identity over an 8-residue sliding window, respectively. Most of the hits consist of allergens from arthropods such as dust mites, crustaceans and insects, and more rarely, of allergens from mollusks, nematodes, and fungi. All the identifed allergens share conserved amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures. Accordingly, the allergens of edible insects form clusters closely related to crustacean, mollusk and nematode clusters into the phylogenetic trees built up from the sequence alignments. Our computational investigations suggest edible insects possess a large repertoire of IgE-binding allergens they share with phylogenetically related groups of arthropods, mollusks, and nematodes. These cross-reacting allergens are susceptible to trigger allergic reactions in individuals previously sensitized to shellfish or mollusks.",signatures:"Pierre Rougé and Annick Barre",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54930",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54930",authors:[{id:"147822",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Rougé",slug:"pierre-rouge",fullName:"Pierre Rougé"}],corrections:null},{id:"55766",title:"Constraints of HACCP Application on Edible Insect for Food and Feed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69300",slug:"constraints-of-haccp-application-on-edible-insect-for-food-and-feed",totalDownloads:2244,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In a near future there is a need to guaranty food security for approximately more than one billion people worldwide. Beyond the population increase other factors contribute to food and feed insecurity such as climate changes, rising costs of animal protein and consumer demands for protein. Edible insects are pointed out as one alternative as they have always been a part of human diets. The concern to guaranty food security cannot be dissociated from food safety and under the Codex Alimentarius principles of food hygiene, insects would be comparable to other types of foods of animal origin. The processing and storage of insects and their products should follow the same health and sanitation regulations as for any other food or feed in order to ensure their microbiological and chemical safety. Allergies induced through insects’ ingestion should also be considered. This review aims to identify potential hazards related to edible insects’ production and transformation. Preventive measures to their control will be presented considering pre-requirements in their production and transformation. An HACCP plan will be described as a study case in insects’ transformation, being discussed all constraints regarding implementation.",signatures:"Maria João Ramos Fraqueza and Luis Avelino da Silva Coutinho\nPatarata",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55766",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55766",authors:[{id:"203838",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",surname:"Fraqueza",slug:"maria-joao-fraqueza",fullName:"Maria João Fraqueza"},{id:"204191",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Patarata",slug:"luis-patarata",fullName:"Luis Patarata"}],corrections:null},{id:"54907",title:"Polyandry as a Signal of Phase Shift in Female Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria",doi:"10.5772/67938",slug:"polyandry-as-a-signal-of-phase-shift-in-female-desert-locust-schistocerca-gregaria",totalDownloads:1470,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The multiple mating by female (polyandry) is a widespread behavior in insect species. This behavior is known to be a kind of fitness maximization, but some case of sexual selection factors can explain the evolution of this behavior in relation with the phenotype plasticity model. In this paper, we analyze the role of polyandry in the reproductive success and in the phase shift process in the gregarious desert locust. In an applied perspective, knowledge on the reproductive success and in the phase shift process is essential to perform mass rearing for human food production. Our results suggest that multiple mating is not associated with fitness benefits. Polyandry acts as a signal of phase shift through offspring. We showed that hatchlings of gregarious females mated only once are smaller and green at 87.2% in first egg pods and produced the solitary form of the desert locust. The coloration of offspring in females mated with two males reaches only 15.2% of green forms versus 84.8% of mostly blacks. In this study, we showed that females mated more than two times with different males produce larger eggs, heavier, and black hatchlings characteristic of gregarious phase known in S. gregaria.",signatures:"Severin Dushimirimana, David Damien and Thierry Hance",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54907",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54907",authors:[{id:"196177",title:"Prof.",name:"Dushimirimana",surname:"Severin",slug:"dushimirimana-severin",fullName:"Dushimirimana Severin"},{id:"196180",title:"Prof.",name:"Thierry",surname:"Hance",slug:"thierry-hance",fullName:"Thierry Hance"},{id:"196181",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Damiens",slug:"david-damiens",fullName:"David Damiens"}],corrections:null},{id:"56561",title:"Nutritive Evaluation of Earthworms as Human Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70271",slug:"nutritive-evaluation-of-earthworms-as-human-food",totalDownloads:2437,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Earthworms have been a traditional medicine in China for at least 2300 years. Because of medicine food homology in China, people have been using earthworms as a food for several centuries. Earthworms are rich in protein and various amino acids; the protein content of earthworm meal was 54.6–59.4% on dry weight. Their protein content and amino acid composition are better than those of fish meal, cow milk and soybean meal. The crude fat content of earthworm meal was 7.34%. Earthworm protein is easily hydrolyzed into free amino acids. The hydrolyzed body fluids contain 9.34% protein and 78.73 mg of free amino acids per liter of raw fluid and are rich in vitamins and minerals. By the fast development of molecular biological techniques, more Verm pharmaceuticals and functional components were isolated from earthworms. An antibacterial peptide and a functional earthworm powder were introduced in this paper. In short, based on its nutrient content and functional components, earthworms could be an excellent raw material source as homology of medicine and food for human use, especially as functional food in the future.",signatures:"Zhejun Sun and Hao Jiang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56561",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56561",authors:[{id:"200676",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhenjun",surname:"Sun",slug:"zhenjun-sun",fullName:"Zhenjun Sun"},{id:"210041",title:"MSc.",name:"Hao",surname:"Jiang",slug:"hao-jiang",fullName:"Hao Jiang"}],corrections:null},{id:"55291",title:"Intelligent and Smart Packaging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68773",slug:"intelligent-and-smart-packaging",totalDownloads:2173,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Urgent need of increased food production and availability are crucial in humankind future. A key aspect concerns the food preservation, wherein packaging is a main aspect. Packaging is still in a primitive form, utilized as a way to separate food from environmental conditions, not considering the inside situation. Improvement of packaging means less cost, more food available, and waste decrease. Several solutions are emerging to face this challenge. They are focused on three aspects: the antimicrobial agent; the packaging material; and the technological implication in the final production of packaging. Biotechnology is expected to play a central role in the future food to solve central points, as retain integrity and actively prevent food spoilage. In this phase, several projects are moving, still waiting to converge in adequate products. The galaxy of smart packaging is rapidly moving and increasing in researches. This phase represents a chaotic period of several proposals production and tentative in solving the food preservative problems, using new technologies and advanced techniques, like nanotechnology. Waiting the collapse into a central paradigm, it is interesting and useful to follow the scenario of researches on smart packaging based on natural products here reported.",signatures:"Marcello Nicoletti and Paola Del Serrone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55291",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55291",authors:[{id:"65501",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Nicoletti",slug:"marcello-nicoletti",fullName:"Marcello Nicoletti"},{id:"203783",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",surname:"Del Serrone",slug:"paola-del-serrone",fullName:"Paola Del Serrone"}],corrections:null},{id:"56857",title:"Novel Soft Meals Developed by 3D Printing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70652",slug:"novel-soft-meals-developed-by-3d-printing",totalDownloads:1657,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Recently, 3D printing is being applied to various fields. 3D printing of foods has been developed; however, there are many challenges. To overcome the challenges, we have started a new research group named “Yonezawa Itadakimasu Research Group,” to focus on the development of 3D printing applications for manufacturing food. We have developed Novel jelly foods that are shaped by 3D printed molds. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer for food manufacturing makes the 3D printed molds. First step of making 3D printing mold is to print a cast. Then, food grade silicone is poured into the cast to make a mold. This type of 3D printed mold can be used widely, such as making sweets, restaurant menus, and care foods by changing the design depending on the use of application. Secondly, we started to develop 3D food printers. This type of challenge to develop future foods by 3D printing technology may have a major impact on the care food because the looks of foods are important and will be improved by 3D printing.",signatures:"Mai Kodama, Yumiko Takita, Hideaki Tamate, Azusa Saito, Jin\nGong, Masato Makino, Ajit Khosla, Masaru Kawakami and\nHidemitsu Furukawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56857",authors:[{id:"204615",title:"Ms.",name:"Mai",surname:"Kodama",slug:"mai-kodama",fullName:"Mai Kodama"},{id:"204618",title:"Prof.",name:"Hidemitsu",surname:"Furukawa",slug:"hidemitsu-furukawa",fullName:"Hidemitsu Furukawa"},{id:"204619",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaru",surname:"Kawakami",slug:"masaru-kawakami",fullName:"Masaru Kawakami"},{id:"204688",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin",surname:"Gong",slug:"jin-gong",fullName:"Jin Gong"},{id:"204689",title:"Dr.",name:"Azusa",surname:"Saito",slug:"azusa-saito",fullName:"Azusa Saito"},{id:"204690",title:"Mr.",name:"Hideaki",surname:"Tamate",slug:"hideaki-tamate",fullName:"Hideaki Tamate"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5210",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c78e2a5e686279a30ed3fb640769dad",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5210.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited 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1. Introduction
This is a review about the concept of quality of life: today this notion is very important and its definition is really complex; as a matter of fact, it has evolved over the years and become an increasingly articulated idea (i.e., it is specified by the perception of one’s physical, psychological, and emotional health, by the degree of independence, by social relations, and by the type of interaction with one’s context). We also can note that the quality of life construct is broader than that of health, it is not a synonym of it (as we will analyze). In this sense, being healthy is considered a dimension of quality of life and health-facilitating behaviors are considered the predictors of the quality of life itself [1]. These aspects and many other features are going to be analyzed in depth and clarified in this narrative review.
2. Historical overview: the concept’s evolution and scientific assessment
The debate regarding quality of life is quite ancient. Starting from early Greece, Plato had devoted several years of his life in developing a perfect government where quality of life for citizens is a mainstream. The precise term “quality of life” however had not yet been coined at that time; actually, it was introduced later, in the 1970s. We can synthetically define the quality of life as a person’s judgment about various aspects of his/her own physical, social, and psychological well-being. The growing importance of personal evaluation of life aspects supported the development of a more precise definition of this concept and the need of a scientific assessment using psychometric standardized tests: thus, an initiative to develop a scientific quality of life assessment was born. The World Health Organization has therefore started a specific research aimed to create a rigorous measurement of this construct. The specific need to develop this research arose for several reasons. First, during recent years, beyond traditional health indicators (such as morbidity and mortality), there has been a broadening focus on the measurement of health outcomes [2], on the inclusion of measures of perceived health, on the impact of disease and impairment about daily activities and behavior [3], and on functional status/disability status measures. Furthermore, it is important to remember that it was also noted that while these questionnaires were beginning to provide a general measure of the impact of the disease, they did not actually assess the specific quality of the disease. This is the reason why, later, some specific questionnaires were developed to measure quality of life in the context of distinguishing diseases. A criticity arose because many measures of health status have been developed in the United Kingdom and in North America, the translation of which for their use in other settings appearing quite unsatisfactory and time-consuming [4]. A third important reason was the need to go beyond the increasingly mechanistic model of medicine that deals only with the eradication of disease and symptoms. The awareness that this model is obsolete reinforced the need for the introduction of a new humanistic perspective into health care. It is widely recognized that health care is essentially a humanistic transaction where the patient’s well-being is the primary aim; it no longer stops just at making the symptoms disappear, but it is more inclusive and complete. To deal with these reasons, the World Health Organization created the initiative to develop a quality of life assessment promoting a holistic approach to health and health care, as emphasized in the World Health Organization’s definition of health as the “state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely as the absence of disease and infirmity.” Precisely in 1995, this organization defined in an extensive and articulated way the quality of life as the subjective perception that individuals have of their position in life, in their life context, culture and value system, and in relation to the achievement of their goals and their expectations, reference standards, and concerns. The result is a very complex concept in which the quality of life refers to various dimensions: the perception of one’s physical, psychological, and emotional health, the degree of independence of the individual, social relations and the type of interaction with their own life context. As we have anticipated, the concept of quality of life therefore appears broader than that of “health,” being not synonymous with “health” [5] but at the same time being intertwined with this notion and with the concept of a biopsychosocial paradigm. The definition of quality of life given by the World Health Organization links together a huge amount of studies [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14], and in this way being in a state of good health is considered only one dimension of quality of life, and behaviors facilitating health are considered predictors of the quality of life itself. An acknowledgement of these aspects is necessary in order to distinguish the notion of quality of life from the notion of health. It is important to point that the definition of quality of life always includes a reference to the physical state of the subject, but it is not enough to describe the quality of a person’s functionality. The latter can be detected with standardized parameters, since it is mostly correlated to the degree of satisfaction perceived with respect to these standardized parameters and the level of physical functionality.
In this chapter, we present a definition of quality of life that shifts the emphasis from the scope of objectively definable functionality to the focus on subjectivity. In the field of objectivity, the disease is described as a defined clinical and physical state (the disease) and as the different areas of functionality (work area, psychological area, social area, etc.). It is also important to consider that quality of life refers to a subjective point of view, which is embedded in a cultural, social, and environmental context. In different geographic areas, there can be different concepts and different cultural values that can influence people’s perception. It is also important to state that the World Health Organization’s quality of life definition focuses on the respondents’ “perceived” quality of life; it does not require a measure of any detailed symptoms, conditions, or diseases, nor disability as objectively judged, but rather the perceived effects of disease and health interventions on the person’s quality of life. Starting from this point of view, an assessment of this multidimensional concept was developed, incorporating the individual’s perception of health status, psychosocial status, and other aspects of life. For several years, the importance of going beyond an observation of the quality of life from an individual point of view was also underlined, and already in 2003 an Italian researcher, Ingrosso, encouraged a collective and social research in this field. In particular, he states that the topic of quality of life can characterize the perspective about a local community and its dynamics. In this broader definition of quality of life, Ingrosso refers to the evaluation that individuals of a population make about the correspondence of certain personal and collective endowments with respect to their own scale of needs and values, based on their own orientations and experiences. He put as example how citizens of a specific local community can express judgments about the adequacy or inadequacy of policies or complexes of interventions that are implemented in a specific geographic territory [15]. He also pointed out that in recent years the debate about the quality of life has partially gotten lost in generalities. The debate was also divided between the extendibility of the objective component and the subjective one, thus losing the perspective about the sense of collective, contextual, relational, and operational evaluation with which the term was originally used as from the 1970s. Scientific research can thus modify the collective knowledge about this topic, to stimulate the citizens, whether directly or indirectly, to think about some aspects regarding the lines of intervention consistent with their own expectations. Therefore, not only quantitative methods like indicators and surveys, but also qualitative surveys and dynamic surveys, such as participatory research-process methods, are useful for the purposes of these surveys. These methodologies are often indicated as the first fundamental step when carrying out interventions in a city or territory [15]. Today the social aspect of quality of life is increasingly present, so the concept of quality of life now is often strictly related to the terms “livable” and “livability,” referring to the more or less desirable economic and social environment of a town, a metropolis, or a country: nowadays, these terms have become part of the common language.
3. Specific questionnaires: focusing on the difference between the quality of life concept and the health concept
Often, as before said, the concept of quality of life is confused with the concept of health, but this is wrong because the term health is not enough to explain the quality of life. For example, some individuals can live with a poor functional status or a poor health status but they express a high quality of life, or vice versa; moreover, quality of life cannot also be equated simply with the terms “lifestyle,” “life satisfaction,” “mental state,” or “well-being.” As anticipated in the last decades, several scientific studies have tried to define this construct better, outlining the most appropriate areas and tools for the investigations and the observation of this concept; in fact during the past years two classes of complementary health status measures have emerged: objective measures of functional health status and subjective measures of health and well-being. These measures are multilevel and multidimensional, and there are many published quality of life measures. A really important measurement scale is the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life scale; this questionnaire measures this specific area by examining the answers that the subject can provide on a Likert scale (from 1 to 5). This questionnaire exists in two versions:
the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life scale-100 (WHOQOL-100);
the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life scale Brief (WHOQOL-Brief).
These scales can also be used to assess variation in quality of life across different cultures or to compare different subgroups. The WHOQOL-Brief is a 26-item version, which summarizes the WHOQOL-100 (i.e, the 100-item version, which is longer); both these questionnaires are useful in clinical settings, medical practices, audits, policy-making, and in the assessment of the effectiveness of different treatments. The brief version of WHOQOL can also be used in a variety of different cultural settings, it is easily administered and does not impose a huge burden on the respondent. The answers are always given on a Likert scale (from 1 to 5); the questions that are addressed in the short version of the test are presented in Box 1.
Box 1.
WHOQOL-26 items.
How would you rate your quality of life?
How satisfied are you with your health?
To what extent do you feel that physical pain prevents you from doing what you need to do?
How much do you need any medical treatment to function in your daily life?
How much do you enjoy life?
To what extent do you feel your life to be meaningful?
How well are you able to concentrate?
How safe do you feel in your daily life?
How healthy is your physical environment?
Do you have enough energy for everyday life?
Are you able to accept your bodily appearance?
Have you enough money to meet your needs?
How available to you is the information that you need in your day-to-day life?
To what extent do you have the opportunity for leisure activities?
How well are you able to get around?
How satisfied are you with your sleep?
How satisfied are you with your ability to perform your daily living activities?
How satisfied are you with your capacity for work?
How satisfied are you with yourself?
How satisfied are you with your personal relationships?
How satisfied are you with your sex life?
How satisfied are you with the support you get from your friends?
How satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place?
How satisfied are you with your access to health services?
How satisfied are you with your transport?
How often do you have negative feelings such as blue mood, despair, anxiety, depression?
The creation of this questionnaire involved a collaborative approach to international instrument development [16], the aim being to develop a questionnaire that could be individually filled in a collaborative way and in several settings. In order to achieve these results, several culturally different centers were involved in operationalizing the scale’s questions about the quality of life, and also in question writing, question selection, and pilot testing. Thanks to this approach, standardization and equivalence between different settings were guaranteed. Many centers in different geographic areas were selected in order to include differences in the levels of industrialization, types of health services, and other elements that were relevant to the measurement of quality of life (e.g., the perception of self, the perception of the dominant religion, and the specific role assigned to the family in a cultural context). This method ensured a real internationality of the collaboration.
To summarize, quality of life questionnaires should include different domains:
physical domain (which refers to physical sensations, health, and pain),
psychological domain (which refers to emotions, such as anxiety and desperation),
level of independence domain (which refers to the autonomy of the person in various life areas, from the financial to the physical one),
social relationships domain (which refers to social interactions with family, friends, and professionals)
environmental domain (which refers to aspects of the environment that can promote the development of a person) [16].
It is also important to mention that with regard to the measurement of quality of life in illness situations, there are specific questionnaires [17] such as the WHOQOL for people with HIV or diabetes.
In summary, we can state that it is important to note that the definition of quality of life always includes a reference to the physical state of the subject, but is no longer considered only on the basis of the quality of the functionality of a person, detectable with standardized parameters, since they are described in relation to the degree of satisfaction perceived with respect to this level of functionality: this definition shifts the emphasis from the scope of objectively definable functionality to that of subjectivity; the detection of both these two aspects can probably constitute a reliable measure of the quality of life [1]. Finally, we can affirm that within the sphere of objectivity, disease is understood as a defined clinical framework and the different areas of functionality: physical, psychological, social, and work. In the context of subjectivity, the perception of disease and patient satisfaction are placed in the various areas of life, in which it is conceivable that the state of health may influence. Concluding, we can detect that the most common method of measuring quality of life is the administration of questionnaires, and that there are two families of questionnaires: generic and specific for pathology [1].
4. A new perspective: well-being as a promotion of quality of life
Health care professionals are increasingly recognizing that measurements only focused on disease outcomes are an insufficient determinant of health status. Accordingly, nowadays the focus has shifted from the idea of physical/psychological well-being as the elimination of a problem or a disease to a conceptualization of well-being as a promotion of quality of life. This shift of perspective has radically changed not only our concept of health and disease, but also that of the human being, of his/her life process and crises [18]. For a long time, the conditions of well-being have been defined on the basis of normative models that have produced health models consistent with the biomedical model, which was very reductive. Only in relatively recent times, and certainly thanks to the contribution of health psychology, we have begun to implement a new approach that claims the specificity of a discipline connected to the singularity and uniqueness of the subject. This uniqueness, to be grasped, also requires openness to a complex thought, capable of overcoming the reductionist perspective and the dichotomies [18]. Today we accept that to understand a phenomenon we have to take into account the context, the individual perspective and perception of the person that is involved in this context, and the multiple dimensions that contribute to the generation and understanding of the reality that we are studying. All these cognitive shifts have a particularly important impact on care systems and on devices that are designed to intervene in critical situations, which are also the result of the culture and context that can produce them, and consistent with the social representations of illness, health, quality of life, and with the scientific theories that are built on those representations. Today we agree on the need to abandon the medicalist logic of “restitutio ad integrum” adopting a new mentality that redirects our approach to reality [18]: also the concept of quality of life is therefore now detached from the biomedical model, which has been surpassed also thanks to the biopsychosocial model that we will analyze in the next paragraph.
5. The biopsychosocial paradigm
The biopsychosocial paradigm characterizes health psychology [19] and the specific areas regarding quality of life that are analyzed in depth by this discipline. The perspective of the biopsychosocial paradigm was introduced by George Engel who coined the term “Biopsychosocial Approach” as a privileged modality both to decode and understand the processes of health and disease throughout the existential path, and to articulate forms of care [20, 21]. The biopsychosocial model is inspired by the paradigm of complexity, in sharp contrast to biomedical reductionism, as well as to the hierarchization of sciences. It adopts the perspective of the general theory of systems developed by Von Bertalanffy [22], which considers a set of interrelated events as a system that manifests specific functions and properties according to the level to which it is placed compared to a wider system. In fact, this systems theory states that all levels of the organization are connected to each other, so that the change of one affects the change of the other; for example, a biological change affects the psychological level and social level and vice versa [20, 21]. The biopsychosocial model refers to three basic principles: dialogue-connection, relationship, and humility. This paradigm considers the person as a “whole”: as a genetic heir, a subject of reflection and decision, as well as a historical-cultural and family subject. The axioms of this model are inclusive (focused on the understanding of diversity) and not exclusive, the perspectives of this approach are conceived as global, always considering biological, psychological, and social facets together [19]. Today we therefore refer to the biopsychosocial model whose fundamental assumption is that every condition of health or disease is a consequence of the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors and we therefore move beyond the old dualism that separated the body from the mind; it is therefore an attempt to see people in their entirety. It is based on the key concept that the person represents a biological unit made of both body and mind, that is, not only of a biological body but also of psychic and emotional factors, which play a decisive role not only in balancing the life of the individual but also in the genesis and development of organic diseases. Health can therefore be understood as the product of the interaction between a physical-mental-social unit. As a matter of fact anyone who wants to sufficiently understand another person cannot simply observe the individual aspects, which, although important, do not allow to understand his/her overall situation, but must approach him/her on the contrary by seizing his/her entirety and his/her complexity. The centrality of this model has been confirmed and validated by scientific literature. This model marked the shift from a traditional medical model centered only on the body (and on illness as a purely biological event) to a medicine centered on the person [20, 21]. Today there is the awareness that a biopsychosocial screening, more than a compartmentalized approach of medical and psychosocial models, can help the planning of a more effective treatment in case of illness and can also prevent distress [23]. Human beings tend to grow through the development of complex systems that are intertwined with each other and affect the three main areas explored by the model biopsychosocial paradigm:
the biological part, consisting of all the systems and subsystems that are part of it;
the part of the mind and,
last but not least, the interpersonal/social part.
These three areas are always interacting with each other and are always present in every vital event, so any alteration of the patient’s state of health will be recognized by a change in the integration between these three systems that are linked and intertwined [24].
Finally, we can state that in order to approach the concept of quality of life and the knowledge and care of the person in his/her complexity also means to examine the relations between these three systems simultaneously.
6. Conclusions
To summarize, we can affirm that the concept of quality of life (as it is intended in the field of medicine and health psychology) refers mainly to the well-being of the individual from a physical, cultural, social, and psychological point of view, also considering the cultural context and its value and, furthermore, considering the individual’s objectives, standards, and life expectancy [25]. Several studies have therefore proposed to develop a quality of life model that would integrate objective and subjective perspectives; some authors also focused on multidimensional nature of this construct by analyzing in depth some key areas: physical well-being, emotional well-being, the material well-being, potential development of the subject and his/her daily activities [26, 27]. Other authors have proposed a holistic model that describes the quality of life as a dynamic process that links the individual reality with the social reality emphasizing the importance of environmental factors and personal factors, and the relationship that the person establishes with the constraints and resources of the environment in which he/she lives [28].
We can conclude by stating that the quality of life construct refers to an indicator of material well-being expressed by money gain and economic resources, of psychophysical well-being of the individual, and the outcome related to the effectiveness of the programs implemented in support of various individuals [29]. The assessment of quality of life can be carried out according to different methodological approaches, but we have to note that making an univocal operationalization of this construct can be sometimes quite difficult for its complexity [30]. Finally, we can also point out that a key distinction between self-report questionnaires can be done according to their targets: they can be generic, or they can refer to the quality of life in relation to a specific disease, such as HIV, as we anticipated. In particular, we can use the first type of generic measurement indifferently on a heterogeneous population, like intelligence tests. We can also divide generic measuring instruments into two macro categories: profile tests, in which the scaffolding represents the evaluation of multiple dimensions of quality of life, which can be observed individually, or we can find tests that offer a single synthetic score. Every approach has its pros and cons, to be considered when choosing them for a specific objective. According to another methodological approach, instead, the subjective dimension of the illness experience is privileged to allow an in-depth analysis of the quality of life understood as a life process capable of facing pathological events. From this point of view, the semi-structured interview may also be useful [31]. In any case, it is always important to integrate the objective observation with the subjective part because (as we stated) the biological, social, and psychological dimensions are always intertwined with each other.
Concluding, we can consider that it makes sense to refer in this context to what was declared by the International Society for Quality of Life Studies [32], which stated overall that the quality of life includes both an objective point of view and a subjective point of view, and involves areas relating to material well-being, health, productivity, affectivity, safety, society, and inner well-being. The objective area includes a sound measure of objective well-being while the subjective sphere includes personal satisfaction. Personal satisfaction has to be linked to the importance assigned by the individual to some subjective and cultural values; however, we can note that the definition of objective could be misleading: social indicators are usually chosen from a theory, or are based on the availability of individual valuation data, influencing researchers’ choices. Also the social situation in which the survey is developed has a great influence, but unfortunately these aspects are often ignored or undervalued [19]. On the other hand, it must be specified also that if the perception of quality of life is reduced to a simple psychological survey of consumer satisfaction, it is a really limited perspective because all the relational, social, and cultural facets that the quality of life assessment should contain (referring to the biopsychosocial paradigm) are lost [20, 21]. Certainly all the sets of knowledge obtained through the assessments should be collected with a scientific method that is based on technically reliable and shared hypotheses. It is also necessary to rely on constructive epistemological and methodological interpretations, and it is important that the researchers should not attribute to the data collected an indisputable value of reality, but rather of a map that, because of its characteristics and controllability, allows it to express an orientation. The goal cannot in fact be just abstractly cognitive, but rather that of triggering a process of knowledge, elaboration, and participation in the population concerned, especially if the investigation aimed at finding a shared priority scale [19]. It is also important to note that it is the duty of every mental health professional to work in the direction of maximizing people’s well-being and quality of life, but this task cannot be the sole responsibility of the professionals of this discipline. On the contrary, it must be a common goal of all those who, in any capacity, deal with individuals, groups, organizations, and institutions [33]; to do this better, we have to consider human beings in their complexity, and this is possible by using the biopsychosocial paradigm [34] and the articulated concept of quality of life.
\n',keywords:"quality of life, definition, World Health Organization, subjective dimensions, psychosocial factors, biopsychosocial paradigm, questionnaires",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71633.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/71633.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71633",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71633",totalDownloads:813,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"September 23rd 2019",dateReviewed:"February 24th 2020",datePrePublished:"April 2nd 2020",datePublished:"October 7th 2020",dateFinished:"April 2nd 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The quality of life concept was born in the 1970s within the social sciences and soon it arrived in the field of medicine and health, where this notion has been considered as a criterion to evaluate health interventions. The World Health Organization defines quality of life as the subjective perception individuals have of their life position, in their cultural context and value system, in relation to their objectives, expectations, standards, and worries. It is a very complex and articulated conception, and as a matter of fact in this chapter, we will analyze an overview about this topic, to examine it in depth, and clarify this concept; synthetically, we can note that the quality of life is specified by the perception of one’s physical, psychological, and emotional health, by the degree of personal independence, by social relations, and by the type of interaction with one’s context. We can note that this construct is broader than that of health, it is not a synonym of it, and it is also important to point out that the definition of the World Health Organization about this topic connects elements resulting from an enormous amount of studies. In this sense, being healthy is considered one of the numerous quality of life dimensions, and health-facilitating behaviors are judged as predictors of the quality of life itself. Moreover, the definition of quality of life always includes a reference to the individual’s physical state, but it is not considered only on the basis of a person’s bodily functions, detectable with standardized parameters, since it is described in relation to the perceived satisfaction degree regarding this functionality level. This kind of definition shifts the emphasis from the objectively definable functionality to the subjectivity dimension; the detection of both these two aspects can constitute a reliable quality of life measure. Furthermore, we can note that the most common method for measuring quality of life is the administration of questionnaires and, in addition, that there are two questionnaire types: generic and specific for pathology. Finally, this chapter highlights the importance of the biopsychosocial paradigm in relation to the quality of life concept.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71633",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71633",signatures:"Floriana Irtelli and Federico Durbano",book:{id:"7810",type:"book",title:"Quality of Life",subtitle:"Biopsychosocial Perspectives",fullTitle:"Quality of Life - Biopsychosocial Perspectives",slug:"quality-of-life-biopsychosocial-perspectives",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli, Federico Durbano and Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7810.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78985-208-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-207-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-848-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",middleName:null,surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",email:"federico.durbano@asst-melegnano-martesana.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/157077/images/system/157077.jpeg",institution:{name:"ASST Melegnano e della Martesana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",middleName:null,surname:"Irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",email:"dott.ssaflorianairtelli@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174641/images/system/174641.jpeg",institution:{name:"Catholic University of the Sacred Heart",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Historical overview: the concept’s evolution and scientific assessment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Specific questionnaires: focusing on the difference between the quality of life concept and the health concept",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. A new perspective: well-being as a promotion of quality of life",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. The biopsychosocial paradigm",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Saita E, editor. Psico-Oncologia: Una Prospettiva Relazionale. Milano: Edizioni Unicopli; 2009'},{id:"B2",body:'World Health Organization World Health Statistics Annual. Geneva: WHO; 1991'},{id:"B3",body:'Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Carter WB. The sickness impact profile: Development and final revision of a health status measure. Medical Care. 1981;19:787-805'},{id:"B4",body:'Sartorius N, Kuyken W. Translation of health status instruments. In: Orley J, Kuyken W, editors. 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Quality of life of Chinese urologists: A cross-sectional study using WHOQOL-BREF. Hong Kong Medical Journal. 2015;21:232-236'},{id:"B14",body:'Izutsu T, Tsutsumi A, Islam A, Matsuo Y, Yamada HS, Kurita H, et al. Validity and reliability of the Bangla version of WHOQOL-BREF on an adolescent population in Bangladesh. Quality of Life Research. 2005;14:1783-1789'},{id:"B15",body:'Ingrosso M. Senza benessere sociale. Nuovi rischi e attese di qualità della vita nell’era planetaria. Franco Angeli: Milano; 2003'},{id:"B16",body:'The WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organisation Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): Development and General Psychometric Properties. Geneva: WHO; 1996'},{id:"B17",body:'Niero M. Qualità della vita e della salute. Franco Angeli: Milano; 2002'},{id:"B18",body:'Irtelli F. Illuminarsi di Ben-essere. Armando Editore: Roma; 2016'},{id:"B19",body:'Saita E. Pensare alla salute a alla malattia. Educatt: Milano; 2011'},{id:"B20",body:'Engel G. 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Social Science & Medicine. 1995;41:1403'},{id:"B26",body:'Felce D, Perry J. Quality of life: Its definition and measurment. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 1995;16:51-74'},{id:"B27",body:'Tempier R, Mercier C, Leouffre P, Caron J. Quality of life and social integration of severely mentally ill patients: A longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 1997;22:249-255'},{id:"B28",body:'Dossa PA. Quality of life: Individualism or holism? A critical review of the literature. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 1989;12:121-136'},{id:"B29",body:'Lehman A, Possidente S, Hawkner F. The quality of life of chronic patients in a State hospital and in community residences. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1986;37:901-907'},{id:"B30",body:'Hays RD, Morales LS. The RAND-36 measure of health-related quality of life. Annals of Medicine. 2001;33:350-357'},{id:"B31",body:'Luoma ML, Hakamies-Blomqvist L. The meaning of quality of life in patients being treated for advanced breast cancer: A qualitative study. Psycho-oncology. 2004;13:729-739'},{id:"B32",body:'Andelman R, Board R, Carman L, Cummins R, Ferriss A, Friedman P. Quality of Life Definition and Terminology: A Discussion Document from the International Society of Quality of Life Studies. International Society of Quality of Life Studies: Blacksburg; 1998'},{id:"B33",body:'Frati F. Il lato oscuro della mente, premesse per il cambiamento sociale, edizioni la meridiana. 2012'},{id:"B34",body:'Vincenti E, Irtelli F. Familiar-mente, legami e prospettive che non ti aspetti. Armando Editore: Roma; 2018'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Floriana Irtelli",address:"dott.ssaflorianairtelli@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Azienda Ospedaliera Melegnano e della Martesana, Università Statale, Italy
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An international strategy followed since many years ago is the decree of special territories with vast forests as natural protected areas (NPA). In Mexico, environmental laws can run contrary to customs and practices of natural resource-dependent communities which still use fire to farm their lands as unique livelihood activity. The chapter examines two conflicting frameworks of resource management (forest and soil) and governance in a forest village’s efforts to comply with federal policies against fires in a NPA of Chiapas, Mexico. Forest and soil management is a key locus in California village, where governance structures come into conflict with hierarchical State power. Participatory workshops and semi-structured interviews were primary research instruments for data collection and discovery of community front and backstage. Ethnography and discourse analysis were used as main tools for the analysis of information. While the State leads the conservation efforts and limits cultural activities and local actions through coercive laws, the land use and resource-dependent communities defend their access rights, and they also determine how to individual or collectively manage fires in daily activities. Finding collective solutions with horizontal-dialogue strategies represent an important issue and a pending task for the development and preservation agencies focused on forested areas. Backstage dialogue is a tool for village self-preservation when livelihood strategies are at odds with protectionist conservation efforts.",signatures:"Francisco Guevara-Hernández, Luis Alfredo Rodríguez-Larramendi,\nFredy Delgado-Ruiz, Julio Díaz-José, René Pinto-Ruiz, Leopoldo\nMedina-Sanson, Alejandro Ley-de Coss, Rady Alejandra Campos-\nSaldaña, Luis Reyes-Muro, Miguel Angel Salas-Marina, José\nApolonio Venegas-Venegas, Martín de Jesús Ocaña-Grajales, Carlos\nErnesto Aguilar-Jiménez, Jesús Ovando-Cruz, Deb Raj Aryal and\nVidal Hernández-García",authors:[{id:"147289",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Guevara-Hernández",fullName:"Francisco Guevara-Hernández",slug:"francisco-guevara-hernandez",email:"francisco.guevara@unach.mx"},{id:"155809",title:"MSc.",name:"Jesus",surname:"Ovando-Cruz",fullName:"Jesus Ovando-Cruz",slug:"jesus-ovando-cruz",email:"jovando01@hotmail.com"},{id:"155811",title:"Dr.",name:"Leopoldo",surname:"Medina-Sanson",fullName:"Leopoldo Medina-Sanson",slug:"leopoldo-medina-sanson",email:"medina@colpos.mx"},{id:"217869",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Reyes-Muro",fullName:"Luis Reyes-Muro",slug:"luis-reyes-muro",email:"reyes.luis@inifap.gob.mx"},{id:"217870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"A. Ley-De Coss",fullName:"Alejandro A. Ley-De Coss",slug:"alejandro-a.-ley-de-coss",email:"aleycoss@gmail.com"},{id:"217871",title:"Dr.",name:"René",surname:"Pinto-Ruiz",fullName:"René Pinto-Ruiz",slug:"rene-pinto-ruiz",email:"pinto_ruiz@yahoo.com.mx"},{id:"217872",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Ángel",surname:"Salas-Marina",fullName:"Miguel Ángel Salas-Marina",slug:"miguel-angel-salas-marina",email:"miguel.salas@unicach.mx"},{id:"217873",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",surname:"Díaz-José",fullName:"Julio Díaz-José",slug:"julio-diaz-jose",email:"juliodiaz.jose@gmail.com"},{id:"217875",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Ernesto",surname:"Aguilar-Jiménez",fullName:"Carlos Ernesto Aguilar-Jiménez",slug:"carlos-ernesto-aguilar-jimenez",email:"ceaj2001@yahoo.com.mx"},{id:"217876",title:"Dr.",name:"José A.",surname:"Venegas-Venegas",fullName:"José A. Venegas-Venegas",slug:"jose-a.-venegas-venegas",email:"javenegasve@conacyt.mx"},{id:"217893",title:"Dr.",name:"Vidal",surname:"Hernández-García",fullName:"Vidal Hernández-García",slug:"vidal-hernandez-garcia",email:"vidal.hernandez@unicach.mx"},{id:"217894",title:"MSc.",name:"Fredy",surname:"Delgado-Ruiz",fullName:"Fredy Delgado-Ruiz",slug:"fredy-delgado-ruiz",email:"DELGADO.RF@hotmail.com"},{id:"217900",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Alfredo",surname:"Rodríguez-Larramendi",fullName:"Luis Alfredo Rodríguez-Larramendi",slug:"luis-alfredo-rodriguez-larramendi",email:"alfredo.rodriguez@unicach.mx"},{id:"224623",title:"Dr.",name:"Rady Alejandra",surname:"Campos-Saldaña",fullName:"Rady Alejandra Campos-Saldaña",slug:"rady-alejandra-campos-saldana",email:"rady.campos@unicach.mx"},{id:"224624",title:"MSc.",name:"Martín De Jesús",surname:"Ocaña-Grajales",fullName:"Martín De Jesús Ocaña-Grajales",slug:"martin-de-jesus-ocana-grajales",email:"latin_1209@hotmail.com"},{id:"224626",title:"Dr.",name:"Deb Raj",surname:"Aryal",fullName:"Deb Raj Aryal",slug:"deb-raj-aryal",email:"drajar@conacyt.mx"}],book:{id:"6304",title:"Forest Fire",slug:"forest-fire",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"112551",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",surname:"Anyanova",slug:"ekaterina-anyanova",fullName:"Ekaterina Anyanova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institute of State and Law",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"122650",title:"Prof.",name:"Brigitte",surname:"Leblon",slug:"brigitte-leblon",fullName:"Brigitte Leblon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of New Brunswick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"139673",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir Hamzah",surname:"Sharaai",slug:"amir-hamzah-sharaai",fullName:"Amir Hamzah Sharaai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"139856",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe De Jesus",surname:"Escalona-Alcazar",slug:"felipe-de-jesus-escalona-alcazar",fullName:"Felipe De Jesus Escalona-Alcazar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Zacatecas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"143611",title:"Mrs.",name:"Bianney",surname:"Escobedo-Arellano",slug:"bianney-escobedo-arellano",fullName:"Bianney Escobedo-Arellano",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"143612",title:"Mrs.",name:"Perla",surname:"García-Sandoval",slug:"perla-garcia-sandoval",fullName:"Perla García-Sandoval",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"143613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Luz Leticia",surname:"Gurrola-Menchaca",slug:"luz-leticia-gurrola-menchaca",fullName:"Luz Leticia Gurrola-Menchaca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"143614",title:"Mr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Carrillo-Castillo",slug:"carlos-carrillo-castillo",fullName:"Carlos Carrillo-Castillo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"154700",title:"Dr.",name:"Noor Zalina",surname:"Mahmood",slug:"noor-zalina-mahmood",fullName:"Noor Zalina Mahmood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"154701",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Halim",surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"abdul-halim-sulaiman",fullName:"Abdul Halim Sulaiman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). 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by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"58821",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72344",title:"Complex Adaptive Systems: Adapting and Managing Teams and Team Conflict",slug:"complex-adaptive-systems-adapting-and-managing-teams-and-team-conflict",totalDownloads:2681,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Complexity comes from dramatic structural changes to organizations and governments such as globalization, global competition, workforce diversity, and continual innovations. Complex adaptive systems (CAS) are organizations that are a composite of the interconnected whole. Teams must manage and operate in emerging ecosystems, understand factors that lead to team effectiveness when managing and facilitating teams and team conflict, and understand the development of conflict models. This chapter provides an overview of teams, CAS, conflict stages, and conflict models. This chapter presents adaptive leadership as one leadership style that offers organizations with the capabilities of reacting to changing environments quickly. Adaptive leadership offers a prescriptive approach for managers and leaders to follow when dealing with organizational conflict while operating in today’s complex and global environment.",book:{id:"6305",slug:"organizational-conflict",title:"Organizational Conflict",fullTitle:"Organizational Conflict"},signatures:"John R. Turner, Rose Baker and Mark Morris",authors:[{id:"211379",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"R.",surname:"Turner",slug:"john-turner",fullName:"John Turner"},{id:"211381",title:"Dr.",name:"Rose",middleName:null,surname:"Baker",slug:"rose-baker",fullName:"Rose Baker"},{id:"211383",title:"MSc.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",slug:"mark-morris",fullName:"Mark Morris"}]},{id:"54434",doi:"10.5772/67741",title:"Investing in Human Capital as a Key Factor for the Development of Enterprises",slug:"investing-in-human-capital-as-a-key-factor-for-the-development-of-enterprises",totalDownloads:2857,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are considered to be a driving force of the economy in the world. Among the most valuable features of SMEs is their flexibility, decision-making accessibility, implementation, innovation and high adaptability to the market environment. SMEs provide for acceleration and economic growth of the country and its regions. Investment in human capital in SMEs, (meaning investment into intangible assets of the company), it is one of the ways to support this sector. In the same manner as SMEs are considered to be a driving force of the economy, human resources can be seen as its driving force, the source of success, competitiveness and added value of businesses. Human capital is one of the most valuable components of any business and that is why investment in human resources becomes a necessary step ensuring that a business prospers in a changing market environment. Current trends also point to the growing importance of investment in human capital. The future will certainly belong to those companies which pay most attention to effective management of human resources, which, in terms of time factor is an important prerequisite for growth and competitiveness of a company.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Josef Drábek, Silvia Lorincová and Jana Javorčíková",authors:[{id:"199928",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Lorincová",slug:"silvia-lorincova",fullName:"Silvia Lorincová"},{id:"199933",title:"Mr.",name:"Josef",middleName:null,surname:"Drábek",slug:"josef-drabek",fullName:"Josef Drábek"},{id:"199934",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Javorčíková",slug:"jana-javorcikova",fullName:"Jana Javorčíková"}]},{id:"54880",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68433",title:"Innovative Work Behavior: To What Extent and How Can HRM Practices Contribute to Higher Levels of Innovation Within SMEs?",slug:"innovative-work-behavior-to-what-extent-and-how-can-hrm-practices-contribute-to-higher-levels-of-inn",totalDownloads:2152,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In this chapter, the influence of HR practices and more specifically the Ned Herrmanns development tool HBDI on the development of innovative work behavior (IWB) is described. Innovative work behavior today is important for organizations to stay in a competitive position. Also for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), like the case study in this chapter, innovation is essential to keep the SME’s competitive advantage. As people are the most important resource in service companies, and they can contribute to innovation via their motivation and skills, the role of human resource management is important. In this book chapter, we analyze the positive influence of various HR practices on IWB. One of these HR practices is the HBDI tool, a specifically designed questionnaire which gives people insight into their problem-solving styles. The outcomes of the study in this chapter show that both HR practices and also the HBDI tool have a positive influence on developing innovative work behavior and on innovation performance.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Joost Bücker and Eveline van der Horst",authors:[{id:"199058",title:"Dr.",name:"Joost",middleName:null,surname:"Bücker",slug:"joost-bucker",fullName:"Joost Bücker"},{id:"202237",title:"MSc.",name:"Eveline",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Horst",slug:"eveline-van-der-horst",fullName:"Eveline Van Der Horst"}]},{id:"60513",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75496",title:"Conflict in Organization: Indicator for Organizational Values",slug:"conflict-in-organization-indicator-for-organizational-values",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Through the last decades, values have been one of the hot topics for researchers. Hundreds of researches and articles describe and analyze values of different level based on different theories. At the same time, construct of values has still remained a little bit mysterious, because we still do not fully understand and agree how the values shape and develop. Fortunately, most of the researchers agree on that organizational values and success (no matter how we define the success) are connected and dependent on each other. Often in organizations, the values are described and an effort made to propagate them to the employees and integrate into everyday actions. A more complex question remains how to evaluate if the desired values have imprinted themselves in the organization. The main aim of the chapter is to show how the conflicts in the organization might be used as the indicators of organizational real values. The chapter is based on the former researches of the authors and others. Results show that conflicts describe organizational real values and therefore organizational conflicts can be used as a tool to assess the implementation of organizational values.",book:{id:"6305",slug:"organizational-conflict",title:"Organizational Conflict",fullTitle:"Organizational Conflict"},signatures:"Eneken Titov, Anu Virovere and Karin Kuimet",authors:[{id:"198190",title:"Prof.",name:"Eneken",middleName:null,surname:"Titov",slug:"eneken-titov",fullName:"Eneken Titov"},{id:"212580",title:"Prof.",name:"Anu",middleName:null,surname:"Virovere",slug:"anu-virovere",fullName:"Anu Virovere"},{id:"212581",title:"MSc.",name:"Karin",middleName:null,surname:"Kuimet",slug:"karin-kuimet",fullName:"Karin Kuimet"}]},{id:"54634",doi:"10.5772/67868",title:"Use of Psychological Examinations of Employees and Job Applicants in Personnel Management",slug:"use-of-psychological-examinations-of-employees-and-job-applicants-in-personnel-management",totalDownloads:1704,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This paper deals with psychological and diagnostic examination of the personality of employees and candidates for work, an unexplored subject in the field of labour law and human resource (HR) management in Slovakia. Based on legal analysis of national and international laws and regulations as well as medical knowledge in clinical and occupational psychology, the authors surveyed employers in various industry sectors to test several hypotheses. The results of this study and other empirical data are the foundation for conclusions and the legal basis for drafting a proposal to amend the current legal framework in Slovakia as well as in‐house company procedures known as ‘best‐practices’.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Andrea Olšovská and Marek Švec",authors:[{id:"198386",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Olšovská",slug:"andrea-olsovska",fullName:"Andrea Olšovská"},{id:"198850",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Švec",slug:"marek-svec",fullName:"Marek Švec"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2409,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"55186",title:"Labor Relations: Contemporary Issues in Human Resource Management",slug:"labor-relations-contemporary-issues-in-human-resource-management",totalDownloads:3112,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this chapter, we examine the labor relations through the role of trade unions, collective bargaining, wages and benefits across the European Union. We conclude that labor relations have a direct influence on the labor market, designing the lines for taking decisions in organizations, but also, by governments. Our argumentation explains the relationship between employers and employees through legal rights (established by the law), negotiation process, collective bargaining, ‘actors’ in this process, wage and benefits, social and security protection.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Ana‐Maria Bercu and Ana Iolanda Vodă",authors:[{id:"198390",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bercu",slug:"ana-maria-bercu",fullName:"Ana-Maria Bercu"},{id:"206016",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Voda",slug:"ana-iolanda-voda",fullName:"Ana Iolanda Voda"}]},{id:"54634",title:"Use of Psychological Examinations of Employees and Job Applicants in Personnel Management",slug:"use-of-psychological-examinations-of-employees-and-job-applicants-in-personnel-management",totalDownloads:1704,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This paper deals with psychological and diagnostic examination of the personality of employees and candidates for work, an unexplored subject in the field of labour law and human resource (HR) management in Slovakia. Based on legal analysis of national and international laws and regulations as well as medical knowledge in clinical and occupational psychology, the authors surveyed employers in various industry sectors to test several hypotheses. The results of this study and other empirical data are the foundation for conclusions and the legal basis for drafting a proposal to amend the current legal framework in Slovakia as well as in‐house company procedures known as ‘best‐practices’.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Andrea Olšovská and Marek Švec",authors:[{id:"198386",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Olšovská",slug:"andrea-olsovska",fullName:"Andrea Olšovská"},{id:"198850",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Švec",slug:"marek-svec",fullName:"Marek Švec"}]},{id:"54792",title:"Changing the Corporate Culture Towards the Human Resources Development",slug:"changing-the-corporate-culture-towards-the-human-resources-development",totalDownloads:2008,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The existence of desired corporate culture is one of the prerequisites for business success. The object of this chapter is the corporate culture in Slovak enterprises and the possibilities of its change towards the raising level of human resources development. Based on the analysis of corporate culture in selected enterprises, the aim of the chapter is to propose methodology for management of change of corporate culture supporting the development of human resources in enterprises. The sociological interview identifies the predominant type of corporate culture in Slovak medium and large enterprises in years 2014 – 2016. The examination is based on the assumption that there are significant differences between preferred values of corporate culture in local and global enterprises. It also identifies the need to change the corporate culture in enterprises and their awareness of corporate culture change management towards human resources development. The results of the survey verify Slovak managers’ interest on human resources development and the formation of strong corporate culture. The results are the basis for the formulation of proposals and recommendations resulting in the methodology for management of change of corporate culture supporting the development of human resources in enterprises.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Lukáš Smerek",authors:[{id:"197295",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lukáš",middleName:null,surname:"Smerek",slug:"lukas-smerek",fullName:"Lukáš Smerek"}]},{id:"54434",title:"Investing in Human Capital as a Key Factor for the Development of Enterprises",slug:"investing-in-human-capital-as-a-key-factor-for-the-development-of-enterprises",totalDownloads:2857,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are considered to be a driving force of the economy in the world. Among the most valuable features of SMEs is their flexibility, decision-making accessibility, implementation, innovation and high adaptability to the market environment. SMEs provide for acceleration and economic growth of the country and its regions. Investment in human capital in SMEs, (meaning investment into intangible assets of the company), it is one of the ways to support this sector. In the same manner as SMEs are considered to be a driving force of the economy, human resources can be seen as its driving force, the source of success, competitiveness and added value of businesses. Human capital is one of the most valuable components of any business and that is why investment in human resources becomes a necessary step ensuring that a business prospers in a changing market environment. Current trends also point to the growing importance of investment in human capital. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. 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