\r\n\tFood insecurity results in fear of hunger and starvation that ultimately affects one’s ability to work for sustainability and economic growth of the country. In addition to this, food insecurity results in various chronic diseases due to reduce immunity that ultimately, a burned on the county economy. Therefore, this book will intend to discuss in detail about the food insecurity challenges and their effect on the quality of life. This book will also aim to provide an overview about the new trends and future prospective that help to resolve the food security issues.
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Exclusively, abiotic and biotic stresses caused by the global climate change progressively affected the cropping systems which will pose serious intimidations for global food production [2]. Most developed countries have had to embrace modern-day agricultural technologies to achieve food security for increasing populations, as well as to support agri-business and income generation. Currently, scientists have been propagating to explore crop diversification as an alternative strategy for developing countries. The ecological consequences of technologically focused agricultural systems that have been adopted and appreciated for many decades without the consideration of the environment, and the impact on the ecosystem is now coming into focus and scrutiny with the vivid and negative environmental impact of modern-day agriculture, and how it has greatly contributed to climate change. The current agricultural practices are not sustainable due to their misuse of valuable resources and environmental degradation. Hence, the philosophy of basic plant science research, and the direction of demand-based plant breeding should be changed to allow the plants for growing well in normal and limited resources in a sustainable way. In these reflections, it is suggested to grow soybean due to its higher adaptation and mitigation approaches in changing climates and multiplicity effects.
In history, soybean (
Soybean is one of the most valuable crops in the world due to its multiple uses as a least expensive source of protein, healthy unsaturated fats and carbohydrate for the human diet, livestock and aquaculture feed, and biofuel. It is predominantly grown worldwide for high-quality, inexpensive proteins, and oil. It is highly nutritious food commodity as a source of vegetable protein and low cholesterol at an affordable price and is considered as a good substitute for animal protein due to containing essential amino acids required for human nutrition. The approximate composition of soybean is 36% protein, 19% oil, 35% carbohydrate including 17% dietary fiber, 5% minerals, and several other components including vitamins [10]. Soybean oil contains 16% saturated fatty acids, 23% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 58% polyunsaturated fatty acids [11]. In addition to edible oil, soybean is used as many processed foodstuffs such as soybean sprouts, toasted soy protein flours, soy milk, tofu, tempeh, miso, natto, soybean paste, and soy sauce [12], and also, bean curd, oncom, tauco, soybean cake, ice cream, soy flour, etc. [13]. Soybeans are also an important food commodity after rice and maize. Soybean is by far the cheapest source of protein for the poor smallholders as compared to other quality foods that are rich in proteins such as animal meat, fish, eggs, and milk. Based on the protein quality (protein digestibility corrected amino acid score), the value of soybean protein is equivalent (whole soybeans 96, soybean milk 91) to eggs (97) [14]. Several bioactive compounds like isoflavones, peptides, flavonoids, phytic acid, soy lipids, soy phytoalexins, soyasaponins, lectins, hemagglutinin, soy toxins, and vitamins are isolated from soybean and soy food products [15]. It has been reported earlier in many studies that consumption of soybean in different forms provides bioactive compounds as well which significantly lowered the risks for several cancers including breast [16], prostate [17], lung [18], colon [19], liver [20], and bladder [21], hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases [22], osteoporosis [23], hypertension [24], and blood pressure [25]. The consumption of protein from soybean sources by human beings is currently low worldwide, although there is increasing public and commercial interest since the crop could be a major source of dietary protein for the future. Malnutrition is a major global health problem, especially for developing countries, and food insecurity is the prime factor for malnutrition [26]. However, soybean-based foods are cheaper and readily available which can solve the problems.
Soybean is not only a good source of high-quality edible oil and proteins for human beings but also a high-quality forage protein in animal feed worldwide. Feed is a key pillar in the journey of improving the productivity of livestock. Quality feed is the fundamental factor to increase the productivity of livestock. Soybean is also widely used as high quality and protein-rich animal feed [13] due to its auspicious attributes such as relatively high protein content, suitable amino acid profile except for methionine, and minimal variation in nutrient content. Soybean byproducts (raw materials and soybean meal) are used as a source of protein feedstuff for domestic animals including pig, chicken, cattle, horse, sheep, and fish feed and many prepackaged meals [10]. Soybean meal (SBM) contributes about 30% to poultry feeds [27]. It represents two-thirds of the total world output of protein feedstuffs [28]. Its feeding value is unparalleled by any other plant protein source [29]. SBM usually contains 47–49% crude protein (CP) and 3% crude fiber (CF) [30]. SBM is considered superior to other vegetable protein sources in terms of CP content and exceeds them in both total and digestible amino acid content [31]. The protein digestibility of SBM in poultry is approximately 85% [32]. Among the vegetable protein sources, SBM is used to meet the feed requirement of animals for limiting amino acids in cereal-based diets due to being the most cost-effective source of amino acids [33]. Therefore, the production of soybean, which is used extensively as animal feed, must be increased beyond the current production level due to meet the animal protein demand of overgrowing population in the world.
Nitrogen is a critical limiting element for growth and development by increasing chlorophyll as well as photosynthesis in crop plants. It is also the most abundant element in the atmosphere and exists in the diatomic form (N2) but the plant cannot uptake and use N2 directly. Only a group of plants known as legumes under the family of Fabaceae are well-known for being able to harvest N2 from the atmosphere and incorporated it into the soil which is termed biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). BNF is firstly discovered by Beijerinck in 1901 [34]. The conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) under the combined action of biological and chemical activities is known as BNF [35]. It is a chemical process by which molecular N2, with a strong triple covalent bond, in the air is converted into ammonia (NH3) or related nitrogenous compounds, typically in soil or aquatic systems [36]. It is an important microbially mediated process that converts N2 gas to NH3 using the nitrogenase protein complex [37]. Some bacteria contain enzymes that can reduce N2 and turn it into ammonia. Consequently, the NH3 is used to produce essential elements, and it is a process known as BNF [38, 39]. The BNF can be symbiotic (mutualistic associations between plant species and fixing microorganisms, mainly rhizobia), or asymbiotic (when transmitted by free-living fixing microorganisms, like the species of the genera Azotobacter and Beijerinckia) [40].
Soybean also improves soil fertility, another benefit of soybean cultivation, by fixing atmospheric nitrogen through BNF [41, 42]. Soybean plants can freely assimilate NH3 to produce nitrogenous biomolecules. These prokaryotes include aquatic organisms (cyanobacteria), free-living soil bacteria (
The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is a complex process that requires a large input of energy to carry on [43]. For fixing nitrogen microorganisms require 16 moles of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to reduce each mole of nitrogen [50]. Microorganisms obtain this energy by oxidizing organic molecules, such as non-photosynthetic free-living microorganisms obtain from other organisms, photosynthetic microorganisms (Cyanobacteria) obtain from sugars (photosynthetic product), and associative and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms obtain from their host plants’ rhizospheres [50, 51]. The BNF process is affected by several factors [52] like abiotic stresses water deficit or excess water, salinity, temperature, heavy metals, and biocides [53], mineral elements such as high soil nitrate concentration [54], phosphorous [55] and sulfur [56, 57], acidity [58] and alkalinity [59], and biotic factors like ineffective rhizobia [60], plant diseases [61], and weeds [62]. At pH 7.0, we observed that there was low nitrogenase activity.
Crop rotation is an important agronomic management practice that is followed to sustain soil fertility and reduce pests and diseases. It also enhances to form some beneficial soil microbes with the following crops when the rotational crops are legumes specially soybean, which pointedly increased the growth and productivity of the crops. It has been well established that cultivation of soybean in 2- and 3-year rotations with corn and wheat in agriculture is highly profitable and advantageous for soil [63]. It has also been reported that soybean as a rotational crop is significantly cost-effective and beneficial to soil health [64, 65]. It has been established earlier that crop rotation recovers soil health and resilience by increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) [66, 67, 68], improving soil structure [69], enhancing nutrient availability [70], decreasing pests and pathogens in crops, increasing the population disease-defeating soil microbes [71, 72], and consequently increases yield of crops [73]. It is well documented that crop rotation as corn-soybean-wheat increased soybean yield in 1-year out of 3-year rotations as compared to growing every other year in corn-soybean rotations [74]. The high frequency of soybean in a crop rotation has decreased the SOC storage, and reduced macro aggregation owing to low residue inputs of soybean [75, 76, 77]. Soybean provided N through BNF as well as exploiting soil N from chemical sources [78, 79]. The soybean yield is meaningfully increased under rotations of corn-soybean in 2 years as compared to growing continuously [80, 81, 82]. Soybean in a 2-year rotations with corn increased grain yield by 9.2 and 12% over continuous soybean growing under no-tillage and conventional tillage conditions, respectively [80]. Rotation of soybean with traditional crops such as maize increases soil fertility by fixing nitrogen in the soil consequently increasing yield by 10–20% [83].
As compared to cereal crops, the residues of soybean contain a low C to N ratio, which promotes the decomposition of residues rapidly [76, 84]. However, accumulation and sequestration of C in a stable soil aggregate from soybean residues is lower over the corn and cereal residues, indicating a lower C to N ratio, and lower phenolic acid content of soybean residues [85, 86].
Corn-soybean rotation including winter wheat increased soybean yield over mono-cropping soybean due to higher infestation of pest predation and/or soil-borne plant pathogens as well as reduced SOC levels owing to lower aboveground and belowground biomass from continuous soybean cropping [64, 87]. The soybean yield is significantly increased with rotation as compared to continuous soybean due to increasing soil organic matter plus improving soil properties [88, 89], increasing the resource available for heterotrophic soil microbial communities, and increasing C and N cycling [89, 90]. Moreover, the strong rotational benefits were observed by Giller
Soil is a nonrenewable resource that may be degraded due to inappropriate management practices. Intercropping systems allow to enhance resource-use efficiency and crop productivity which promote multiple ecosystem services [93]. Integration of legume crops is fundamental in many intercropping systems [94], and legume-based cropping systems improve soil fertility in many ways, such as increasing SOC and humus content, N and P availability, etc. [95]. It has been documented earlier that grain legumes are weak suppressors of weeds, but the mixing of crop species in the same cropping system improves the ability of the crop to suppress weeds [96, 97]. Soybean is characterized as a major economic crop in smallholder farming systems due to sustaining soil fertility [42], providing feed for livestock, and improving rural household nutrition and income. Inoculation of
There are a number of the impact that grain legumes have on the environment and the soil in regards to quality. Meanwhile, the role of legumes like soybean to alleviate the negative effects caused by climate change has been rarely addressed. The emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), etc. are the causes of global warming. Legumes reduce the emission of GHG in agricultural systems by reducing mineral N fertilization, sequestration of carbon in soils, and the overall fossil energy inputs in the system [99].
N2O is much more active than CO2 which represents nearly 5–6% of the total atmospheric gases [100]. Around 60% N2O emission is occurred by agricultural practices which exemplify as the main source of emission [101], and the production of crops and animals are the main source of emission [102]. In crop production, the application of nitrogenous fertilizers is the birthplace of the majority of these emissions [101]. It has been estimated that about 1.0 kg of N is emitted as N2O from every 100 kg of N fertilizer [95]. The amount of N2O emission largely depends on several factors including N application rate, soil organic C content, soil pH, and texture [103, 104]. In most of cropping and pasture systems, de-nitrification is the leading source of N2O emission [104, 105, 106]. Several studies in recent years have been signified the role of legumes in the reduction of GHG emissions. For example, it has been reported that legumes discharge around 5–7 times less GHG per unit area compared with other crops [107]. Generally, the losses N2O from soils under legume crops are undoubtedly lower than those from both N2O fertilized in grasslands and non-legume crops [95]. Among legumes, soybean most efficiently produced and provided the maximum protein (g) per GHG emission out of 22 plant and animal protein sources [108]. Adoption of sustainable agricultural systems mitigate the emission of GHG such as conservation agriculture systems, which is suitable for the cultivation of both grain, and green-manure legumes lessen the emission of GHG.
Food and water security will be a major global issue focus in the coming decades due to climate change and population pressure. Malnutrition, predominantly protein deficiency, is prevalent in many parts of the world. Therefore, appropriate technology should be addressed by lawmakers and scientists for food security, and the cultivation of legumes majorly soybean is a first step to address the food security issues worldwide. Soybeans produce the highest amount of protein per hectare [109] and are well positioned to meet the need of future global protein. Conventional protein sources are highly expensive as well as a vulnerable population is unable to purchase from these sources. Hence, soybean-based protein foods are an important strategy to relieve malnutrition and hunger problems. Since it has been evidenced that smallholder farmers have limited capability to overcome crop production challenges due to changing climate [110]. They produce soybean for gaining higher yields, family demand, and net profits with minimum N fertilizer input which eventually improved their living standards as well as food security [111].
A sustainable agricultural system is the only way to sustainably intensify food crop production without causing damage to human and environmental health. Soybean and other nitrogen-fixing legumes should be a viable crop included in all forms of cropping systems as they can efficiently utilize atmospheric nitrogen through the process of BNF. The most important thing is the integration of soybean and another legume across different cropping systems which would effectively reduce the usage of chemical nitrogenous fertilizers, and conserve soil fertility. It is important to focus on the cultivation of crops that provides higher yield, economic return by maintaining soil health as well as environmental balances. Some priority areas seem to emerge, and these areas require deeper investigation to fully understand how the BNF dynamics, and how to utilize BNF in best way for sustainable agriculture. Thus, soybean crops should be grown to reduce hunger, malnutrition, and poverty as well as to bring food security by sustaining agriculture in light of climate and population challenges.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"56460",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69501",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:3194,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:48,abstract:"Design of experiment is the method, which is used at a very large scale to study the experimentations of industrial processes. It is a statically approach where we develop the mathematical models through experimental trial runs to predict the possible output on the basis of the given input data or parameters. The aim of this chapter is to stimulate the engineering community to apply Taguchi technique to experimentation, the design of experiments, and to tackle quality problems in industrial chemical processes that they deal with. Based on years of research and applications, Dr. G. Taguchi has standardized the methods for each of these DOE application steps. Thus, DOE using Taguchi approach has become a much more attractive tool to practicing engineers and scientists. And since the last four decades, there were limitations when conventional experimental design techniques were applied to industrial experimentation. And Taguchi, also known as orthogonal array design, adds a new dimension to conventional experimental design. Taguchi method is a broadly accepted method of DOE, which has proven in producing high-quality products at subsequently low cost.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"14634",doi:"10.5772/15998",title:"The Application of FT-IR Spectroscopy in Waste Management",slug:"the-application-of-ft-ir-spectroscopy-in-waste-management",totalDownloads:6635,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"1574",slug:"fourier-transforms-new-analytical-approaches-and-ftir-strategies",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - New Analytical Approaches and FTIR Strategies"},signatures:"Ena Smidt, Katharina Böhm and Manfred Schwanninger",authors:[{id:"20376",title:"Dr.",name:"Katharina",middleName:null,surname:"Böhm",slug:"katharina-bohm",fullName:"Katharina Böhm"},{id:"22840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ena",middleName:null,surname:"Smidt",slug:"ena-smidt",fullName:"Ena Smidt"},{id:"22915",title:"Dr.",name:"Manfred",middleName:null,surname:"Schwanninger",slug:"manfred-schwanninger",fullName:"Manfred Schwanninger"}]},{id:"15157",doi:"10.5772/15959",title:"Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry for the Molecular Level Characterization of Natural Organic Matter: Instrument Capabilities, Applications, and Limitations",slug:"fourier-transform-mass-spectrometry-for-the-molecular-level-characterization-of-natural-organic-matt",totalDownloads:4331,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:null,book:{id:"122",slug:"fourier-transforms-approach-to-scientific-principles",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - Approach to Scientific Principles"},signatures:"Rachel L. 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In this paper, the basic concepts of robust optimization are developed, the different types of robustness are defined in detail, the main areas in which it has been applied are described and finally, the future lines of research that appear in this area are included.",book:{id:"6587",slug:"nature-inspired-methods-for-stochastic-robust-and-dynamic-optimization",title:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization",fullTitle:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization"},signatures:"José García and Alvaro Peña",authors:[{id:"227809",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"jose-garcia",fullName:"Jose Garcia"},{id:"240407",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Peña",slug:"alvaro-pena",fullName:"Alvaro Peña"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59209",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:5398,totalCrossrefCites:57,totalDimensionsCites:87,abstract:"Experimental design plays an important role in several areas of science and industry. Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1219,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. However, there is an alternate transform that has gained popularity recently and that is the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a long history starting in 1910 when Alfred Haar created it as an alternative to the Fourier transform. In 1940 Norman Ricker created the first continuous wavelet and proposed the term wavelet. Work in the field has proceeded in fits and starts across many different disciplines, until the 1990’s when the discrete wavelet transform was developed by Ingrid Daubechies. While the Fourier transform creates a representation of the signal in the frequency domain, the wavelet transform creates a representation of the signal in both the time and frequency domain, thereby allowing efficient access of localized information about the signal.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Karlton Wirsing",authors:[{id:"325178",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlton",middleName:null,surname:"Wirsing",slug:"karlton-wirsing",fullName:"Karlton Wirsing"}]},{id:"60864",title:"Statistical Methodology for Evaluating Business Cycles with the Conditions of Their Synchronization and Harmonization",slug:"statistical-methodology-for-evaluating-business-cycles-with-the-conditions-of-their-synchronization-",totalDownloads:1328,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The importance of the topic of business cycle research and their interaction is due to the fact that the cyclical nature of development is a universal feature of the market economy (regardless of the level of development of the country’s economy and the principles of its organization). In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"54366",title:"Solution of Differential Equations with Applications to Engineering Problems",slug:"solution-of-differential-equations-with-applications-to-engineering-problems",totalDownloads:6815,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Over the last hundred years, many techniques have been developed for the solution of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. While quite a major portion of the techniques is only useful for academic purposes, there are some which are important in the solution of real problems arising from science and engineering. In this chapter, only very limited techniques for solving ordinary differential and partial differential equations are discussed, as it is impossible to cover all the available techniques even in a book form. The readers are then suggested to pursue further studies on this issue if necessary. After that, the readers are introduced to two major numerical methods commonly used by the engineers for the solution of real engineering problems.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"56538",title:"Stochastic Resonance and Related Topics",slug:"stochastic-resonance-and-related-topics",totalDownloads:1695,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The stochastic resonance (SR) is the phenomenon which can emerge in nonlinear dynamic systems. In general, it is related with a bistable nonlinear system of Duffing type under additive excitation combining deterministic periodic force and Gaussian white noise. It manifests as a stable quasiperiodic interwell hopping between both stable states with a small random perturbation. Classical definition and basic features of SR are regarded. The most important methods of investigation outlined are: analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical procedures of governing physical systems or relevant Fokker-Planck equation. Stochastic simulation is mentioned and experimental way of results verification is recommended. Some areas in Engineering Dynamics related with SR are presented together with a particular demonstration observed in the aeroelastic stability. Interaction of stationary and quasiperiodic parts of the response is discussed. Some nonconventional definitions are outlined concerning alternative operators and driving processes are highlighted. The chapter shows a large potential of specific basic, applied and industrial research in SR. This strategy enables to formulate new ideas for both development of nonconventional measures for vibration damping and employment of SR in branches, where it represents an operating mode of the system itself. Weaknesses and empty areas where the research effort of SR should be oriented are indicated.",book:{id:"6128",slug:"resonance",title:"Resonance",fullTitle:"Resonance"},signatures:"Jiří Náprstek and Cyril Fischer",authors:[{id:"207472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Naprstek",slug:"jiri-naprstek",fullName:"Jiri Naprstek"},{id:"213311",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"cyril-fischer",fullName:"Cyril Fischer"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"15",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82378",title:"Covers and Properties of Families of Real Functions",slug:"covers-and-properties-of-families-of-real-functions",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100555",abstract:"We present results on the relationships of the covering property GΦΨ for Φ,Ψ∈OΛΩΓ and G∈S1SfinUfin of a topological space and the selection property GΦ0Ψ0 of the corresponding family of real functions. The result already published are presented without a proof, however with a citation of the corresponding paper. We present a general Theorem that covers almost all the result of this kind. Some results about hereditary properties are enclosed. We also present Scheepers Diagram of considered covering properties for uncountable covers.",book:{id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg"},signatures:"Lev Bukovský"},{id:"82356",title:"Geometric Properties of Classical Yang-Mills Theory on Differentiable Manifolds",slug:"geometric-properties-of-classical-yang-mills-theory-on-differentiable-manifolds",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105399",abstract:"Gauge theories make up a class of physical theories that attempt to describe the physics of particles at a fundamental level. The purpose here is to study Yang-Mills theory at the classical level in terms of the geometry of fiber bundles and differentiable manifolds. It is shown how fundamental particles of bosonic and fermionic nature can be described mathematically. The Lagrangian for the basic interactions is presented and then put together in a unified form. Finally, some basic theorems are proved for a Yang-Mills on compact four-dimensional manifolds.",book:{id:"11502",title:"Manifolds - Recent Developments and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11502.jpg"},signatures:"Paul Bracken"},{id:"82335",title:"Straight Rectangular Waveguide for Circular Dielectric Material in the Cross Section and for Complementary Shape of the Cross Section",slug:"straight-rectangular-waveguide-for-circular-dielectric-material-in-the-cross-section-and-for-complem",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104815",abstract:"This chapter presents wave propagation along a straight rectangular waveguide for practical applications where there are two complementary shapes of the dielectric profile in the cross section. In the first case, the cross section consists of circular dielectric material in the center of the cross section. In the second case, the cross section consists of a circular hollow core in the center of the cross section. These examples show two discontinuous cross sections and complementary shapes that cannot be solved by analytical methods. We will explain in detail the special technique for calculating the dielectric profile for all cases. The method is based on Laplace and Fourier transforms and inverse Laplace and Fourier transform. In order to solve any inhomogeneous problem in the cross section, more than one technique can be proposed for the same mode-model method. We will explain in detail how and where the technique can be integrated into the proposed mode-model. The image method and periodic replication are needed for fulfilling the boundary condition of the metallic waveguide. The applications are useful for straight rectangular waveguides in millimeter regimes, where the circular dielectric material is located in the center of the cross section, and also for hollow waveguides, where the circular hollow core is located in the center of the cross section.",book:{id:"11150",title:"Recent Advances of Wavelet Transform and Their Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11150.jpg"},signatures:"Zion Menachem"},{id:"82204",title:"Some Solvability Problems of Differential Equations in Non-standard Sobolev Spaces",slug:"some-solvability-problems-of-differential-equations-in-non-standard-sobolev-spaces",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104918",abstract:"In this chapter an m-th order elliptic equation is considered in Sobolev spaces generated by the norm of a grand Lebesgue space. Subspaces are determined in which the shift operator is continuous, and local solvability (in the strong sense) is established in these subspaces. It is established an interior and up-to boundary Schauder-type estimates with respect to these Sobolev spaces for m-th order elliptic operators, the trace of functions and trace operator are determined, the boundedness of trace operator and the extension theorem are proved, the properties of the Riesz potential are studied regarding these Sobolev spaces, etc. It is considered a second-order elliptic equation, and we study the Fredholmness of the Dirichlet problem in the Sobolev space generated by a separable subspace of the grand Lebesgue space. It is also considered one spectral problem for a discontinuous second-order differential operator and proved the theorem on the basicity of eigenfunctions of this operator in subspace of Morrey space, in which the infinitely differentiable functions with compact support are dense.",book:{id:"11149",title:"Differential Equations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11149.jpg"},signatures:"Bilal Bilalov, Sabina Sadigova and Zaur Kasumov"},{id:"82011",title:"Spatial Statistics in Vector-Borne Diseases",slug:"spatial-statistics-in-vector-borne-diseases",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104953",abstract:"Vector-borne diseases are those caused by the bite of an infected arthropod, such as the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which can infect humans with dengue or Zika. Spatial statistics is an interesting tool that is currently implemented to predict and analyze the behavior of biological systems or natural phenomena. In this chapter, fundamental characteristics of spatial statistics are presented and its application in epidemiology is exemplified by presenting a study on the prediction of the dispersion of dengue disease in Chiapas, Mexico. A total of 573 confirmed dengue cases (CDCs) were studied over the period of January–August 2019. As part of the spatial modeling, the existence of spatial correlation in CDCs was verified with the Moran index (MI) and subsequently the spatial correlation structure was identified with the mean squarer normalized error (MSNE) criterion. A Generalized Linear Spatial Model (GLSM) was used to model the CDCs. CDCs were found to be spatially correlated, and this can be explained by a Matérn covariance function. Finally, the explanatory variables were maximum environmental temperature, altitude, average monthly rainfall, and patient age. The prediction model shows the importance of considering these variables for the prevention of future CDCs in vulnerable areas of Chiapas.",book:{id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg"},signatures:"Manuel Solís-Navarro, Susana G. Guzmán-Aquino, María Guzmán-Martínez and Jazmín García-Machorro"},{id:"81944",title:"The Basics of Structural Equations in Medicine and Health Sciences",slug:"the-basics-of-structural-equations-in-medicine-and-health-sciences",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104957",abstract:"Structural Equation Models (SEM) are very useful and, with a wide range of practical applications in many fields of science, in medicine and health sciences, have increased interest in their usefulness. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first includes concepts, notation, and theoretical aspects of SEM, such as path diagrams, measurement model, confirmatory factor analysis, structural regression, and identification model. In addition, it includes some simple examples applied to health sciences. The second section deals with the estimation and evaluation of the model. On the first topic, the methods of Maximum Likelihood (ML), Generalized Least Squares, Unweighted Least Squares, and ML with robust standard errors are addressed, as well as alternative methods to the problem of violations of the multivariate normality assumption. On the second topic, some goodness of fit statistics of the estimated model are defined, such as the chi-square statistic, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, Tucker-Lewis Index, Comparative Fit Index, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, and Goodness of Fit Index. The last section deals with SEM example and its implementation using the lavaan library of R software.",book:{id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg"},signatures:"Ramón Reyes-Carreto, Flaviano Godinez-Jaimes and María Guzmán-Martínez"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:42},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.