Patient demographic summary (age and gender).
\r\n\t2) Human sexual disorders in males and females.
\r\n\t3) Psychological aspects of the human sexual response cycle and its disorders.
\r\n\t4) The therapeutic aspects.
\r\n\tThe human sexual response cycle and human sexual behavior are interrelated. How this inter-relationship and its association to normal sexual health need to be delineated. In a world torn between sex and sexually transmitted disease, clear-cut scientific information in the form of a monograph is required to educate.
\r\n\r\n\tHuman sexuality, gender identity, and sexuo-erotic orientation play great roles in human health and disease. Sex education is the need of the hour and a reflection will be timely.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-151-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-150-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-152-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"13af09c4cf93ae89789a3db597972cf6",bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11267.jpg",keywords:"Master and Johnson's Cycle, Sex Education, Premature Ejaculation, Orgasmic Disorders, Sexual Aversion Disorders, Dyspareunia, Vaginismus, Sex Hormones, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Impotence, Low Libido, Blood Analyses",numberOfDownloads:95,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 18th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 3rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 2nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 19th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Sheriff is a life counselor, sex educationist, and researcher with over 35 years of teaching experience, five authored books, and editorials written in the British Journal of Sexology and the Journal of Royal Society of Medicine. Dr. Sheriff is a life member of the European Society for Human Reproduction, and Early Human Development, American Association of Clinical Chemistry, Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, and a member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/167875/images/system/167875.jpg",biography:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff is a life member of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Early Human Development, Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and resource person for UNESCO for Medical and Bioethics. Dr. Sheriff has authored five books including a textbook on medical biochemistry with additional interest in human sexology. He had editorials written in the British Journal of Sexology, Journal of Royal Society of Medicine, Postgraduate Medicine, and Scientist. He was a former Rotarian, Citizen Ambassador, and was selected for the Ford Foundation Fellowship.",institutionString:"University of Benghazi",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Benghazi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Libya"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"}],chapters:[{id:"81652",title:"Sexual Health Education for Youth with Disabilities: An Unmet Need",slug:"sexual-health-education-for-youth-with-disabilities-an-unmet-need",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81518",title:"Narrativity in Becoming Sex/Gender",slug:"narrativity-in-becoming-sex-gender",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80813",title:"The Biological Basis of Gender Incongruence",slug:"the-biological-basis-of-gender-incongruence",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80771",title:"The Strangeness and Origins of Human Sexuality",slug:"the-strangeness-and-origins-of-human-sexuality",totalDownloads:42,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6934",title:"Psycho-Social Aspects of Human Sexuality and Ethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44731b106aa0d1ab5c64a7394483c7d5",slug:"psycho-social-aspects-of-human-sexuality-and-ethics",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6934.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7163",title:"Infertility, Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Hormone Assays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6db6e4ccb7088f17f819121f7eb6424d",slug:"infertility-assisted-reproductive-technologies-and-hormone-assays",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7163.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6494",title:"Behavior Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72a81a7163705b2765f9eb0b21dec70e",slug:"behavior-analysis",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou and Carolyn S. Ryan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9052",title:"Psychoanalysis",subtitle:"A New Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69cc7a085f5417038f532cf11edee22f",slug:"psychoanalysis-a-new-overview",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli, Barbara Marchesi and Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10981",title:"Sport Psychology in Sports, Exercise and Physical Activity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5214c44bdc42978449de0751ca364684",slug:"sport-psychology-in-sports-exercise-and-physical-activity",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10981.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde",surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde Nielsen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10211",title:"The Science of Emotional Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447fc7884303a10093bc189f4c82dd47",slug:"the-science-of-emotional-intelligence",bookSignature:"Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202046",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon George",surname:"Taukeni",slug:"simon-george-taukeni",fullName:"Simon George Taukeni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7811",title:"Beauty",subtitle:"Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f6fd59694706550db8dd1082a8e457b",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine and Júlia Scherer Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7811.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"20552",title:"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Pathogenesis of Diabetic Neuropathy: Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase Level in Relation to Peripheral Nerve Conduction in Diabetic Neuropathy Patients",doi:"10.5772/24320",slug:"the-role-of-oxidative-stress-in-pathogenesis-of-diabetic-neuropathy-erythrocyte-superoxide-dismutase",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20552.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20552",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20552",totalDownloads:2670,totalViews:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:7,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:72,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"December 4th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 24th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 22nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/20552",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/20552",book:{id:"1039",slug:"role-of-the-adipocyte-in-development-of-type-2-diabetes"},signatures:"Gordana M. Djordjević, Stojanka S.Djurić, Vidosava B. Djordjević, Slobodan Apostolski and Miroslava Živković",authors:[{id:"38910",title:"Prof.",name:"Vidosava",middleName:null,surname:"Djordjevic",fullName:"Vidosava Djordjevic",slug:"vidosava-djordjevic",email:"vidadjordjevic@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"56645",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Djordjevic",fullName:"Gordana Djordjevic",slug:"gordana-djordjevic",email:"gordanadjor@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"56654",title:"Prof.",name:"Stojanka",middleName:null,surname:"Djuric",fullName:"Stojanka Djuric",slug:"stojanka-djuric",email:"sdjuric@bankerinter.net",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"56655",title:"Prof.",name:"Slobodan",middleName:"Apostol",surname:"Apostolski",fullName:"Slobodan Apostolski",slug:"slobodan-apostolski",email:"aposlob@drenik.net",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"56656",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslava",middleName:null,surname:"Zivkovic",fullName:"Miroslava Zivkovic",slug:"miroslava-zivkovic",email:"miraz@medianis.net",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1039",type:"book",title:"Role of the Adipocyte in Development of Type 2 Diabetes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Role of the Adipocyte in Development of Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"role-of-the-adipocyte-in-development-of-type-2-diabetes",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2011",bookSignature:"Coleen Croniger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1039.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-598-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6495-1",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:24,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"55053",title:"Dr.",name:"Colleen",middleName:null,surname:"Croniger",slug:"colleen-croniger",fullName:"Colleen Croniger"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1013"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20545",type:"chapter",title:"The Sick Adipocyte Theory: The Forces of Clustering at Glance",slug:"the-sick-adipocyte-theory-the-forces-of-clustering-at-glance",totalDownloads:2182,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Valmore Bermúdez, Joselyn Rojas, Miguel Aguirre, Clímaco Cano, Nailet Arraiz, Carlos Silva Paredes,Marcos Lima, Raquel Cano, Eneida Fonseca and Manuel Velasco",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41236",title:"Dr.",name:"Valmore",middleName:null,surname:"Bermúdez",fullName:"Valmore Bermúdez",slug:"valmore-bermudez"},{id:"58159",title:"MSc.",name:"Joselyn",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas",fullName:"Joselyn Rojas",slug:"joselyn-rojas"},{id:"58160",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Aguirre",fullName:"Miguel Aguirre",slug:"miguel-aguirre"},{id:"58161",title:"Prof.",name:"Climaco",middleName:null,surname:"Cano",fullName:"Climaco Cano",slug:"climaco-cano"},{id:"58163",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Carlos Silva",slug:"carlos-silva"},{id:"58164",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco",fullName:"Manuel Velasco",slug:"manuel-velasco"},{id:"97049",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Marcos Lima",slug:"marcos-lima"},{id:"99029",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Cano",fullName:"Raquel Cano",slug:"raquel-cano"},{id:"105794",title:"Dr.",name:"Nailet",middleName:null,surname:"Arraiz",fullName:"Nailet Arraiz",slug:"nailet-arraiz"},{id:"119255",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneida",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca",fullName:"Eneida Fonseca",slug:"eneida-fonseca"}]},{id:"20546",type:"chapter",title:"Lipid Droplets and Very Low Density Lipoproteins; Their Relation to Insulin Resistance",slug:"lipid-droplets-and-very-low-density-lipoproteins-their-relation-to-insulin-resistance",totalDownloads:3054,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sven-Olof Olofsson, Linda Andersson, Jeanna Perman, Mikael Rutberg, Lilliana Håversen, Li Lu, Emma Lu, Reza Mobini, Marcus Ståhlman, Susanna Myhre, Christina Olsson, Rosie Perkins,Thomas Larsson, Jan Borén and Martin Adiels",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43705",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven-Olof",middleName:null,surname:"Olofsson",fullName:"Sven-Olof Olofsson",slug:"sven-olof-olofsson"}]},{id:"20547",type:"chapter",title:"Role of Triglyceride/Fatty Acid Cycle in Development of Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"role-of-triglyceride-fatty-acid-cycle-in-development-of-type-2-diabetes",totalDownloads:2674,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Chang-Wen Hsieh, David DeSantis and Colleen M Croniger",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"55053",title:"Dr.",name:"Colleen",middleName:null,surname:"Croniger",fullName:"Colleen Croniger",slug:"colleen-croniger"},{id:"58749",title:"Mr",name:"Chang-Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",fullName:"Chang-Wen Hsieh",slug:"chang-wen-hsieh"},{id:"58750",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"DeSantis",fullName:"David DeSantis",slug:"david-desantis"}]},{id:"20548",type:"chapter",title:"Obesity and Systemic Inflammation: Insights into Epigenetic Mechanisms",slug:"obesity-and-systemic-inflammation-insights-into-epigenetic-mechanisms",totalDownloads:2547,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Perla Kaliman and Marcelina Párrizas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47814",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla",middleName:null,surname:"Kaliman",fullName:"Perla Kaliman",slug:"perla-kaliman"},{id:"56408",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelina",middleName:null,surname:"Párrizas",fullName:"Marcelina Párrizas",slug:"marcelina-parrizas"}]},{id:"20549",type:"chapter",title:"Inflammatory Markers Associated with Chronic Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance",slug:"inflammatory-markers-associated-with-chronic-hyperglycemia-and-insulin-resistance",totalDownloads:2064,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Denisa Margina",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47029",title:"Dr.",name:"Denisa",middleName:null,surname:"Margina",fullName:"Denisa Margina",slug:"denisa-margina"}]},{id:"20550",type:"chapter",title:"The Regulation of Energy Metabolism Pathways Through L-Carnitine Homeostasis",slug:"the-regulation-of-energy-metabolism-pathways-through-l-carnitine-homeostasis",totalDownloads:2782,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Edgars Liepinsh, Ivars Kalvinsh and Maija Dambrova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47864",title:"Dr",name:"Edgars",middleName:null,surname:"Liepinsh",fullName:"Edgars Liepinsh",slug:"edgars-liepinsh"},{id:"52132",title:"Dr",name:"Maija",middleName:null,surname:"Dambrova",fullName:"Maija Dambrova",slug:"maija-dambrova"},{id:"92723",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivars",middleName:null,surname:"Kalvins",fullName:"Ivars Kalvins",slug:"ivars-kalvins"}]},{id:"20551",type:"chapter",title:"Oxidative Stress in Type II Diabetes Mellitus and the Role of the Endogenous Antioxidant Glutathione",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-type-ii-diabetes-mellitus-and-the-role-of-the-endogenous-antioxidant-glutathione",totalDownloads:2820,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Stephney Whillier, Philip William Kuchel and Julia Elizabeth Raftos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42308",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephney",middleName:null,surname:"Whillier",fullName:"Stephney Whillier",slug:"stephney-whillier"},{id:"94410",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia E.",middleName:null,surname:"Raftos",fullName:"Julia E. Raftos",slug:"julia-e.-raftos"},{id:"94411",title:"Prof.",name:"Philip W.",middleName:null,surname:"Kuchel",fullName:"Philip W. Kuchel",slug:"philip-w.-kuchel"}]},{id:"20552",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Pathogenesis of Diabetic Neuropathy: Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase Level in Relation to Peripheral Nerve Conduction in Diabetic Neuropathy Patients",slug:"the-role-of-oxidative-stress-in-pathogenesis-of-diabetic-neuropathy-erythrocyte-superoxide-dismutase",totalDownloads:2670,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gordana M. Djordjević, Stojanka S.Djurić, Vidosava B. Djordjević, Slobodan Apostolski and Miroslava Živković",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38910",title:"Prof.",name:"Vidosava",middleName:null,surname:"Djordjevic",fullName:"Vidosava Djordjevic",slug:"vidosava-djordjevic"},{id:"56645",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Djordjevic",fullName:"Gordana Djordjevic",slug:"gordana-djordjevic"},{id:"56654",title:"Prof.",name:"Stojanka",middleName:null,surname:"Djuric",fullName:"Stojanka Djuric",slug:"stojanka-djuric"},{id:"56655",title:"Prof.",name:"Slobodan",middleName:"Apostol",surname:"Apostolski",fullName:"Slobodan Apostolski",slug:"slobodan-apostolski"},{id:"56656",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslava",middleName:null,surname:"Zivkovic",fullName:"Miroslava Zivkovic",slug:"miroslava-zivkovic"}]},{id:"20553",type:"chapter",title:"Interactions Between Total Plasma Homocysteine, Oxidized LDL Levels, Thiolactonase Activities and Dietary Habits in Tunisian Diabetic Patients",slug:"interactions-between-total-plasma-homocysteine-oxidized-ldl-levels-thiolactonase-activities-and-diet",totalDownloads:1857,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nadia Koubaa, Maha Smaoui, Sounira Mehri, Amel Nakbi, Sonia Hammami, Raja Chaaba, Khaldoun Ben Hamda, Fethi Betbout, Mohamed Ameur Frih and Mohamed Hammami",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47965",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Chaaba",fullName:"Raja Chaaba",slug:"raja-chaaba"},{id:"49796",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Hammami",fullName:"Mohamed Hammami",slug:"mohamed-hammami"},{id:"57989",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Koubaa",fullName:"Nadia Koubaa",slug:"nadia-koubaa"},{id:"57995",title:"Dr.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Smaoui",fullName:"Maha Smaoui",slug:"maha-smaoui"},{id:"57996",title:"Prof.",name:"Sounira",middleName:null,surname:"Mehri",fullName:"Sounira Mehri",slug:"sounira-mehri"},{id:"57997",title:"Dr.",name:"Amel",middleName:null,surname:"Nakbi",fullName:"Amel Nakbi",slug:"amel-nakbi"},{id:"57998",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hammami",fullName:"Sonia Hammami",slug:"sonia-hammami"},{id:"57999",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaldoun",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Hamda",fullName:"Khaldoun Ben Hamda",slug:"khaldoun-ben-hamda"},{id:"58000",title:"Dr.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Betbout",fullName:"Fethi Betbout",slug:"fethi-betbout"},{id:"58001",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameur",middleName:null,surname:"Frih",fullName:"Ameur Frih",slug:"ameur-frih"}]},{id:"20554",type:"chapter",title:"Obesity-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance",slug:"obesity-induced-adipose-tissue-inflammation-and-insulin-resistance",totalDownloads:3618,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Po-Shiuan Hsieh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39509",title:"Prof.",name:"Po-Shiuan",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",fullName:"Po-Shiuan Hsieh",slug:"po-shiuan-hsieh"}]},{id:"20555",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment of Abdominal Adiposity and Organ Fat with Magnetic Resonance Imaging",slug:"assessment-of-abdominal-adiposity-and-organ-fat-with-magnetic-resonance-imaging",totalDownloads:3911,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Houchun H. Hu, Michael I. Goran and Krishna S. Nayak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39700",title:"Dr.",name:"Houchun",middleName:"Harry",surname:"Hu",fullName:"Houchun Hu",slug:"houchun-hu"},{id:"48087",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna",middleName:null,surname:"Nayak",fullName:"Krishna Nayak",slug:"krishna-nayak"},{id:"48088",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Goran",fullName:"Michael Goran",slug:"michael-goran"}]},{id:"20556",type:"chapter",title:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Adipocytokines and Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-nafld-adipocytokines-and-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:2468,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39643",title:"Prof.",name:"Dhastagir",middleName:"Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sheriff"}]},{id:"20557",type:"chapter",title:"Disturbed Chylomicron Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes - A Preventable Cause of Atherosclerosis?",slug:"disturbed-chylomicron-metabolism-in-type-2-diabetes-a-preventable-cause-of-atherosclerosis-",totalDownloads:1484,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gerald H. Tomkin and Daphne Owens",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37768",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerald",middleName:null,surname:"Tomkin",fullName:"Gerald Tomkin",slug:"gerald-tomkin"},{id:"50816",title:"Dr.",name:"Daphne",middleName:null,surname:"Owens",fullName:"Daphne Owens",slug:"daphne-owens"}]},{id:"20558",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Adipose Tissue in Diabetic Kidney Disease",slug:"the-role-of-adipose-tissue-in-diabetic-kidney-disease",totalDownloads:2204,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Young Sun Kang, Jin Joo Cha, Young Youl Hyun, Ji Eun Lee, Hyun Wook Kim and Dae Ryong Cha",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"55011",title:"Prof.",name:"Dae",middleName:null,surname:"Cha",fullName:"Dae Cha",slug:"dae-cha"},{id:"56097",title:"Prof.",name:"Young Sun",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Young Sun Kang",slug:"young-sun-kang"},{id:"56098",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Cha",fullName:"Jin Cha",slug:"jin-cha"},{id:"56099",title:"Dr.",name:"Young Youl",middleName:null,surname:"Hyun",fullName:"Young Youl Hyun",slug:"young-youl-hyun"},{id:"56100",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Ji Lee",slug:"ji-lee"},{id:"56101",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Hyun Kim",slug:"hyun-kim"}]},{id:"20559",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Pathogeny of Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"the-role-of-the-endocannabinoid-system-in-the-pathogeny-of-type-2-diabetes",totalDownloads:2640,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Robert Dinu, Simona Popa and Maria Mota",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42642",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Dinu",fullName:"Robert Dinu",slug:"robert-dinu"},{id:"44559",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mota",fullName:"Maria Mota",slug:"maria-mota"},{id:"44560",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Popa",fullName:"Simona Popa",slug:"simona-popa"}]},{id:"20560",type:"chapter",title:"Beyond Dietary Fatty Acids as Energy Source: A Point of View for the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"beyond-dietary-fatty-acids-as-energy-source-a-point-of-view-for-the-prevention-and-management-of-typ",totalDownloads:1921,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lourdes M. Varela, Almudena Ortega, Sergio Lopez, Beatriz Bermudez, Rocio Abia and Francisco J.G. Muriana",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48465",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.G.",middleName:null,surname:"Muriana",fullName:"Francisco J.G. Muriana",slug:"francisco-j.g.-muriana"},{id:"57719",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Bermudez",fullName:"Beatriz Bermudez",slug:"beatriz-bermudez"},{id:"57720",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",fullName:"Sergio Lopez",slug:"sergio-lopez"},{id:"57721",title:"MSc.",name:"Almudena",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",fullName:"Almudena Ortega",slug:"almudena-ortega"},{id:"57722",title:"MSc.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Varela",fullName:"Lourdes Varela",slug:"lourdes-varela"},{id:"57723",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",middleName:null,surname:"Abia",fullName:"Rocio Abia",slug:"rocio-abia"}]},{id:"20561",type:"chapter",title:"Minimizing Postprandial Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Exercise and Selected Nutrients",slug:"minimizing-postprandial-oxidative-stress-in-type-2-diabetes-the-role-of-exercise-and-selected-nutrie",totalDownloads:2639,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Richard J. Bloomer, Cameron G. McCarthy and Tyler M. Farney",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48399",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:"J",surname:"Bloomer",fullName:"Richard Bloomer",slug:"richard-bloomer"},{id:"50024",title:"MSc.",name:"Cameron",middleName:null,surname:"McCarthy",fullName:"Cameron McCarthy",slug:"cameron-mccarthy"},{id:"50025",title:"Mr.",name:"Tyler",middleName:null,surname:"Farney",fullName:"Tyler Farney",slug:"tyler-farney"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"341",title:"Medical Complications of Type 2 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4288dc5cb2b73d4039d20c858003314e",slug:"medical-complications-of-type-2-diabetes",bookSignature:"Colleen Croniger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/341.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55053",title:"Dr.",name:"Colleen",surname:"Croniger",slug:"colleen-croniger",fullName:"Colleen Croniger"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"19813",title:"Insulin Secretion and Actions",slug:"insulin-secretion-and-actions",signatures:"Sarawut Jitrapakdee and Briony E. Forbes",authors:[{id:"44040",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarawut",middleName:null,surname:"Jitrapakdee",fullName:"Sarawut Jitrapakdee",slug:"sarawut-jitrapakdee"},{id:"57628",title:"Dr.",name:"Briony",middleName:null,surname:"Forbes",fullName:"Briony Forbes",slug:"briony-forbes"}]},{id:"19814",title:"The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: An Old but Irreplaceable Test to Evaluate Glucose Metabolism and Cardiovascular Risk",slug:"the-oral-glucose-tolerance-test-an-old-but-irreplaceable-test-to-evaluate-glucose-metabolism-and-car",signatures:"Gian Paolo Fra, Ettore Bartoli and Gian Piero Carnevale Schianca",authors:[{id:"40917",title:"Dr.",name:"Gian Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Fra",fullName:"Gian Paolo Fra",slug:"gian-paolo-fra"},{id:"56643",title:"Dr.",name:"Gian Piero",middleName:null,surname:"Carnevale Schianca",fullName:"Gian Piero Carnevale Schianca",slug:"gian-piero-carnevale-schianca"},{id:"94892",title:"Prof.",name:"Ettore",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",fullName:"Ettore Bartoli",slug:"ettore-bartoli"}]},{id:"19815",title:"The Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHRP) in the Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"the-role-of-parathyroid-hormone-related-protein-pthrp-in-the-pathophysiology-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Ioannis Legakis",authors:[{id:"44923",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioannis",middleName:null,surname:"Legakis",fullName:"Ioannis Legakis",slug:"ioannis-legakis"}]},{id:"19816",title:"Impaired Vascular BK Channel Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"impaired-vascular-bk-channel-function-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Tong Lu and Hon-Chi Lee",authors:[{id:"46123",title:"Dr.",name:"Tong",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Tong Lu",slug:"tong-lu"},{id:"54528",title:"Prof.",name:"Hon-Chi",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Hon-Chi Lee",slug:"hon-chi-lee"}]},{id:"19817",title:"Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus Type-2: Focus on Nitric Oxide System",slug:"endothelial-progenitor-cell-dysfunction-in-diabetes-mellitus-type-2-focus-on-nitric-oxide-system",signatures:"Saher Hamed",authors:[{id:"39602",title:"Dr.",name:"Saher",middleName:null,surname:"Hamed",fullName:"Saher Hamed",slug:"saher-hamed"}]},{id:"19818",title:"Glycaemic Control and Protection of the Vasculature from Glucose Toxicity",slug:"glycaemic-control-and-protection-of-the-vasculature-from-glucose-toxicity",signatures:"Hong Ding and Chris R. Triggle",authors:[{id:"60015",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:"R",surname:"Triggle",fullName:"Chris Triggle",slug:"chris-triggle"},{id:"60991",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"Hong Ding",slug:"hong-ding"}]},{id:"19819",title:"Endothelial Dysfunction and Therapeutic Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"endothelial-dysfunction-and-therapeutic-intervention-in-type-2-diabetes",signatures:"Fernando Grover Páez",authors:[{id:"40981",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Grover",fullName:"Fernando Grover",slug:"fernando-grover"}]},{id:"19820",title:"Using Gene Expression Signatures to Dissect Insulin Resistance Subtypes",slug:"using-gene-expression-signatures-to-dissect-insulin-resistance-subtypes",signatures:"Brad Hayward, Nicky Konstantopoulos and Ken R. Walder",authors:[{id:"49672",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Walder",fullName:"Ken Walder",slug:"ken-walder"},{id:"56946",title:"Mr.",name:"Brad",middleName:null,surname:"Hayward",fullName:"Brad Hayward",slug:"brad-hayward"},{id:"56947",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicky",middleName:null,surname:"Konstantopoulos",fullName:"Nicky Konstantopoulos",slug:"nicky-konstantopoulos"}]},{id:"19821",title:"The Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Untranslated Regions (Utrs) in Insulin Resistance Pathogenesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"the-role-of-single-nucleotide-polymorphisms-of-untranslated-regions-utrs-in-insulin-resistance-patho",signatures:"Małgorzata Małodobra",authors:[{id:"51663",title:"Dr.",name:"Małgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Małodobra",fullName:"Małgorzata Małodobra",slug:"malgorzata-malodobra"}]},{id:"19822",title:"Genetics of Endothelial Damage Associated to Diabetes Mellitus Type 2",slug:"genetics-of-endothelial-damage-associated-to-diabetes-mellitus-type-2",signatures:"Lorena García, Carlos Wolff, Verónica Araya, Gloria López, Sergio Lobos, Pilar Durruty and Daniela Seelenfreund",authors:[{id:"32331",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Lobos",fullName:"Sergio Lobos",slug:"sergio-lobos"},{id:"39975",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Seelenfreund",fullName:"Daniela Seelenfreund",slug:"daniela-seelenfreund"},{id:"45325",title:"MSc.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Durruty",fullName:"Pilar Durruty",slug:"pilar-durruty"},{id:"56393",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"García",fullName:"Lorena García",slug:"lorena-garcia"},{id:"56394",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Araya",fullName:"Verónica Araya",slug:"veronica-araya"},{id:"56395",title:"Dr.",name:"Gloria",middleName:null,surname:"López-Stewart",fullName:"Gloria López-Stewart",slug:"gloria-lopez-stewart"},{id:"56396",title:"MSc",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Wolff",fullName:"Carlos Wolff",slug:"carlos-wolff"}]},{id:"19823",title:"Functional Context Network of T2DM",slug:"functional-context-network-of-t2dm",signatures:"Anja Thormann and Axel Rasche",authors:[{id:"58981",title:"Dr.",name:"Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Rasche",fullName:"Axel Rasche",slug:"axel-rasche"},{id:"58991",title:"MSc.",name:"Anja",middleName:null,surname:"Thormann",fullName:"Anja Thormann",slug:"anja-thormann"}]},{id:"19824",title:"Sarcopenia, Sarcopenic Obesity and Insulin Resistance",slug:"sarcopenia-sarcopenic-obesity-and-insulin-resistance",signatures:"John A. Batsis and Silvio Buscemi",authors:[{id:"39980",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvio",middleName:null,surname:"Buscemi",fullName:"Silvio Buscemi",slug:"silvio-buscemi"},{id:"41385",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"Alexander",surname:"Batsis",fullName:"John Batsis",slug:"john-batsis"}]},{id:"19825",title:"Type 2 Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer – A Possible Reason",slug:"type-2-diabetes-and-pancreatic-cancer-a-possible-reason",signatures:"Parviz M Pour",authors:[{id:"69023",title:"Prof.",name:"Parviz",middleName:null,surname:"Pour",fullName:"Parviz Pour",slug:"parviz-pour"}]},{id:"19826",title:"Pathophysiology in Type 2 Diabetes – Type 2 Diabetes and Sleep-Disordered Breathing/Sleep Apnea – Role of Adipocytokines",slug:"pathophysiology-in-type-2-diabetes-type-2-diabetes-and-sleep-disordered-breathing-sleep-apnea-role-o",signatures:"Ken Kishida",authors:[{id:"33837",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kishida",fullName:"Ken Kishida",slug:"ken-kishida"}]},{id:"19827",title:"Can Bariatric or Metabolic Surgery Cure Type 2 Diabetes?",slug:"can-bariatric-or-metabolic-surgery-cure-type-2-diabetes-",signatures:"Gustavo P. S. Miguel, Perseu Carvalho, João Luiz Azevedo, Murilo Hosken Júnior, Évelyn Zambrana, Otávio Azevedo and Isaac Abreu",authors:[{id:"48134",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Miguel",fullName:"Gustavo Miguel",slug:"gustavo-miguel"},{id:"106273",title:"Prof.",name:"Perseu",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Perseu Carvalho",slug:"perseu-carvalho"},{id:"106274",title:"Prof.",name:"João Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",fullName:"João Luiz Azevedo",slug:"joao-luiz-azevedo"},{id:"106278",title:"Dr.",name:"Murilo",middleName:"Oliveira",surname:"Hosken Júnior",fullName:"Murilo Hosken Júnior",slug:"murilo-hosken-junior"},{id:"106280",title:"Ms.",name:"Évelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Zambrana",fullName:"Évelyn Zambrana",slug:"evelyn-zambrana"},{id:"106281",title:"MSc.",name:"Otávio",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",fullName:"Otávio Azevedo",slug:"otavio-azevedo"},{id:"106283",title:"Dr.",name:"Isaac",middleName:"Walker",surname:"Abreu",fullName:"Isaac Abreu",slug:"isaac-abreu"}]},{id:"19828",title:"Nuclear Imaging of Glucose Transport/Metabolism – An Interesting Tool to Screen Insulin Resistance, Refine Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes, Understand Disease Mechanisms, and/or Evaluate New Therapies",slug:"nuclear-imaging-of-glucose-transport-metabolism-an-interesting-tool-to-screen-insulin-resistance-ref",signatures:"P. Perret, M. Henri, L. Slimani, D.Fagret and C. Ghezzi",authors:[{id:"47372",title:"Dr.",name:"Pascale",middleName:null,surname:"Perret",fullName:"Pascale Perret",slug:"pascale-perret"},{id:"57725",title:"MSc.",name:"Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Henri",fullName:"Marion Henri",slug:"marion-henri"},{id:"57726",title:"Dr.",name:"Lotfi",middleName:null,surname:"Slimani",fullName:"Lotfi Slimani",slug:"lotfi-slimani"},{id:"57727",title:"Prof.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Ghezzi",fullName:"Catherine Ghezzi",slug:"catherine-ghezzi"}]},{id:"19829",title:"Targeting PKA Signaling to Prevent Metabolic Syndrome and Delay Aging",slug:"targeting-pka-signaling-to-prevent-metabolic-syndrome-and-delay-aging",signatures:"Linda C Enns and Warren C Ladiges",authors:[{id:"40938",title:"Prof.",name:"Warren",middleName:null,surname:"Ladiges",fullName:"Warren Ladiges",slug:"warren-ladiges"},{id:"111037",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Enns",fullName:"Linda Enns",slug:"linda-enns"}]},{id:"19830",title:"Targeting AMPK for Therapeutic Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"targeting-ampk-for-therapeutic-intervention-in-type-2-diabetes",signatures:"Mohamed Kodiha and Ursula Stochaj",authors:[{id:"41087",title:"Dr.",name:"Ursula",middleName:null,surname:"Stochaj",fullName:"Ursula Stochaj",slug:"ursula-stochaj"},{id:"60006",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kodiha",fullName:"Mohamed Kodiha",slug:"mohamed-kodiha"}]},{id:"19831",title:"Design and Evaluation of a Complex Phytoceutical Formulation for Circulatory Diseases",slug:"design-and-evaluation-of-a-complex-phytoceutical-formulation-for-circulatory-diseases",signatures:"J. Olalde, A. Antoshechkin, O. del Castillo, R. Guzmán and F. Améndola",authors:[{id:"54266",title:"Dr.",name:"Oswaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Del Castillo",fullName:"Oswaldo Del Castillo",slug:"oswaldo-del-castillo"},{id:"96862",title:"MSc.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Olalde",fullName:"Jose Olalde",slug:"jose-olalde"},{id:"96864",title:"Dr.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Antoshechkin",fullName:"Anatoly Antoshechkin",slug:"anatoly-antoshechkin"},{id:"96865",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Guzman",fullName:"Roberto Guzman",slug:"roberto-guzman"},{id:"96866",title:"Dr.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"Amendola",fullName:"Francis Amendola",slug:"francis-amendola"}]},{id:"19832",title:"Effectiveness of Fenugreek for Lowering Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Patients with Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial",slug:"effectiveness-of-fenugreek-for-lowering-hemoglobin-hba1c-in-patients-with-self-management-of-type-2-",signatures:"Rashid Ansari and Saiqaa Ansari",authors:[{id:"39621",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashid",middleName:"Muhammad",surname:"Ansari",fullName:"Rashid Ansari",slug:"rashid-ansari"},{id:"46456",title:"Dr.",name:"Saiqaa",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",fullName:"Saiqaa Ansari",slug:"saiqaa-ansari"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1221",title:"Pituitary Adenomas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdc332c88b175a9278049077383c5336",slug:"pituitary-adenomas",bookSignature:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1221.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1357",title:"Diabetes",subtitle:"Damages and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"acbef56950769cca36f4a9bb07838890",slug:"diabetes-damages-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2077",title:"Hypothyroidism",subtitle:"Influences and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa00ac07d4c368d46a101476e22a9538",slug:"hypothyroidism-influences-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Drahomira Springer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2077.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25847",title:"Dr.",name:"Drahomira",surname:"Springer",slug:"drahomira-springer",fullName:"Drahomira Springer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2529",title:"State of the Art of Therapeutic Endocrinology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dceb40f2949b5ab959e7353030595761",slug:"state-of-the-art-of-therapeutic-endocrinology",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2529.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3266",title:"Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"21684525ccb8c6acd89bc43ce177f90b",slug:"type-1-diabetes",bookSignature:"Alan P. Escher and Alice Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3266.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46023",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",surname:"Escher",slug:"alan-escher",fullName:"Alan Escher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1039",title:"Role of the Adipocyte in Development of Type 2 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"703580c77db309a487a505a32e748af4",slug:"role-of-the-adipocyte-in-development-of-type-2-diabetes",bookSignature:"Coleen Croniger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1039.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55053",title:"Dr.",name:"Colleen",surname:"Croniger",slug:"colleen-croniger",fullName:"Colleen Croniger"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"311",title:"Advances in the Etiology, Pathogenesis and Pathology of Vasculitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74626eee429dd756a27397632ea61141",slug:"advances-in-the-etiology-pathogenesis-and-pathology-of-vasculitis",bookSignature:"Luis M. Amezcua-Guerra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42121",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis M",surname:"Amezcua-Guerra",slug:"luis-m-amezcua-guerra",fullName:"Luis M Amezcua-Guerra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78693",title:"Leveraging Advanced Analytics to Understand the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trends in Substance Use Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99639",slug:"leveraging-advanced-analytics-to-understand-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-trends-in-substan",body:'The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused a large healthcare, economic, and psychosocial impact on communities in the United States and around the world in 2020 and first part of 2021. Many communities, especially those with low income and Substance Use Disorders (SUD), were particularly vulnerable to contract the infection and likely to suffered from a greater economic and psychosocial burden [1].
Addiction, characterized by a range of mental, physical, and behavioral symptoms, claims the lives of millions of people every year around the world [2]. In their National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration estimated that 22.6 million Americans, 12 years of age or older (9.2% of the population), have SUD, including alcohol and tobacco use [3]. Furthermore, the long-term treatment has challenges to due frequent relapse [4]. Alcohol consumption and drug addiction cost around 1.5% of the global burden of disease, and it can be as high as 5% in some countries, according to recent data [2].
There are two basic settings to treat SUD: inpatient and outpatient. The primary goal is for patients affected by addiction to be in the most effective, yet least restrictive environment that allows them to move along a continuum of care, depending on their personal and medical needs. There are four phases of SUD care: outpatient treatment, intensive outpatient treatment, residential treatment, and inpatient hospitalization [5].
Furthermore, SUD treatment programs are often designed based on three basic models:
Psychological model that includes behavioral therapy and treats emotional challenges as the primary cause of SUD.
Medical model that requires treatment of SUD symptoms by a healthcare provider. It focuses on the physiological, biological, and genetic causes of the disease.
Sociocultural model that aims to modify the physical and social environment of a person with SUD [5].
Many patients, receiving SUD treatments, may have also problems in other areas of their life, including but not limited to: physical and mental health issues, relationship problems, inadequate social and work skills, as well as legal or financial challenges. As a result, the treatment options should aim to address the entire spectrum of issues, and not only treat the addiction component [5].
Even with the variety of treatment options for SUD, more than 6,000 people a month died from overdosing before the pandemic started in the US [6]. In addition to the continued loss of lives due to addiction, the pandemic also added other challenges for those suffering from SUD, resulting in additional 2,000 individuals a month dying from SUD between March and August 2020 [6]. The government COVID-19 based restrictions, like home confinement, caused enormous economic burden to communities in the US as well as around the world. Individuals and their families faced various unwelcome emotional, psychological, and behavioral challenges, including excessive substance abuse and depression [4], which further increased the risk for addiction. The COVID-19 related restrictions caused individuals to turn to smoking, alcohol, drugs, including opioids and synthetic drugs like Fentanyl, as well as gaming activities to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic [6, 7, 8].
On the other hand, individuals suffering from addiction were often also part of low income communities that already faced many significant challenges related to access to healthcare, quality education, and unemployment. They also were also more prone to contract infection during the COVID-19 pandemic due to their underlying comorbid conditions and immune system deficiencies [8, 9].
In this book chapter, the bi-directional correlation between the COVID-19 diagnoses and SUD was investigated, and insights were provided to better understand the impact of the pandemic on addiction occurrence. The research leveraged multiple analytics methods from descriptive statistics, through a simple linear regression, and selected machine learning models to analyze this relationship. The data sources utilized for the analysis included healthcare claims dataset and the state level alcohol consumption.
The COVID-19 pandemic caused limited social interactions for individuals around the world due to the strict national, state, and local governmental restrictions [10, 11]. As a result of the restrictions, many individuals started using tobacco, alcohol, and other substances to help with stress related symptoms. On the other hand, the increased restrictions and home confinement reduced the substance exposure, but also resulted in more pronounced cravings and withdrawal effects in current users. Selected articles have cited a substantially increased number of drug – and alcohol – withdrawal cases and hospitalizations, which were potentially putting burden on the already strained health care systems [12, 13].
Opioid addiction and its management was often discussed SUD type in the COVID-19 era. Opioid addicts particularly faced a challenge due to difficulty in accessing healthcare services, imposed restrictions on prescription and over-the-counter drugs, closures of rehabilitation centers, and an increased risk of life-threatening withdrawals [14]. While loosening of restrictions were recommended for home-based self-injections and long-acting formulations of methadone and buprenorphine to mitigate these problems, there was also fear of overdosing and fatalities [15, 16].
Due to the financial burden and an uncertain future as a result of the pandemic, gambling activities also increased to unprecedented levels [17, 18]. Eating disorders and compulsive buying were progressively being reported [19, 20]. COVID-19 pandemic created a vicious cycle of stress, depression, social isolation, anxiety, excess leisure time that led to surge of behavioral addictions, resulting in mood alterations, irritability, anxiety, and stress [19, 20].
There were multiple types of data utilized for this research. The first source of the data is represented by the healthcare claims database with the study time period from January 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020. Patient cohorts: study target and control were established, using SUD and COVID-19 ICD 10 diagnosis codes. The diagnoses codes are listed in the appendix. The healthcare claims dataset included diagnosis codes, medical and surgical codes, therapeutics and treatments prescribed at the transactional level. In addition, socioeconomic variables, including age, gender, race, education and incomes levels were leveraged to provide additional insights into the characteristics of patients with SUD during COVID-19 pandemic [21].
The second dataset employed for the study represented the State Level Alcohol Consumption trends for 2019 and 2020. The 2020 data was available, however, only through end of September. For this analysis, alcohol consumption data on per capita, alcohol sales from 19 states (Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Missouri, North Dakota, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin) by type of alcoholic beverage was leveraged. Only information from the states noted above was used due to limited availability of data from other states [22].
A number of analytical methods was employed for the analysis from the rules-based patient qualification criteria, descriptive statistics, linear regression analysis to machine learning algorithms in order to understand the bi-directional relationship between SUD trends and the COVID-19 surge.
The healthcare claims database is an anonymous longitudinal patient data set that can help researchers, healthcare providers, and pharmaceutical companies in the design of research studies in order to aid comparisons of diagnosis and treatment outcomes that represent individual patient-based experiences and interactions with the US healthcare system [21].
The healthcare claims database leveraged for this study consisted of medical, hospital, and prescription claims across all insurance payment types. As shown in Figure 1, the database covers more than 317 million patients in the US, spans over more than 17 years of medical health history, and includes more than 1.9 million healthcare providers [21]. The data elements used for the study included diagnoses codes for SUD and other comorbid conditions, procedures and treatments, payment types: commercial, Medicaid, Medicare and cash, along with patient sociodemographic characteristics like age, gender, race, education and income levels, as well as geography [21].
Healthcare claims patient level database description.
One of the methods utilized to analyze the relationship between addiction and the COVID-19 pandemic was a linear regression approach. In statistics, linear regression is a linear method to modeling the relationship between a scalar response (dependent variable – y) and one or more explanatory variables (independent variables – x):
When there is only one explanatory variable, the regression is called a simple linear regression. When there are more than one independent variables, the process is called a multiple linear regression [23].
In a linear regression, the relationships are modeled using linear predictor functions, whose model parameters are estimated from the data [24]. Linear regression focuses on the conditional probability distribution of the response given the values of the predictors, which is the domain of multivariate analysis [24].
There are several metrics often leveraged to evaluate the model performance: R-squared and F-statistic. R-squared also called the coefficient of determination is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that can be explained by the variation in the independent variable(s). The value of the metric ranges between 0 and 1, and the higher value represents a better performance of the model [24]. An F-test represents a statistical test often used when comparing statistical models employed on the studied datasets to identify the model that best fits the population from which the data sample was drawn [24].
Machine learning is a subfield of the artificial intelligence area, which includes statistics, mathematics, computer algorithms, etc. focused on building applications that learn and improve their predictive capabilities automatically over time without being specifically programmed to do so. Machine learning models are built upon a statistical framework, since they involve data elements often described, using statistical distributions and assumptions. These algorithms gained in popularity in the recent years due the increased amounts of data availability and significant advancements in the computing power [25].
In this book chapter, selected algorithms were leveraged to analyze the relationship between SUD and COVID-19 diagnoses. The analysis identified factors beyond the pandemic, such as patient characteristics: age, race, education and income levels, comorbid conditions (example: diabetes, hypertension, mental health), concomitant treatments that increased the addiction diagnoses, including patients most likely to struggle with SUD, regions of greater prevalence, and comorbid conditions presented along with SUD and COVID-19 diagnoses.
Supervised learning is the process of training or building machine learning algorithms, in which algorithms learn to map from input space (X) to output space (Y) [26].
The major objective is to approximate the mapping function (f) in order to predict (y) outcome when a new data point (x) is added [26]. Supervised learning algorithms are mainly used for classification and prediction problems [27]. The following are examples of supervised algorithms: logistic regression, decision trees (DTs), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector machines (SVMs), naïve bayes, adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and artificial neural network (ANN) [28].
Unsupervised learning algorithms, on the other hand, learn the hidden patterns within the input dataset (X) [29]. These models are called unsupervised, because there is no supervision to guide them, and the algorithms learn, discover, and display the patterns in the input data (X) [30]. These algorithms are often employed to uncover the natural clusters, dimension reduction, anomaly detection, etc. Examples of unsupervised algorithms include: k-means clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), singular value decomposition (SVD), apriori algorithm (association rule) [28].
Depending on the study objectives and the available data type, algorithms are tested for performance, data type fit, and are selected accordingly. A random forest and an extreme gradient boosting models were selected to explain the bi-directional relationships of the SUD trends and COVID-19 pandemic surge.
Gradient boosting algorithm is an ensemble of weak prediction models, mostly decision trees [31]. XGBoost starts by creating a first simple tree [32, 33], which than adds other trees, and builds upon the weaker learners. The model learns with each iteration and revises the previous tree until an optimal point is reached [34].
Feature importance is the value mostly generated by tree-based models like decision trees, random forest, XGBoost, etc. [31] and signifies the importance of features in the model in predicting the outcome. It represents how good the feature is at reducing node impurity. It is widely known as ‘gini importance’ or ‘mean decrease impurity,’ and is defined as the total decrease in node impurity averaged over all trees of the ensemble [32]. Importance is mostly calculated as: weight, gain and cover, where ‘weight’ is the number of times a feature is present in a tree, ‘gain’ is the average gain of splits, while ‘cover’ is the average coverage of splits, with ‘coverage’ being defined as the number of samples affected by the split [33].
Random forest or random decision forest is an ensemble learning method for classification and regression analysis that constructs an array of decision trees during the training timeframe. The output of the random forest for the classification task is the class selected by the majority of trees, while for the regression task, the output represents the mean or average prediction across individual trees [35, 36].
The Chi-square test is one of the most widely used non-parametric tests [37], often utilized to test the independence between observed and expected frequencies of one or more attributes in a contingency table, known as ‘goodness of fit test’ [38].
The p-value, also used in this study, evaluates the statistical significance of the predictor variables. The significance level was set at the 5% and 10% to aid the feature importance evaluation and statistical results’ interpretation [24, 38].
The following classification metrics were leveraged to validate the machine learning models’ performance. A confusion matrix is often generated from the predicted probability values with 0.5 as the classification threshold. Patients with probability value greater than or equal to 0.5 are noted as 1 and below 0.5 are noted as 0 [38].
Confusion matrix:
True Positive (TP) – Target patient correctly identified by the model as target patient
False Positive (FP) – Control patient misclassified by the model as target patient
True Negative (TN) – Control patient correctly classified by the model as control patient
False Negative (FN) – Target patient misclassified by the model as control patient
Model performance metrics:
Accuracy: % of total patients correctly identified among total patients
Positive Predictive Value (PPV, Precision): % of true target patients among total predicted target patients
True Positive Rate (TPR, Sensitivity, Recall, Hit Rate): % of true target patients who were correctly identified among total target patients
False Positive Rate (FPR): % of true control patients incorrectly identified among total control patients
Specificity: % of those control who will have a negative target result
F1 Score: is the harmonic mean of precision and recall
AUC: Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve. To validate the trade-off between true positive rate and false positive rate [38].
This section provides an overview of SUD trends for 2019 and 2020 when leveraging the healthcare claims dataset that was discussed in the earlier section of the chapter. The summary includes information on the overall trends, patient demographics, and insights into the COVID-19 diagnosis rates. The first part of the analysis was to review and understand the SUD diagnoses trends as well as COVID-19 infection rates within the SUD population. The focus of the analysis was on the SUD population only to understand changes in trends during the pandemic.
The monthly trends of patients with SUD diagnoses presented that the addiction trends stayed consistent over 2019 and 2020, with the exception of April–May 2020 timeframe. The list of SUD diagnoses is presented in the appendix refers to Tables 6–9. At the beginning of the pandemic (April–May 2020), there was a decrease in the number of patients with addiction diagnoses. A two sample t-test that compared the SUD diagnosis counts between April–May 2019 and April–May 2020 revealed that the difference in counts was not significant at either the 5% or 10% significance level. However, the directional decline might have been a result of the state enacted restrictions, including home confinement as well as the inability to hold in-person HCP office visits and elective procedures (Figure 2).
Addiction monthly patient count trends, 2019–2020.
The SUD diagnoses trend data also involved analyzing trends by splitting the patient cohort into newly diagnosed patients in the last 12 months as well as previously diagnosed patients within the same timeframe. The analysis presented that the share of newly diagnosed patients vs. previously diagnosed declined slightly between 2019 and 2020, but the difference was not statistically significant. In 2020, newly diagnosed patients accounted for 62% of all patients vs. 66% in 2019. In addition, patients diagnosed with addiction as well as COVID-19 represented 3% of the newly diagnosed patients and 4% of those with already a diagnosis.
Furthermore, several different types of SUD experienced a decline in the number of patients diagnosed at the start of the pandemic. Opioid dependence was the leading addiction type with alcohol dependence following as next most frequently diagnosed SUD (Figure 3). The counts of opioid dependence diagnosis were statistically different from the counts for other types of SUD. Statistically significant difference in trends at 5% significance level was also observed between opioid dependence and alcohol dependence, opioid dependence vs. cannabis dependence, sedatives dependance vs. cannabis dependance, and sedatives dependence vs. alcohol use. The addiction diagnosis codes are noted in the appendix. Patients with psychoactive type of addiction represented a higher share within the COVID-19 diagnosed population (19%) as compared to the overall share (3%). Psychoactive SUD is referred to as addiction type with hallucinatory symptoms. The COVID-19 patient distribution for other addictions was very similar to the overall addiction population.
Addiction monthly patient count trends, 2019–2020.
An additional analysis of demographic and geographic attributes as presented in Table 1 revealed that males presented a higher percentage of the SUD population compared to SUD and COVID-19 population, but the percentage was not statistically significantly different from the percentage of women SUD patients. On the other hand, patients using cannabis appeared younger compared to the rest of the SUD population. This finding was statistically significant based on a two sample t-test (p-value = 0.00, statistically significant at 5%).
Patient demographic summary (age and gender).
Most of both SUD and COVID-19 patients had commercially provided insurance coverage (∼70%), while ∼30% of patients had a government provided healthcare insurance (p-value = 0.00, statistically significant at 5%). Inhalants and rehabilitation drug addiction represented the highest share of patients with commercial insurance with more than 75%.
Furthermore, the North East and Midwest regions represented two main geographic areas of the United States with the highest level of patients diagnosed with SUD and covered more than 50% of the total addiction diagnosed patients. The share of patients in these two regions was statistically significantly higher compared to the rest of the US regions (p-value = 0.00, statistically significant at 5%). The West regions on the other hand covered approximately 20% of the addiction diagnosed population.
The SUD treatment pattern analysis revealed that the procedural services, including psychotherapy, recommended to treat SUD patients declined in April and May 2020 and then returned to similar levels before the pandemic and on par with the 2019 trends (Figure 4). The decline was statistically significant at the 10% significance level with a p-value = 0.07. The decline might have been related to the imposed country-wide lockdown during the two months on 2020.
Procedural treatment trends, 2019–2020.
On the other hand, the number of patients treated with prescription medications statistically significantly increased between 2019 and 2020 (p-value = 0.00, statistically significant at 5%), even during the pandemic, the trend continued to increase, implying that patients continuously were receiving patient care (Figure 5). The drugs names are presented in the appendix. Prescription treatments for drug related addiction had the highest share of the treatments, followed by addiction relapse treatments. The share of drug prescription treatments was statistically different from the other types of therapy, including relapse and alcohol treatments.
Addiction Rx treatment monthly patient count trends, 2019–2020, by addiction type.
This section of the book chapter provides an overview of alcohol consumption trends for 2019 and 2020. For this analysis, alcohol consumption data on per capita, alcohol sales from 19 states (Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Missouri, North Dakota, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin) by type of alcoholic beverage was leveraged. The limited alcohol consumption information by state was due to the limited data availability at source [22].
The monthly trends of pure alcohol (gallons of ethanol) from 2019 and 2020 in Figure 6 showed that the trend stayed nearly the same, with a only a directional increase in 2020 [22]. A two sample t-test did not present statistically significant differences between the yearly trends. On the other hand, it was observed that with the increase in COVID-19 cases in the middle of pandemic (June–August 2020), there was an associated increase in the consumption of pure alcohol, as evident from the high Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.87 between the alcohol consumption and COVID-19 diagnosed number of patients. The increase in the alcohol use might have been associated with individuals experiencing hardship due to the prolonged lockdowns, loss of job, and the overall changes in lifestyle as a result of pandemic, and alcohol being perceived as a way for coping with the changing environment.
Monthly avg. of pure alcohol (gallons of ethanol) across United States.
The trends describing gallons of alcohol per capita for age 14 and older (Figure 7) showed a statistically significance increase (p-value = 0.04, statistically significant at 5%) in gallons per capita from mid-May 2020, which might be a result of the COVID-19 pandemic spread. This was also apparent from a strong a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.91 between the pandemic outbreak as denoted by a volume of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and gallons of alcohol per capita [22].
Gallons of ethanol per capita age 14 and older (2019 and 2020).
In order to understand the alcohol consumption over time, the percentage change in gallons of alcohol per capita from 2017 to 2019 (a 3-year average) to 2020 was analyzed (Figure 8). Overall, a visible increase in the trend was noticed; however, in May 2020, a statistically significant decline in the percentage in alcohol consumption (p-value = 0.06, statistically significant at 10%) was observed due to the COVID-19 imposed lockdowns and closures of liquor stores. From the month of June onwards, a statistically significant increase in the percentage change (p-value = 0.06, statistically significant at 10%) was noted, which might have been associated with the lockdown restrictions being partially lifted, leading to re-opening of liquor stores and increased purchasing levels [22].
Percentage change in gallons of ethanol per capita age 14 and older from 2017 to 2019 (3-year average) to 2020. Note: Limited states shown due to unavailability of the data from the source.
Figure 9 depicts a comparison of selected states’ gallons of alcohol consumption per capita between 2019 and 2020. As noted earlier, only a few selected states were considered for the analysis due to the limited availability of the data at the source. For most of the states, an increase in alcohol (in gallons) per capita is noticeable in 2020. Delaware’s excise tax on liquor of $3.75 per gallon, lower than 72% of the other 50 states, led to the highest increase in per capita alcohol in 2020. Most of the states experienced an increase in per capita alcohol during the COVID-19 pandemic [22].
State wise three-year average gallons of ethanol per capita age 14 and older, 2017–2019 and 2020.
The alcohol consumption data was also analyzed for each alcohol type. Figure 10 presents a yearly consumption comparison between 2019 and 2020 for beer, wine and spirits. It was observed that beer consumption was higher in January and February in 2020 compared to January and February in 2019, but after the COVID-19 pandemic started, the consumption decreased from March onwards until May 2020 due to lockdowns and limited liquor facilities opened in each state. For wine and spirits, the trend of consumption showed an increase, starting from January 2020 onwards [21]. It was also evident that the increase in volume of beer, spirit, and wine consumption from 2019 to 2020 was statistically significant based on the two sample t-test, which resulted in a p-value < 0.02 for each alcohol type [22].
Average beverage consumption breakout by wine, beer and spirit from 2019 and 2020. Note: 2020 data is available only until Sep due to limited availability from the source.
In this section of the book chapter, the effects of alcohol and SUD during the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed. An ordinary least square linear regression model was used to investigate the correlation between these events. The dataset employed was a combination of the healthcare claims data and the alcohol consumption data, both aggregated at a state and monthly levels for comparison [21, 22].
The results of the ordinary least square regression are presented in Table 2. The analysis results showed that sedatives use, alcohol abuse, and beer consumption were the highly significant variables and positively correlated with the COVID-19 pandemic spread. Sedatives like benzodiazepines are often prescribed for anxiety and insomnia, confirming the finding [39]. Furthermore, an increased consumption of alcohol might have led to seeking treatments to manage the signs of frustration, sadness, mental health conditions, and stress [40], caused by the prolonged isolation during the pandemic.
Ordinary least square regression analysis results.
Note: Per capita alcohol sales from 19 states (Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Missouri, North Dakota, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin) by type of alcoholic beverage.
Other parameters like opioid use, cannabis use/abuse were significant as well, but they were negatively correlated with the pandemic spread. These results were consistent with previous research articles, presenting that drug use declined during the pandemic while at the same time patients suffered from withdraws and other symptoms related to fewer substances available for consumption [12, 13, 14, 41, 42]. On the other hand, while beer consumption was positively correlated with COVID-19 pandemic trends, the consumption of spirits presented the reversed correlation, which was contrary to the findings of overall alcohol trend increases. The difference in correlation might have been related to the differences in states regulations of the different types of alcohol, which in turn might impact the alcohol type availability for consumption at the state level [43].
The model significance was evident from the F-statistic value of 14.7 with an adjusted R square value of ∼74%, which informed that a relatively high proportion of the variations in the data could be explained by the predictor variables.
To understand the parameters associated with SUD and identify if the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the addiction diagnosis rate, supervised classification machine learning algorithms, including random forest and XGBoost were performed.
As a part of the analysis, two distinct patient cohorts: study target and control groups were developed to allow for analysis of the SUD and COVID-19 trends. The distinction between these two groups permitted the machine learning models to learn the variations in the data and identify the important variables that best distinguished between both groups. The target group was defined by the patients in the data from October 2020 to December 2020, who had at least 2 addiction diagnoses, followed by a treatment after initial diagnosis, and the control group was defined by the patients from October 2019 to December 2019, having two addiction diagnoses, followed by a treatment after initial diagnosis. A sample of ∼20,000 records were randomly selected for the modeling exercise based on similar age and gender distribution as in the target group. Two months of historical claims data related to diagnosis, procedures, and pharmacological treatment were pulled from initial diagnosis event along with other demographic data elements like age, gender, income, education, etc. The healthcare claims level data was converted to patient level records, using data pre-processing steps, and a final data structure with ∼ 20,000 records and ∼15,000 features was created for machine learning modeling [21].
The data elements used for the study included diagnosis, procedures, and pharmacological treatments along with other demographic features like age, gender, income, education, etc. Since the number of features was ∼15,000, the data element dimension needed to be reduced to a more manageable number.
In order to reduce the variables’ space and select the top features, the LightGBM and Boruta algorithms were leveraged for the purposes of dimension reduction. LightGBM is a gradient boosting framework, which uses tree-based learning, whereas Boruta is a feature selection algorithm, a wrapper built around RF Classification algorithm. The top features from both the algorithms were selected for the machine learning algorithms development [44].
Table 3 below represents a list of selected features important in the preliminary run of the models. Data elements related to the COVID-19 diagnoses and associated symptoms along with alcohol and nicotine use as well as major depressive disorder were noted as important variables, separating the 2020 and 2019 SUD patient cohorts.
Preliminary important data features.
In order to understand the underlying factors for the SUD 2020 and 2019 patient cohorts and investigate if there was an association with the COVID-19 pandemic, the following machine learning models were applied: random forest and XGBoost. Hyper tunning process was also performed to optimize the models. Below a brief methodology overview is presented.
Random forest is a classification algorithm, consisting of many decision trees that use bootstrap aggregation, bagging and feature randomness when building each individual tree. It creates an uncorrelated forest of trees whose prediction is more accurate than that of any individual tree. The model outcome provides estimates of variables important in the classification [45].
XGBoost is a decision-tree-based ensemble machine learning algorithm that uses a gradient boosting framework. XGBoost approaches the process of sequential tree building, using parallelized implementation. Each model run learns from the error of previous models and weak learners. It incorporates the error of weak learners in the ensemble model and re-runs the process. It uses bootstrap aggregating technique, also called as bagging, which implies diving the data into sub samples for each iteration of model training. For prediction purposes, the model chooses majority of the vote from all the learners [46].
Hyper parameter tuning is the optimization process of finding the model parameters to improve the model performance. The objective is to minimize the cost function, hence reduce the error caused by the model. It uses gradient descent algorithm, which initially randomly assigns the model parameter to calculate the cost function and later improves it at each step, so that the cost function assumes a minimum value. Mathematically, it takes the derivative of the sum of squared residuals and equates it to 0 to find a point where the function is changing [47].
The machine learning algorithms were evaluated for the different performance metrics as noted in the earlier section of the book chapter. Initially, the models were overfitting, as they seemed to capture most of the variations from the training data, as well as at the same time captured the noise from the data. This resulted in many negative records misclassified as positive, which might have led to a considerably lower precision value.
As noted in Table 4, the baseline models, random forest resulted in AUC of 73% and XGBoost resulted in AUC of 74% with recall of 74.08% and 82.80% respectively. While working with healthcare claims data, a higher ratio of false negative records is perceived as a large problem. For example, predicting a sick patient as healthy, because ideally the patient should have received the treatment on time, may lead to health complications and even potentially death. Thus, it is advised to minimize the number of false negative observations, which will result in a higher recall, depicting an inverse relationship between the two, also called true positive rate or sensitivity. However, the initial baseline models resulted in a comparatively lower recall. To improve the model accuracy, the hyper parameter tuning was executed to find the best model parameters.
Machine learning model metrics.
In addition, F1 score was defined as follows:
which is a function of precision and recall and should be maximized such that both precision and recall both are optimal [45, 46, 47]. Hyper parameter tuned models not only improved the recall, but also slightly improved the F1 scores for random forest and XGBoost to 69.4% and 69.57% respectively, implying a robust model sensitive to false negative observations.
The machine learning models were retrained, using a few model parameters, including mex=depth, min-samples_split and max_features. In order to obtain the optimal values of model parameters, k fold cross validation with 5 iterations were used in the hyper parameter tuning process [47].
Using the optimal values of the model parameters obtained from hyper parameter tuning, the models showed an improvement in the model performance, which was evident from the model metrics. As shown in Table 4, the recall significantly increased for both of the models and also, the F1 scores slightly improved compared to the baseline models. This resulted in a decrease in the false negatives count, which led to an increase in recall.
Figure 11 depicts the final ROC AUC plot, which shows the relationship between the true positive rate and the false positive rate at different probability thresholds. A true positive rate also known as the sensitivity metric, which informs the proportion of positive records that were correctly classified over the total number of positive records. A false positive rate is the proportion of negative records misclassified over total number of negative records [38]. Both random forest and XGBoost resulted in AUC of 75% with recall of 94.7% and 85.6% respectively, which improved from the baseline models.
ROC AUC curve of random forest and XGBoost.
The random forest and XGBoost models identify features, which were a combination of SUD as well as COVID-19 data elements. Table 5 presents the top important features. The importance of the features was measured using the ‘gini’ importance metric, which calculated the impurity in the node. The metric measured how each feature decreased the impurity of the split, while making the decision tree in the algorithm and averaging it over all the trees in the forest, resulting in the measure of feature importance [32, 33].
Top most important healthcare related features.
Features like nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse, long term drug therapy, disulfiram [48], methadone [49] were presented as important in explaining the differences in SUD patient cohorts between 2019 and 2020. For example, the value 0.003 of nicotine dependence importance denoted that the impurity reduced in the node by adding the variable, which thus contributed to the model robustness and a higher accuracy level. The effects of pandemic on individual’s lives were not only restricted to patients’ physical health, but also affected their mental health, as noted by the major depressive, anxiety diagnoses, and suicidal tendencies as presented in the top most important healthcare data elements. The unexpected and unwanted change enforced on daily lives, drastically increased the stress levels. Difficulties in management of the changing environment and following preventive measures, such as undergoing lockdowns, fueled the stress levels even more. The economic downturn, leading to unemployment, and low consumer confidence played an imperative role in increasing the stress levels as well. As a result of the prolonged stress and anxiety due to the lockdowns, the consumption of alcohol, smoking, and other nicotine-based products increased [12, 13, 41, 42].
It was also interesting to see features related to COVID-19 pandemic being noted as important differentiators between the 2019 and 2020 SUD patient cohorts. The features included COVID-19 diagnosis and related symptoms: headache, cough, acute upper respiratory infection, specimen collection for severe acute respiratory condition. Procedures noting HCP in-office and tele-visits along with in-patient hospital or ER visits were also noted as important variables, further highlighting that the amount of care might have increased as a result of SUD, but also due to COVID-19 diagnoses and related symptoms. In addition, medications often used to treat viruses and infections like Azithromycin were also presented as important data elements defining the 2020 SUD patient cohort.
Furthermore, the cohorts differed on the occurrence of the comorbid conditions, such as chronic kidney condition, hypertension, hyper lipidemia, and gastro-esophagus conditions, which might inform a potential impact of a larger alcohol and other substance abuse activities during the pandemic or simply present that the patient profile changed during the pandemic, expanding the definition of the SUD patients group. There were also several data elements identifying SUD treatments such as Narcan, methadone to list a few and procedures related to drug testing, blood panels, and other related treatments, which present an increased rate of addiction testing and treatment between the two periods, confirming earlier findings of increased SUD treatment trends. The analysis also presented differences of the cohorts on a diagnoses for lower back pain and pain relieve medications use.
From the sociodemographic data elements, patients diagnosed with addiction or treated for addiction presented characteristics that can help further define the patient profiles for individuals that were likely for developing SUD during the pandemic. For example, the average age of 42 was observed for the impacted population. Ethnicity of Caucasian and Black/African American was also noted as prevalent. Patients with nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, opioid use, and cannabis dependence were relatively more prevalent in the states of Florida and Texas. These states presented a relatively higher volume of patients with specific SUD diagnoses compared to other states. The impacted patients presented some college or achieved at least a high school diploma as well as were more likely to be associated with the lower economic status communities, with income level being less than $30 K annually. The educational and economic levels were noted by other published articles, presenting the economic impact and increased risk for COVID-19 virus within low income population [2].
This book chapter investigated SUD and the resulting impact from the COVID-19 pandemic on the rate of diagnoses and treatment. Overall, the diagnoses rate of SUD was consistent over time in 2020 compared to 2019 (except for April and May); however, a statistically significant increase in treatment of different addiction types was noted during the pandemic. In 2020, newly diagnosed patients accounted for 62% of all SUD patients compared to 66% in 2019, but the difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, the changes in procedures performed for addiction testing significantly declined at the beginning of the pandemic and then returned to normal levels in June of 2020, while the SUD treatment significantly increased between 2019 and 2020. In addition, patients diagnosed with addiction as well as COVID-19 represented 3% of the newly diagnosed patients and 4% of those with already a diagnosis. Patients using cannabis were found statistically significantly younger compared to the rest of the SUD population.
In 2020, a noticeable increase in alcohol consumption and drinking behaviors was observed compared to 2019, including an increase in the average gallons consumed by alcohol type: spirits, wine, and beer. Compared to the previous years, a statistically significant positive percentage change in gallons of alcohol per capita from 2017 to 2019 (a 3-year average) to 2020 was observed [22], which could be related to the increased stress levels due to the pandemic spread and prolonged lockdowns [50].
Machine learning analysis of SUD patient cohorts between 2020 and 2019 presented that the patients in the 2020 cohort who were diagnosed with SUD, were also often diagnosed with either COVID-19 or related symptoms, including headache, upper respiratory infection, and cough. Furthermore, it is likely that SUD patients with addiction to drugs and nicotine products were more likely to contract COVID-19, as a result of their weaker immune system due to lower white cells levels in the blood [51, 52]. The analysis also presented the importance of HCP in-office and tele-visits along with in-patient hospital visits that could be related to the increased level of SUD treatment, but also present the severity of COVID-19 related symptoms and the need for treatment.
Moreover, excess alcohol consumption identified as one of the important factors, differentiating between the two SUD patient cohorts could lead to immune deficiency, causing increased susceptibility to certain diseases. Prolonged alcohol abuse may cause disruptions to the digestive system and could result in liver failure. Alcohol use may also affect individual’s ability to store adequate amounts of protein and nutrients. Most importantly drugs and alcohol affect white blood cells, which act as the defense system for the body. The weaker defense system can increase the risk of developing life-ending diseases [52].
Finally, based on the machine learning analysis, the SUD patient cohorts differed on occurrence of the comorbid conditions such as chronic kidney condition, hypertension, hyper lipidemia, and gastro-esophagus condition, which might present that the SUD patient profile changed during the pandemic due to the changes in the life style and increased consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Additional investigation should be conducted to further examine the patients’ health history and understand the underlying reasons for the differences in the SUD patient cohort characteristics.
Due to the timing of writing this book chapter, not all data was available for the entire year of 2020 to allow for a comprehensive analysis. Adding the additional data for alcohol consumption, as well as data for recreational drug use by state during the pandemic could enhance the analysis in presenting the SUD population characteristics including their health, mental, and economic state. Furthermore, it might also be helpful to add COVID-19 vaccination data by state in order to understand the effects of vaccinations and COVID-19 variants on general virus trends as well as SUD impacted populations.
Additionally, the healthcare patient level claims data, comprising of prescription, medical, and hospital claims can also observe gaps in the coverage of long-term care institutions, mental health hospitals, correctional facilities, and other institutions with a limited public reporting, and result in a potential bias in the studied population when compared to the entire US population. Furthermore, the COVID-19 related symptoms’ diagnoses might also skew the analysis and overestimate the impact of COVID-19 on the SUD population. The statistical results could be further enhanced and become more robust with the additional data availability and understanding of the diagnosis codes for the COVID-19 related symptoms.
Since the COVID-19 pandemic was a rare event, it became a new topic of interest for analysis. As a result, there was a limited number prior research studies conducted on this topic, which posed a challenge in creating a theoretical foundation for this book chapter’s research questions and hypothesis. With little prior research, developing an entire new research typology was challenging.
The scope of the analysis can also be enhanced via adding additional data sources and having a longer timeframe to evaluate the impact of pandemic on addiction and health impact of those impacted by either condition. Furthermore, new set of advanced analytics, including deep learning and natural language processing (NLP) approaches, could be applied to create data driven evidence to confirm newly established hypothesis, research objectives, and results.
Availability of data and materials: The healthcare claims dataset that supports the findings of this study are available from Symphony Health, ICON plc Organization, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under a license for the current study, and so they are not publicly available.
The Alcohol Consumption Dataset is available from the National institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [Online]. https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance-covid-19/COVSALES.htm
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Substance abuse disorder diagnosis codes.
Substance abuse disorder procedure codes.
Substance abuse disorder treatment codes.
COVID-19 diagnoses codes.
Authors work for Symphony Health, ICON plc Organization. The data used in the article is the property of Symphony Health, ICON plc Organization. Authors used the healthcare claims data for the sole purpose of publication of this article.
The authors would like to thank Mike Byzon, Suzanne Rosado, Heather Valera, Lakshya Mandawat, and Koichi Iwata for their valuable feedback on earlier versions of this chapter.
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6583},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17529}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12514},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"56121318"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:123},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science",parent:{id:"1",title:"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology"},numberOfBooks:313,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:8099,numberOfWosCitations:17602,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8509,numberOfDimensionsCitations:20284,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"14",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10942",title:"Fiber-Reinforced Plastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"50dc791b1036b236a6676986cb295c6f",slug:"fiber-reinforced-plastics",bookSignature:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10489",title:"Biocomposites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c794533fcae9dcea38672f814ae182db",slug:"biocomposites",bookSignature:"Brajesh Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10489.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9926",title:"Magnesium Alloys Structure and Properties",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6d1a99f4befe885857743f77e81524c",slug:"magnesium-alloys-structure-and-properties",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tański and Paweł Jarka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",middleName:null,surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10700",title:"Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:"Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9448d83caa34d90fd58464268c869a0",slug:"titanium-dioxide-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10700.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187624",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafiz Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-ali",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6832",title:"Ruthenium",subtitle:"An Element Loved by Researchers",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a3be4dd6035f78add07d239b8eae379",slug:"ruthenium-an-element-loved-by-researchers",bookSignature:"Hitoshi Ishida",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6832.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210140",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishida",slug:"hitoshi-ishida",fullName:"Hitoshi Ishida"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10670",title:"Properties and Applications of Alginates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"062083e53cc5c808af597de6426cea06",slug:"properties-and-applications-of-alginates",bookSignature:"Irem Deniz, Esra Imamoglu and Tugba Keskin-Gundogdu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204855",title:"Dr.",name:"Irem",middleName:null,surname:"Deniz",slug:"irem-deniz",fullName:"Irem Deniz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10552",title:"Montmorillonite Clay",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4a279761f0bb046af95ecd32ab09e51",slug:"montmorillonite-clay",bookSignature:"Faheem Uddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10552.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10949",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44d08b9e490617fcbf7786c381c85fbc",slug:"clay-and-clay-minerals",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10949.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10941",title:"Ferrites",subtitle:"Synthesis and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a323bfa4565d7c676bc3733b4983b0",slug:"ferrites-synthesis-and-applications",bookSignature:"Maaz Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10014",title:"Thin Films",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f56a9427ff53d989f007df97f6ad873c",slug:"thin-films",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10014.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10388",title:"Heavy Metals",subtitle:"Their Environmental Impacts and Mitigation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac4f5b254442e9f19a8c609453a83915",slug:"heavy-metals-their-environmental-impacts-and-mitigation",bookSignature:"Mazen Khaled Nazal and Hongbo Zhao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10388.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214815",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen",middleName:null,surname:"Nazal",slug:"mazen-nazal",fullName:"Mazen Nazal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:313,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37067",doi:"10.5772/35482",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Natural Fibres",slug:"fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy-for-natural-fibres",totalDownloads:9206,totalCrossrefCites:160,totalDimensionsCites:384,abstract:null,book:{id:"2270",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",title:"Fourier Transform",fullTitle:"Fourier Transform - Materials Analysis"},signatures:"Mizi Fan, Dasong Dai and Biao Huang",authors:[{id:"104647",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizi",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",slug:"mizi-fan",fullName:"Mizi Fan"}]},{id:"60680",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76082",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:15971,totalCrossrefCites:163,totalDimensionsCites:356,abstract:"The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]},{id:"42566",doi:"10.5772/53706",title:"Challenges and Opportunities for Spark Plasma Sintering: A Key Technology for a New Generation of Materials",slug:"challenges-and-opportunities-for-spark-plasma-sintering-a-key-technology-for-a-new-generation-of-mat",totalDownloads:9109,totalCrossrefCites:97,totalDimensionsCites:207,abstract:null,book:{id:"3478",slug:"sintering-applications",title:"Sintering Applications",fullTitle:"Sintering Applications"},signatures:"M. Suárez, A. Fernández, J.L. Menéndez, R. Torrecillas, H. U. Kessel, J. Hennicke, R. Kirchner and T. Kessel",authors:[{id:"102383",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Suárez",slug:"marta-suarez",fullName:"Marta Suárez"},{id:"103822",title:"Dr.",name:"J.L",middleName:null,surname:"Menendez",slug:"j.l-menendez",fullName:"J.L Menendez"},{id:"103833",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Torrecillas",slug:"ramon-torrecillas",fullName:"Ramón Torrecillas"},{id:"162633",title:"Dr.",name:"Adolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",slug:"adolfo-fernandez",fullName:"Adolfo Fernández"}]},{id:"23617",doi:"10.5772/24118",title:"Collagen- vs. Gelatine-Based Biomaterials and Their Biocompatibility: Review and Perspectives",slug:"collagen-vs-gelatine-based-biomaterials-and-their-biocompatibility-review-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:9373,totalCrossrefCites:60,totalDimensionsCites:196,abstract:null,book:{id:"1487",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Selestina Gorgieva and Vanja Kokol",authors:[{id:"55577",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanja",middleName:null,surname:"Kokol",slug:"vanja-kokol",fullName:"Vanja Kokol"},{id:"61285",title:"BSc",name:"Selestina",middleName:null,surname:"Gorgieva",slug:"selestina-gorgieva",fullName:"Selestina Gorgieva"}]},{id:"46243",doi:"10.5772/57255",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors – Principles, Mechanisms and Applications",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors-principles-mechanisms-and-applications",totalDownloads:13621,totalCrossrefCites:40,totalDimensionsCites:156,abstract:null,book:{id:"3817",slug:"developments-in-corrosion-protection",title:"Developments in Corrosion Protection",fullTitle:"Developments in Corrosion Protection"},signatures:"Camila G. Dariva and Alexandre F. Galio",authors:[{id:"169261",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:"G.",surname:"Dariva",slug:"camila-dariva",fullName:"Camila Dariva"},{id:"170138",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Galio",slug:"alexandre-galio",fullName:"Alexandre Galio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"76780",title:"Basics of Clay Minerals and Their Characteristic Properties",slug:"basics-of-clay-minerals-and-their-characteristic-properties",totalDownloads:1553,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Clay minerals such as kaolinite, smectite, chlorite, micas are main components of raw materials of clay and formed in presence of water. A large number of clays used to form the different structure which completely depends on their mining source. They are known as hydrous phyllosilicate having silica, alumina and water with variable amount of inorganic ions like Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ which are found either in interlayer space or on the planetary surface. Clay minerals are described by presence of two-dimensional sheets, tetrahedral (SiO4) and octahedral (Al2O3). There are different clay minerals which are categorized based on presence of tetrahedral and octahedral layer in their structure like kaolinite (1:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers), smectite group of clay minerals (2:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers) and chlorite (2:1:1 of tetrahedral, octahedral and octahedral layers). The particle size of clay minerals is <2microns which can be present in form of plastic in presence of water and solidified when dried. The small size and their distinctive crystal structure make clay minerals very special with their unique properties including high cation exchange capacity, swelling behavior, specific surface area, adsorption capacity, etc. which are described in this chapter. Due to all these unique properties, clay minerals are gaining interest in different fields.",book:{id:"10949",slug:"clay-and-clay-minerals",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",fullTitle:"Clay and Clay Minerals"},signatures:"Neeraj Kumari and Chandra Mohan",authors:[{id:"258132",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",slug:"chandra-mohan",fullName:"Chandra Mohan"},{id:"352399",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"neeraj-kumari",fullName:"Neeraj Kumari"}]},{id:"51535",title:"An Introduction to Hydrogels and Some Recent Applications",slug:"an-introduction-to-hydrogels-and-some-recent-applications",totalDownloads:11460,totalCrossrefCites:61,totalDimensionsCites:125,abstract:"Hydrogels have existed for more than half a century, and today they have many applications in various processes ranging from industrial to biological. There are numerous original papers, reviews, and monographs focused on the synthesis, properties, and applications of hydrogels. This chapter covers the fundamental aspects and several applications of hydrogels based on the old and the most recent publications in this field.",book:{id:"5251",slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels"},signatures:"Morteza Bahram, Naimeh Mohseni and Mehdi Moghtader",authors:[{id:"179718",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Bahram",slug:"morteza-bahram",fullName:"Morteza Bahram"},{id:"185713",title:"Dr.",name:"Naimeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohseni",slug:"naimeh-mohseni",fullName:"Naimeh Mohseni"},{id:"185714",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Moghtader",slug:"mehdi-moghtader",fullName:"Mehdi Moghtader"}]},{id:"70661",title:"Bioremediation Techniques for Polluted Environment: Concept, Advantages, Limitations, and Prospects",slug:"bioremediation-techniques-for-polluted-environment-concept-advantages-limitations-and-prospects",totalDownloads:2409,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Environmental pollution has been rising in the past few decades due to increased anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an attractive and successful cleaning technique to remove toxic waste from polluted environment. Bioremediation is highly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-inclusive and action of microorganisms. The main principle is degrading and converting pollutants to less toxic forms. Bioremediation can be carried out ex-situ and in-situ, depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type, and concentration of pollutants. Hence, appropriate bioremediation technique is selected. Additionally, the major methodologies to develop bioremediation are biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biopiles, and bioattenuation provided the environmental factors that decide the completion of bioremediation. Bioremediation is the most effective, economical, eco-friendly management tool to manage the polluted environment. All bioremediation techniques have its own advantage and disadvantage because it has its own specific applications.",book:{id:"9343",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",fullTitle:"Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Indu Sharma",authors:[{id:"301262",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"indu-sharma",fullName:"Indu Sharma"}]},{id:"18275",title:"Modeling and Identification of Parameters the Piezoelectric Transducers in Ultrasonic Systems",slug:"modeling-and-identification-of-parameters-the-piezoelectric-transducers-in-ultrasonic-systems",totalDownloads:9936,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"201",slug:"advances-in-ceramics-electric-and-magnetic-ceramics-bioceramics-ceramics-and-environment",title:"Advances in Ceramics",fullTitle:"Advances in Ceramics - Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment"},signatures:"Pawel Fabijanski and Ryszard Lagoda",authors:[{id:"13086",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Fabijański",slug:"pawel-fabijanski",fullName:"Pawel Fabijański"}]},{id:"60680",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:15997,totalCrossrefCites:164,totalDimensionsCites:356,abstract:"The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"14",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81825",title:"Quantification of Heavy Metal Levels in Sediments of the “Palizada” River in a Protected Natural Area of Southeastern Mexico",slug:"quantification-of-heavy-metal-levels-in-sediments-of-the-palizada-river-in-a-protected-natural-area-",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104657",abstract:"This chapter shows the results of the determination of the levels of Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), and Cadmium (Cd) in sediments of the “Palizada River”; evaluated by atomic absorption. The results show high levels of Fe, Mg, and Mn concerning previous studies and are directly related to agricultural and livestock activities in the area. The metal-metal correlation analysis show significant values, suggesting that the generation source is the same. Some of the pollutants produced by industrial or population centers; end up in natural water bodies; by different physical processes, such as precipitation, complex formation, and others. These contaminants can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms and reach humans through the food chain. Certain heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) produced by human activities have been found in the oceans and the tissues of different organisms; which constitutes a risk for consumption; Cd is classified as an element that predisposes to the presence of Cancer. Therefore, the study of sediments is fundamental for determining the degree of contamination of an ecosystem.",book:{id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg"},signatures:"Carlos Montalvo, Claudia A. Aguilar, Yunuen Canedo, Alejandro Ruiz, Brenda Zermeño, Ruby S. Gines and Rosa M. Cerón"},{id:"81461",title:"Fiber Inclusions-Based Epoxy Composites and Their Applications",slug:"fiber-inclusions-based-epoxy-composites-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104118",abstract:"Because of their low cost, lightweight, easy production methods, and design flexibility, polymer-based composites are widely employed in a wide range of applications. Because of its high specific strength, superior mechanical characteristics, super adhesiveness, heat and solvent resistance, and so on, epoxy polymer or polyepoxide represent a significant majority of matrix composites. As a result, fiber fillers-reinforced epoxy resin composites have been investigated for a variety of applications, including high-tech in the ballistic, aircraft, automobile, construction, and sports sectors. In this chapter, the manufacturing procedures of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites have been described. Different categories of fiber are used as fillers in an epoxy matrix and their morphology is discussed as a function of the obtained properties.",book:{id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg"},signatures:"Nassima Radouane and Abdelkrim Maaroufi"},{id:"81727",title:"Nanoparticle Based Collagen Biomaterials for Wound Healing",slug:"nanoparticle-based-collagen-biomaterials-for-wound-healing",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104851",abstract:"Wounds and infections are extremely common cases that are dealt with in the medical field. Their effective and timely treatment ensures the overall well-being of patients in general. Current treatments include the use of collagen scaffolds and other biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Although the use of collagenous biomaterials has been tested, the incorporation of nanoparticles into these collagenous biomaterials is a fairly new field, whose possibilities are yet to be explored and discovered. The current chapter explores the applications of the amalgamation of collagenous biomaterials with nanoparticles, which themselves are known to be effective in the treatment and prevention of infections.",book:{id:"10945",title:"Collagen Biomaterial",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10945.jpg"},signatures:"Kausalya Neelavara Makkithaya, Sharmila Nadumane, Guan-Yu Zhuo, Sanjiban Chakrabarty and Nirmal Mazumder"},{id:"81726",title:"Design and Fabrication of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials for Energy/Thermal Energy Storage and Other Versatile Applications",slug:"design-and-fabrication-of-microencapsulated-phase-change-materials-for-energy-thermal-energy-storage",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102806",abstract:"Microencapsulated phase change materials have been considered as potential candidates to overcome the global energy shortage, as these materials can provide a viable method for storing thermal energy and offering consistent energy management by controllable heat release in desirable environments. Microencapsulation technology offers a method for overcoming the trouble associated with the handling of solid–liquid phase change materials (PCMs) via encapsulating PCMs with thin or tiny shells which are known as ‘microcapsules’. Microcapsule shells not only keep PCMs isolated from the surrounding materials but also provide a stable structure and sufficient surface for PCMs to enhance heat transfer. Thus microencapsulation technology received remarkable attention from fundamental studies to industrial growth in recent years. In order to provide a reliable source of information on recent progress and development in microencapsulated PCMs, this chapter emphases on methods and techniques for the encapsulation of PCMs with a diversity of shell materials from traditional organic polymers to novel inorganic materials to pursue high encapsulation efficiency, excellent thermal energy-storage performance and long-term operation durability. The chapter also highlights the design of bi- and multi-functional PCM-based microcapsules by fabricating various functional shells in a multilayered structure to meet the growing demand for versatile applications.",book:{id:"11077",title:"Microencapsulation - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications of Smart Microcapsules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11077.jpg"},signatures:"Tahira Mahmood, Rahmat Ali and Abdul Naeem"},{id:"81709",title:"New-Age Al-Cu-Mn-Zr (ACMZ) Alloy for High Temperature-High Strength Applications: A Review",slug:"new-age-al-cu-mn-zr-acmz-alloy-for-high-temperature-high-strength-applications-a-review",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104533",abstract:"One of the prime challenges with age hardened Al-Cu alloys is the strength degradation at high temperatures (above ∼250°C) due to the coarsening of strengthening θ′ precipitates and associated metastable θ′ → stable θ phase transformation. A recent discovery suggests that micro-alloying with Manganese (Mn) and Zirconium (Zr) can synergistically restrict θ′ precipitate coarsening, thereby rendering an excellent high temperature stability for Al-Cu-Mn-Zr (ACMZ) alloys. The θ′ precipitates are stabilized primarily from the reduction of interfacial energy by preferential solute segregation (Mn & Zr) at θ′ precipitate/α-Al matrix interfaces. The Al-Cu-Mn-Zr alloys thereby exhibit excellent high temperature hardness and tensile properties (yield and ultimate tensile strength) in addition to superior fatigue life and creep resistance. This newly developed Al-Cu-Mn-Zr alloys also showed excellent hot tearing resistance compared to the conventional cast Al-Cu alloys so much so that it meets the industrial standards as well. These alloys also have promising manufacturing possibility by additive route. Overall, Al-Cu-Mn-Zr alloys offer great potential for the automotive industry because of their unprecedented high temperature performance which should enable engineers to build light weight passenger vehicles leading to a safer and greener environment.",book:{id:"10847",title:"Aluminium Alloys - Design and Development of Innovative Alloys, Manufacturing Processes and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10847.jpg"},signatures:"Samarendra Roy and Shibayan Roy"},{id:"81716",title:"Groove Shape Optimization on Dry Gas Seals",slug:"groove-shape-optimization-on-dry-gas-seals",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103088",abstract:"In this paper, a topological optimum design for the shape of a groove in a dry gas seal is described. Dry gas seals are widely used in high speed and high pressure rotating machinery such as gas turbines, compressors, and so on because of their high reliability compared to other types of seals. However, recent requirements for reducing emission with further control of leakage are in order. With this background, we propose applying topological optimization to the groove shape in a dry gas seal to reduce its leakage while keeping its stiffness for safe operation. First, the method of topological optimum design as applied to the groove of a dry gas seal is explained via numerical analysis. Next, results of the topological optimization are shown via categorizing an optimum shape map. Finally, the mechanism of reducing the gas leakage with an optimized seal is discussed based on the prediction of the flow field using a CFD analysis.",book:{id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements – Fundamentals and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg"},signatures:"Masayuki Ochiai and Yuki Sato"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:87},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11576",title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",hash:"5a01644fb0b4ce24c2f947913d154abe",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",surname:"Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"80187",title:"Potential Utilization of Insect Meal as Livestock Feed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101766",signatures:"Sipho Moyo and Busani Moyo",slug:"potential-utilization-of-insect-meal-as-livestock-feed",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79866",title:"Ruminal Microbiome Manipulation to Improve Fermentation Efficiency in Ruminants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101582",signatures:"Yosra Ahmed Soltan and Amlan Kumar Patra",slug:"ruminal-microbiome-manipulation-to-improve-fermentation-efficiency-in-ruminants",totalDownloads:216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78802",title:"Intraovarian Gestation in Viviparous Teleosts: Unique Type of Gestation among Vertebrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100267",signatures:"Mari-Carmen Uribe, Gabino De la Rosa-Cruz, Adriana García-Alarcón and Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"intraovarian-gestation-in-viviparous-teleosts-unique-type-of-gestation-among-vertebrates",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78998",title:"Effect of Various Feed Additives on the Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle Based on an Ammoniated Palm Frond Feeds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100142",signatures:"Mardiati Zain, Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat, Heni Suryani and Novirman Jamarun",slug:"effect-of-various-feed-additives-on-the-methane-emissions-from-beef-cattle-based-on-an-ammoniated-pa",totalDownloads:143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:11,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78846",title:"Clustering Algorithms: An Exploratory Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100376",signatures:"R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla and Veeranjaneyulu N",slug:"clustering-algorithms-an-exploratory-review",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78463",title:"Clustering by Similarity of Brazilian Legal Documents Using Natural Language Processing Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99875",signatures:"Raphael Souza de Oliveira and Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"clustering-by-similarity-of-brazilian-legal-documents-using-natural-language-processing-approaches",totalDownloads:140,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/20552",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"20552"},fullPath:"/chapters/20552",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()