\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"481",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biomedical Engineering, Trends in Materials Science",title:"Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:"Trends in Materials Science",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Rapid technological developments in the last century have brought the field of biomedical engineering into a totally new realm. Breakthroughs in materials science, imaging, electronics and, more recently, the information age have improved our understanding of the human body. As a result, the field of biomedical engineering is thriving, with innovations that aim to improve the quality and reduce the cost of medical care. This book is the second in a series of three that will present recent trends in biomedical engineering, with a particular focus on materials science in biomedical engineering, including developments in alloys, nanomaterials and polymer technologies.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-513-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4533-2",doi:"10.5772/992",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"biomedical-engineering-trends-in-materials-science",numberOfPages:576,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:null,bookSignature:"Anthony N. 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Laskovski completed his Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical) Degree at the University of Newcastle, Australia in 2006 on a UNISS industrial scholarship with the power distributer Energy Australia.\nHis research interests include RF electronics and implantable electronic devices for biomedical applications, with a particular focus on wireless power transmitters, inductive coils and implantable telemetry architecture. His publications include various conference and journal papers and book chapters.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Newcastle Australia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"692",title:"Biotechnology",slug:"engineering-biomedical-engineering-biotechnology"}],chapters:[{id:"12794",title:"Novel Chitin and Chitosan Materials in Wound Dressing",doi:"10.5772/13509",slug:"novel-chitin-and-chitosan-materials-in-wound-dressing",totalDownloads:12791,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:32,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"R. Jayakumar, M. Prabaharan, P. T. Sudheesh Kumar, S. V. Nair, T. Furuike and H. 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Although definitions vary, loneliness is most often described as a subjective term referring to the discrepancy between the quantity and quality of relationships that one has and what they desire. Social isolation, a more objective measure, has been alternatively defined as the “state of having few social relationships or infrequent social contact with others” or the “pervasive lack of social contact or communication, participation in social activities or having a confidant” among others [1, 2].
A growing body of evidence indicates that social isolation and loneliness are impacting health and health outcomes around the world. Two international literature reviews recently completed in the United Kingdom and in Finland included findings from studies in 23 countries across five continents. The Centre of Excellence for Public Health at Queen’s University in Northern Ireland reviewed social isolation interventions in 33 studies conducted in 21 countries, and concluded that tailored approaches are needed to address loneliness and social isolation [3]. Tampere University in Finland reviewed 23 studies conducted in 13 countries and found that technological approaches are useful for assessing loneliness and social isolation among older adults and for alleviating loneliness safely without risk of infection transmission due to in person contact [4]. Both reviews found that the amount of research from the international scientific community on this topic has increased significantly during the past decade [3, 4].
Social isolation prevalence varies worldwide, but reports indicate rates as high as a third of older adults aged 65+ in some countries. Rates in European countries range from 19.6–34% and in Latin America from 25.3% to 32.4% [5]. A National Academy of Medicine (NAM) Consensus Study (2020) reported a 24% rate of social isolation in the U.S., while prevalence rates in Australia and India were lower at 19% and 18.3%, respectively [6]. The association between social isolation and loneliness is complex. Rates of loneliness are lower than rates of social isolation in some countries but exceed them in others. The NAM study (“Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Opportunities for the Health Care System”) reported that 43% of adults aged 60+ in the U.S. report feeling lonely, while rates in Europe are much lower and range from 3–10% [7, 8].
The NAM report also noted that social isolation is associated with a 50% increased risk of dementia, 29% increased risk of heart disease and 32% increased risk of stroke, and others have found that social isolation presents a substantial risk for increased morbidity, premature mortality and dysregulation of health biomarkers (blood pressure, C-reactive protein and cortisol levels) comparable to the risk associated with obesity, hypertension or daily tobacco use and is also associated with mental health morbidities such as depression, anxiety and dementia [9, 10, 11]. Loneliness is “characterized by impairments in attention, cognition, affect, and behavior that take a toll on morbidity and mortality through their impact on genetic, neural and hormonal mechanisms” [10]. It is associated with higher rates of depression, anxiety and suicide and, among heart failure patients, is associated with a nearly 4-fold increased risk of death, 68% increased risk of hospitalization, and 57% increased risk of emergency department visits [6].
The digital divide may further compound the risk of social isolation for older adults. Although technology use in this population increased 55% from 2000 to 2016, one third of older adults report never using the internet, and rates of smartphone ownership in adults aged 65+ remain 42% lower than that of adults aged 18 to 64. This same study found especially low rates of access and use among adults aged 80+. Adults aged 65 to 69 are about twice as likely to say they ever go online (82% vs. 44%) or have broadband at home (66% vs. 28%) and roughly four times as likely to say they own smartphones (59% vs. 17%) as their counterparts aged 80+ [12]. In addition to access and technology usage issues, hearing loss and impaired vision, common in the older adult population, can further complicate digital service accessibility [13]. Shteinlukht found that 60% of older adult respondents reported challenges utilizing digital platforms for virtual appointments [14].
This excess burden of vulnerability and disparate use of technology is further compounded by challenges unique to rural areas. The Western North Carolina (WNC) region has a 44% higher proportion of persons age 65+ than North Carolina as a whole and, of the 23 counties in the region, 83% [15] are classified as rural [16, 17]. Henning-Smith found that “older adults in rural areas were more than 10 percentage points more likely to report feeling left out often or at least some of the time,” and 5% of them reported having no friends at all [18]. Another Henning-Smith study (2020) found that, “although older adults in rural areas report having larger social networks than their urban area counterparts, they also report higher levels of loneliness, indicating structural barriers to connecting” [19]. The disproportionate impact of the digital divide on older adults in rural areas has also been well documented. A Pew Research Center report demonstrated consistently lower rates of smartphone, computer and tablet ownership and lower rates of access to broadband internet at home in rural adults vs. urban adults (two-thirds vs. three-quarters) [15]. Rural adults who do have internet access are often unable to participate in synchronous activities such as video-conferencing for telehealth or social calls due to slower speeds and poor, unstable connectivity caused by low bandwidth [20]. Even those who have internet access and use it for social contact may not fully benefit, as several studies have demonstrated that indirect modes of contact such as Facebook and other internet-based platforms may not influence health in the same way or to the same degree as direct, in-person contact [21]. “As a result, older adults in rural areas are among the most likely to be left out of any creative, technologically-based adaptations to meet social and other needs during this crisis” [22].
Social isolation and loneliness impact health at the individual level and, arguably, also at the social or “conditions” level. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines social determinants of health as “the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes” or “the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.” While some lists of social determinants of health include social isolation or connectedness, as in WHO’s list with “social inclusion and non-discrimination,” often the factors shaping this condition of daily life are left out of efforts to address social determinants of health [23]. Place is an important factor that shapes conditions of daily life [23]. For example, living in a rural, mountainous, or otherwise remote region makes social connection, broadband access, and health care utilization more difficult. Other forces and systems at play include social norms and social policies such as those implemented to curb the spread of COVID-19 infection which concomitantly increased social isolation across the globe.
In this chapter, the unintended consequences of measures to reduce COVID-19 morbidity and mortality on social isolation are outlined, followed by a discussion of the importance of supporting and re-engaging social connectedness to combat social isolation, and recommendations to policy makers, communities and health professionals on how to effectively respond to these concerns are discussed. Considering social isolation as a social determinant of health and taking action to increase social connectedness among is important to reduce chronic disease, and improve physical and mental well-being for older adults.
On March 13, 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the President of the United States declared a national emergency [24]. At the same time, the majority of US states issued stay-at-home orders in response to the pandemic [25]. By April of 2020, the White House Coronavirus Taskforce and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were recommending that individuals wear face coverings to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 [26]. In many US states, face coverings were eventually mandated in public areas, and various social distancing policies persisted well into the pandemic [27]. These measures ultimately mitigated viral transmission and concomitant harms in the US [28, 29]. Nevertheless, many unmistakable harms are inherent to pandemic mitigation efforts as well [2, 30]. The potential for harm is especially concerning for the older adult population. In an attempt to shield vulnerable populations from severe illness and death, policymakers and health officials also risked raising their susceptibility to the deleterious physiological, psychological, and emotional effects of social isolation.
In comparison with 18–29-year-old individuals, 67–74-year-olds are five times more likely to be hospitalized for COVID-19 and 65 times more likely to die from the disease. For those 75–84 years old, hospitalization is 8 times more likely, while death is 150 times more likely than for young adults. For people who have reached 85+ years of age, hospitalizations are 10 times more likely, and they are 370 times more likely to die of COVID-19 [31]. In March 2020, older adults also reported that they perceived their risk of death to be higher than that of younger adults or children [32]. Taken together, older adults are right to feel heightened concern about the potential consequences of contracting SARS-CoV-2. And now, even in light of the availability and utilization of effective vaccinations, heightened fear of contracting the virus lingers among some older adults [33].
The authors have heard stories from community members indicating they were fearful of and avoiding seeking medical care, shopping for essential items, visiting friends and loved ones, receiving gifts, coming in close contact with neighbors, and other activities. At a mass vaccination site in Western North Carolina during the first weeks of vaccine availability, several older adults shared that they had literally not left their homes in a year. Evidence is emerging that this problem is not unique to this region: older adults throughout the US have experienced similar difficulties and were leaving their homes less often [34, 35]. Many put off routine medical care or discontinued health-supporting behaviors such as daily visits to a facility for safe exercise or were no longer able to congregate for shared meals at senior centers, churches or other community gathering sites. An 88-year-old community member visited the Silver Sneakers program at a nearby YMCA 5 to 6 days a week before the “lockdown” and counted on these daily visits for maintaining strength, balance, life outlook and mental acuity. A year and a half into the pandemic he fell at home, broke his hip, and spent 6 weeks hospitalized and in rehabilitation. Six months later, his struggle to regain this strength and baseline level of independence continues. This person’s story provides a clear example of how these trends are a cause for concern, not only for ethical reasons but also with respect to health promotion, chronic disease management, and prevention.
While the implementation of shelter-in-place orders, the closing of public spaces, and a decrease in a variety of available services were necessary precautions to slow the spread of the virus, they created a harmful impact on mental health. These policies, in conjunction with advice from the CDC that older adults practice especially rigorous social distancing, have had a large negative impact on the mental health of those 65 and older [36]. While there is reason to believe social isolation in older adults has needed attention for some time, with studies from as early as 2012 estimating that up to 40% of older adults may suffer from social isolation at some point the effects of COVID-19 on day-to-day life brought the impact of social isolation into clearer focus [37]. One older adult explained their experience with isolation, “I don’t have very many friends here. I only have a few, and they prefer to send texts. I have no family, and my neighbors aren’t very friendly, so I basically have no one to talk to.” Data from a 2021 National Health and Aging Trends Study suggests a decrease in weekly in-person contact from 61–39% for at-home individuals and a drop from 56–22% for those in residential care [38].
Even people living in shared housing facilities, retirement homes, long-term care facilities, nursing homes and other congregate sites were subjected to restrictions aimed at reducing exposure. Many were required to stay in their rooms or quarters for months at a time. Some older adults reported reductions in the services offered within their community living facility. Maintenance workers were no longer allowed to enter resident apartments for work orders, laundry and cleaning services were reduced, and tenants’ overall support and supervision decreased. One person shared with the authors that these conditions had a significant impact on their mental and emotional wellbeing.
The pandemic necessitated a divergence from in-person communal gatherings, such as worship services, congregate meals, special interest group gatherings, graduations, and other events. Instead, some organizations arranged for individuals to “drive-in” or “drive-up” for special events or transitioned to video conference worship, funerals, graduations or even weddings. Others, like senior centers serving a daily meal, increased their capacity to distribute hot meals to older adults at home by rapidly expanding their food delivery services or partnering with organizations such as Meals on Wheels. Meanwhile, access to gatherings vanished for those who do not own transportation or have digital access, are physically unable to drive or use a device, or are fearful of arranging transportation.
The way people shop for groceries, acquire medications from pharmacies and visit their care providers also underwent dramatic changes during the pandemic. Many younger and more affluent individuals have the option to acquire essential supplies via online shopping and/or the use of delivery applications. While home delivery of hot meals, groceries, and other goods has been important for survival, it also comes at a cost. No-contact delivery options, created for safety reasons, have taken even momentary contact with others out of the equation. For example, a hot meal dropped off without contact is far different than sitting around a table to share a meal with others for feelings of connection.
Similarly, the rate of telemedicine usage increased drastically in April of 2020 and remained a critical part of care delivery well into the pandemic. Yet telemedicine was accessed less often by older adults [39, 40]. Older adults are less likely to access the internet, as underscored by the fact that more than half of adults 80+ years of age were not accessing the internet in the years before the pandemic [41]. Further, individuals with medical conditions and those who live in rural areas also access the internet less frequently than healthy individuals living in non-rural areas [42]. As a result, it is likely that medically complex older adults, especially those who live in a rural area, experienced a higher burden than that of their counterparts. Clinicians’ abilities to perform remote monitoring that would typically guide clinical decision-making was also limited since, for example, Medicare Part B coverage for blood pressure monitoring devices is inconsistent and difficult to access [43]. Finally, cognitive, and sensory impairments, more prevalent among older people, pose a barrier to providing effective care via video or telephone visit, even among those who are able to access the proper technology to make these visits feasible.
Wearing a facial covering when in public is arguably one of the simplest and least infringing pandemic mitigation tools on offer. For many people, wearing a facial covering creates negligible restrictions on liberty and does not constitute a legitimate risk to their health or wellbeing. For some older adults however, facial coverings present significant challenges, especially for those experiencing decreased hearing ability. Before the beginning of the pandemic, people with decreased hearing ability were facing difficulties communicating in noisy healthcare settings, which can lead to negative clinical outcomes [44]. Facial coverings can reduce the volume and clarity of verbal communications while also obscuring mouth movements and facial expressions, which many people who have difficulty hearing rely upon to compensate [45]. This loss of sensory input can make communication in both clinical and non-clinical environments more difficult and may lead to lower levels of care efficacy and satisfaction while also causing increased feelings of marginalization, higher levels of confusion, and lower overall levels of connectedness. In addition, face coverings present other challenges. They make it more difficult to recognize others and more difficult to read facial expressions. A shared smile or look of concern can make a difference in how a person feels and responds to others. People with asthma, or other respiratory problems sometimes find wearing a mask especially challenging. Finally, those who wear glasses, have a challenge seeing when they fog up due to mask wearing, which can increase risk of falls, reduce driving safety among other concerns.
The elevated health risks that COVID-19 poses for older adults are a significant burden that weighs heavily on a vulnerable population, creating inequities. Importantly, the most underserved and vulnerable older adults stand to suffer the most. In the context of the current pandemic, social distancing guidelines have created nascent barriers to multiple dimensions of wellbeing in older adults. Therefore, the need to address the negative effects of pandemic mitigation policies on this population is a pressing issue of social justice.
Social connectedness or connection to others is a factor in maintaining both physical and emotional wellbeing throughout life. Social connection is the experience of feeling close and connected to others, including feeling valued, cared for, and loved. Dr. Brené Brown, a Research Professor of Social Work at the University of Houston, describes it this way: “Connection is the energy that exists between people when they feel seen, heard and valued; when they can give and receive without judgment; and when they derive sustenance and strength from the relationship” [46]. Described as a core human need and fundamental drive, social connection is an important antidote to social isolation [47].
Feeling socially connected is linked to both the quality and quantity of meaningful relationships with others. The first line of social support often comes in the form of either family or peers in a shared dwelling. Whether living with a spouse or other family member or being part of a living community, physical proximity to other adults often provides some level of social connectedness. For many, human touch is an important expression of connection, and simple acts of touch such as hugs or touching a hand or shoulder provide reassurance, warmth, and are expressions of care [48]. Evidence shows that a healthy level of social support improves the chances of maintaining or initiating healthy behaviors and that increased proximity to other adults results in more social support [49].
Connectedness is important beyond the individual level. Social connectedness at the community level can also confer important benefits for individual health and society at large. Community gathering places play a significant role in promoting social connection within our society, especially for older adults [50]. Churches, senior centers, affinity groups, and other social hubs all provide a space for individuals to seek out community and social interaction. The use of gyms, YMCAs, malls, and parks for exercise not only improves physical health through movement, but also supports brain health and social connection [49, 51]. Opportunities to engage in learning or share expertise, such as that available at the Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes or institutions of higher education, also provide social connection for engaged members. Regular formal or informal gatherings of friends reduce stress and contribute to social connectedness, such as Moas in the Okinawan tradition “to complain, have fun, lend support,” or family, such as intergenerational weekend meals [52].
Social connectedness is recognized as an important factor in building and maintaining age-friendly communities. Age-friendly communities are those that offer community and individual support for aging in place, defined as the ability to continue to live in the environment of one’s choice, often at home or in another familiar place. Using a World Cafe forum, researchers sought to understand social connectedness from those approaching retirement and to learn about factors that would keep aging adults in their respective communities as they age. One of the key themes that emerged was “social reciprocity [defined as] giving and receiving to/from one’s community,” was perceived to be important in promoting social connectedness. Participants also shared the need for both formal and informal avenues for volunteering in their community as a means of feeling socially engaged [53].
Supports for aging in place in the face of physical limitations which also support social connection include home medical care, meal delivery services, home health aides who support activities of daily living, home safety assessments for falls risk, community health worker supports, and home-based primary care, among other in-home services. In addition to home healthcare agencies, geriatric care managers, senior relocation specialists, senior concierge services, and a vast array of technology services represent some of the emerging industries created to support the transition from a paradigm that has long favored institutionalization for older adults whose needs cannot be met at home, toward one promoting aging in place. Supporting older clients’ wishes to sustain their level of social connectedness within their home community may enable those accessing these services to stand a greater chance of aging in place successfully.
Telephones are a tried-and-true method for connecting people who cannot visit as often as they would like to connect. In recent years, technology has vastly changed the ability of individuals to connect with each other across distances great and small. Through instant messaging and phone calling, social connection is available with the press of a button, and with video chatting faces and body language are visible as well. While this has helped with social interaction for a large number of people, evidence shows there is a disparity for those 65+ in ability to access and use newer technology, especially those that rely on stable internet access [12]. Projects that increase the availability of smartphones and related technologies and support the use of these devices and services with older adults help to address this digital divide [54]. When devices and broadband are readily available, digital communication can be used to mitigate the negative effects of social isolation and loneliness. Increasing evidence demonstrates online presence and communication is linked to lower depression rates and less reported loneliness in older adults [55]. The ability to connect with family members, friends, or specific community forums such as Alzheimer’s Association increases one’s connectedness even when performed digitally [56].
Clear, effective responses are needed to address and mitigate the increases in social isolation among older adults that have been exacerbated by pandemic mitigation strategies [22, 57]. This section outlines five key recommendations and examples of policies and projects poised to make or already making a difference in North Carolina that may be used as models or jumping-off points for other creative efforts to address social isolation, increase social connectedness and promote the health of older adults and their ability to safely continue aging in place.
Research has shown that social connectedness is a key social determinant of health (SDOH) that applies to individuals across age, ability, access, and area of service. In fact, the “[f]ormer US Surgeon General Vivek Murthy, MD, MBA, describes loneliness as being similar to thirst. It’s the body’s way of telling a person that it needs something. We need each other…” [22]. Recognizing the importance of social connection at the individual and community levels affords policymakers an opportunity to improve the health of older adults through such actions as including social connection on lists of agency priorities for addressing social determinants of health. These actions stand to bring this concern, of particular importance for older adults and others disproportionately impacted by COVID mitigation policies, to the forefront.
A case in point is the North Carolina Department of Aging and Adult Services, which has partnered with two university-based teams to bring attention to the need for understanding of social isolation, loneliness, and related health risks including depression and suicide among the 16 Area Agencies on Aging in NC. They have partnered with the NC Center for Health and Wellness and a team of researchers in Georgia to develop and provide resources to partners in the aging network in NC through www.healthyagingNC.com.
Healthy Aging NC is a statewide resource center for evidence-based health programs. The site links a network of program providers to participants seeking classes and support for chronic disease self-management including diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease, falls prevention, chronic pain self-management, improving balance, among others. Many of the providers of evidence-based programs nationwide have traditionally relied on in-person delivery of these programs. The Healthy Aging NC team has provided support and training for partners to rapidly move these programs to remote or hybrid formats, recognizing that losing access to the programs not only reduces opportunities for addressing these chronic conditions and challenges, but also increases social isolation [57].
The reach of these programs marketed and supported through Healthy Aging NC has remained strong during the COVID-19 pandemic with 56 falls prevention workshops offered in 2020 (758 enrolled participants and 289 completers), and with 78 workshops offered in 2021 (677 enrolled participants and 450 completers). In remotely-offered Walk with Ease programs for arthritis and joint pain management, the number of participants enrolled increased dramatically from 20 to 29 in 2018–2019 to 680 in 2020 and 149 in 2021 (personal communication). In addition, as part of this effort to increase connectedness, a new section on social engagement programs, a tool for self-assessment of social isolation, and health coaching opportunities which provide support for changing a behavior have been added to the website to increase referrals to these and other programs.
The onset and continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic has provided opportunities for a wide range of public health, health promotion and human services providers to get creative with reaching socially-isolated adults with readily available technologies. A case example of a program that was rapidly developed to respond to increased social isolation among older adults in WNC is the Social Bridging Project (SBP).
The SBP was implemented as a response to concerns about the potential impact of social isolation on older adults as a result of the pandemic. It was formed as a partnership between the Mountain Area Health Education Center’s Center for Health Aging and the NC Center for Health and Wellness at University of North Carolina Asheville with COVID-response funding from the NC Policy Collaboratory. The project’s aim is to provide older adults who were isolated or lonely with a source of social connection, technology support and referrals to needed resources. SBP engaged university students as wellness callers to contact older adults in western NC whose lives were impacted by the stay-at-home measures.
During an evaluation of SBP in 2021, several participants remarked upon the impact and consequences of social isolation, including feelings of loneliness, a lack of connectedness or belonging and feelings of ‘invisibility’ or that their lives did not matter. One participant related, “I don’t talk about my feelings very much, even with my children, because I don’t want to worry them.” Another shared, “ihere’s a lot of older people where the children are in other states or other countries, and they’re just not available and we forget that we need to be a community. Now that I’ve lost my vision and can’t be on Facebook, I can’t stay in touch with my family anymore.” Another said, “it’s hard when you feel like nobody cares” [58].
The Social Bridging Project team has been making wellness check-in calls to older adults to provide regular social support to isolated older adults in order to mitigate the onset of social isolation and loneliness and to help bridge the gap that exists between older adults and technology use. Not only do these calls provide social stimulation, but wellness callers are also able to connect participants to a variety of community resources. SBP has helped connect individuals to COVID-19 related information, food assistance, transportation, and provided various forms of technological support.
Between March 2020 and February 2022, the team has made 1304 wellness check-in calls. Of those calls, 658 led to what were considered productive conversations, and 78 percent of these left participants reporting that they felt ‘significantly better’ due to receiving the call. Some interactions led to outcomes that greatly affected the lives of our participants. One participant who was houseless was assisted in developing a social media platform for their business. Another participant took advantage of SBP assistance to shift their therapy practice to telehealth, allowing them to continue working through the pandemic. These are just two examples of positive outcomes stemming from SBP support.
In the summer of 2021, a survey was conducted in order to gather data from SBP participants about their experience in the program [58]. Participants were offered the chance to provide feedback and reflect with the survey provider. A number of quotes are listed below highlighting the significant impact the Social Bridging Project had on some of its participants.
“The other day I was having a really,
“It made me feel like [loneliness] was a recognized problem. It wasn’t just my problem. Back in my grandmother’s time she had family around her, and it was a community where she could walk from one family to the next.”
“It made me feel like I could have a part of the future; that she and also the program thought that geriatric people were important enough to have this program.”
“The non-threatening way to get my tech questions answered. And it’s very expensive to hire somebody to help with tech. Without your program I never would have made it this far…. Your program is worth its weight in gold. It has been invaluable in getting me to think outside the box.”
These quotes illustrate the ways in which the Social Bridging Project participants were being affected by the program. Not only were practical solutions found for the needs of the participants, but positive emotional outcomes and feelings of social support were also experienced. One participant even notes the improved outlook they had on society as an older adult after feeling included by SBP.
In-home medical care is infamous for being difficult to access due to issues with availability or cost. Policies aimed at bolstering payments for in-home and community-based caregiving, such as that proposed as part of President Biden’s “Build Back Better” infrastructure bill, would provide a much-needed pathway to improving older Americans’ access to these services that are often essential to aging in place. Infusing more dollars into programs that support the direct care workforce for older adults living at home is also likely to improve the quality and availability of care provided.
Furthermore, efforts should be made to improve the financial feasibility of programs shown to benefit multiple dimensions of older adult wellbeing, such as home-based primary care, through advocacy for value-based payment models or risk-sharing arrangements. As it currently stands, Medicare’s standard fee-for-service structure has not adopted value-based reimbursement principles, and this has a significant impact on the ability of medical practices to offer this impactful service in a way that is financially sustainable.
Finally, enhanced reimbursement for telemedicine visits, particularly phone visits, would allow clinicians to continue providing medical care, behavioral health support, medication management, etc. for older adults with barriers to either in-office visits (e.g., due to transportation difficulties) or video telehealth visits (e.g., due to broadband or technology access) while maintaining clinical solvency. In their chapter on telemedicine and telehealth, Chiang, and co-authors state “Advances in telecommunication technologies have introduced many ways to bridge geographic distance and time, in order to connect clinicians, patients and families and facilitate the remote delivery of health care services and education” [59]. This is important to ensure that socially isolated older patients, already at increased risk of adverse health events by virtue of their isolation, do not also suffer substantial gaps in medical care for their chronic health conditions that would further exacerbate their risk.
Large, publicly funded infrastructure projects are needed to expand broadband access in rural areas. Technology and education projects will help to bridge the digital divide and bring medical and social support to people in rural areas and to those unable to leave their homes safely or easily. Policies and projects that bridge the digital divide especially for rural places and older adults or others socially isolated in their living situations are important. While interventions to increase digital access may not satisfactorily replace in-person interaction, they can help to supplement communication during times when face-to-face connection with other individuals is not possible.
Emergency policies put in place during the early months of the pandemic increased the ability of health care providers to deliver and bill for a wide variety of virtual visits (telehealth) including medical, psychiatric, specialist, dental, orthopedic, pharmacy and other services [60, 61]. While there are some disadvantages to the more widespread use of telemedicine that was brought on by the pandemic, many believe the benefits outweigh the drawbacks [62]. Key advantages of telemedicine include its cost effectiveness, the extension of access to specialty services, and the possibility of reducing the impact of a looming shortage of doctors especially in rural settings. In order to realize the promise of telemedicine and be prepared for future public health emergencies, policy makers need to expand technological resources into rural places, and health care providers need “to fully immerse telemedicine services into the healthcare landscape” [62].
For people who have not grown up with computers, smartphones, and other handheld digital technologies, increasing access to telecommunication capabilities needs to be paired with opportunities to learn how to use these technologies. A case example of a technology education and support program from western NC is the App State Cyber-Seniors program. In collaboration with the international Cyber-Seniors© organization, the program pairs Appalachian State University students with local older adults to teach digital and technology literacy skills such as the use of devices or video conference platforms, and to find resources for online education and local, remotely delivered resources and support. The program is designed to support social reciprocity (between students and elders) and to close the digital divide while reducing social isolation and loneliness among adults living in a mountainous rural region of the state [63].
Although social isolation and its health impacts are global phenomena, and some strategies such as provision of technology infrastructure and support for policies that prioritize social connectedness will have broad applicability, the efforts to address social connectedness as a social determinant of health should be specific to place. A place-based approach means taking the context of place, community and people’s experience including history, culture, norms, and stories into account as policies, programs, and actions are planned. According to a WNC-located Master of Public Health Program in Asheville, “[p]lace-based public health centers people and their communities as the catalyst for transforming systems to promote wellbeing for all. Local residents, not institutions, hold the history, knowledge, and ways of interacting with place. As such, a place’s inhabitants and institutions work in relationship, using interdisciplinary and participatory processes, to create and lead efforts to sustainably improve the social drivers of health and ultimately actualize health equity.”
By utilizing a place-based approach, public health teams are more likely to address community and public health in ways that enact health equity in systems, organizations, and communities.
An excellent example of how centering place in public health efforts can be seen in community health worker (CHW) networks. Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly important players in supporting the health of people where they live, worship, work, eat and play. CHWs are trained lay persons who generally come from and reside in the community where they work, who provide culturally relevant health information, help people access the resources and care they need, provide informal guidance, and advocate for community health needs among other activities [64]. CHWs often connect with people in their homes or in community settings, adding to social connection while supporting access to health care or social determinant of health needs, and this approach could be a valuable way to support older adults experiencing loneliness, social isolation and many other mental, physical, or technological needs.
In 2021, the NC Center for Health and Wellness in partnership with Mountain Area Health Education Center and community-based organizations conducted a mixed methods evaluation of the “Community Health Workers as Culturally-Responsive COVID Support in WNC Communities” initiative to explore the impact and quality of CHW services across 17 counties over the yearlong period. Across the methods used, the research team saw significant impacts of the community health workers, particularly in rural communities and among “hidden” or “abandoned” and hard-to-serve groups. While the research did not focus on older adults, several of the findings related to the CHW’s impacts on health and social determinants highlight the importance of a place-based approach and could be particularly important among isolated older adults.
CHWs participated in a focus group and responded to a survey to share the services they provided and their perceptions of their impact. One CHW described the incredible range of services she provided (30 in total), which were for both health issues and social determinants and meeting urgent needs. One CHW shared that she felt the social connections she made were particularly important: “It is a pleasure to be able to help these people and to see the smiles on their faces and to see what they achieve…you have a connection with these people that you see every day” (2021 CHW Focus Group). Another said making connections in the community and building trust was incredibly important: “they open their door, and they open their lives to us” (2021 CHW Focus Group).
Community-based researchers also interviewed community members who had received CHW services, and the list of services and resources they reported receiving from CHWs was extensive. Services included COVID-related resources such as educational information, personal protective equipment (PPE), hand sanitizer, cleaning supplies, and vaccine information. While many community members found these resources and supplies important, most also received non COVID-related help, which they really valued. These resources included connection to housing, transportation, connection with Pisgah Legal for health insurance assistance, referrals to financial programs, connection with food stamps, food boxes, rental assistance, medication assistance, and help paying bills. Housing and transportation were resources that were most mentioned by community members, with housing lifted up as being a resource that there just is not enough of in Western North Carolina. An additional resource that many community members reported receiving was emotional support. This emotional support felt especially important to many, as they may or may not have had others in their lives to provide this: “it’s good to have somebody, especially if you don’t have nobody to come around” (September 2021 Interview). CHWs were often described as becoming members of the family. These connections were valuable to community members because they generally made them feel better and sometimes helped them to feel less isolated and alone.
Continued and expanded investment in Community Health Workers as vital members of the healthcare workforce could help meet community members’ health, emotional and social needs.
Social isolation is an important concern among older adults and is associated with poor health outcomes. Older adults have been disproportionately impacted by increases in social isolation exacerbated by COVID-19 pandemic mitigation policies and efforts. For these reasons three broad-based recommendations should be employed at the at the county, state, and country levels. Social isolation and its antidote, social connectedness, should be recognized as a social determinant of health. Governments at all levels should legislate and support for broad band access and technology infrastructure. And, public health efforts should center place and use a place-based approach to addressing social isolation, healthy equity, and other health and social determinants of health concerns. In addition, more localized support is necessary to turn the tide on the widespread impact of social isolation on the health of older adults. State, county, and local policy makers, human service organizations, and funders must prioritize programmatic opportunities to increase social connection for older adults. These efforts will need to include education and ongoing support for the use of digital technologies. Finally, medical providers and health teams should build on efforts to reach people in their homes or communities with whole person medical and health care. Projects and practices in western NC may serve as a model for implementation of these recommendations in other places.
This work was supported by a grant from the Dogwood Health Trust. The authors wish to acknowledge the following individuals for their contributions, Ellen Bailey, Nadia Mazza, Jill Juris Naar, and Katie Cox.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10495",title:"Insights Into Global Engineering Education After the Birth of Industry 5.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e83ddb1aa8017926d0635bbe8a90feca",slug:"insights-into-global-engineering-education-after-the-birth-of-industry-5-0",bookSignature:"Montaha Bouezzeddine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10495.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313464",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Montaha",middleName:null,surname:"Bouezzeddine",slug:"montaha-bouezzeddine",fullName:"Montaha Bouezzeddine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:124,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"42656",doi:"10.5772/55538",title:"Conceptual Frameworks of Vulnerability Assessments for Natural Disasters Reduction",slug:"conceptual-frameworks-of-vulnerability-assessments-for-natural-disasters-reduction",totalDownloads:10042,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:null,book:{id:"3054",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"Roxana L. Ciurean, Dagmar Schröter and Thomas Glade",authors:[{id:"163703",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Glade",slug:"thomas-glade",fullName:"Thomas Glade"},{id:"164141",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Roxana",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Ciurean",slug:"roxana-ciurean",fullName:"Roxana Ciurean"},{id:"164142",title:"Dr.",name:"Dagmar",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeter",slug:"dagmar-schroeter",fullName:"Dagmar Schroeter"}]},{id:"63707",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80780",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:8058,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Safe drinking water remains inaccessible to many humans in the developing countries. Research continuously innovates to develop efficient and cheap methods to sustain clean water for developing countries. Developing nations are a broad term that includes countries that are less industrialised and have lower per capita income levels than developed countries. This chapter will discuss clean water for drinking water purposes. Pollution concerns of water in developing countries will be categorised in terms of physical, chemical and biological pollutants such as turbidity, organic matter and bacteria. Natural and anthropogenic pollution concerns linking with seasonal factors will be outlined. The multi-barrier approach to drinking water treatment will be discussed. Abstraction points used will be researched. Water treatment systems, medium- to small-scale approaches, will be discussed. The processes involved in removing the contaminants including physical processes such as sedimentation, filtration such as slow-sand filtration, coagulation and flocculation, and disinfectant processes such as chlorination will be reviewed. Other important methods including solar disinfection, hybrid filtration methods and arsenic removal technologies using innovative solid phase materials will be included in this chapter. Rainwater harvesting technologies are reviewed. Safe storage options for treated water are outlined. Challenges of water treatment in rural and urban areas will be outlined.",book:{id:"6682",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]},{id:"44219",doi:"10.5772/54973",title:"Disaster Management Discourse in Bangladesh: A Shift from Post-Event Response to the Preparedness and Mitigation Approach Through Institutional Partnerships",slug:"disaster-management-discourse-in-bangladesh-a-shift-from-post-event-response-to-the-preparedness-and",totalDownloads:4124,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"3054",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"C. Emdad Haque and M. Salim Uddin",authors:[{id:"163390",title:"Dr.",name:"C. Emdad",middleName:null,surname:"Haque",slug:"c.-emdad-haque",fullName:"C. Emdad Haque"},{id:"168399",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammed S",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"mohammed-s-uddin",fullName:"Mohammed S Uddin"}]},{id:"59705",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74943",title:"Augmented Reality Trends in Education between 2016 and 2017 Years",slug:"augmented-reality-trends-in-education-between-2016-and-2017-years",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to review literature regarding using augmented reality (AR) in education articles published in between 2016 and 2017 years. The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"45760",doi:"10.5772/56967",title:"Parenting and Culture – Evidence from Some African Communities",slug:"parenting-and-culture-evidence-from-some-african-communities",totalDownloads:9634,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Patricia Mawusi Amos",authors:[{id:"162496",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Mawusi",surname:"Mawusi Amos",slug:"patricia-mawusi-amos",fullName:"Patricia Mawusi Amos"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:14074,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2328,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:[{id:"324514",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sabina",middleName:"N.",surname:"Valente",slug:"sabina-valente",fullName:"Sabina Valente"},{id:"326375",title:"Prof.",name:"Abílio Afonso",middleName:"Afonso",surname:"Lourenço",slug:"abilio-afonso-lourenco",fullName:"Abílio Afonso Lourenço"},{id:"329177",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"zsolt-nemeth",fullName:"Zsolt Németh"}]},{id:"52475",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:8293,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood are a cause for concern worldwide. From a historical point of view, teenage pregnancies are nothing new. For much of human history, it was absolutely common that girls married during their late adolescence and experienced first birth during their second decade of life. This kind of reproductive behavior was socially desired and considered as normal. Nowadays, however, the prevention of teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood is a priority for public health in nearly all developed and increasingly in developing countries. For a long time, teenage pregnancies were associated with severe medical problems; however, most of data supporting this viewpoint have been collected some decades ago and reflect mainly the situation of per se socially disadvantaged teenage mothers. According to more recent studies, teenage pregnancies are not per se risky ones. A clear risk group are extremely young teenage mothers (younger than 15 years) who are confronted with various medical risks, such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and small for gestational age newborns but also marked social disadvantage, such as poverty, unemployment, low educational level, and single parenting. In the present study, the prevalence and outcome of teenage pregnancies in Austria are focused on.",book:{id:"5392",slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]},{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8832,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"58894",title:"Research Ethics",slug:"research-ethics",totalDownloads:3371,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Research ethics is closely related to the ethical principles of social responsibility. This research covers a wide context of working with people, so the researchers raised a task not only to gain confidence in the respondents’ eyes, to receive reliable data, but also to ensure the transparency of the science. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical topics of research, after evaluation of which ethical principles of organization and conducting the research are presented. There is a detailed description of how and what ethical principles were followed on the different stages of the research.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"23",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83053",title:"Apologies in L2 French in Canadian Context",slug:"apologies-in-l2-french-in-canadian-context",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106557",abstract:"This article presents the results of an analysis of apology strategies in native and non-native French in Canadian context. The data used were obtained through a Discourse Completion Task questionnaire that was completed by a group of native French speakers (FL1) and a group of learners of French as a second language (FL2). The goal was to identify and compare pragmatic and linguistic choices made by both groups when apologizing in three different situations. Several differences and similarities emerged between the two groups regarding the use of exclamations to introduce apologies, direct apologies, indirect apologies, and supportive acts. For instance, it was found that the FL1 speakers used “expressions of regret”, “offers of apology” 15 and “requests for forgiveness” to apologize directly, while the FL2 speaking informants used 16 only “expressions of regret” and “offers of apology”. While the respondents of both groups 17 mostly chose “offers of repair” to apologize indirectly, they displayed divergent preferences 18 regarding the use of other indirect apology strategies. Differences were also documented 19 with respect to the use of intensification devices in direct apologies and the use of supportive acts. Implications of the findings for L2 French pedagogy were also discussed.",book:{id:"11480",title:"Second Language Acquisition - Learning Theories and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11480.jpg"},signatures:"Bernard Mulo Farenkia"},{id:"83049",title:"An Ethnographic Study on Sense of a Community: The “Awramba” Experience",slug:"an-ethnographic-study-on-sense-of-a-community-the-awramba-experience",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105953",abstract:"The study was conducted on “Awramba” Community who are living in “Amhara” region, south “Gondor” Zone, Ethiopia. The general objective of this study was to capture an understanding of sense of community in “Awramba” community. The study tried to answer the following questions: How the community was established? What are the criteria to be part of the community? What are the shared values of social practice that has survived for the test of time? What is the historical background of the “Awramba” Community? The researcher used realist ethnography method to achieve the above objective and to answer the questions. In-depth interview and observational guide techniques were applied to collect reliable data for the study. The observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed qualitatively. The study showed the following themes: Membership criteria of the community are based on adhering to the community norm. They have a strong sense of community based on shared story, cooperative work, marriage and mourning values, religious view, gender equality, commitment to be honest, and solving their problem by themselves. The emotional connection of the “Awramba” community is strengthened by their common celebration of the yearly anniversary of New Year and scheduled meeting.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Nassir-Maru Yesuf"},{id:"83014",title:"Culture: A Pillar of Organizational Sustainability",slug:"culture-a-pillar-of-organizational-sustainability",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106523",abstract:"Sustainability is a concern that permeates all levels of society and is premised on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. More recently, policies and research have emerged that guide organizations to align their activities with the broader sustainable development agendas, including cultural issues, not just economic, social, and environmental ones. Culture is the material and immaterial attribute of society. It incorporates social organizations, literature, religion, myths, beliefs, behaviors and entrepreneurial practices of the productive segment, use of technology, and expressive art forms on which future generations depend. Thus, cultural sustainability is a fundamental issue and is configured as the fourth pillar of sustainability, equal to social, economic, and environmental issues, which has to do with the ability to sustain or continue with cultural beliefs and practices, preserve cultural heritage as its entity, and try to answer whether any culture will exist in the future. The importance of cultural sustainability lies in its power to influence people. Their beliefs are in the decisions made by society. Thus, there can be no sustainable development without including culture.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Clea Beatriz Macagnan and Rosane Maria Seibert"},{id:"82949",title:"Corruption and Deterioration of Democracy: The Brazilian Lesson",slug:"corruption-and-deterioration-of-democracy-the-brazilian-lesson",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106194",abstract:"Although it has emerged, nationally and internationally, as one of the largest investigations against political corruption, Operation Car Wash—at its peak of popular prestige—cleared the path for the political rise of Jair Bolsonaro to the Presidency of the Republic of Brazil. And by doing so, to a certain extent, it paved the way for a set of arbitrary practices that today threaten and weaken the main Brazilian democratic institutions. Brazilian democracy today pays a high price for the Judiciary’s lethargic and condescending response to the unorthodox and illegal practices of Federal Judge Sérgio Moro during the golden years of Operation Car Wash (2014–2018). The lesson that the Brazilian episode brings to the international legal community is that the constant disrespect for the rules of due criminal procedure in large cases of corruption erodes the institutional bases that support the proper confrontation of this type of crime. The pertinent fight against corruption in a democracy can only take place in strict obedience to the law.",book:{id:"11772",title:"Corruption - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11772.jpg"},signatures:"Fabio Roberto D’Avila and Theodoro Balducci de Oliveira"},{id:"82903",title:"Walking Accessibility to Primary Healthcare Services: An Inequity Factor for Olders in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal)",slug:"walking-accessibility-to-primary-healthcare-services-an-inequity-factor-for-olders-in-the-lisbon-met",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106265",abstract:"This chapter discusses the walking accessibility to primary healthcare by the olders in Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA), Portugal, and its contribution for age-friendly environments as a factor of inequity. Constrains emerged from the collation of the supply approach, represented by service catchment areas based on walking distance time, and the demand approach, through a survey. The location and density of primary health network are a major factor, as it is related to distinct land use patterns within the LMA. The settlement structure influences the potential walkability to primary healthcare. The discrepancy between the potential walking accessibility and the real options is notorious, as olders` choices are diversified in terms of transportation modes and destinations, but mostly keeping relatively short time distances. This phenomenon is also influenced by factors such as personal preference, difficulty to walk, negative perceptions about the surroundings, and insufficient care support. This debate is already an effective concern of local authorities with spatial planning, social and health competences, insofar as solutions in terms of service flexibility and new travel solutions adapted to the specific needs of the olders are a growing reality in the LMA, promoting more age-friendly, health, and inclusive environments, and hence an equitable metropolis.",book:{id:"11479",title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg"},signatures:"Eduarda Marques da Costa, Ana Louro, Nuno Marques da Costa, Mariana Dias and Marcela Barata"},{id:"82834",title:"Perspective Chapter: Social Work Education in University Curricula for Sustainable Development",slug:"perspective-chapter-social-work-education-in-university-curricula-for-sustainable-development",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106246",abstract:"Universities of both global North and South have been changing from the traditional teaching-learning centers to cater to sustainability issues of those countries. Yet, there is a remarkable difference between the universities in the developed and the developing world. It has been found out that the different disciplines of university curricula can be integrated to address and minimize the adverse effects of unsustainability issues. The graduates of the universities will be the future leaders who have to cater to the needs and cope with the challenges of the next generation. There is a dearth of professional social workers to provide the necessary services as numerous catastrophes occur. The global society needs individuals who are equally sound in the knowledge of theory and the experience of practice. As the contemporary global issues become complex, the world needs competent social workers who can serve in different fields of practice. Social work could be the pivotal discipline in understanding common tragedies of the people to apply problem-solving model with the practitioners who are equipped with twenty-first century skills. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. 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Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. 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He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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