\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8669",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Coastal Environment, Disaster, and Infrastructure - A Case Study of China's Coastline",title:"Coastal Environment, Disaster, and Infrastructure",subtitle:"A Case Study of China's Coastline",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The coastal environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate and is currently a great societal concern. This book provides a selected collection of papers on coastal environmental change, coastal disasters, and coastal infrastructure due to global warming, with a focus on the coasts of the rapidly developing country China. What makes the book distinctly different from others is its diversity, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of coastal problems. With contributions from over 30 authors, the book is a comprehensive account of diverse topics, such as coastal upwelling, estuarine processes, coastal pollution, sea level rise, meteorological and atmospheric problems, urbanization and the heat island effect, and coastal infrastructure, to name just a few, from theoretical study and phenomenological description, to methodological development. This book is expected to serve as a relatively comprehensive reference for coastal researchers, graduate students, as well as policymakers and coastal resource managers.",isbn:"978-1-78984-394-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-393-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-841-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79950",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"coastal-environment-disaster-and-infrastructure-a-case-study-of-china-s-coastline",numberOfPages:296,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"52abc534177a147ffd3154db2f4f4ba1",bookSignature:"X. San Liang and Yuanzhi Zhang",publishedDate:"November 14th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8669.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14061,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:61,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 4th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 25th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 23rd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 12th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 10th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"210315",title:"Prof.",name:"X. San",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",slug:"x.-san-liang",fullName:"X. San Liang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210315/images/system/210315.jpg",biography:"Dr. X. San Liang received his Ph.D. from Harvard University, USA. He has since worked at Harvard, Courant Institute, MIT, Second Institute of Oceanography of China, China Institute for Advanced Study, Nanjing Instiutte of Meteorology. Presently he is a chair professor at Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Dr. Liang has wide interest in a vareity of scientific fields. One of his representative contributions, causality analysis, addresses a fundamental problem in science. A rigorous and quantitative causality analysis has been established from first principles, and applied to problems in different disciplines. Another major contribution involves a set of novel theories and methodologies for tackling atmospheric/oceanic problems such as coastal ocean processes, cold air outbreaks, typhoon genesis, storm track dynamics, to name a few.",institutionString:"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/77597/images/system/77597.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yuanzhi Zhang is a Research Fellow and Professor on earth system science and coastal remote sensing at Chinese University of Hong Kong and at Nanjing Information University of Science and Technology in China. Dr. Zhang received Doctor of Science in Technology at Helsinki University of Technology (now as Aalto University) in Finland. Dr. Zhang is the author and co-authors of 150 peer-reviewed journal articles and 15 books or book chapters. He received the First-Rank Award of the Guangdong Provincial Prize of Science and Technology, China, in 2013 and the Second-Rank Award, ARCA (Actions for Raising Critical Awareness) Prize at the International Symposium 'Environment 2010: Situation and Perspectives for the European Union”, Porto, Portugal, in 2003. Dr. Zhang was an Associate Editor for International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.",institutionString:"Chinese University of Hong Kong",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"11",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Chinese University of Hong Kong",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"839",title:"Oceanography",slug:"oceanography"}],chapters:[{id:"63282",title:"Coastal Upwelling Off the China Coasts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80738",slug:"coastal-upwelling-off-the-china-coasts",totalDownloads:1019,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Upwelling is an important oceanographic phenomenon that brings cooler and nutrient-rich water upward to the surface, facilitating the growth of phytoplankton and other primary producers, which results in high levels of primary productivity and hence fishery production. This chapter presents a review of recent studies on six major upwelling regions along the China coasts, with a focus on the eastern and southeastern coasts of mainland China, based on in situ measurements, satellite observations and numerical simulations. These upwelling regions result primarily from the summer monsoon winds, though other mechanisms, such as river discharge, baroclinicity, topography, tides, and the presence of mean current, may also be in play. In this review, their impacts on local biogeochemical processes are briefly summarized. Also discussed are their possible responses to the globally changing climate.",signatures:"Jianyu Hu, X. San Liang and Hongyang Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63282",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63282",authors:[{id:"210315",title:"Prof.",name:"X. San",surname:"Liang",slug:"x.-san-liang",fullName:"X. San Liang"},{id:"270291",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianyu",surname:"Hu",slug:"jianyu-hu",fullName:"Jianyu Hu"}],corrections:null},{id:"63287",title:"The Yellow Sea Surface Cold Patches in Warm Seasons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80732",slug:"the-yellow-sea-surface-cold-patches-in-warm-seasons",totalDownloads:860,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An important hydrographic phenomenon in the Yellow Sea is the surface cold patches (SCP) in warm seasons, among which the most conspicuous are the Shandong SCP, Subei SCP, and Mokpo SCP. Previous studies based on monthly mean fields propose that these patches result from the collaboration of tidal mixing and tidal induced upwelling. While this is true for patches like the Shandong SCP, the monthly mean tidal mixing and upwelling alone cannot explain all their formations. In this study, through a detailed analysis of their patterns over a spring-neap tidal cycle, it is found that the Subei and Mokpo SCPs show distinct spring-neap variations. During the neap tide phase, strong stratification is established, and hence the cold patches in these two areas may be greatly weakened or even suppressed, while during the spring tide phase, the surface temperature reaches its minimum. That is to say, for these two SCPs, besides the well-accepted mechanisms, the effect of spring-neap tidal variation must be taken into account.",signatures:"X. San Liang, Minghai Huang, Hui Wu and Yihe Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63287",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63287",authors:[{id:"210315",title:"Prof.",name:"X. San",surname:"Liang",slug:"x.-san-liang",fullName:"X. San Liang"}],corrections:null},{id:"63609",title:"Saltwater Intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80903",slug:"saltwater-intrusion-in-the-changjiang-estuary",totalDownloads:1483,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary and the impacts of river discharge, tide, wind, sea level rise, river basin, and major estuary projects on saltwater intrusion are studied in this chapter. There is a net landward flow in the NB (North Branch) when river discharge is low during spring tide, resulting in a type of saltwater intrusion known as the SSO (saltwater-spilling-over from the NB into the SB (South Branch)), which is the most striking characteristic of saltwater intrusion in the estuary. A three-dimension numerical model with HSIMT-TVD advection scheme was developed to study the hydrodynamic processes and saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary. Saltwater intrusion in the estuary is controlled mainly by river discharge and tide, but is also influenced by wind, sea level rise, river basin, and estuary projects. Saltwater intrusion is enhanced when river discharge decreases. There is more time for the reservoir to take freshwater from the river when river discharge is larger. The fortnightly spring tide generates greater saltwater intrusion than the neap tide. The saltwater intrusion in the SP (South Passage) is stronger than that in the NP (North Passage), and the intrusion in the NP is stronger than that in the NC (North Channel). The northerly wind produces southward currents along the Subei coast as well as the landward Ekman transport, which enhances the saltwater intrusion in the NC and NB and weakens the saltwater intrusion in the NP and SP. Saltwater intrusion becomes stronger as the sea level rises and is much stronger when river discharge is much small. The DWP (Deep Waterway Project) alleviates the saltwater intrusion in the NC and the lower reaches of the NP and enhances the saltwater intrusion in the SP and in the upper reaches of the NP. The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) increases river discharge in winter, which weakens saltwater intrusion, and is favorable for reducing the burden of freshwater supplement in the highly populated estuarine region. The Water Diversion South to the North Project (WDP) decreases river discharge, enhances saltwater intrusion, and is unfavorable for freshwater supply in the estuary.",signatures:"Jianrong Zhu, Hui Wu, Lu Li and Cheng Qiu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63609",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63609",authors:[{id:"266207",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianrong",surname:"Zhu",slug:"jianrong-zhu",fullName:"Jianrong Zhu"}],corrections:null},{id:"63275",title:"Dynamics of the Changjiang River Plume",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80734",slug:"dynamics-of-the-changjiang-river-plume",totalDownloads:1288,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The extension of the Changjiang River plume is one of the fundamental processes in the Yellow and East China Seas, which is responsible not only for the physical properties of seawater but also for the numerous physical, biogeochemical, and sedimentary processes in this region. The studies of the Changjiang River plume dated back to 1960s, followed by generations, and are still attracting numerous focuses nowadays. Here in this chapter, we will review the past studies on the Changjiang River plume and present some latest studies on this massive river plume. The latest research progresses on the Changjiang River plume are mainly related to the tidal modulation mechanisms. It is found that the tide shifts the Changjiang Rive plume to the northeast outside the river mouth, bifurcates the plume at the head of submarine canyon, and arrests the unreal up-shelf plume intrusion that occurred frequently in previous model studies. It is also found that the tidal residual current transports part of the Changjiang River plume to the Subei Coastal Water. These tidal modulation effects can answer the questions on the dynamics of Changjiang River plume that puzzled the research community for decades.",signatures:"Hui Wu, Tianning Wu, Jian Shen and Jianrong Zhu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63275",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63275",authors:[{id:"266208",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui",surname:"Wu",slug:"hui-wu",fullName:"Hui Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"62870",title:"Marine Ecological Disasters and Their Physical Controlling Mechanisms in Jiangsu Coastal Area",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80015",slug:"marine-ecological-disasters-and-their-physical-controlling-mechanisms-in-jiangsu-coastal-area",totalDownloads:673,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The studies in this chapter are focused on marine ecological disasters in Jiangsu coastal area. Three kinds of algal blooms occurred in this region, namely, red tide associated with Dinoflagellate, green tide associated with Ulvaprolifera and golden tide associated with Sargassum. Numerical model results demonstrated that red tides in Haizhou Bay originated locally, because most of Dinoflagellates near Zhoushan Islands would be transported northeastward by the Changjiang diluted water, and even the lucky ones that entered the south of Jiangsu coastal area would die in the Subei Shoal due to high turbidity there. Due to the Changjiang diluted water and the prevailing southerly wind, Ulvaprolifera could not drift southward, either. Seawater with high turbidity in the Subei Shoal limited sunlight penetration into deep water column, and further inhibited the growth of Ulvaprolifera suspending in the water column. In this chapter, we use drift bottles and satellite-tracked Argos drifters to provide solid direct dynamic evidence that Ulvaprolifera could drift from the Subei Shoal to Qingdao coastal area and even further north. The sand ridges limited the traveling path of Ulvaprolifera in the Subei Shoal, and wind-driven currents and other baroclinic processes helped Ulvaprolifera travel farther to the north.",signatures:"Min Bao, Weibing Guan, Zhenyi Cao, Qi Chen and Yun Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62870",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62870",authors:[{id:"266209",title:"Dr.",name:"Weibing",surname:"Guan",slug:"weibing-guan",fullName:"Weibing Guan"}],corrections:null},{id:"63175",title:"Nuclear Pollution in the East China Sea from the Fukushima Disaster",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80016",slug:"nuclear-pollution-in-the-east-china-sea-from-the-fukushima-disaster",totalDownloads:1070,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Nuclear pollution has become a new form and perhaps more harmful type of pollution that obsesses coastal regions; it has been of increasing concern after the disastrous Fukushima nuclear leak on March 11, 2011. In order to assess the impact of the Fukushima accident on the East China Sea (ECS), a highly resolved model is set up to simulate the evolution of the 137Cs concentration. Different from previous studies in this regard, here we take into account the radionuclides originally existing in the ocean. It is found that the radionuclides from the Fukushima leak do have reached ECS, though with a concentration far below the harmful level. The major waterways that inlet the radionuclides are Taiwan Strait and the waterway east of Taiwan. The radioactive material tends to accumulate in the ECS until reaching its peak in 2019; afterward, the outflux through Tokara Strait and Tsushima exceeds the influx through the two southern waterways, and the material resumes in 2021 to its original state. The concentration is neither homogeneously nor stationarily distributed; for example, usually in summer, there is a high center over the Subei Bank in the Yellow Sea. This study is expected, should a similar accident happen again, to help decide where to monitor the ocean, and, hopefully, how to get the pollution under control.",signatures:"X. San Liang and Yineng Rong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63175",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63175",authors:[{id:"210315",title:"Prof.",name:"X. San",surname:"Liang",slug:"x.-san-liang",fullName:"X. San Liang"}],corrections:null},{id:"63875",title:"Long-Term Sea Level Variability in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80735",slug:"long-term-sea-level-variability-in-the-yellow-sea-and-east-china-sea",totalDownloads:1005,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Using the satellite altimeter maps of sea level anomaly (MSLA) and tidal gauge data, this chapter gives an investigation of the long-term sea level variability (SLV) and sea level rise (SLR) rate in the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS). Correlation analysis shows that the satellite altimeter is effective and capable of revealing the coastal SLV. To investigate the regional correlation of SLV in the YS and ECS, tidal gauge station data are used as references. Based on the monthly maps of correlation coefficient (CC) of SLV at tidal stations with the gridded MSLA data, we find that the existence of Kuroshio decreases the correlation between the coastal and Pacific sea levels. The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is applied to derive the SLR trend on each MSLA grid point in the YS and ECS. According to the two-dimensional geographical distribution of the SLR rate, one can see that the sea level on the eastern side of the Kuroshio mainstream rises faster than that on the western side. Both the YS and ECS SLR rates averaged over 1993–2010 are slower than the globally averaged SLR rate. This implies that although the SLV in the two seas is affected by global climate change, it could be mostly influenced by local effects.",signatures:"Ying Xu, Mingsen Lin and Quanan Zheng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63875",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63875",authors:[{id:"266210",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",surname:"Xu",slug:"ying-xu",fullName:"Ying Xu"}],corrections:null},{id:"63053",title:"The Slow Coastal-Trapped Waves off Subei Bank in the Yellow Sea and Their Climatic Change in the Past Decades",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80017",slug:"the-slow-coastal-trapped-waves-off-subei-bank-in-the-yellow-sea-and-their-climatic-change-in-the-pas",totalDownloads:733,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Coastal-trapped waves (CTWs) are a class of subinertial signals in the weather frequency band that play a pivotal role in coastal air-sea interaction. However, this important topic seems to be missing in the heated debate in recent years on coastal environmental change and protection. In this chapter, a brief but self-contained introduction of the CTW theory is presented, in the hope of providing a reference for investigators in the relevant fields. Also presented is a numerical scheme for computing the wave properties. As a demonstration, we have conducted a preliminary study of the CTWs for a section across the Subei Bank in the Yellow Sea. By the results, all the computed slow modes, including a bottom-intensified one, seem to be slowing down since two decades ago. They have particularly slowed down in the event when a strong El Niño is followed by a strong La Niña, such as in the 97–98 and 09–10 El Niño events.",signatures:"X. San Liang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63053",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63053",authors:[{id:"210315",title:"Prof.",name:"X. San",surname:"Liang",slug:"x.-san-liang",fullName:"X. San Liang"}],corrections:null},{id:"63220",title:"Analysis for Soil Moisture in Jiangsu Province, China, Using GLDAS Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80736",slug:"analysis-for-soil-moisture-in-jiangsu-province-china-using-gldas-data",totalDownloads:829,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present the analysis for the evolution characteristics of temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture. We choose a newly developed method that is based on the information flow (IF) concept to research the causality between annual mean temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture in Jiangsu province, China, from 1961 to 2011 by using the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). The correlation and the causality of air temperature and precipitation on soil moisture were compared and discussed. The causality value of 0–10 cm layer is significantly different from zero, while the deeper, in comparison to the surface layer, is negligible. This result unambiguously shows the causality in the sense that the precipitation increase and the temperature decrease are causing the shallow soil moisture to increase. Temperature and all layers of soil moisture have a negative correlation, but precipitation inverses. Precipitation strongly has the greatest effects on soil moisture in the surface layer, though the rest layers are not obvious.",signatures:"Jingze Cai, Yuanzhi Zhang, Yu Li, Tingchen Jiang, X. San Liang, Xia\nLu and Jin Yeu Tsou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63220",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63220",authors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"63226",title:"Analysis for the Effect of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) on the Coastal Environments of Jiangsu Province, China",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80737",slug:"analysis-for-the-effect-of-sea-surface-temperature-sst-on-the-coastal-environments-of-jiangsu-provin",totalDownloads:661,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present the analysis for the effect of summertime SST on the coastal environments of Jiangsu province, China. We analyze the relationship between the SST and the Jiangsu precipitation in summer based on GPCP’s precipitation data and NOAA’s SST data from 1979 to 2011, using approaches that include correlation analysis, regression analysis, and lead-lag analysis. The results show that certain strong oceanic signals affect summer Jiangsu precipitation, showing that SST of some oceanic areas significantly affect the precipitation of Jiangsu in summer. By the lead-lag analysis, it is found that the spring SST plays an important role in the summer precipitation in the coastal areas of Jiangsu, China.",signatures:"Chenxu Ji, Yuanzhi Zhang, Kapo Wong, Yu Li, Tingchen Jiang,\nXiangsan Liang and Xia Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63226",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63226",authors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"63011",title:"The Cyclogenesis and Decay of Typhoon Damrey",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80018",slug:"the-cyclogenesis-and-decay-of-typhoon-damrey",totalDownloads:976,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The cyclogenesis of typhoons has been a continuing challenge in dynamic meteorology. In this study, we use a recently developed methodology, namely, multiscale window transform (MWT), together with the MWT-based localized multiscale energy and vorticity analysis and the theory of canonical transfer, to investigate the formation, maintenance, and decay of the typhoon Damrey, a rarely seen tropical storm of higher-latitude origin. The atmospheric fields are first reconstructed onto three scale subspaces or scale windows: large-scale window, tropical cyclone-scale window, and cumulus convection-scale window. On the cyclone-scale window, Damrey is found right along the edge of the subtropical high. It is generated due to a strong barotropic instability in the lower troposphere, but its subsequent rapid amplification is, however, related to a baroclinic instability in the upper troposphere. Damrey begins to decay before landfall, right over East China Sea at the mouth of Yangtze River, where a strong inverse cascade center resides and transfers the cyclone-scale energy backward to the large-scale window.",signatures:"X. San Liang and Lan Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63011",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63011",authors:[{id:"210315",title:"Prof.",name:"X. San",surname:"Liang",slug:"x.-san-liang",fullName:"X. San Liang"}],corrections:null},{id:"63071",title:"Analysis of Urban Impervious Surface in Coastal Cities: A Case Study in Lianyungang, China",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80019",slug:"analysis-of-urban-impervious-surface-in-coastal-cities-a-case-study-in-lianyungang-china",totalDownloads:683,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Impervious surface is an important indicator of the level of urbanization. It is of great significance to study the impervious surface to promote the sustainable development of the city. In the process of urban development, the increase of impervious surface cities is bound to be accompanied by a reduction of one or more types of land use in the city. This paper, taking Lianyungang as an example, introduces the methods of extracting urban impervious surface based on VIS model, NDVI (normalized vegetation index), MNDWI (modified normalized water body index), and unsupervised classification, analyzes the changes of impervious surface in Lianyungang from 1987 to 2014, and on this basis, analyzes the trend and driving forces of land use types in Lianyungang city in depth. The results show that the impervious surface of Lianyungang increased by a total of 29.70% between 1987 and 2014. While the impervious surface continues to increase, the area of cultivated land and coastal areas (including salt works and tidal flats) has been greatly reduced, and the types of land use have undergone significant changes.",signatures:"Tingchen Jiang, Yuxi Liu, Kapo Wong, Yuanzhi Zhang, Yu Li and X.\nSan Liang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63071",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63071",authors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"63069",title:"Evaluating Urban Heat Island Effects in Rapidly Developing Coastal Cities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80020",slug:"evaluating-urban-heat-island-effects-in-rapidly-developing-coastal-cities",totalDownloads:1102,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present the analysis of urban heat island (UHI) effects on coastal urban areas using satellite images as a case study in Hangzhou, China. With the sustainable development of coastal areas, land use and land cover have been dramatically changed. Such changes make the phenomenon of urban heat island (UHI) becoming serious, which has brought some negative influences on human activities or public health issues in coastal regions. This study takes Hangzhou as an example of coastal cities and uses the Landsat TM, ETM+ and OLI images to retrieve the urban land surface temperature (LST). We also mapped and compared the intensity of UHI effects in different years of 2003, 2008 and 2013. The result shows that the intensity of UHI effect in 2013 was more serious than previous years, which is increasing year by year. The study also analyzed the relationship between UHI, NDVI, and NDBI and provided some useful suggestions to mitigate the UHI effects on coastal cities such as Hangzhou in China.",signatures:"Siqiang Wang, Meng Xiang, Yanan He, JinYeu Tsou, Yuanzhi\nZhang, X. San Liang and Xia Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63069",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63069",authors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"63013",title:"Evaluation of Ocean Forecasting in the East China Sea",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80319",slug:"evaluation-of-ocean-forecasting-in-the-east-china-sea",totalDownloads:790,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The accuracy of the initial condition of a global ocean forecasting system and its prediction skill was evaluated against in situ temperature, salinity and satellite salinity observations during the winter of 2015 and the summer of 2016 for the East China Sea. The ocean forecasting system demonstrates better skill for the Yangtze River estuary and the East China Sea during winter time than during summer time. During winter time, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the initial fields of the system for salinity is 1.90 psu, and the correlation is 0.56. The model has a salty bias of 0.29 psu. The salinity RMSE reduces with increasing distance from the coast. In contrast, the RMSE for temperature is 0.76°C, and the correlation is as high as 0.95. There is no bias between model temperature and observation. During summer time, the accuracy and forecast skill of the global ocean forecasting system are very poor. The RMSE for salinity is 3.14 psu, and the correlation is 0.28. The model has a salty bias of 0.95 psu. The RMSE for temperature is 7.22°C, and the model has a warm bias as high as 5.52°C.",signatures:"Xiaochun Wang, Yingjun Zou and Xianqiang He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63013",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63013",authors:[{id:"267605",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaochun",surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaochun-wang",fullName:"Xiaochun Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"64082",title:"Validation and Application of SMAP SSS Observation in Chinese Coastal Seas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80318",slug:"validation-and-application-of-smap-sss-observation-in-chinese-coastal-seas",totalDownloads:892,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Using sea surface salinity (SSS) from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission from September 2015 to August 2016, the spatial distribution and seasonal variation in SSS in the Chinese coastal seas were investigated. First, in situ salinity observation over Chinese East Sea was used to validate SMAP observation. Then, the SSS signature of the Yangtze River fresh water was analyzed using SMAP data and the river discharge data. The SSS around the Yangtze River estuary in the Chinese East Sea, the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea is significantly lower than that of the open ocean. The SSS of Chinese coastal seas shows significant seasonal variation, and the seasonal variation in the adjacent waters of the Yangtze River estuary is the most obvious, followed by that of the Pearl River estuary. The minimum value of SSS appears in summer while maximum in winter. The root-mean-squared difference of daily SSS between SMAP observation and in situ observation is around 3 psu in both summer and winter, which is much lower than the annual range of SSS variation. The path of fresh water from SMAP and in situ observation is consistent during summer time.",signatures:"Qiong Wu, Xiaochun Wang, Xianqiang He and Wenhao Liang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64082",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64082",authors:[{id:"267605",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaochun",surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaochun-wang",fullName:"Xiaochun Wang"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6195",title:"Sea Level Rise and Coastal Infrastructure",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4eb2fa7c0bf9d4a493375ee47276aa38",slug:"sea-level-rise-and-coastal-infrastructure",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang, Yijun Hou and Xiaomei Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2221",title:"Tsunami - Analysis of a Hazard",subtitle:"From Physical Interpretation to Human Impact",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7ce45cda9743300d394136417028a84",slug:"tsunami-analysis-of-a-hazard-from-physical-interpretation-to-human-impact",bookSignature:"Gloria I. 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\r\n\tAccording to the World Health Organization, safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene are crucial to human health and well-being. These factors are a prerequisite to health since they play a crucial role in preventing the transmission of numerous waterborne pathogens and chemical contaminants. Another important factor that can affect people's health is waste, especially when not managed properly. Special attention needs to be paid to developing countries, as these factors do not only affect human health but also contribute to livelihoods, school attendance, and dignity and help create resilient communities living in healthy environments. This book intends to provide insights into different aspects of hygiene, sanitation, water, wastes, and their potential correlation with infectious diseases and human health. It also addresses important challenges and opportunities for improvement in developing countries. This is one of the priority areas where the world's leading health and humanitarian organizations, such as the WHO and UNICEF, are working intensively.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-624-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-623-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-625-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"f813d8ff33167c71ce9b862d1bda75c3",bookSignature:"Prof. Sonja Šostar Turk and Ph.D. Urška Rozman",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11681.jpg",keywords:"Safe Drinking Water, Chemical Contaminants, Biological Contamination, Waste Water Treatment, Diarrhea, Cholera, Typhoid, Polio, Hepatitis A, Vaccination, Sanitation Facilities, Sewage Removing",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 27th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 28th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 27th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 15th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 14th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. dr. Šostar Turk is a researcher in environmental impact on health, research methodology, Head of the Insitute of Balneology and Climatology, University of Maribor, with over 100 journal publications, and awarded the United Nations National Energy Globe Award 2014 in the Water category for a project with the acronym SMILES under the 7th EU Framework Program (FP7).",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A researcher with a focus on healthcare-associated infections, microbiology, and the hospital environment. Dr. Rozman currently participates in the project of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Slovenia within the National Program on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Health (2015–2025).",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"200386",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonja",middleName:null,surname:"Šostar Turk",slug:"sonja-sostar-turk",fullName:"Sonja Šostar Turk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200386/images/system/200386.jpg",biography:"Sonja Šostar Turk, PhD, is Full Professor in the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia, working in the research areas of textile chemistry, environmental engineering, and hygiene.\nShe is the author of more than eighty original scientific papers, and has published around 250 scientific conference contributions. She was also involved in seventy-five national and international projects; most notably ten EU projects. She carried out preliminary studies for industry and health institutions. She is participating in study programmes of Nursing, Bioinformatics, and Food Safety covering subjects in the field of environmental factors affecting human health and hygiene. She has also participated in several research projects focusing on environmental health, hospital and waste water hygiene, and nutrition.",institutionString:"University of Maribor",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"189776",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Urška",middleName:null,surname:"Rozman",slug:"urska-rozman",fullName:"Urška Rozman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189776/images/9462_n.jpg",biography:"Urška Rozman is Assistant Professor of Biology at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia. Dr. Rozman has a university degree in Biology and Chemistry and a master’s in Biology. She obtained a PhD in Ecology from the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, with study on molecular methods in microbiology for purposes of hospital hygiene. She participates in study programmes of Nursing, Bioinformatics, and Food Safety covering environmental factors affecting human health. She has participated in several research projects focusing on environmental microbiology, hospital and waste water hygiene, and nutrition.",institutionString:"University of Maribor",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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Handy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/327.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42658",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",surname:"Handy",slug:"scott-handy",fullName:"Scott Handy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82860",title:"Boron Compounds for Neutron Capture Therapy in the Treatment of Brain Tumors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106202",slug:"boron-compounds-for-neutron-capture-therapy-in-the-treatment-of-brain-tumors",body:'Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for head and neck cancer was approved in Japan in 2020, using the world’s first accelerator-type neutron generator, (BNCT treatment system NeuCure® Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.) along with the boron drug for BNCT (Borofaran (10B), and Steboronin® Stella Pharma Co., Ltd.) [1]. It has attracted a lot of interest due to its potential for advancement and widespread use in general medical practice.
Recent developments in quantum-based medicine are remarkable worldwide, and representative particle therapy devices are expected to expand their application range due to their excellent beam quality and biological effects, as well as technological improvements in disease adaptability such as beam shaping technology, rotation of gantry, and diagnostic image-guided irradiation and focal tracking irradiation, which precede X-ray therapy devices. Neutron capture therapy is a representative method for applying quantum to medical treatment using neutron capture reactions with atoms, in addition to therapies that control and apply direct cellular damage of these quanta to living organisms. Neutron capture reactions occur between various atoms, but the stable isotope of boron, boron-10 (10B), which is the most suitable condition for medical applications, is used and is called boron neutron capture therapy. Since naturally existing boron consists of two stable isotopes (11B and 10B), where 11B accounts for 80%, special technology and equipment are required to produce concentrated 10B used for BNCT.
BNCT is a particle therapy that biologically targets tumor cells [2]. By selectively introducing boron drugs containing 10B atoms into tumors and irradiating them with thermal neutrons, charged particles are generated by neutron capture (10B + n → α + 7Li or 10B (n, α) 7Li). The resulting alpha particles and recoil lithium (Li) nuclei are high LET (linear energy transfer) particles that emit all their energy over a short range corresponding to the size of a cell. If boron compounds are selectively introduced, the reaction occurs only in cancer cells and is an ideal “cell-selective treatment” in which surrounding normal cells are preserved. The characteristic of this treatment is that the boron compounds to be administered and the neutrons to be irradiated are non- to low-toxic, respectively, and the treatment is completed by a two-step approach, “neutron capture reaction,” in which the effects of both compounds are shown for the first time in vivo (Figure 1).
In boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), 10B compounds are administered followed by low-energy neutron irradiation, which causes a nuclear reaction between the 10B and the neutrons. The resulting helium nuclei (alpha particles) and lithium recoil nuclei selectively destroy tumor cells from within even in the infiltrated area.
Unlike other advances in radiotherapy that spatially add changes to the distribution of doses, it is necessary to note that there are different distributions of biological effects in the same irradiation field in BNCT. In the case of BNCT for glioma, we mainly examine the distribution dose of the tumor and the distribution dose of the normal brain for medical care. In the case of neutron irradiation, it is necessary to add and calculate other doses mixed in the neutron field to be irradiated, as well as the biological effects of the radiation quality and tissue reaction, respectively. There are some peculiarities in these calculations, but the results are easy to understand because they are visualized as X-ray equivalent doses (Figure 2).
In BNCT, organ-specific dose distributions are calculated simultaneously (upper: Dose distribution, right: Lower: Dose volume histogram (DVH) for normal and tumor tissue). The SERA calculation engine used in many reactor-based BNCT facilities combines a proprietary Monte Carlo calculation code.
The practice of providing medical care by considering the biological effects of radiotherapy is the same in the current general-purpose radiotherapy devices. The wide range of invasion areas of glioma is sometimes targeted as a tumor or as a risk organ, and different biological effects have been induced by the difference of the number of fractions and the dose at one time in the assumed tissues, which are each subject. For details, refer to the guidelines for radiotherapy and the Guidance on Evaluation of Accelerator Neutron Irradiation Device System for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT Review Working Group, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan) [3]. This knowledge is necessary not only for BNCT, but also for conventional X-ray irradiation (2Gy 30 fractions) (for example, in combination with intensity-modulated irradiation, stereotactic irradiation, reirradiation at the time of recurrence, etc.), and is a sense to be acquired.
In the 1950s, the first clinical trial was initiated at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in New York, and several low-molecular-weight boron compounds were tested as boron delivery agents [4]. Thereafter, it was progressed on to a full-scale clinical application using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Nuclear Reactor (MITR), but the results of this study were unanticipated and clinical trials in the United States halted. In 1967, Hatanaka et al., who were deeply involved in research in the United States, launched a clinical trial using thermal neutrons and the boron drug sodium borocaptate (BSH) in Japan, with more than 200 cases treated. Although various tumor tissue types and patient backgrounds were mixed, leading to inconclusive conclusions about the effectiveness of the therapeutic effect on specific diseases and conditions, the results of the standard treatment of refractory malignant glioma at that time were as long as those of the standard treatment and have shown expectations for cure [5].
In the United States, BNCT of patients with brain tumors was resumed in the mid-1990s. Boronophenylalanine (BPA), a novel boron drug, was used in clinical trials for the first time, and BNCT in non-craniotomy was achieved using epithermal neutrons with excellent tissue depth. BPA has been developed to target malignant melanoma with the essential amino acid phenylalanine in the skeleton, but it is a boron drug that exploits the amino acid requirements that are elevated in cancer cells and has been shown to be applicable to various cancer types. Clinical trials were conducted at Harvard University in collaboration with MITR to first treat patients with malignant melanoma of the skin, from which indications were expanded to patients with brain tumors (especially glioblastoma and metastatic melanoma). Twenty-two patients have been treated using BPA, five cutaneous malignant melanomas followed by brain tumor patients. Treatment was well tolerated, but did not outperform the results of conventional X-ray fractionated external beam radiation. A detailed review has conducted of BNCT using the nuclear reactor that has been implemented in Japan and overseas in the past [2].
Recent treatment outcomes of BNCT using the nuclear reactor for glioblastoma (World Health Organization (WHO) Grade 4) have been reported by BNCT research groups in Japan, Sweden, and Finland. However, the background of the targeted cases according to patient selection criteria varied, making it difficult to make a simple comparison with other standard treatment groups. Therefore, there is a limitation of the interpretation of the analysis divided into historical control and recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) subgroup. In our report, we performed a clinical trial using the Kyoto University Nuclear Reactor with a protocol combining BPA (500 mg/kg) and BSH (sodium borocaptate) (100 mg/kg) as “multi-targeted type BNCT,” which uses multiple types of target boron drugs at once and irradiates a single neutron, with a median survival time (MST) of 15.6 months (n = 10) with BNCT alone and experiencing long-term survivors (>5 years) [6]. BSH can introduce a large amount of boron atoms, including 12 10B atoms, but its cell selectivity is low. However, in brain tumors, it remains tissue-selective by exploiting the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. The MST of BNCT combined with X-ray fractionated external irradiation (20–30Gy) was 23.5 months. No significant toxicity other than hair loss was observed in this protocol, indicating that BNCT with cell selectivity remains highly tolerated in combination with existing radiotherapy (Figure 3).
A case of reactor-based BNCT for malignant glioma with significant response. In this case, favorable boron drug distribution was observed on the pretreatment PET images. (left: FBPA-PET fusion, middle: Before treatment, right: After BNCT of contrast-enhanced MRI T1WI).
The University of Tsukuba also reported that the median survival time was 27.1 months, the 1-year and 2-year survival rates after BNCT were 87.5% and 62.5%, respectively [7]. In Sweden, the dosage of BPA was increased to 900 mg, and the clinical trial was carried out [8]. BPA was administered over a duration of 6 h, and neutron irradiation was performed from two directions. The mean total brain dose was 3.2–6.1 Gy (X-ray equivalent), and the minimum dose to the tumor ranged from 15.4 to 54.3 Gy (X-ray equivalent). Progression-free survival and median overall survival were reported as 5.8 and 14.2 months, respectively. Adverse events associated with this protocol were only 14%, which was lower than the standard treatment with X-ray fractionated external beam radiation alone or with temozolomide. Our findings also suggested that the combination of BNCT with X-ray fractionated external beam radiation or temozolomide was tolerable and prolonged survival in primary gliomas [9].
Next, the treatment outcome of recurrent malignant glioma (of which the attention is especially high in BNCT of the brain tumor region) was introduced. The prognosis of recurrent malignant glioma is very poor, and especially in the case of radiotherapy, the treatment is difficult. Though surgery followed with radiotherapy has also been carried out, the survival time is approximately 6 months. A prospective trial of BNCT for recurrent malignant glioma has reported 22 treated cases from our institution and 19 cases of Phase I with increased dosage of BPA at the University of Helsinki. The median survival was 10.8 months and 7 months, respectively. Outcomes limited to recurrent glioblastoma included with survival of 9.6 months (n = 19) and 8.7 months (n = 12) after BNCT [10, 11]. To further improve the outcomes of these BNCT-alone treatments, we performed improved efficacy and safety validation when the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab was also used after treatment and has performed very well at the pilot study stage [12].
Clinical trials for brain tumors using the accelerator as a neutron source have been performed for recurrent malignant gliomas, especially for refractory recurrent glioblastoma [13], and are ready for approval in the brain tumor area in addition to the preceding head and neck cancer.
In many national and international BNCT clinical studies using BPA, neutron beam irradiation has been performed in many cases during the clearance phase after the intravenous infusion of BPA. This, however, required simulation of the in vivo dynamics of boron concentration during irradiation, resulting in an increased importance of subsequent evaluation. In promoting medical applications based on the idea of prescription dose, the accuracy of pre-prediction was pursued, and it was considered that the continuous intravenous infusion during the irradiation used in the clinical research of head and neck cancer using nuclear reactors could solve this problem, and we have taken this approach in our brain tumor treatment. To maintain the concentration of 10B in the tumor tissue that is expected to have a therapeutic effect during thermal neutron beam irradiation, it has been adopted as a dosage and administration method of BPA to maintain the concentration of 10B in whole blood at 20 ppm or higher.
In 15 patients with recurrent head and neck tumors, BPA (fructose solution) 500 mg/kg (400 mg/kg was administered at a constant rate of 200 mg/kg/hr. for 2 h, followed by reducing the infusion rate of the remaining 100 mg/kg to approximately 100 mg/kg/hr. at a constant rate until the end of the irradiation) was administered at the reactor of the Kyoto University Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science [14]. In BNCT of malignant glioma carried out by Osaka Medical University adopting the same protocol, an average result of 27 ppm in the whole blood boron concentration was obtained. On the other hand, the whole blood boron level immediately after irradiation in patients treated with BPA (fructose solution) 250 mg/kg could not be maintained at 20 ppm, and even in patients treated with 500 mg/kg, the mean value of whole blood boron level immediately after irradiation decreased to 19.5 ppm, and the fluctuation before and after irradiation was greater compared with 30.4 ppm before irradiation [14]. These experiences suggest that a dose of BPA 500 mg/kg (200 mg/kg/hr. × 2 hr. + 100 mg/kg of BPA at a constant rate of approximately 100 mg/kg/hr. to match the end of irradiation time) is expected to exceed 20 ppm of whole blood boron concentration during irradiation, and that the method of administration that satisfies the conditions for maintaining stable concentrations before and after irradiation.
In a phase II clinical trial (BNCT) in Sweden, 30 patients with glioblastoma were treated with a 6-hour infusion of 900 mg/kg of BPA followed by irradiation 2 hours later. Although transient serious adverse events have been observed, irreversible events have not been observed, and the tolerability of BNCT at 900 mg/kg BPA and 2 hours after 6 hours of intravenous infusion was confirmed [14].
Factors on the radiation side that generally govern the effects on normal tissue include radiation quality, distribution of dose in the tissue and size of the irradiated volume, and on the tumor side include the presence of a history of radiotherapy and the effect of the tumor on the surrounding normal tissue. It is required that the dose in the irradiated volume is as uniform as possible in order to accurately evaluate the relationship between the reaction of the tissue and the dose. In conventional X-ray or particle therapy, it is possible to irradiate evenly a certain volume of radiation, including the normal brain around the brain tumor. However, for neutron radiation, the attenuation of neutron intensity in the tissue is large and delivering a uniform irradiation becomes difficult.
The skin is a thin layer of tissue that is not affected much by neutron attenuation, so it is possible to define the dose at the skin surface. It’s also regarded to be more versatile when it comes to expanding its indication to other organs throughout the body.
Skin dose and dose distribution in the normal brain (maximum dose) can also be associated, and the idea of limiting skin dose so that the maximum dose in the normal brain does not exceed the tolerable dose usually obtained from experience and knowledge of radiotherapy has been adapted. In the case of brain tumors, it has been reported by Mayer et al. that necrosis of normal brain tissue develops when the cumulative dose of initial radiotherapy and re-radiotherapy exceeds 100Gy (2Gy fractionated irradiation) [15]. In clinical practice, the effectiveness and safety of BNCT are considered, and the eligibility is judged, and the plan is made using the skin dose as an index.
The BNCT dose calculation program (NeuCure® dose engine Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.) was developed and approved as a medical device. The Monte Carlo code uses a simulation code called PHITS, which enables BNCT dose calculation, as well as additional functions such as external I/F including security checks, and is developed as a dose engine dedicated to BNCT dose calculation. RayStation (RaySearch Japan Co., Ltd.), a general-purpose radiotherapy program, is used for the user interface, and it has an improved drawing function and excellent operability similar to the state-of-the-art radiotherapy equipment (Figure 4).
Example of dose calculation (dose planning for a simulated brain tumor) using the BNCT dose calculation program (NeuCure® dose engine Sumitomo heavy industries, ltd.) the graphical user Interface (GUI) enables detailed visualization of dose distribution, dose volume histogram (DVH) plotting, and reference and modification of various parameters in one GUI.
At our institution, we have previously performed a clinical trial of reactor BNCT even for high-grade meningiomas and reported the results of BNCT for recurrent meningiomas [16, 17]. Prior to the treatment, 18F-labeled BPA positron emission tomography (FBPA- PET) was performed using a therapeutic agent, boron compound BPA, labeled with 18F as a tracer, and the tumor-to-normal brain (Tumor/Normal: T/N) ratio averaged 3.8. This value is equal to or better than the value experienced in glioma. The introduction of this PET study proved to be useful for the treatment of recurrent malignant glioma, but it was also indispensable for developing nuclear reactor BNCT for cancers of other organs of the whole body, as well as for the later expansion of indications for head and neck cancer. In high-grade meningiomas, although there was transient enhancement of contrast areas (pseudoprogression) in a few cases, all cases showed a reduction in tumor volume. These were all patients with recurrence after multiple surgeries and radiotherapy, and the treatment outcome after BNCT was generally good, but they are rare tumors, and there are few consolidated reports that can be compared. The major cause of death was metastasis to the whole body, in addition to seeding cancer cells into the cerebrospinal fluid cavity, with good local control of the irradiated area.
Subsequent analysis showed that the method was effective in deep-seated tumors such as the skull base, where the dose is very low (Figure 5) [18]. The therapeutic effects of these cases treated using reactors have led to the development of physician-led clinical trials using accelerator-based neutron sources.
A case of high-grade meningioma treated with reactor-based BNCT with significant response. The tumor in this case was located in the midline and was a recurrent case of refractory skull base meningioma, although a shrinkage effect was observed. (left: FBPA-PET fusion, middle: Before treatment, right: After BNCT of contrast-enhanced MRI T1WI).
Even in situations where nuclear reactors have to be used as neutron sources, proposals for new indications and improved protocols have resulted in better treatment outcomes, and BNCT research has not been interrupted until now since the beginning of clinical research in the 1960s. Under such circumstances, Japan succeeded in BNCT using an accelerator-type neutron generator for the first time in the world [13]. Recently, the attention that exceeds the academic interest from all fields and industries around the world has also increased in keeping with the success of Japan. In the field of brain tumors, global standards are expected to be challenged in the future, such as in combination with standard treatments for new diagnostic cases of glioma. However, improvements in the peripheral environment, such as the worldwide spread of approved devices and the approval of unapproved devices for medicine, are also awaited.
The “treatable” intracranial diseases on BNCT range widely and are absolutely not limited to gliomas. However, diseases such as “BNCT can be expected” are limited. In BNCT, it is one of the most important conditions for boron to maintain contrast with normal tissue and sufficiently accumulate in the tumor, and it is necessary to confirm that the boron drug to be administered shows high accumulation in the tumor using some technique before neutron irradiation. In the nuclear reactor BNCT, as described above, attempts to use PET examination with 18 FBPA have preceded, and clinical research has been conducted as “visible drug” (Figure 6). Although this idea is a pioneer in the field of “theranostics” that has been promoted recently, it is expected to expand the application of these combinations to new diseases and to tailor-made BNCT treatment.
Contrast-enhanced MRI compared with 18FBPA PET in malignant glioma (left: FBPA-PET fusion, right: Contrast-enhanced MRI T1WI) BNCT uses biological targets and does not cause irradiation of any unnecessary sites because there is no confusion in setting the radiation field. The irradiation field is defined by the boron distribution, and there is no need for the physician to set the borders of the irradiation field.
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a type of radiotherapy, but it has cell selectivity and can be used in combination with other radiotherapy for the treatment of recurrent and irradiated cases. The major adverse events are radiation-induced necrosis and brain edema especially for the patients with history of prior irradiation in the central nervous system.
BNCT using borofalan (10B) has become a general medical treatment by the development of medical equipment using the accelerator as a neutron source.
The current status of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for brain tumors was reviewed, including recent advances in BNCT, which is still not mature, although its clinical application has begun following the successful launch of an accelerator-based neutron generation device. The contribution of “boron research” to the further development of BNCT will be important, and many researchers will be involved in the future progress of this field.
Research on the development of boron agents for treatment has also become active, and as introduced here, “multi-targeted BNCT,” which simultaneously combines multiple boron agents, is very promising for personalized cancer therapy and the extension of applications.
This review was partly supported by the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) to Shinji Kawabata (20H03797) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The cooperation of many professionals and the participation of patients are necessary for clinical trials and development. We would like to thank all of them.
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This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. 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They are known as hydrous phyllosilicate having silica, alumina and water with variable amount of inorganic ions like Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ which are found either in interlayer space or on the planetary surface. Clay minerals are described by presence of two-dimensional sheets, tetrahedral (SiO4) and octahedral (Al2O3). There are different clay minerals which are categorized based on presence of tetrahedral and octahedral layer in their structure like kaolinite (1:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers), smectite group of clay minerals (2:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers) and chlorite (2:1:1 of tetrahedral, octahedral and octahedral layers). The particle size of clay minerals is <2microns which can be present in form of plastic in presence of water and solidified when dried. The small size and their distinctive crystal structure make clay minerals very special with their unique properties including high cation exchange capacity, swelling behavior, specific surface area, adsorption capacity, etc. which are described in this chapter. Due to all these unique properties, clay minerals are gaining interest in different fields.",book:{id:"10949",slug:"clay-and-clay-minerals",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",fullTitle:"Clay and Clay Minerals"},signatures:"Neeraj Kumari and Chandra Mohan",authors:[{id:"258132",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",slug:"chandra-mohan",fullName:"Chandra Mohan"},{id:"352399",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"neeraj-kumari",fullName:"Neeraj Kumari"}]},{id:"51535",title:"An Introduction to Hydrogels and Some Recent Applications",slug:"an-introduction-to-hydrogels-and-some-recent-applications",totalDownloads:11734,totalCrossrefCites:70,totalDimensionsCites:140,abstract:"Hydrogels have existed for more than half a century, and today they have many applications in various processes ranging from industrial to biological. There are numerous original papers, reviews, and monographs focused on the synthesis, properties, and applications of hydrogels. This chapter covers the fundamental aspects and several applications of hydrogels based on the old and the most recent publications in this field.",book:{id:"5251",slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels"},signatures:"Morteza Bahram, Naimeh Mohseni and Mehdi Moghtader",authors:[{id:"179718",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Bahram",slug:"morteza-bahram",fullName:"Morteza Bahram"},{id:"185713",title:"Dr.",name:"Naimeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohseni",slug:"naimeh-mohseni",fullName:"Naimeh Mohseni"},{id:"185714",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Moghtader",slug:"mehdi-moghtader",fullName:"Mehdi Moghtader"}]},{id:"70661",title:"Bioremediation Techniques for Polluted Environment: Concept, Advantages, Limitations, and Prospects",slug:"bioremediation-techniques-for-polluted-environment-concept-advantages-limitations-and-prospects",totalDownloads:2672,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"Environmental pollution has been rising in the past few decades due to increased anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an attractive and successful cleaning technique to remove toxic waste from polluted environment. Bioremediation is highly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-inclusive and action of microorganisms. The main principle is degrading and converting pollutants to less toxic forms. Bioremediation can be carried out ex-situ and in-situ, depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type, and concentration of pollutants. Hence, appropriate bioremediation technique is selected. Additionally, the major methodologies to develop bioremediation are biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biopiles, and bioattenuation provided the environmental factors that decide the completion of bioremediation. Bioremediation is the most effective, economical, eco-friendly management tool to manage the polluted environment. All bioremediation techniques have its own advantage and disadvantage because it has its own specific applications.",book:{id:"9343",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",fullTitle:"Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Indu Sharma",authors:[{id:"301262",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"indu-sharma",fullName:"Indu Sharma"}]},{id:"18275",title:"Modeling and Identification of Parameters the Piezoelectric Transducers in Ultrasonic Systems",slug:"modeling-and-identification-of-parameters-the-piezoelectric-transducers-in-ultrasonic-systems",totalDownloads:10197,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"201",slug:"advances-in-ceramics-electric-and-magnetic-ceramics-bioceramics-ceramics-and-environment",title:"Advances in Ceramics",fullTitle:"Advances in Ceramics - Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment"},signatures:"Pawel Fabijanski and Ryszard Lagoda",authors:[{id:"13086",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Fabijański",slug:"pawel-fabijanski",fullName:"Pawel Fabijański"}]},{id:"60680",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:16251,totalCrossrefCites:187,totalDimensionsCites:407,abstract:"The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"14",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83080",title:"Boron Doping in Next-Generation Materials for Semiconductor Device",slug:"boron-doping-in-next-generation-materials-for-semiconductor-device",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106450",abstract:"The article surveys the most recent achievements starting with the boron doping mechanism, mainly focused on doping in semiconductor materials such as Si, Ge, graphene, carbon nanotube, or other 2D materials. Frequently used doping methodologies are discussed, including ion implantation and solid-phase doping, mainly focused on recent developing techniques of monolayer doping. These doped materials’ structural, electronic, and chemical properties are addressed to understand the boron doping effect better. Theoretical and experimental information and data are used to support such atomic-level effects. Therefore, this review can provide valuable suggestions and guidelines for materials’ properties manipulation by boron doping for further research exploration.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Linh Chi T. Cao, Luqman Hakim and Shu-Han Hsu"},{id:"83055",title:"Boron Clusters in Biomedical Applications: A Theoretical Viewpoint",slug:"boron-clusters-in-biomedical-applications-a-theoretical-viewpoint",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106215",abstract:"In this chapter, we presented an analysis of the recent advances in the applications of boron clusters in biomedical fields such as the development of biosensors and drug delivery systems on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. Biosensors play an essential role in many sectors, e.g., law enforcement agencies for sensing illicit drugs, medical communities for detecting overdosed medications from human and animal bodies, etc. The drug delivery systems have theoretically been proposed for many years and subsequently implemented by experiments to deliver the drug to the targeted sites by reducing the harmful side effects significantly. Boron clusters form a rich and colorful family of atomic clusters due to their unconventional structures and bonding phenomena. Boron clusters and their complexes have various biological activities such as the drug delivery, imaging for diagnosis, treatment of cancer, and probe of protein-biomolecular interactions. For all of these reactivities, the interaction mechanisms and the corresponding energetics between biomaterials and boron clusters are of essential importance as a basic step in the understanding, and thereby design of relevant materials. During the past few years, attempts have been made to probe the nature of these interactions using quantum chemical calculations mainly with density functional theory (DFT) methods. This chapter provides a summary of the theoretical viewpoint on this issue.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Ehsan Shakerzadeh, Elham Tahmasebi, Long Van Duong and Minh Tho Nguyen"},{id:"83048",title:"Structural, Magnetic, and Magnetodielectric Properties of Bi-Based Modified Ceramic Composites",slug:"structural-magnetic-and-magnetodielectric-properties-of-bi-based-modified-ceramic-composites",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106569",abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce a promising composite material, which can be used as a potential candidate in the field of charge storage, sensors, and spintronic devices. The structural, magnetic, and magnetodielectric properties of the pure cum composite samples are investigated. The Rietveld refinement of the X-ray data confirmed the presence of a single (A21am) and mixed phases (A21am + R-3c + Pbam) in the pure and composite sample, correspondingly. The SEM microstructure suggests the contrasting nature of the homogeneous and heterogeneous distribution of grains in the corresponding pure and composite sample. The magnetic properties of the composite sample increase due to the enhanced exchange interaction between the different magnetic ions. The frequency-dependent dielectric subjected to a constant magnetic field indicates the signature of magnetodielectric (MD) coupling for both the samples. The field variation of the MD loop shows the symmetric hysteresis loop in the composite due to the addition of magnetostrictive La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 and the non-collinear antiferromagnetic Bi2Fe4O9 phase. The maximum value of MD% (~0.12%) is enhanced by ~13 times in the composite than in the pure sample. Therefore, the improved MD coupling and symmetric switching of the MD loop of the composite make it a suitable candidate for low power consumption storage devices.",book:{id:"11117",title:"Smart and Advanced Ceramics and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11117.jpg"},signatures:"Rasmita Jena, Kouru Chandrakanta and Anil Kumar Singh"},{id:"83035",title:"Breaking the Property Trade-Offs by Using Entropic Conceptions",slug:"breaking-the-property-trade-offs-by-using-entropic-conceptions",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106532",abstract:"Entropic conception has been used as an effective strategy for developing materials to break the property recordings of current materials, for example, breaking the trade-off between the high-strength and low-ductility structural alloys. The performance of materials usually under a complex circumstance, a balance of multiple properties, for example, combined the high-strength, high ductility, high conductivity, high corrosion resistance, high irradiation resistance, etc., the strategy of high-entropy-alloy (HEA) will provide a materials design and development technology to realize the goal. Magnetic materials usually exhibit excellent magnetic properties but weak mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The reported unique behaviors of HEAs, for example, self-healing effects may be the mechanism for the high irradiation resistance of the HEAs, and self-sharpening behaviors of the tungsten-based HEAs main closely be related to the serration behaviors.",book:{id:"11468",title:"High Entropy Materials - Microstructures and Properties",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg"},signatures:"Yong Zhang and Xuehui Yan"},{id:"82929",title:"Prediction of Solubility and Miscibility Parameters of Bismuth-Arsenic Complex and Amorphous Mineral Compounds Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation",slug:"prediction-of-solubility-and-miscibility-parameters-of-bismuth-arsenic-complex-and-amorphous-mineral",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106316",abstract:"Bismuth is one of the most difficult impurities to remove in mining concentrates and low concentrations generate problems in silver and copper refineries. Therefore, financial penalties are established when concentrations exceed 0.05%. Some researchers had used arsenic to remove bismuth with results of up to 52% of extraction. Unfortunately, this mechanism is not yet fully understood. The objective of this research was to obtain the solubility parameters of amorphous mineral compounds, including bismuth-based compounds, through computational simulation using molecular dynamics. The composition of the mineral sample was determined by X-ray diffraction and the crystalline species were obtained and modeled using Materials Studio software. The nanostructures were optimized by an energy minimization methodology using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm and were validated using the figure of merit equation and density. Simulations were performed using the Universal Force Field at constant pressure and temperature. The results of the minerals identified in the sample were compared with arsenic trioxide, indicating miscibility between As2O3 and Bi2O3, possible miscibility with 10 other minerals, and immiscibility with the rest. The results indicate that As2O3 can be successfully used for the removal of Bi2O3 without a negative effect on the recovery of other minerals of higher commercial value.",book:{id:"11467",title:"Bismuth-Based Nanostructured Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11467.jpg"},signatures:"Francisco Adrián De la Torre-Martínez, Efren Delgado, María Dolores Josefina Rodríguez Rosales, Hiram Medrano-Roldán, Javier López-Miranda and Damián Reyes-Jáquez"},{id:"82940",title:"Role of Surface Defects and Optical Band-gap Energy on Photocatalytic Activities of Titanate-based Perovskite Nanomaterial",slug:"role-of-surface-defects-and-optical-band-gap-energy-on-photocatalytic-activities-of-titanate-based-p",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106253",abstract:"In recent years, water pollution has become one of the major challenges faced by humans because of consistent rise in population and industrial activities. Water pollution due to discharge from cosmetics and pharmaceutical wastes, organic dyes, and heavy metal seen as carcinogens has the potential to disrupt hormonal processes in the body. Different approaches such as chlorination, aerobic treatment, aeration, and filtration have been deployed to treat wastewaters before being discharged into the streams, lakes, and rivers. However, more attention has been accorded to treatment approaches that involve use of nanomaterial due to non-secondary pollution, energy efficiency, and ease of operation. Titanate-based perovskite (TBP) is one of the most frequently studied nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications because of its stability and flexibility in optical band-gap modification. This chapter provided an overview of basic principles and mechanisms of a semiconductor photocatalyst, and current synthesis techniques that have been used in formulating TBP nanomaterial. The effect of reaction conditions and approaches such as doping, codoping, composites, temperature, pH, precursor type, surface area, and morphology on surface defects and optical band-gap energy of TBP nanomaterial was highlighted. Importantly, the impact of surface defects and optical band-gap energy of TBP on its photocatalytic activities was discussed. Finally, how to enhance the degradation efficiency of TBP was proposed.",book:{id:"11469",title:"Recent Advances in Perovskite Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11469.jpg"},signatures:"Izunna Stanislaus Okeke, Priscilla Yahemba Aondona, Amoge Chidinma Ogu, Eugene Echeweozo and Fabian Ifeanyichukwu Ezema"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:81},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. 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Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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