\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7222",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Tropical emerging diseases pose a significant risk for the circulation of old and new pathogens in areas previously unknown, also implying the possibility of new morbidities and mortalities and new consequences for naïve populations. Globalization, migration and travel are key factors for tropical diseases, and represent the need for integration of tropical medicine, travel medicine and epidemiology in the understanding of such complex situations. Neglected tropical diseases such as leprosy or Chagas disease, arboviral diseases, HIV, Ebola, and arenaviral infections are just a few examples. This book tries to update significant epidemiological and clinical research in many aspects with a multinational perspective.",isbn:"978-1-78984-825-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-824-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-777-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74142",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-emerging-diseases-and-travel-medicine",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"35b395a032b539cba98549da7d337bd1",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7222.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10749,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:29,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 23rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 13th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 14th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 3rd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 1st 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"11",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1131",title:"Global Health",slug:"global-health"}],chapters:[{id:"63067",title:"Leprosy: The Ancient and Stubborn Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79984",slug:"leprosy-the-ancient-and-stubborn-disease",totalDownloads:1013,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Leprosy can be caused by an infection of Mycobacterium leprae commonly acquired through contact with an infected person. Clinical presentation depends on the patient’s immune status at the time of infection and during the course of disease. Leprosy is associated with disability and marginalization. The Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020 released in April 2016 underscored its goal of “accelerating towards a leprosy free-world.” Today’s leprosy differs from the leprosy of the past, but yet there are still many things that are not immediately known, so it is still a broad socioeconomic challenge for scientists to solve. Leprosy has low pathogenicity, only a small proportion of infected people develop signs of the disease. If leprosy is not diagnosed and treated in the early stages, further progress of the disease is determined by the strength of the patient’s immune response. Various clinical signs can be known during the early phase of leprosy, defined as indeterminate phase, so that it is difficult to diagnose the disease. Multidrug therapy (MDT) was recommended as the standard treatment. The morbidity report of leprosy will be important in epidemiology because it is based on real events and not based on estimate.",signatures:"Prasetyadi Mawardi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63067",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63067",authors:[{id:"245283",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasetyadi",surname:"Mawardi",slug:"prasetyadi-mawardi",fullName:"Prasetyadi Mawardi"}],corrections:null},{id:"63058",title:"Chagas Disease in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80032",slug:"chagas-disease-in-the-yucatan-peninsula-mexico",totalDownloads:946,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which affects a wide variety of hosts including the man, until now treatment options or vaccines developed are not enough to control or prevent infected cases. The main way of transmission is vectorial, through insects of the Reduviidae family, as well by congenital transmission, blood/organ transplants or oral transmission. Chagas disease are considered as endemic in many areas due to the presence and lack of control of insect vectors. Many touristic places in Latin America are located in endemic areas; however, there is a nonexistence of knowledge by touristic service providers about the theme. For that reason, there is a latent risk that tourists who come to vacation in endemic areas are exposed get the infection. The risk factors are well identified, and this allows that well-defined prevention strategies can be established in order to avoid the presentation of cases in visitors to the tourist zones. This chapter aimed to describe the situation of Chagas disease in touristic areas of the Caribbean of America Latina as and to provide a brief review of information that allows visitors to know about the epidemiology and potential risks of this infection.",signatures:"Carlos F. Ortega-Jimenez, Eugenia Guzman-Marin, Eduardo Gutierrez-Blanco, Antonio Ortega-Pacheco and Matilde Jimenez-Coello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63058",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63058",authors:[{id:"30340",title:"Dr.",name:"Matilde",surname:"Jimenez-Coello",slug:"matilde-jimenez-coello",fullName:"Matilde Jimenez-Coello"},{id:"246883",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia",surname:"Guzman-Marin",slug:"eugenia-guzman-marin",fullName:"Eugenia Guzman-Marin"},{id:"246884",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Ortega-Pacheco",slug:"antonio-ortega-pacheco",fullName:"Antonio Ortega-Pacheco"},{id:"246885",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Gutierrez-Blanco",slug:"eduardo-gutierrez-blanco",fullName:"Eduardo Gutierrez-Blanco"},{id:"263502",title:"BSc.",name:"Carlos F.",surname:"Ortega-Jimenez",slug:"carlos-f.-ortega-jimenez",fullName:"Carlos F. Ortega-Jimenez"}],corrections:null},{id:"62284",title:"Neglected Tropical Diseases with an Impact on Kidney Function",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78981",slug:"neglected-tropical-diseases-with-an-impact-on-kidney-function",totalDownloads:962,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Neglected tropical diseases are a group of infectious diseases caused by infectious and parasitic agents that occur in a large part of the world affecting millions of people and can complicate matters with serious organ damage. The kidneys can be affected in many of these diseases, including Chagas disease, dengue, leishmaniasis, leprosy, and schistosomiasis. In this chapter, we describe the mechanisms by which the kidneys are damaged in the setting of these diseases, the clinical manifestations, and the current available treatment options. We also describe the recent novel biomarkers that are under investigation for the early diagnosis of kidney injury in the course of these diseases and the future perspectives.",signatures:"Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior, Ana Amélia Reis Jereissati, Ane Karoline Medina Neri, Danielli Oliveira da Costa Lino, Juliana Gomes Ramalho de Oliveira and Elizabeth De Francesco Daher",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62284",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62284",authors:[{id:"37817",title:"Dr.",name:"Geraldo",surname:"Da Silva Junior",slug:"geraldo-da-silva-junior",fullName:"Geraldo Da Silva Junior"},{id:"43013",title:"Prof.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Daher",slug:"elizabeth-daher",fullName:"Elizabeth Daher"},{id:"252861",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Amelia",surname:"Reis Jereissati",slug:"ana-amelia-reis-jereissati",fullName:"Ana Amelia Reis Jereissati"},{id:"252862",title:"Dr.",name:"Ane Karoline",surname:"Medina Neri",slug:"ane-karoline-medina-neri",fullName:"Ane Karoline Medina Neri"},{id:"252863",title:"Dr.",name:"Danielli",surname:"Oliveira Da Costa Lino",slug:"danielli-oliveira-da-costa-lino",fullName:"Danielli Oliveira Da Costa Lino"},{id:"252864",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Gomes Ramalho De Oliveira",slug:"juliana-gomes-ramalho-de-oliveira",fullName:"Juliana Gomes Ramalho De Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"62363",title:"Mosquito-Borne Diseases and ‘One Health’: The Northwestern Italian Experience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78985",slug:"mosquito-borne-diseases-and-one-health-the-northwestern-italian-experience",totalDownloads:1054,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In Italy, the surveillance of Mosquito-Borne Diseases (MBDs) is regulated by two national preparedness plans: (1) for West Nile and Usutu viruses, integrating human and veterinary surveillance in order to early detect viruses circulation and to quickly apply control measures aimed at reducing the risk of transmission through blood and blood components and (2) for Arbovirosis transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, mainly Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika viruses, based on surveillance of both imported and autochthonous human cases. This chapter reports the results of the application of these National Plans in Northwestern Italy and their impact for human health. In detail, we present the coordinated activities enforced in Piemonte and Liguria Regions, as a good example of the ‘One Health approach’ to control MBDs and prevent human transmission.",signatures:"Maria Cristina Radaelli, Federica Verna, Alessandra Pautasso, Veronica Bellavia, Marco Ballardini, Walter Mignone, Loretta Masoero, Alessandro Dondo, Luca Picco, Roberto Moschi, Andrea Mosca, Laura Chiavacci and Cristina Casalone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62363",authors:[{id:"57238",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Casalone",slug:"cristina-casalone",fullName:"Cristina Casalone"},{id:"245663",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",surname:"Pautasso",slug:"alessandra-pautasso",fullName:"Alessandra Pautasso"},{id:"247429",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",surname:"Verna",slug:"federica-verna",fullName:"Federica Verna"},{id:"247431",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",surname:"Bellavia",slug:"veronica-bellavia",fullName:"Veronica Bellavia"},{id:"247432",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Ballardini",slug:"marco-ballardini",fullName:"Marco Ballardini"},{id:"247433",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Mignone",slug:"walter-mignone",fullName:"Walter Mignone"},{id:"250721",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Cristina",surname:"Radaelli",slug:"maria-cristina-radaelli",fullName:"Maria Cristina Radaelli"},{id:"256569",title:"Dr.",name:"Loretta",surname:"Masoero",slug:"loretta-masoero",fullName:"Loretta Masoero"},{id:"256570",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Dondo",slug:"alessandro-dondo",fullName:"Alessandro Dondo"},{id:"256571",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Chiavacci",slug:"laura-chiavacci",fullName:"Laura Chiavacci"},{id:"256572",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Picco",slug:"luca-picco",fullName:"Luca Picco"},{id:"256573",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Moschi",slug:"roberto-moschi",fullName:"Roberto Moschi"},{id:"256873",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Mosca",slug:"andrea-mosca",fullName:"Andrea Mosca"}],corrections:null},{id:"64497",title:"Indonesia Dengue Fever: Status, Vulnerability, and Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82290",slug:"indonesia-dengue-fever-status-vulnerability-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1983,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In Indonesia, the incidence rate (IR) of dengue fever reported increase almost in every year since the first cases were found in 1968, from 0.05 to ~35–40 per 100,000 population in 2013, with superimposed epidemics demonstrating a similar increasing trend with the highest epidemic occurring in 2010 (IR 85.7). Most currently, about 80% of regencies/cities had been infected and posed as very high vulnerability of spreading the disease. Increased incidence of dengue fever is associated with the increase of rainfall and temperature in particular years. Up to the year of 2038, a climate model of Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency shows increasing trend of rainfall and temperature. Along with its unsuccessful of Indonesia dengue fever control program will lead challenges to reduce dengue fever endemic in the future. Revitalization of dengue disease control program in every single stage with close monitoring implementation is urgently needed. Socialization, community capacity building, and participation could also be a joint sectoral action to enhance the dengue fever control program.",signatures:"Budi Haryanto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64497",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64497",authors:[{id:"139963",title:"Dr.",name:"Budi",surname:"Haryanto",slug:"budi-haryanto",fullName:"Budi Haryanto"}],corrections:null},{id:"63919",title:"RNA Association, RNA Interference, and microRNA Pathways in Dengue Fever Virus-Host Interaction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80334",slug:"rna-association-rna-interference-and-microrna-pathways-in-dengue-fever-virus-host-interaction",totalDownloads:1068,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dengue fever is a fatal vector transmitted disease and is one of the most significant health problems which have magnified its impact globally by afflicting 390 million people across 110 countries. The causative agent of this life-threatening disease is a positive single-stranded RNA arbovirus known as dengue virus (DENV), which uses Aedes aegypti mosquito as an intermediate host. It has been well demonstrated that virus evades mosquito’s RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated antiviral defense and manipulates host microRNA (miRNA) profile to its own benefit. However, the exact mechanisms are still not exclusively elucidated. The molecular mechanisms which characterize the role of novel DENV-encoded small RNAs and other viral proteins in host miRNA modulation and evasion of RNA interference are still elusive. Furthermore, the possibility of small activating RNAs-(RNAa)-mediated activation in mosquitoes in conjunction with dengue virus genes is not fully explored. This book chapter pragmatically overviews intricate interplay between virus-host interactions, how virus invades host antivirus defense mechanisms, and possibly the potential emerging therapeutic role of RNA activation (RNAa) and RNAi for the infections, which can be cured by specific gene activation and gene silencing, respectively.",signatures:"Imran Shahid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63919",authors:[{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid"}],corrections:null},{id:"61509",title:"HIV/AIDS in a Community of Western Cameroon",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77086",slug:"hiv-aids-in-a-community-of-western-cameroon",totalDownloads:894,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims at raising awareness on the prevailing HIV/AIDS situation in a community of West Cameroon. Overall prevalence was 5.21%. Males were more infected than females and individuals ≥ 36 years old recorded highest prevalence. There was no significant difference in prevalence with profession, analysis based on marital status revealed that unmarried were more infected as compared to married, based on the motif of test, those who made the test because of sickness were infected than those who did for pregnancy purpose. The year interval [2014-2016] recorded highest prevalence as compared to other year-intervals; usage of condom in sexual practice for prevention in such individuals showed low prevalence as compared to individuals who did not consider such a prevention option. HIV/AIDS prevails in the Fondonera Community of west region and serious sensitization on its occurrence/level is of vital importance to prevent future infections.",signatures:"Sevidzem Silas Lendzele",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61509",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61509",authors:[{id:"243979",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sevidzem",surname:"Lendzele",slug:"sevidzem-lendzele",fullName:"Sevidzem Lendzele"}],corrections:null},{id:"62148",title:"Ebola Virus Disease: Progress So Far in the Management of the Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79053",slug:"ebola-virus-disease-progress-so-far-in-the-management-of-the-disease",totalDownloads:1140,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ebola virus disease is one of the most deadly emerging infectious diseases in the world which causes severe haemorrhagic fever, with a mortality rate of 50–90%. Following the largest outbreak in West Africa in 2014 which was the most deadly of all time challenging global health, so much concern has been tilted towards the management of the disease. Some of the major global challenges that prolonged and escalated the gravity of the 2014 outbreak were the lack of prompt, reliable and affordable diagnostic tools, but most importantly no specific treatment and vaccines were available to manage the infection. Though certain non-licensed experimental drugs as well as vaccines were introduced during the 2014 outbreak that contributed towards the control of the epidemic, their efficacy was yet to be confirmed in randomized trials. Presently, a few rapid diagnostic test kits have been approved by FDA and WHO. Also, several experimental drugs and vaccines are undergoing randomized clinical trials with a few currently at phase III. Thus, it is our hope that most of these drugs and vaccines will be available in future to better manage re-emerging Ebola infections or outbreaks.",signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62148",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62148",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"}],corrections:null},{id:"62734",title:"A Reemerging Lassa Virus: Aspects of Its Structure, Replication, Pathogenicity and Diagnosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79072",slug:"a-reemerging-lassa-virus-aspects-of-its-structure-replication-pathogenicity-and-diagnosis",totalDownloads:1691,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lassa virus is a linear, bisegmented, single-stranded RNA virus, which belong to the Arenaviridae family that causes viral hemorrhagic fever transmitted by rats. The virus is endemic in West African countries, which may be due to its zoonotic nature. Lassa virus infection occurs through contact with the vector Mastomys natalensis or infected humans and can lead to wide symptoms from a mild infection to Lassa fever and to a severe fatal viral hemorrhagic fever, which include delayed cellular immunity resulting to fulminant viremia. The virus replicates through a strategy known as the Ambisense, where two RNA strands code for genes in both the sense and antisense direction that is rapid and demonstrate temporal control in replication. Different diagnostic tests for the virus are available, which range from viral culture to serological and molecular diagnostic tests. There is an urgent need to develop drugs and vaccines against the virus because the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified Lassa virus as one of the viruses that is likely to cause a future epidemic, although a research is ongoing to evaluate Lassa virus vaccine immunogenicity in the CBA/J-ML29 mouse model. This chapter gives an overview on the structure, replication cycle, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of the virus.",signatures:"Victor B. Oti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62734",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62734",authors:[{id:"245062",title:"Mr.",name:"Victor B.",surname:"Oti",slug:"victor-b.-oti",fullName:"Victor B. Oti"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3432",title:"Current Topics in Public Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bbfaa5b624db308171170cb70e9de196",slug:"current-topics-in-public-health",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. 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Cheng",authors:[null]},{id:"6042",title:"RFID System Integration Design with Existing Websites via EPCglobal-like Architecture for Expensive Material Handling",slug:"rfid_system_integration_design_with_existing_websites_via_epcglobal-like_architecture_for_expensive_",signatures:"Shing Tenqchen, Chui- Yu Chiu and Saad Laraqui",authors:[null]},{id:"6043",title:"RFID Product Authentication in EPCglobal Network",slug:"rfid_product_authentication_in_epcglobal_network",signatures:"Tieyan Li and Wei He",authors:[null]},{id:"6044",title:"RFID Information Value Chain and ETRI RFID Ecosystem: Value-added Environment Linking Physical and Virtual Worlds",slug:"rfid_information_value_chain_and_etri_rfid_ecosystem__value-added_environment_linking_physical_and_v",signatures:"Tae-Su Cheong and Yong-Jun Lee",authors:[null]},{id:"6045",title:"Enhancing the Interactivity of Learning-Guide Systems with RFID",slug:"enhancing_the_interactivity_of_learning-guide_systems_with_rfid",signatures:"Yo-Ping Huang, Yueh-Tsun Chang, Wei-Po Chuang and Frode Eika Sandnes",authors:[null]},{id:"6046",title:"Object Recognition Using a 3D RFID System",slug:"object_recognition_using_a_3d_rfid_system",signatures:"Se-gon Roh and Hyouk Ryeol Choi",authors:[null]},{id:"6047",title:"RFID System Architecture Reconsidered",slug:"rfid_system_architecture_reconsidered",signatures:"Dirk Henrici, Aneta Kabzeva and Paul Mueller",authors:[null]},{id:"6048",title:"Generalized "Yoking-Proofs" and Inter-Tag Communication",slug:"generalized_yoking-proofs_and_inter-tag_communication",signatures:"Leonid Bolotnyy and Gabriel Robins",authors:[null]},{id:"6049",title:"Shared Tag RFID System for Multiple Application Objects",slug:"shared_tag_rfid_system_for_multiple_application_objects",signatures:"Ji-Yeon Kim, Jong-Jin Jung, Yun-Seok Chang and Geun-Sik Jo",authors:[null]},{id:"6050",title:"Object-Oriented Solutions for Information Storage on RFID Tags",slug:"object-oriented_solutions_for_information_storage_on_rfid_tags",signatures:"Cristina Turcu, Remus Prodan, Marius Cerlinca and Tudor Cerlinca",authors:[null]},{id:"6051",title:"Mobile Applications for RFID Based B2B Systems",slug:"mobile_applications_for_rfid_based_b2b_systems",signatures:"Tudor-Ioan Cerlinca, Cornel Turcu, Valentin Popa and Felicia Giza",authors:[null]},{id:"6052",title:"Development of Consumer RFID Applications and Services",slug:"development_of_consumer_rfid_applications_and_services",signatures:"Yong-Woon Kim",authors:[null]},{id:"6053",title:"Efficient Outlier Detection in RFID Trails",slug:"efficient_outlier_detection_in_rfid_trails",signatures:"Elio Masciari and Giuseppe M. Mazzeo",authors:[null]},{id:"6054",title:"RFID Tags as Technology for Value Sensing in Real Space Market",slug:"rfid_tags_as_technology_for_value_sensing_in_real_space_market",signatures:"Yukio Ohsawa, Hikaru Kimura, Toru Gengo and Takeshi Ui",authors:[null]},{id:"6055",title:"A Sector Analysis for RFID Technologies: Fundamental and Technical Analysis for Financial Decision Making Problems",slug:"a_sector_analysis_for_rfid_technologies__fundamental_and_technical_analysis_for_financial_decision_m",signatures:"S. Kasap, M.C. Testik, E. Yüksel and N. Kasap",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"446",title:"Deploying RFID",subtitle:"Challenges, Solutions, and Open Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c6e14527fa60cdfdfed1ec14e0d15bb",slug:"deploying-rfid-challenges-solutions-and-open-issues",bookSignature:"Cristina Turcu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/446.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9302",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Turcu",slug:"cristina-turcu",fullName:"Cristina Turcu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"446",title:"Deploying RFID",subtitle:"Challenges, Solutions, and Open Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c6e14527fa60cdfdfed1ec14e0d15bb",slug:"deploying-rfid-challenges-solutions-and-open-issues",bookSignature:"Cristina Turcu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/446.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9302",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Turcu",slug:"cristina-turcu",fullName:"Cristina Turcu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81346",title:"Power Reduction Using Efficient Way of Tri-State Buffer Connection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102643",slug:"power-reduction-using-efficient-way-of-tri-state-buffer-connection",body:'Incorporated Lap (ICS) terminus, normally indicate to surely chips or microchips, became accompanied with the aid of the want to test these designs. Small weighing device integrating (SSI) design, with tens of digital transistor in the early time of the 60s, and Medium Scale Leaf of size integration (MSI) system of policies, with a large quantity of digital transistor inside the overdue time 1960s, had been comparatively clean to test [1]. Moreover, within the 1970s, massive-scale integration (LSI) innovation, with a big range of transistors, generate some difficulties while experimenting with these designs. In the early time of 80s, a very-large-scale integration (VLSI) sample with a big range of transistors was explained. Enhance the caliber in VLSI designs have done in designs with hundreds of millions of transistors [2]. One of the primary dissipated ethical pressure exponents reduced by the clock gating approach, in calculating electronics ware inside the ordinary machine’s gated clock. Then, decrease by 30–70% of the entire dynamic electricity dissipation. Similarly, lowering the general gadget strength to 15-xx% of grouping somersault fall apart statistics pushed the clock gating approach [3]. A gated clock may be a very crucial way of lowering the clock signal. Essentially, while clocked the common-sense social unit, it is relying upon the sequential parameter that receives the clock signal, one after the other, they may transfer within the subsequent HZ whether its miles demanded or now not. The facts driven clock gating designs figuring out allowing clock indicators are manually brought for every FF as a part of the proposed design methodology [4]. With the aid of the usage of the clock gating method, the fair sports clock sign is and with explicitly predefined allowing sign. Clock gating is appointed at all ground of electrical circuit, good judgment design, block layout, and gate [5]. Sundry ways to pick gain of this approach are defined, with all of them based on unique heuristic application in a looking to increase clock gating opportunities. With the quick ontogeny in gadget of regulations complexity. Laptop-aided layout (cad) tool supporting device stage-ironware-description has often been realized. Additionally, grow gadget output, every contraption wants the body of work of the long mountain variety of computerized synthesis algorithms, from register-switch-degree (RTL) right down to the netlist and gate-level. Sadly, such automation leads to a massive wide variety of unused toggling. Consequently, developing the dissipated clock at flip-flops as defined in this studies chapter [6].
Wasted power is created when the system is changing from a natural state to the next state or when switch ON. Changing power of one gate can be explained in the Eq. (1):
where the parameter (f) represents the clock frequency, the parameter (CL) represents the switching capacitance, while the parameter (VDD) represents the voltage source. Finally, decreasing the dynamic power consumption can be calculated by the way of decreasing one of the parameters in the Eq. (1) [7].
Leakage power is the lowest amount of power dissipation in digital design, growing significantly every year with modern techniques. Dynamic power is the largest amount of power dissipation in the digital design, and still control all the power dissipated in the system. Therefore, the efficient techniques to drop off the dissipated dynamic power contain the size of the transistor, gated clock, multiple provision potential interconnect optimization, and dynamic control of supply voltage. Incorporating the above methods in the system of nanoscale system, the dynamic power consumption can be decreased significantly [8].
Clock gating is the efficient method used to decrease the power consumption in a synchronous system. In an ideal digital design like the general target microprocessor, part of the design is active only at any specific time. Therefore, by switching off the idle part of the design, the unused power dissipation can be saved. The most important approach to realize this goal by cutting a clock signal that goes to the unnecessary part of the design. This way stops unused clocking of the inputs to the idle system module [9].
In this text, we will talk about the new device that will keep much area and power as proved in Ref. [10]. The brand-new signal named gated clock is shown inside the next determine later by means of including tri-nation connection and device of the logic gate is employed that is generated by way of the gathering of double-gated (and, or, and) with bubbled input sign sequent. On this conception, maintain baron in each case that even the truthful recreation designing is activated. The ascendance gadget clock is off, in summation when the specified design is clock off, and then additionally controlling twist’s clock is off. This method appearing can maintain lots of energy by way of averting unused switching at the clock net. This clock gating is on at posedge and rancid at negedge stated clock electricity and dynamic power is maintaining on the jail time period of negedge clock. In the traditional state, the design works by applying a CLK signal controlled by enable signal (E-N).
Clear to understand the working of design in the original state from RTL, viewer for Huffman with PMC as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
RTL viewer for Huffman with PMC.
Power management control (PMC) design.
This section explains the way of low power Huffman design using a tri-state buffer. By using tri-state buffer, significantly reduced the wasted power. Basically, tri-state logic is used as a switch and controlled by enable signal, named as Enable Signal (EN) as shown in Figure 3. In tri-state buffer, if en = 1, that led to appear the input data at the output of the tri-state buffer. In other word, encoder on and decoder off. But if en = 0, then opposite the process encoder off and decoder on. Also, input value would not appear at the output. Clearly, the process details are shown in Figure 4. In this work, tri-state buffer property is used to decrease the power dissipation of Huffman [11]. It performs various processes during the execution in modules block. At one particular time, one method was performed [12]. Even as, all different approaches (which are not select), consumes clock baron at the same time. This can leash dynamic power dissipation.
Clock gating techniques.
Tri-state connection.
The problem is overcome with the usage of the tri-country buffer. Therefore, at the time one technique can carry out via Huffman, whilst all different operations are in tri-state high impedance z nation. In this example, it’s miles feasible to put in force circuit with the assist of tri-kingdom good judgment. That results in carrying out the most effective one operation at one plus time, that is selection enter for selected the target method [6]. Moreover, the other operations are remaining in a high impedance Z state. In other word, these operations cannot access to output or connect to the output. The path of passing clock signals in different cases is presented in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. The way of execution using tri-state logic is shown in Figure 4. Where the implementation processes with tri-state as the way of the clock signal. If en = 1, then the clock signal will be appearing at the decoder output. But when the en signal is set to 0 as shown in Figure 4, clock input will be an appearance at the encoder output because an inverter makes en input 0 to input 1. So, it deeds as an out-of-doors circuited route [13]. This could make sure that Huffman modules cognitive manner, handiest one module is chosen at a time and carried out, while the relaxation of cognitive procedure are in tri-nation [14]. Figure 5 shows Power Management Control (PMC) validation. While the full Huffman waveform validations is presented in Figure 6.
Power management control (PMC) validation.
Huffman waveform validations.
Quartus II 14.1 (Sixty-Four-Bit) web version is used to enforce Huffman. Furthermore, Modelsim-Altera 10.3c (Quartus II 14.1) is used to carry out behavioral simulation and validation [4]. Validation software is used for the behavioral simulation and tested the Huffman layout with exceptional values of entering and in all conditions. Huffman layout is behaving according to the specs. Figures 5 and 6 show the behavior of the waveform simulation of Huffman with the new tri-state logic design, in addition to the behavioral of tri-state design. Clear to observe that, how the new circuit switches had one process ON and the other process OFF. Figure 6 shows the validation of the input and output signals for Huffman with tri-state logic technique [15].
In Figure 7, the resource utilization summary is shown. In this chapter, tri-state logic is used to control Huffman design. In this technique, encoder and decoder Huffman operations are implemented. Moreover, logic operations are achieved too. This will lead to less resource usage. After the compilation, synthesis is executed. Quartus II 14.1 (64-bit) internet version illustrated RTL schematic of Huffman. The RTL schematic is received, the device usage of the layout with tri-kingdom good judgment is proven under.
Flow summary results of Huffman.
Last of all, in this research the new suggested design will preserve more area and power. The most important aspect of this newspaper writer is to expand a new clock signal approach and improve the performance of the virtual design. The boom in dynamic essential multi-millionaire consumption makes the employer unreliable so that you could ascendency the dynamic transfer strength numerous techniques are studied to reduce it. A new tri-nation-based totally clock technique is proposed to reduce energy dissipation. Comparative analysis shows that the proposed approach affects the dynamic strength. All the analyses are done on Huffman design with process variation parameters. As concluded from the simulation waveform summarized in the figure above, the suggested technique deals with tri-state as a switch, not register. That’s means switch used to pass the signal only. This fulfilled the purpose of this wok, reduction in power consumption. Finally, the performance evaluation of the various modules is carried out using Modalism-Altera 10.3c (Quartus II 14.1), which is used to perform behavioral simulation and validation, the circuits designed using tri-state logic showed a reduced power. As a future work, a reversible divider can also be designed and included in this design.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. 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Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1076",title:"Chronooncology",slug:"chronooncology",parent:{id:"190",title:"Oncology",slug:"medicine-oncology"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:71,numberOfWosCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitations:56,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1076",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5730",title:"Unique Aspects of Anti-cancer Drug Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9cdd2d8e095ad4f83da2b26cb3e239c7",slug:"unique-aspects-of-anti-cancer-drug-development",bookSignature:"Jolanta Natalia Latosinska and Magdalena Latosinska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5730.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77808",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Latosińska",slug:"jolanta-natalia-latosinska",fullName:"Jolanta Natalia Latosińska"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5767",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d12d5b2fe98bfc2a6411f1b26d8f028",slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5767.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"54517",doi:"10.5772/67573",title:"Flavonoids: Promising Natural Products for Treatment of Skin Cancer (Melanoma)",slug:"flavonoids-promising-natural-products-for-treatment-of-skin-cancer-melanoma-",totalDownloads:1941,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Melanoma, which is the most malignant skin cancer type, has got one of the fastest increasing incidence rates of all cancer types in the world. When belatedly diagnosed, melanoma is extremely invasive and metastatic. Although there are effective drugs used to treat melanoma, some cell lines have proven resistant to chemotherapy. In this context, several research groups on natural products have investigated the anticancer effect of new natural molecules in the treatment of melanoma. Flavonoids have shown to play an important role in chemoprevention and inhibition of the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. In this chapter, we present a systematic review performed through a literature search over a period of 20 years, using specialized databases. Analysis of all selected manuscripts demonstrated that at least 97 flavonoids have already been investigated for the treatment of melanoma using in vitro or in vivo models. Most of the bioactive flavonoids belong to the classes of flavones (38.0%), flavonols (17.5%), or isoflavonoids (17.5%). Apigenin, diosmin, fisetin, luteolin, and quercetin were considered as the most studied flavonoids for melanoma treatment. In general, flavonoids have shown to be a promising source of molecules with great potential for the treatment of melanoma.",book:{id:"5767",slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Raimundo Gonçalves de Oliveira Júnior, Christiane Adrielly Alves\nFerraz, Mariana Gama e Silva, Érica Martins de Lavor, Larissa Araújo\nRolim, Julianeli Tolentino de Lima, Audrey Fleury, Laurent Picot,\nJullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior\nand Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida",authors:[{id:"70159",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucindo",middleName:null,surname:"Quintans-Júnior",slug:"lucindo-quintans-junior",fullName:"Lucindo Quintans-Júnior"},{id:"72113",title:"Prof.",name:"Jackson",middleName:"Roberto Guedes Da Silva",surname:"Almeida",slug:"jackson-almeida",fullName:"Jackson Almeida"},{id:"203273",title:"Dr.",name:"Jullyana",middleName:null,surname:"de Souza Siqueira Quintans",slug:"jullyana-de-souza-siqueira-quintans",fullName:"Jullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans"},{id:"203426",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Picot",slug:"laurent-picot",fullName:"Laurent Picot"},{id:"204628",title:"Mr.",name:"Raimundo",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira-Junior",slug:"raimundo-oliveira-junior",fullName:"Raimundo Oliveira-Junior"},{id:"204629",title:"MSc.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraz",slug:"christiane-ferraz",fullName:"Christiane Ferraz"},{id:"204630",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"mariana-silva",fullName:"Mariana Silva"},{id:"204631",title:"Ms.",name:"Erica",middleName:null,surname:"Lavor",slug:"erica-lavor",fullName:"Erica Lavor"},{id:"204632",title:"Prof.",name:"Julianeli",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"julianeli-lima",fullName:"Julianeli Lima"},{id:"204633",title:"Prof.",name:"Larissa",middleName:null,surname:"Rolim",slug:"larissa-rolim",fullName:"Larissa Rolim"},{id:"204634",title:"Prof.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Fleury",slug:"audrey-fleury",fullName:"Audrey Fleury"}]},{id:"55925",doi:"10.5772/67797",title:"Endophytic Fungi as Alternative and Reliable Sources for Potent Anticancer Agents",slug:"endophytic-fungi-as-alternative-and-reliable-sources-for-potent-anticancer-agents",totalDownloads:2e3,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In comparison with other natural sources like plants, highly diverse microorganisms are narrowly explored, especially with respect to their limitless potentials as repositories of exceptionally bioactive natural products. Of these organisms, fungi inhabiting tissues of plant in a noninvasive relationship (endophytic fungi) have proven undeniably useful and unmatchable as sources of potent bioactive molecules against several diseases such as cancer and related ailments. In general terms, endophytic fungi are highly prevalent organisms found in the tissue (intracellular or intercellular) of plants and at least for reasonable portion of their lives. It has been proven that virtually every plant, irrespective of habitat and climate, plays host to wide varieties of endophytes. Endophytic fungi produce metabolites produced by different biosynthetic pathways to that of the host plant, and this robustness equips them to synthesize unlimited structural entities and scaffolds of diverse classes. Interestingly too, the cohabitation/culture of these fungi with certain bacteria offers even stronger hopes for anticancer drug discovery. The endless need for potent drugs has necessitated the search of bioactive molecules from several sources, and endophytic fungi appear to be a recipe. This chapter is an attempt to present the current trend of research with these very promising organisms.",book:{id:"5767",slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Edwin O. Omeje, Joy E. Ahomafor, Theophilus U. Onyekaba, Philip\nO. Monioro, Ibekwe Nneka, Sunday Onyeloni, Charles Chime and\nJonathan C. Eboka",authors:[{id:"197824",title:"Dr.",name:"Edwin",middleName:"Ogechukwu",surname:"Omeje",slug:"edwin-omeje",fullName:"Edwin Omeje"},{id:"198038",title:"Dr.",name:"Nneka",middleName:null,surname:"Ibekwe",slug:"nneka-ibekwe",fullName:"Nneka Ibekwe"},{id:"198039",title:"MSc.",name:"Joy",middleName:null,surname:"Ahomafor",slug:"joy-ahomafor",fullName:"Joy Ahomafor"},{id:"198040",title:"Mr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:null,surname:"Onyeloni",slug:"sunday-onyeloni",fullName:"Sunday Onyeloni"},{id:"198041",title:"Mr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Monioro",slug:"philip-monioro",fullName:"Philip Monioro"},{id:"204822",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Chime",slug:"charles-chime",fullName:"Charles Chime"}]},{id:"54388",doi:"10.5772/67650",title:"Computational Studies and Biosynthesis of Natural Products with Promising Anticancer Properties",slug:"computational-studies-and-biosynthesis-of-natural-products-with-promising-anticancer-properties",totalDownloads:1951,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"We present an overview of computational approaches for the prediction of metabolic pathways by which plants biosynthesise compounds, with a focus on selected very promising anticancer secondary metabolites from floral sources. We also provide an overview of databases for the retrieval of useful genomic data, discussing the strengths and limitations of selected prediction software and the main computational tools (and methods), which could be employed for the investigation of the uncharted routes towards the biosynthesis of some of the identified anticancer metabolites from plant sources, eventually using specific examples to address some knowledge gaps when using these approaches.",book:{id:"5767",slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Aurélien F.A. Moumbock, Conrad V. Simoben, Ludger Wessjohann,\nWolfgang Sippl, Stefan Günther and Fidele Ntie‐Kang",authors:[{id:"177615",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludger",middleName:null,surname:"Aloisius Wessjohann",slug:"ludger-aloisius-wessjohann",fullName:"Ludger Aloisius Wessjohann"},{id:"197160",title:"Dr.",name:"Fidele",middleName:null,surname:"Ntie-Kang",slug:"fidele-ntie-kang",fullName:"Fidele Ntie-Kang"},{id:"197406",title:"Mr.",name:"Conrad Veranso",middleName:null,surname:"Simoben",slug:"conrad-veranso-simoben",fullName:"Conrad Veranso Simoben"},{id:"197408",title:"Prof.",name:"Wolfgang",middleName:null,surname:"Sippl",slug:"wolfgang-sippl",fullName:"Wolfgang Sippl"},{id:"199056",title:"Mr.",name:"Aurelien F. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Moumbock",slug:"aurelien-f.-a.-moumbock",fullName:"Aurelien F. A. Moumbock"},{id:"199057",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Günther",slug:"stefan-gunther",fullName:"Stefan Günther"}]},{id:"54745",doi:"10.5772/68131",title:"Lycopene: Multitargeted Applications in Cancer Therapy",slug:"lycopene-multitargeted-applications-in-cancer-therapy",totalDownloads:1880,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Cancer is an uncontrolled growth and division of cells, leading to significant morbidity and mortality and economic burden to the society. Natural products as anticancer molecules have drawn the attention of researchers and have resulted in the development of many successful anticancer drugs, which include camptothecins, epipodophyllotoxins, vinca alkaloids, and taxanes. Another group of compounds with anti-cancer effects include botanicals (phytochemicals) found in the diet. In recent years, a tomato carotenoid lycopene (LYC) has gained attention for its potential health benefits, especially in prevention and treatment of cancer. The studies suggest that the consumption LYC in food or by itself may reduce cancer risk. However, there are insufficient clinical trial data to support the hypothesis. LYC may play a preventive role in a variety of cancers, especially in prostate cancer. It acts by multiple mechanisms including the regulation of growth factor signalling, cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis induction, metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as by modulating the anti-inflammatory and phase II detoxification enzymes activities. The effects can be attributed to the unique chemical structure of the carotenoid which confers it a strong antioxidant property. In this chapter, we discuss the chemopreventive and anti-cancer properties of LYC, a dietary carotenoid.”",book:{id:"5767",slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Kazim Sahin, Shakir Ali, Nurhan Sahin, Cemal Orhan and Omer\nKucuk",authors:[{id:"39589",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazim",middleName:null,surname:"Sahin",slug:"kazim-sahin",fullName:"Kazim Sahin"}]},{id:"55790",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68506",title:"Phytocompounds Targeting Cancer Angiogenesis Using the Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay",slug:"phytocompounds-targeting-cancer-angiogenesis-using-the-chorioallantoic-membrane-assay",totalDownloads:1816,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Cancer is the second cause of mortality worldwide. Angiogenesis is an important process involved in the growth of primary tumors and metastasis. New approaches for controlling the cancer progression and invasiveness can be addressed by limiting the angiogenesis process. An increasingly large number of natural compounds are evaluated as angiogenesis inhibitors. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay represents an in vivo attractive experimental model for cancer and angiogenesis studies as prescreening to the murine models. Since the discovery of tumor angiogenesis, the CAM has been intensively used in cancer research. The advantages of this in vivo technique are in terms of low time-consuming, costs, and a lower number of sacrificed animals. Currently, a great number of natural compounds are being investigated for their effectiveness in controlling tumor angiogenesis. Potential reducing of angiogenesis has been investigated by our group for pentacyclic triterpenes, in various formulations, and differences in their mechanism were registered. This chapter aims to give an overview on a number of phytocompounds investigated using in vitro, murine models and the chorioallantoic membrane assay as well as to emphasize the use of CAM assay in the study of natural compounds with potential effects in malignancies.",book:{id:"5767",slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Stefana Avram, Roxana Ghiulai, Ioana Zinuca Pavel, Marius Mioc,\nRoxana Babuta, Mirela Voicu, Dorina Coricovac, Corina Danciu,\nCristina Dehelean and Codruta Soica",authors:[{id:"141027",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Dehelean",slug:"cristina-dehelean",fullName:"Cristina Dehelean"},{id:"173283",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorina",middleName:null,surname:"Coricovac",slug:"dorina-coricovac",fullName:"Dorina Coricovac"},{id:"186372",title:"Prof.",name:"Corina",middleName:null,surname:"Danciu",slug:"corina-danciu",fullName:"Corina Danciu"},{id:"186680",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Ghiulai",slug:"roxana-ghiulai",fullName:"Roxana Ghiulai"},{id:"197894",title:"Prof.",name:"Codruta",middleName:null,surname:"Soica",slug:"codruta-soica",fullName:"Codruta Soica"},{id:"197929",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefana",middleName:null,surname:"Avram",slug:"stefana-avram",fullName:"Stefana Avram"},{id:"202529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana Zinuca",middleName:null,surname:"Pavel",slug:"ioana-zinuca-pavel",fullName:"Ioana Zinuca Pavel"},{id:"205584",title:"Mr.",name:"Marius",middleName:null,surname:"Mioc",slug:"marius-mioc",fullName:"Marius Mioc"},{id:"205585",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Racoviceanu (Babuta)",slug:"roxana-racoviceanu-(babuta)",fullName:"Roxana Racoviceanu (Babuta)"},{id:"205586",title:"Ms.",name:"Mirela",middleName:null,surname:"Voicu",slug:"mirela-voicu",fullName:"Mirela Voicu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54281",title:"Towards Metabolic Engineering of Podophyllotoxin Production",slug:"towards-metabolic-engineering-of-podophyllotoxin-production",totalDownloads:1693,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The pharmaceutically important anticancer drugs etoposide and teniposide are derived from podophyllotoxin, a natural product isolated from roots of Podophyllum hexandrum growing in the wild. The overexploitation of this endangered plant has led to the search for alternative sources. Metabolic engineering aimed at constructing the pathway in another host cell is very appealing, but for that approach, an in-depth knowledge of the pathway toward podophyllotoxin is necessary. In this chapter, we give an overview of the lignan pathway leading to podophyllotoxin. Subsequently, we will discuss the engineering possibilities to produce podophyllotoxin in a heterologous host. This will require detailed knowledge on the cellular localization of the enzymes of the lignan biosynthesis pathway. Due to the high number of enzymes involved and the scarce information on compartmentalization, the heterologous production of podophyllotoxin still remains a tremendous challenge. At the moment, research is focusing on the last step(s) in the conversion of deoxypodophyllotoxin to (epi)podophyllotoxin and 4′-demethyldesoxypodophyllotoxin by plant cytochromes.",book:{id:"5767",slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Christel L. C. Seegers, Rita Setroikromo and Wim J. Quax",authors:[{id:"196901",title:"Prof.",name:"Wim",middleName:null,surname:"Quax",slug:"wim-quax",fullName:"Wim Quax"},{id:"197867",title:"MSc.",name:"Christel L.C.",middleName:null,surname:"Seegers",slug:"christel-l.c.-seegers",fullName:"Christel L.C. Seegers"},{id:"197868",title:"Ms.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Setroikromo",slug:"rita-setroikromo",fullName:"Rita Setroikromo"}]},{id:"55831",title:"African Plants with Antiproliferative Properties",slug:"african-plants-with-antiproliferative-properties",totalDownloads:2091,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Plant-derived compounds have been an integral component in man’s quest to discover ideal anticancer agents. A number of new agents are currently in clinical development with promising selective activity against cancer cell lines and cancer-related molecular targets. This book chapter discusses 14 of such compounds isolated from African plants from 15 plant families. Also contained in this book chapter are compounds from African plants that hold prospect as potential anticancer agents as informed by their in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. It is, therefore, worthwhile that researchers in the African continent and the world over should keep on working on identifying biomolecules with potential in cancer management.",book:{id:"5767",slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Newman Osafo, Yaw Duah Boakye, Christian Agyare, Samuel\nObeng, Judith Edem Foli and Prince Amankwaah Baffour Minkah",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"186987",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaw Duah",middleName:null,surname:"Boakye",slug:"yaw-duah-boakye",fullName:"Yaw Duah Boakye"},{id:"196452",title:"Dr.",name:"Newman",middleName:null,surname:"Osafo",slug:"newman-osafo",fullName:"Newman Osafo"},{id:"201381",title:"Ms.",name:"Judith",middleName:null,surname:"Edem Foli",slug:"judith-edem-foli",fullName:"Judith Edem Foli"},{id:"201382",title:"Mr.",name:"Prince",middleName:"Amankwah Baffour",surname:"Minkah",slug:"prince-minkah",fullName:"Prince Minkah"},{id:"204731",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Obeng",slug:"samuel-obeng",fullName:"Samuel Obeng"}]},{id:"54388",title:"Computational Studies and Biosynthesis of Natural Products with Promising Anticancer Properties",slug:"computational-studies-and-biosynthesis-of-natural-products-with-promising-anticancer-properties",totalDownloads:1949,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"We present an overview of computational approaches for the prediction of metabolic pathways by which plants biosynthesise compounds, with a focus on selected very promising anticancer secondary metabolites from floral sources. We also provide an overview of databases for the retrieval of useful genomic data, discussing the strengths and limitations of selected prediction software and the main computational tools (and methods), which could be employed for the investigation of the uncharted routes towards the biosynthesis of some of the identified anticancer metabolites from plant sources, eventually using specific examples to address some knowledge gaps when using these approaches.",book:{id:"5767",slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Aurélien F.A. Moumbock, Conrad V. Simoben, Ludger Wessjohann,\nWolfgang Sippl, Stefan Günther and Fidele Ntie‐Kang",authors:[{id:"177615",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludger",middleName:null,surname:"Aloisius Wessjohann",slug:"ludger-aloisius-wessjohann",fullName:"Ludger Aloisius Wessjohann"},{id:"197160",title:"Dr.",name:"Fidele",middleName:null,surname:"Ntie-Kang",slug:"fidele-ntie-kang",fullName:"Fidele Ntie-Kang"},{id:"197406",title:"Mr.",name:"Conrad Veranso",middleName:null,surname:"Simoben",slug:"conrad-veranso-simoben",fullName:"Conrad Veranso Simoben"},{id:"197408",title:"Prof.",name:"Wolfgang",middleName:null,surname:"Sippl",slug:"wolfgang-sippl",fullName:"Wolfgang Sippl"},{id:"199056",title:"Mr.",name:"Aurelien F. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Moumbock",slug:"aurelien-f.-a.-moumbock",fullName:"Aurelien F. A. Moumbock"},{id:"199057",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Günther",slug:"stefan-gunther",fullName:"Stefan Günther"}]},{id:"55922",title:"Lupan-Skeleton Pentacyclic Triterpenes with Activity against Skin Cancer: Preclinical Trials Evolution",slug:"lupan-skeleton-pentacyclic-triterpenes-with-activity-against-skin-cancer-preclinical-trials-evolutio",totalDownloads:1797,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Skin cancer is an increasingly frequent pathology, with a dangerous high percentage of malignant melanoma. The use of synthetic chemotherapy raises the problem of severe adverse effects and the development of resistance to treatment. Therefore, the use of natural therapies became the focus of numerous research groups due to their high efficacy and lower systemic adverse effects. Among natural products evaluated as therapeutical agents against skin cancer, betulinic acid was emphasized as a highly selective anti-melanoma agent and is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials as topical application. Several other pentacyclic triterpenes exhibit antiproliferative activities. This chapter aims to present the latest main discoveries in the class of pentacyclic triterenes with antitumor effect and the evolution of their preclinical trials. Furthermore, it includes reports on plant sources containing pentacyclic triterpenes, as well as the main possibilities of their water solubilization and cancer cell targeting. A review on recent data regarding mechanisms of action at cellular and molecular levels complements information on the outstanding medicinal potential of these compounds.",book:{id:"5730",slug:"unique-aspects-of-anti-cancer-drug-development",title:"Unique Aspects of Anti-cancer Drug Development",fullTitle:"Unique Aspects of Anti-cancer Drug Development"},signatures:"Codruţa Şoica, Diana Antal, Florina Andrica, Roxana Băbuţa, Alina\nMoacă, Florina Ardelean, Roxana Ghiulai, Stefana Avram, Corina\nDanciu, Dorina Coricovac, Cristina Dehelean and Virgil Păunescu",authors:[{id:"141027",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Dehelean",slug:"cristina-dehelean",fullName:"Cristina Dehelean"},{id:"173283",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorina",middleName:null,surname:"Coricovac",slug:"dorina-coricovac",fullName:"Dorina Coricovac"},{id:"186372",title:"Prof.",name:"Corina",middleName:null,surname:"Danciu",slug:"corina-danciu",fullName:"Corina Danciu"},{id:"186678",title:"Dr.",name:"Codruta",middleName:null,surname:"Soica",slug:"codruta-soica",fullName:"Codruta Soica"},{id:"186679",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Antal",slug:"diana-antal",fullName:"Diana Antal"},{id:"186680",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Ghiulai",slug:"roxana-ghiulai",fullName:"Roxana Ghiulai"},{id:"202526",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefana",middleName:null,surname:"Avram",slug:"stefana-avram",fullName:"Stefana Avram"},{id:"205282",title:"Dr.",name:"Florina",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"florina-ardelean",fullName:"Florina Ardelean"},{id:"205679",title:"Dr.",name:"Florina",middleName:null,surname:"Andrica",slug:"florina-andrica",fullName:"Florina Andrica"},{id:"205680",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Racoviceanu (Babuta)",slug:"roxana-racoviceanu-(babuta)",fullName:"Roxana Racoviceanu (Babuta)"},{id:"205681",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Moaca",slug:"alina-moaca",fullName:"Alina Moaca"}]},{id:"55925",title:"Endophytic Fungi as Alternative and Reliable Sources for Potent Anticancer Agents",slug:"endophytic-fungi-as-alternative-and-reliable-sources-for-potent-anticancer-agents",totalDownloads:1999,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In comparison with other natural sources like plants, highly diverse microorganisms are narrowly explored, especially with respect to their limitless potentials as repositories of exceptionally bioactive natural products. Of these organisms, fungi inhabiting tissues of plant in a noninvasive relationship (endophytic fungi) have proven undeniably useful and unmatchable as sources of potent bioactive molecules against several diseases such as cancer and related ailments. In general terms, endophytic fungi are highly prevalent organisms found in the tissue (intracellular or intercellular) of plants and at least for reasonable portion of their lives. It has been proven that virtually every plant, irrespective of habitat and climate, plays host to wide varieties of endophytes. Endophytic fungi produce metabolites produced by different biosynthetic pathways to that of the host plant, and this robustness equips them to synthesize unlimited structural entities and scaffolds of diverse classes. Interestingly too, the cohabitation/culture of these fungi with certain bacteria offers even stronger hopes for anticancer drug discovery. The endless need for potent drugs has necessitated the search of bioactive molecules from several sources, and endophytic fungi appear to be a recipe. This chapter is an attempt to present the current trend of research with these very promising organisms.",book:{id:"5767",slug:"natural-products-and-cancer-drug-discovery",title:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Natural Products and Cancer Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Edwin O. Omeje, Joy E. Ahomafor, Theophilus U. Onyekaba, Philip\nO. Monioro, Ibekwe Nneka, Sunday Onyeloni, Charles Chime and\nJonathan C. Eboka",authors:[{id:"197824",title:"Dr.",name:"Edwin",middleName:"Ogechukwu",surname:"Omeje",slug:"edwin-omeje",fullName:"Edwin Omeje"},{id:"198038",title:"Dr.",name:"Nneka",middleName:null,surname:"Ibekwe",slug:"nneka-ibekwe",fullName:"Nneka Ibekwe"},{id:"198039",title:"MSc.",name:"Joy",middleName:null,surname:"Ahomafor",slug:"joy-ahomafor",fullName:"Joy Ahomafor"},{id:"198040",title:"Mr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:null,surname:"Onyeloni",slug:"sunday-onyeloni",fullName:"Sunday Onyeloni"},{id:"198041",title:"Mr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Monioro",slug:"philip-monioro",fullName:"Philip Monioro"},{id:"204822",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Chime",slug:"charles-chime",fullName:"Charles Chime"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1076",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"