Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
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Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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She received her PhD from Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA and joined AUB in 1994. She assumed many administrative positions at AUB including Interim Associate Provost, Chair of Enrollment Management, Chair of Biology Department and Director of Center for Drug Discovery. She is a prominent scholar with outstanding scientific contributions to the study of the role of natural products in cancer therapy and identifying their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. She has published 95 peer reviewed articles, more than 10 book chapters and has edited a few books. 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As an undergraduate, he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from the American University of Beirut, Lebanon and was further appointed as a translational cancer researcher in the field of Molecular Biology and Anticancer Drug Discovery. His research interests are in the field of Oncology with a focus on translational research, systematic and comparative reviews, case studies, and clinical trials. Omar co-authored 6 peer review articles and 1 book chapter. 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These entities are stem cell-derived clonal disorders characterized by hematopoietic progenitor autonomy or hypersensitivity to cytokines, most of them presenting mutations in Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), calreticulin (CALR), or myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene (MPL). Deregulation of pro- and antiapoptotic genes is also claimed as an important mechanism involved in cell resistance to cell death and accumulation of myeloid cells in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Apoptosis, as one of the best-characterized types of programmed cell death, has a clear role in hematopoiesis control. However, the exact pathways affected in BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms have not yet been fully clarified. This chapter will explore the modifications affecting programmed cell death pathways involved in myeloid proliferation and how these alterations might be exploited in single or combined targeted therapeutic strategies.",signatures:"Carmen C. Diaconu, Petruta Gurban, Cristina Mambet, Mihaela Chivu-Economescu, Laura G. Necula, Lilia Matei, Denisa Dragu, Saviana Nedeianu, Ana I. Neagu, Aurelia Tatic, Diana Cristodor and Coralia Bleotu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66895",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66895",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66585",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Cell Death",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85401",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-mediated-cell-death",totalDownloads:1448,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In normal functioning cells, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major control site for folding, modification, and trafficking of secretory and cell-surface proteins. ER also plays a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular calcium homeostasis. Since ER is a key organelle in the cell; ER stress-mediated cell death can be associated with numerous diseases including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, neuronal damage-induced ischemia, prion disease, cystic fibrosis, and diabetes mellitus. ER stress is a consequence of complex mechanisms which several cellular pathways interact with each other simultaneously. The two most important initiating points for ER stress-mediated cell death are; transcription factor CHOP/GADD153 and ER membrane protein kinase (IRE1). ER stress triggers proteolytic cleavage of caspase-12 and caspase-4, both of which are localized at the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane to initiate the mechanism of cell death. Thus, ER stress and mitochondrial apoptosis are linked via caspase-12, which is seen in several degenerative diseases.",signatures:"Mehtap Kara and Ezgi Oztas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66585",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66585",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70279",title:"Cell Death Mechanisms of the Promising Anticancer Compound Gallotannin",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90187",slug:"cell-death-mechanisms-of-the-promising-anticancer-compound-gallotannin",totalDownloads:621,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The polyphenolic hydrolyzable tannin, gallotannin (GT), also known as tannic acid, possesses interesting anticarcinogenic properties. An evidence from experimental studies suggests that GT is effective against multiple cancer types. Gallotannin has been shown to induce programmed cell death in a wide variety of cancers including colon, breast, prostate, and liver, among others. Apoptosis, cellular senescence, autophagy, and necrosis are the main mechanisms by which GT can suppress cancer progression. In addition, GT is a potent inhibitor of many proliferation pathways. 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Its roles in cancer are complex and context-dependent. In this chapter, we will give an overview of regulation of autophagy with an emphasis in cancer and summarize the recent efforts in developing cancer therapeutics targeting autophagy.",signatures:"Hai Zhang and Zhinan Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68414",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68414",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67450",title:"Autophagy and Cell Death in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Prion Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86706",slug:"autophagy-and-cell-death-in-alzheimer-s-parkinson-s-and-prion-diseases",totalDownloads:1168,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Neurodegenerative brain disorders (NBD) impair brain cells’ proteostasis with the accumulation of normal, mutant, misfolded or unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The increased ER burden of these proteins elicits the unfolded protein response (UPR) and stimulates autophagy (AUT). 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1. Introduction
Lipids are prominent among the four main macromolecules (the others being amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) in the diversity of molecular species [1]. They are essential to the biochemical and biophysical properties of all cells [2, 3]. Lipids serve as energy storage sources [4], homeostasis regulators [5], and nutrients; besides, they participate in events of pathophysiological importance [6]. Current estimates place the number of lipids at 100,000–500,000 [6].
Classification of lipids is based on their chain length, backbone, or saturation levels. Chain length classification is self-explanatory, while lipids are categorized into phospholipids, glycolipids, SPH, and sterols based on their backbone or saturated or unsaturated according to their saturation level [3, 7]. Complex lipids, such as glycolipids and sphingolipids, are combinations of carbohydrates or sphingoid bases and fatty acids [3]. Ceramides are bioactive lipids that participate in biochemical reactions, such as metabolism, apoptosis, and inflammation, that produce cardiovascular diseases when dysregulated [8]. Lipids comprise around one-third of the components of cells and are essential to metabolism and intracellular signaling. Thus, fully understanding their dynamic is fundamental to preventing, diagnosing, and treating a wide range of human diseases [9], such as cancer, where lipid biosynthesis is often increased [10]. However, the diversity and number of lipids as well as their variation between individuals is a current topic under study [6].
Lipidomics is a sub-branch of metabolomics devoted to studying the complete lipid profile within a cell, tissue, or organism through spectroscopic and/or spectrometric methods in combination with bioinformatic analysis [4, 9, 11]. This combined approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of the lipid profile –the lipidome– in biological systems [12]. Thus, the stability and reproducibility of the analytical methods are critical for producing reliable output [13]. The degree of understanding of lipid biology available through lipidomics facilitates biomarker discovery and offers therapeutic possibilities [6]. A case in point, it developed a mouse model for the Gulf War Illness through lipidomics, which led to a therapy scheme that effectively modified the lives of roughly 250,000 soldiers affected by the disease. This chapter reports on the importance of lipidomics in diagnosing and clinical follow-up in medical therapy [14, 15].
2. Toward personalized medicine
2.1 Omics sciences: the big data age
Lipid analyses performed on clinical chemical analyzers, such as TAG, HDL-C, and FC, have traditionally been used to analyze and predict the state of health and/or the risk of developing a disease [16]. But with the advent of the post-genomic era, these individual analyses are quickly being replaced by broad ”-omics” studies, made possible by a rampant development of precision instrumentation and computational resources [4]. This technology allows analyzing a large number of biological samples in a profitable way for clinical tests [17]. Multi-omics research strategies have proven to be a comprehensive system for the identification of biomarker molecules, which can detect individuals with potential risk of diseases, as well as their nutritional evaluation [18]. Illnesses can be studied in greater detail through lipidomics since they comprehensively evaluate the metabolites and metabolic pathways [19], allowing the simultaneous study of several lipid species in body fluids [20]. This balance between flexibility and detail is the cornerstone of personalized medicine.
The use of omics over classical markers has clear advantages. It has, for instance, yielded more practical and valuable indicators for diabetes, contributing to a broader picture of the disease [21]. Moreover, lipidomics findings are being combined with other omics studies –such as transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics–and advanced imaging to reach a previously unattainable degree of precision phenotyping in progressively numerous cohorts. Undoubtedly, biomarkers and pharmaceutical targets discovered through these combined approaches are rapidly gaining importance in clinical scenarios [22, 23].
2.2 Lipid biomarkers in the clinic
Biomarkers are quantifiable characteristics distinctive of metabolic or pathogenic processes; the latter enables diagnostic, treatment assignment, and response monitoring [18, 24]. Individual lipids and lipid profiles have been appointed as biomarkers of human diseases and are analyzed by means of various chromatography techniques coupled with mass spectrometry, as summarized in Table 1.
Methodology, instrumentation, and human diseases diagnosed by lipidomic profiles.
Spectroscopy method.
In CKD, TAG, and N–acyl taurines increased, although total lipid and cholesterol levels, usually evaluated in clinical biochemistry, remain unchanged [29]. In patients infected with DNefHIV, lipidomic profiles revealed differences in the abundance of PS and SPH [63]. ACLF patients present with a particular lipid profile, mainly comprising CEs. These lipids also predict AD treatment outcomes [51]. In adverse pregnancies, the STBM contained the potential biomarkers SM, Chol, PS, PC, and PI [27]. In patients with CVD, the presence of the Cer d18:1/16:0, Cer d18:1/24:1, and Cer d18:1/24:0 were associated with a fatal outcome [8]. In DM-1, lipidomics can predict changes in SPH distribution associated with increased vascular permeability in different organs; this occurs only during the early onset of the disease and plays a critical role in developing complications [39]. In mTLE-HS patients, alterations to the hippocampus lipidome with potential for lipidomics-based therapies were reported. [46]. Lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine and lysophosphatidyl inositol species were associated with a number of cancer types. They are present in the liver (four PI and DAG 16:1_18:0), gastric (PI 34:2, 36:3, and 36:4, and LPA 18:2), lung (LPI 16:0, SM d18:1/20:0 and TAG 50:1 and 54:4), and thyroid cancer (LPI 18:0 and 18:1) [38]. Lipid differences between tumor and normal tissue have been proved to be of diagnostic and therapeutic significance [64]. Meanwhile, the upregulation of SPH downregulation of PI and glycerol phospholipid metabolism are associated with worse survival in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma [65].
In patients with depressive conditions, oxylipin concentration fluctuates between depression states. Dietary ω-6 (LA, AA) and ω-3 (EPA and DHA) fatty acids may underlie inflammatory states in symptomatic major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern [66]; while brain lipidome changes include decreased PI, PA, and CL contents have been described [67]. Obese children with NAFLD showed increased hepatic epoxyeicosanoids with higher grades of steatosis and unaltered PUFA precursors [68]. In addition, in ACLF, Lipoxin A5 and epoxy keto octadecenoic acid formed a signature associated with coagulation and liver failures [69]. Moreover, in myocardial infarction, lipidomics showed an association between 2-aminoadipic acid and alterations of plasma metabolic signaling of hexoses, amino acids, biogenic amines, acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids, and SPH showing the diagnostic and prognostic limits in acute and chronic heart failure [70].
Exposure to environmental pollutants can also alter lipid profiles; Cer, SPH, and TAG are potential biomarkers of lipotoxicity [71]. Macrophages reprogram their lipid metabolism in response to environmental cues [2]. Finally, there is an association between ether lipid signature and exceptional human longevity [72]. The diversity of conditions associated with differences in lipid profiles supports the growing importance of lipidomics as a clinical diagnostic tool.
2.2.1 Lipidomics in animal health
The study of lipidomics focuses not only on human health issues but also on animal health topics. Lipidomics helped explain the dynamics of inflammation during a bacterial attack in bovine mastitis [73] and provided a diagnostic biomarker for fatty liver disease in dairy cows [74]. Similarly, lipidomics contributed to understanding cystic fibrosis lung disease in newborn pigs [75] and identifying ganglioside disease markers in cats undergoing gene therapy [76]. Examples like these are poised to increase in the coming years as lipidomics extends its prognostic threshold to humans and animals, both economically relevant and wild.
2.3 Lipidomics in the study of rare diseases
Rare disorders remain a challenge even to modern medicine, and mounting evidence shows the prominent role of lipidomics in this scenario [12]. In patients with Gaucher disease, the lipid profile allowed the diagnosis during enzyme replacement therapy [28]. Olmsted syndrome caused striking decreases in 15-LOX and dhCer levels [77]. In patients with Fabry disease, the presence of glycosphingolipids, galabiosylceramide, and globotriaosylsphingosine is observed in vascular endothelium, nerves, cardiomyocytes, and renal glomerular podocytes [12]. A dysregulation in lipids involved in both cellular structure and membrane integrity was identified in fragile X syndrome, suggesting that X chromosomal deletion disorders are not limited to alterations in neuronal functions [78]. Barth syndrome showed a significant decrease in linoleic acid (18:2)-enriched molecular species, most notably tetra-18:2 (18:2-18:2-18:2-18:2), which is the major molecular species of cardiolipin in the myocardium [79].
2.3.1 Tay-Sachs Disease: an unwanted inheritance
The Tay-Sachs disease (TD) is a very rare (1:300 000) autosomal-recessive lysosomal storage disease [80]. This disorder is caused by mutations in the HEXA gene, which encodes for the β-hexosaminidase (Hex) enzyme [81]. Hex deficiency or low activity causes fatal inherited disorders [80]. Lysosomal enzyme Hex degrades the GM2 ganglioside; gangliosides are glycolipids present in neuronal cell plasma membranes. There are different Hex isoenzymes. HexA has two subunits (α and β), which are encoded by HEXA and HEXB genes, respectively. Hex B is a homodimer (two β-subunits), and HexS is a homodimer (two α-subunits) (Figure 1) [82].
Figure 1.
Human β-hexosaminidase. A) Human β-hexosaminidase isoenzyme A structure (PDB ID: 2GJX) comprises two subunits from different genes. The subunit α (orange surface) is encoded by the HEXA gene (UniProtKB: P06865), and subunit β (blue light surface) is encoded by HEXB (UniProtKB: P07686). B) Hex isoenzyme A structure (PDB ID: 1NOU) comprises two β subunits (purple and blue light surfaces). C) Secondary structure representation of α and β subunits superimposed (helix in purple, β strands arrows in yellow, and turns/coil in cyan/white, respectively) in the same position that subunits orange and purple on A and B. Two CATH domains form both subunits; on the N-terminal, an α-β 2-layer sandwich architecture (**), followed the C-terminal by a catalytic α/beta-barrel fold architecture (*), the typical circular beta-barrel from the TPI enzymes. D) Secondary structure representation of α and β subunits superimposed rotated to see the α/β-barrel fold (*).
Lyso-GM2 ganglioside concentrations in plasma and the brain of TD patients are elevated in association with loss of alpha-hexosaminidase activity. This molecule is thus a useful diagnostic and monitoring biomarker for this disease [83].
2.4 Lipidomics of COVID-19
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated the devastating impact of a critical illness on a global scale [44, 84]. In an equally unprecedented effort, the scientific community joined efforts to understand this disease from every conceivable point of view. Almost expectedly, SARS-CoV-2 infection disrupts the cellular lipid profile. Serum from recovered patients displayed different cytokine and lipidomic compositions than patients with severe disease [55]. The overall lipid metabolism increased the production of short- and medium-chain production of saturated fatty acids, acyl-carnitines, and SPH [44]. Lipidomic signatures, including n-3 long-chain PUFA, hydroxy fatty acids, and female gonadal steroids, were linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection [56]. Moreover, in a study by Castane et al. (2022), O-octanoyl-R-carnitine, LPE, AA, and oxylipins were the most altered parameters in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy volunteers, although the number of cases studied was small [59]. SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates lipid metabolism, especially the enhanced membrane phospholipid synthesis, and alters SPH homeostasis, implicating the specific host immune, inflammatory, and antiviral responses in asymptomatic COVID-19 [53] (Hao et al., 2021). Global response to COVID-19 infection highlighted the importance of cost- and time-effective biomarker detection, which is a requirement that lipidomic and machine learning fulfilled in a timely manner [59].
2.5 Lipidomics of pharmacologic interactions
Despite constant scientific advances, resistance and adverse reactions remain a pressing issue in clinical practice [85]; several groups report lipid profile alterations as reactions to treatment. The antitumoral drug Imidazole Ketone Erastin increased the DAG, monoacylglycerol, and phospholipids, possibly through activation of the TAG hydrolysis enzyme (ATGL) in response to oxidative stress [86]. The CAPOX drugs employed in colorectal cancer treatment elicited differential levels of SM (d18:2/18:1), LysoPC (16:0/0:0), LysoPC (15:1(9z)/0:0), and Lyso PE (22:5/0:0) in responders versus non-responders [33]. In paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer, the forkhead box transcription factor M1 increased TG and PC, and decreased phospholipase D1 and lipid droplets [87]. In brain tumors, GPD1 displayed specific expression in brain tumor stem cells [88]. In general, lipid metabolism irradiation therapy (RT) disrupts the regulation of lipogenic genes, decreasing LPCs and cholesterol [89]. Meanwhile, in patients with distal esophageal cancer, RT induced cardiotoxicity, detecting six metabolites, after a four-week RT therapy [17].
Similar effects have been observed in human cancer-derived cell lines. Oxaliplatin, a frequent first-line adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer, altered TAG and phospholipid levels in HT29 cells [85]. Diclofenac altered the cell phospholipid metabolism and induced PUFA accumulation in a neuroblastoma-derived cell line, suggesting tumoricidal potential [90]. The experimental antitumoral drug T-3764518 induced lipidomic changes and suppressed PC desaturation indices in HCT-116 cells [10]. Another experimental drug, FTY720, induced elevated levels of sphingosine, causing apoptosis in leukemic natural killer cells [91]. When treated with inducers of sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the glioblastoma-derived cell line U87-MG displayed an increase in saturated PCs (38:1), 816 m/z; PC (36:1), 788 m/z; (31:1), 725 m/z, and a decrease in saturated PCs (PC (32:0), 734 m/z). These modifications in the lipidomic profile have potential application in therapy personalization [64].
Not only cancer cells respond to treatment with lipid metabolism imbalances. The VEN/OL drugs increased Cer (C18, C22C, and C24) in patients with depression or bipolar disorder [41]. Statin therapy to treat atherogenic dyslipidemia induced LPC and LPI [92]. Astaxanthin treatment revealed the over-accumulation of myocardial Cer in cardiac fibrosis [93]. Leishmaniasis biomarkers predicted by machine learning and lipidomic profile, such as eotaxin, 11-HETE, and transforming growth factor-β, were useful in identifying potential treatment failure [43]. Older HIV+ Australian men on antiretroviral therapy displayed high lipid dysregulation, specifically in GM3 ganglioside and mon ohexosylceramides, previously identified as frailty biomarkers [94]. Eicosanoid concentration was an indicator of other lipidic alterations in asthmatic subjects with aspirin intolerance [95]. Obese patients with insulin-resistant hypertriglyceridemic hypertension treated with statins showed increased plasmalogen and PUFA levels and reduced PE and PG classes [96]. In obstructive sleep apnea patients, a five-lipid group comprising 25-cinnamoyl-vulgaroside, glycocholic acid, bilirubin, and two previously unreported lipid species changed significantly after continuous positive airway pressure treatment [60]. Canagliflozin treatment increased the amounts of prostaglandin E2 and resolvin E3 in the liver of obese mice used as a biological model to understand the NAFLD [97]. Saroglitazar, a PPAR α/γ agonist, protected patients against obesity, insulin resistance, and steatosis by reducing TG and modulating phospholipid levels. Meanwhile, Hepano, an Ayurveda formulation, did so by modulating phospholipids, Cer, and oxidized lipids [98]. The ELX/TEZ/IVA modulator therapy alters plasma SPH levels and Cer species in cystic fibrosis patients [62]. Systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated with antioxidants displayed an ordered lipid conformation that contrasted with that of untreated patients [50]. The experimental drug J147 used to treat AD, reduced plasma FFA levels [99]. Donepezil, an anti-dementia drug, and the traditional Chinese medicine herbal decoction prepared to treat AD caused modifications in 15 types of compounds derived from PC, SM, and LPC, which are now considered potential lipid biomarkers [100].
As noted in these works, the lipidome is highly sensitive to a wide range of stimuli, so there is vast potential for developing drugs that selectively target these modifications [2]. As Wolf and collaborators (2008) note, lipidomic tools offer a practical option for diagnosis and treatment monitoring in many diseases [101].
2.6 Lipidomics in response to diet: we are what we eat
Recent literature shows a growing interest in lipidome modifications derived from the diet. Pomegranate seed oil and bitter melon extract modify the lipidomic profile of the cardiotoxicity induced by the anti-cancerous therapies showing anti-carcinogenic or cardioprotective properties [102].
The effect of maternal diet supplementation with conjugated linoleic acids influenced the contents of micro-elements in the cardiac tissue of newborns significantly [103]. Orange juice-derived nanovesicles modified the lipidome, decreasing TAG levels [104]. Tangeretin, a flavonoid present in some fruits, reduced body weight gain and ameliorated hepatic steatosis, lowering FFA, DG, TAG, Cer, and Chol levels, as detected by hepatic lipidomic analysis [105]. The diet supplemented with Lactococcus lactis (subsp. cremoris) increased glucose tolerance, developed less liver fat and inflammation, and decreased the oxylipin levels [106]. Moreover, in humans, phytosterol- and ω-3-supplemented milk reduced the LDL-GPL and LPC, inducing cardioprotection in persons with dyslipidemia and metabolic risk [107]. Salmon consumption induced selective incorporation of n-3 PUFA into PC lipids in human plasma, reducing cardiovascular disease risk [108]. Finally, herbal decoctions as in the traditional Chinese [109] and Asian [110] medicine resulted in an improved lipidomic profile in several human diseases. Together, these findings show that diet\'s therapeutic effects on the lipidome are evident in various human diseases. Ultimately, a clinical-chemical-bioinformatics method is proposed, using recurrent chemical techniques such as NMR [111] and mass spectrometry [112] , for the study of the lipidome in various human diseases (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
The biological sample is obtained by noninvasive techniques such as blood and urine samples. Subsequently, the sample is analyzed by spectroscopic (NMR) and/or (mass spectrometry) techniques. Next, the results are compared with spectroscopic and/or spectrometric libraries. Soon, it will be possible to recognize the patients\' lipid profile focused on the diagnosis or pharmacological treatment.
3. Conclusions and perspectives
We live well into the era of big data and the discovery of biomarkers in various diseases through omics tools, such as lipidomics, which are currently in progress. Omics data is becoming increasingly essential for the diagnostic study and monitoring of human diseases and even in animals of economic importance. Therefore, lipidomics is suggested as a "gold standard" technique for the clinical and therapeutic part of this new era in clinical medicine. Finally, we agree with Hyötyläinen and collaborators (2017) [113], who reported that the lipidomic test must become inexpensive, and its added value concerning health economics needs to be demonstrated in a prospective setting.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Abbreviations
PC
phosphatidylcholine
LPC
lysophosphatidylcholine.
NAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
DM
diabetes mellitus.
STBM
placental syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles.
PG
phosphatidylglycerol.
GPL
glycerophospholipids.
PI
phosphatidylinositol.
PS
phosphatidylserine.
PE
phosphatidylethanolamine.
SM
sphingomyelin.
Chol
cholesterol.
LPE
lysophosphatidylethanolamine.
LPI
lysophosphatidylinositol.
HDL-C
high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.
DAG
diacylglycerol.
TAG
triacylglycerol.
FFA
free fatty acids.
FC
free cholesterol.
GPD1
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
CKD
chronic kidney disease.
ACLF
acute on chronic liver failure
CVD
cardiovascular disease.
AA
arachidonic acid.
EPA
eicosapentaenoic acid.
DHA
docosahexaenoic acid.
PUFA
polyunsaturated fatty acids.
LA
linoleic acid.
ALA
alpha-linolenic acid.
CAPOX
capecitabine/oxaliplatin treatment.
VEN/OL
venlafaxine and olanzapine treatment.
ENZA/AA
enzalutamide/abiraterone treatment.
MetS
metabolic syndrome.
15-LOX
15-lipoxygenase.
Cer
ceramide.
dhCer
dihydroceramide.
HexCer
hexoseceramide.
Hex
β-hexosaminidase.
GM2
disialotetrahexosylganglioside 2.
PPAR
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
AD
Alzheimer’s disease.
TD
Tay-Sachs disease.
ATGL
adipose triglyceride lipase.
NRP
not responder.
HETE
hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid.
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 of the genus Betacoronavirus.
gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer.
NMR H1
proton nuclear magnetic resonance.
Q-trap
linear trap mass spectrometer.
TLC
thin layer chromatography.
HILIC
hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography.
ESI
electrospray ionization.
MS/MS
tandem mass spectrometry.
LTQ
linear trap quadrupole mass spectrometer.
SIM
selected ion monitoring.
QTOF
quadrupole time-of-flight.
MRM
Multiple Reaction Monitoring.
Triple Q
triple quadrupole.
Q-orbitrap
quadrupole-orbiting trap.
HRMS
high-resolution mass spectrometer.
DESI
desorption electrospray ionization.
TIMS
thermal ionization mass spectrometry.
HPLC
high-performance liquid chromatography.
UHPLC
Ultra-HPLC.
nUHPLC
nano-HPLC.
\n',keywords:"clinical biomarkers, lipid biomarker, lipidomic methodology, lipidomic profile, personalized medicine",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82875.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82875.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82875",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82875",totalDownloads:7,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 28th 2022",dateReviewed:"June 14th 2022",datePrePublished:"July 29th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"July 29th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The lipids are essential compounds of cells, with biochemical and structural properties. Lipids are classified according to their chain length or saturation levels and biogenesis. Lipidomics is a spectroscopic and spectrometric technique, like Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, as well as bioinformatics to quantify and characterize the lipid profile. Lipidomics enables the fundamental understanding of lipid biology, the identification of drug targets for therapy, and the discovery of lipid biomarkers of disease cohorts. Therefore, lipidomics allows knowing the diagnosis and clinical follow-up in medical therapy towards any disease. In this way, the lipid profile allows us to monitor the administration of a clinical treatment and assertively diagnose human diseases.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82875",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82875",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",book:{id:"11669",type:"book",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Erik Froyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-441-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-440-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-442-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Toward personalized medicine",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Omics sciences: the big data age",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Lipid biomarkers in the clinic",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1 Lipidomics in animal health",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.3 Lipidomics in the study of rare diseases",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"2.3.1 Tay-Sachs Disease: an unwanted inheritance",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.4 Lipidomics of COVID-19",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.5 Lipidomics of pharmacologic interactions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.6 Lipidomics in response to diet: we are what we eat",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"3. Conclusions and perspectives",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Abbreviations",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Quehenberger O, Armando AM, Brown AH, Milne SB, Myers DS, Merrill AH, et al. 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DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.04.002'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez",address:null,affiliation:'
Genomic Sciences Postgraduate, Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM), México
Faculty of Higher Studies-Iztacala (FES-I), Laboratory of Phytochemistry, UBIPRO, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"María del Socorro Sánchez Correa",address:null,affiliation:'
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'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",address:"estreparr@iztacala.unam.mx",affiliation:'
Faculty of Higher Studies-Iztacala (FES-I), Laboratory of Phytochemistry, UBIPRO, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
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According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. This chapter discusses different traditional and novel treatment modalities to combat different types of cancer.",book:{id:"6313",slug:"neoplasm",title:"Neoplasm",fullTitle:"Neoplasm"},signatures:"Zaigham Abbas and Sakina Rehman",authors:[{id:"214546",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaigham",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"zaigham-abbas",fullName:"Zaigham Abbas"}]},{id:"64307",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81773",title:"The Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Gene Expression Regulation",slug:"the-role-of-long-noncoding-rnas-in-gene-expression-regulation",totalDownloads:2044,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Accumulating evidence highlights that noncoding RNAs, especially the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are critical regulators of gene expression in development, differentiation, and human diseases, such as cancers and heart diseases. The regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs have been categorized into four major archetypes: signals, decoys, scaffolds, and guides. Increasing evidence points that lncRNAs are able to regulate almost every cellular process by their binding to proteins, mRNAs, miRNA, and/or DNAs. In this review, we present the recent research advances about the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA in gene expression at various levels, including pretranscription, transcription regulation, and posttranscription regulation. We also introduce the interaction between lncRNA and DNA, RNA and protein, and the bioinformatics applications on lncRNA research.",book:{id:"8322",slug:"gene-expression-profiling-in-cancer",title:"Gene Expression Profiling in Cancer",fullTitle:"Gene Expression Profiling in Cancer"},signatures:"Zhijin Li, Weiling Zhao, Maode Wang and Xiaobo Zhou",authors:null},{id:"64178",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81517",title:"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model Organism",slug:"zebrafish-em-danio-rerio-em-as-a-model-organism",totalDownloads:2802,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Animals as model organisms, the silent sentinels, stand watch over the environmental health of the world. These are non-human animal species which can be used to understand specific biological processes and to obtain informations which can provide an insight into working of other organisms. Among the model organisms, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the best leading models to study developmental biology, cancer, toxicology, drug discovery, and molecular genetics. In addition, the zebrafish is increasingly used as a genetic model organism for aquaculture species and in toxicogenomics and also to generate zebrafish disease models for application in human biomedicines. 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HER2 gene amplification and receptor overexpression, which occur in 15–20% of breast cancer patients, are important markers for poor prognosis. Moreover, HER2-positive status is considered a predictive marker of response to HER2 inhibitors including trastuzumab and lapatinib. Therefore, reliable HER2 determination is essential to determine the eligibility of breast cancer patients to targeted anti-HER2 therapies. In this chapter, we aim to illustrate important aspects of the HER2 receptor as well as the molecular consequences of its aberrant constitutive activation in breast cancer. In addition, we will present the methods that can be used for the evaluation of HER2 status at different levels (protein, RNA, and DNA level) in clinical practice.",book:{id:"6813",slug:"cancer-prognosis",title:"Cancer Prognosis",fullTitle:"Cancer Prognosis"},signatures:"Daniela Furrer, Claudie Paquet, Simon Jacob and Caroline Diorio",authors:null},{id:"67964",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87963",title:"Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Tumor Progression and Metastasis: Promoter or Protection?",slug:"protein-tyrosine-phosphatases-in-tumor-progression-and-metastasis-promoter-or-protection-",totalDownloads:946,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Reversible phosphorylation of proteins, executed by kinases and phosphatases, is the major posttranslational protein modification in eukaryotic cells, causing them to become activated or deactivated. This intracellular event represents a critical regulatory mechanism of several signaling pathways and can be related to a broad number of diseases, including cancer. Few decades ago, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) were considered as tumor suppressors. However, nowadays, accumulating evidence demonstrates that a misregulation of PTP activities plays a crucial and decisive role in cancer progression and metastasis. In this chapter, we will focus on the molecular aspects that support the crucial role of PTPs in cancer and in turn make them promising for prediction, monitoring, and rational appropriate therapy selection of individual patients.",book:{id:"8002",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis"},signatures:"Carmen V. Ferreira-Halder, Stefano Piatto Clerici, Alessandra V. 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S.",surname:"Faria",slug:"alessandra-faria",fullName:"Alessandra Faria"},{id:"307649",title:"MSc.",name:"Patrícia",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"patricia-oliveira",fullName:"Patrícia Oliveira"},{id:"307650",title:"MSc.",name:"Helon",middleName:null,surname:"Cordeiro",slug:"helon-cordeiro",fullName:"Helon Cordeiro"},{id:"307651",title:"Dr.",name:"Erica",middleName:null,surname:"Akagi",slug:"erica-akagi",fullName:"Erica Akagi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60895",title:"An Overview of Cancer Treatment Modalities",slug:"an-overview-of-cancer-treatment-modalities",totalDownloads:3068,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:"Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. This chapter discusses different traditional and novel treatment modalities to combat different types of cancer.",book:{id:"6313",slug:"neoplasm",title:"Neoplasm",fullTitle:"Neoplasm"},signatures:"Zaigham Abbas and Sakina Rehman",authors:[{id:"214546",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaigham",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"zaigham-abbas",fullName:"Zaigham Abbas"}]},{id:"64178",title:"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model Organism",slug:"zebrafish-em-danio-rerio-em-as-a-model-organism",totalDownloads:2801,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Animals as model organisms, the silent sentinels, stand watch over the environmental health of the world. These are non-human animal species which can be used to understand specific biological processes and to obtain informations which can provide an insight into working of other organisms. Among the model organisms, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the best leading models to study developmental biology, cancer, toxicology, drug discovery, and molecular genetics. In addition, the zebrafish is increasingly used as a genetic model organism for aquaculture species and in toxicogenomics and also to generate zebrafish disease models for application in human biomedicines. This tiny fish is a versatile model organism for many fields of research because of its easy maintenance, breeding, and transparent body during early development.",book:{id:"7054",slug:"current-trends-in-cancer-management",title:"Current Trends in Cancer Management",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Cancer Management"},signatures:"Farmanur Rahman Khan and Saleh Sulaiman Alhewairini",authors:[{id:"221847",title:"Dr.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Alhewairini",slug:"saleh-alhewairini",fullName:"Saleh Alhewairini"},{id:"258210",title:"Dr.",name:"Farmanur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"farmanur-rahman-khan",fullName:"Farmanur Rahman Khan"}]},{id:"70898",title:"MicroRNA: A Signature for Cancer Diagnostics",slug:"microrna-a-signature-for-cancer-diagnostics",totalDownloads:975,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Various tools and techniques are being used for the diagnosis of cancer, but not a sole technique provides powerful result at the very early stages of cancer. This provides the need for type of tools which could detect cancer at early stages so that survival rate could be augmented. There are various diagnostic ways to identify cancer, but in each case, there are always circumstances to compromise on the sensitivity. In this framework, a new and more advanced approach of diagnosis for cancer is microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are conserved regions among humans and animals, and their synthesis takes place in the nucleus and cytoplasm. There are several types of microRNAs that could be upregulated and downregulated in various cancers. A cancer cell could be identified by measurement of the expression pattern of miRNA. By examining the expression level for different types of cancers, miRNA can be used as biomarker for early detection of cancer in human beings.",book:{id:"9172",slug:"current-cancer-treatment",title:"Current Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Current Cancer Treatment"},signatures:"Ayesha Siddiqua, Sumaira Kousar, Amer Jamil, Riaz Tabassum, Tariq Mehmood and Nusrat Shafiq",authors:null},{id:"63685",title:"A Molecular Link between the Circadian Clock, DNA Damage Responses, and Oncogene Activation",slug:"a-molecular-link-between-the-circadian-clock-dna-damage-responses-and-oncogene-activation",totalDownloads:1405,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Circadian clocks enhance the efficiency and survival of living things by organizing their behavior and body functions. There has been a long history of research seeking a link between circadian clock and tumorigenesis. Studies of animal models and human tumor samples have revealed that the dysregulation of circadian clocks is an important endogenous factor causing mammalian cancer development. The core circadian clock regulators have been implicated in the control of both the cell cycle and DNA damage responses (DDR). Conversely, several intracellular signaling cascades that play important roles in regulation of the cell cycle and the DDR also contribute to circadian clock regulation. This review describes selected regulatory aspects of circadian clocks, providing evidence of a molecular link of the circadian clocks with cellular DDR.",book:{id:"7281",slug:"oncogenes-and-carcinogenesis",title:"Oncogenes and Carcinogenesis",fullTitle:"Oncogenes and Carcinogenesis"},signatures:"Yoshimi Okamoto-Uchida, Junko Izawa and Jun Hirayama",authors:[{id:"246364",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Hirayama",slug:"jun-hirayama",fullName:"Jun Hirayama"}]},{id:"67447",title:"Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma",slug:"molecular-pathogenesis-of-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma",totalDownloads:3824,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Oral carcinogenesis is a molecular and histological multistage process featuring genetic and phenotypic molecular markers which involves enhanced function of several protooncogenes, oncogenes and/or the deactivation of tumor suppressor genes, resulting in the over activity of growth factors and its cell surface receptors, which could enhance messenger signaling intracellularly, and/or leads to the increased production of transcription factors. Alone oncogenes are not responsible for carcinogenesis, genes having tumor suppressor activity, leads to a phenotypic change in cell which is responsible for increased cell proliferation, loss of cellular cohesion, and the ability to infiltrate local tissue and spread to distant sites. Understanding the molecular interplay of both onco and tumor genes will allow more accurate diagnosis and assessment of prognosis, which might lead the way for novel approaches to treatment.",book:{id:"8211",slug:"squamous-cell-carcinoma-hallmark-and-treatment-modalities",title:"Squamous Cell Carcinoma",fullTitle:"Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Hallmark and Treatment Modalities"},signatures:"Anshi Jain",authors:[{id:"280692",title:"Dr.",name:"Anshi",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"anshi-jain",fullName:"Anshi Jain"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"60",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82682",title:"Soft Tissue Tumors: Molecular Pathology and Diagnosis",slug:"soft-tissue-tumors-molecular-pathology-and-diagnosis",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104096",abstract:"Tumors of mesenchymal origin, also called soft tissue tumors, include tumor from muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, vessels and nerves, which are a group of heterogeneous neoplasms, and accounts for about 1% of all malignant tumors. They are uncommon tumors in routine practice, with complex tumorigenesis. Due to the recent advance in molecular pathology, we got a major achievement in the understanding of these tumors at the gene level, which makes the diagnosis and prognosis of this type of tumor more accurate and comfortable. This chapter will cover some molecular pathology and diagnosis of soft tissue and bone tumors.",book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Frank Y. Shan, Huanwen Wu, Dingrong Zhong, Di Ai, Riyam Zreik and Jason H. Huang"},{id:"82354",title:"Introductory Chapter: Soft Tissue Tumors of the Eye",slug:"introductory-chapter-soft-tissue-tumors-of-the-eye",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105735",abstract:null,book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Gloria Yum and Hilal Arnouk"},{id:"82233",title:"Effect of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Prostate Cancer (Review)",slug:"effect-of-metabolic-syndrome-in-patients-with-prostate-cancer-review",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105357",abstract:'The human prostate gland is an endocrine organ in which dysregulation of various hormonal factors plays a key role in the development of non-tissue transformation and leads to the formation of prostate cancer. Existing epidemiological data confirm the role of the components of the metabolic syndrome, namely obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia, in the development and/or progression of prostate cancer. Although the exact mechanisms underlying the relationship between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer remain largely unknown, it has been shown that various \\"in vitro\\" and animal experiments with models of the metabolic syndrome contribute to survival, mitogenesis, metastasis, and treatment resistance pathways through various adaptive reactions, such as intracellular steroidogenesis and lipogenesis. Although the exact biopathophysiological mechanisms between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer have yet to be studied, drugs that target specific components of the metabolic syndrome have also provided evidence for the relationship between metabolic syndrome, its components, and prostate cancer. The appearance of “in vitro” results and molecular genetic research data will bring us closer to using this knowledge to determine specific ways of cancer-specific survival and improve treatment outcomes in patients with this disease.',book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Maxim N. Peshkov, Galina P. Peshkova and Igor V. Reshetov"},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",abstract:"Worldwide, prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of morbidity and cancer-related mortality in men. The pathogenesis of PCa is complex and involves abnormal genetic changes, abrogation of cell growth with heterogeneous progression and predictive subgroups. In the last two decades there have been the exploration and development of molecular and genetic biomarkers for PCa due to limitations of traditional serum biomarkers such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) in screening and diagnosis. These biomarkers could possibly differentiate between PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients, and healthy controls as well as assist with prognosis, risk stratification and clinical decision-making. Such molecular biomarkers include serum (PHI and 4K score), urine (PCA3 and SelectMDx), and tumor tissue (Oncoytype DX, Decipher and Prolarix). microRNAs (miRNAs) deregulation where there is increased or decreased expression levels, constitute prospective non-invasive molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa. There are also other emerging molecular biomarkers such as exosomal miRNAs and proteins that are in various stages of development and clinical research. This review is intended to provide a wide-ranging appraisal of the literature on current and emerging PCa biomarkers with robust evidence to afford their application in clinical research and by extension routine clinical practice.",book:{id:"10661",title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg"},signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane"},{id:"81809",title:"Imaging of Benign Soft-Tissue Tumors",slug:"imaging-of-benign-soft-tissue-tumors",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104320",abstract:"Soft-tissue tumors account for less than 4% of all tumors in adult patients and 7–10% of all tumors in pediatric age group. The majority of these tumors are benign in nature (more than 99%). Different imaging modalities play a significant role in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of these tumors. In this chapter, we will try to cover the imaging appearances of different benign soft-tissue tumors and to demonstrate the differentiation features. In addition, we will demonstrate a systematic approach for the characterization of soft-tissue masses based on different imaging appearances.",book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmed D. Abdulwahab"},{id:"80160",title:"Soft-Tissue Tumors of the Head and Neck Region",slug:"soft-tissue-tumors-of-the-head-and-neck-region",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102026",abstract:"Fibroblastic and myofibroblastic neoplasms in the head and neck region are a rare group of tumors ranging from benign lesions to malignant lesions. Due to the difficult anatomy of the head and neck region, even neoplasms without metastatic potential can pose significant therapeutic challenges in this region. In this section, the most common soft-tissue neoplasms in the head and neck region will be discussed.",book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmet Baki"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. 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Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",slug:"felix-bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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