\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6348",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Electronic Circuits - Principles, Architectures and Applications on Emerging Technologies",title:"Advanced Electronic Circuits",subtitle:"Principles, Architectures and Applications on Emerging Technologies",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This research book volume offers an important learning opportunity with insights into a variety of emerging electronic circuit aspects, such as new materials, energy harvesting architectures, and compressive sensing technique. Advanced circuit technologies are extremely powerful and developed rapidly. They change industry. They change lives. And we know they can change the world. The exhibition on these new and exciting topics will benefit readers in related fields.",isbn:"978-1-78923-207-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-206-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-420-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69787",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advanced-electronic-circuits-principles-architectures-and-applications-on-emerging-technologies",numberOfPages:194,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c5a1bb3da69158c572f9983972ae97d0",bookSignature:"Mingbo Niu",publishedDate:"June 13th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6348.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13055,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:37,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 22nd 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 12th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 8th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 7th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 5th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"141595",title:"Dr.",name:"Mingbo",middleName:null,surname:"Niu",slug:"mingbo-niu",fullName:"Mingbo Niu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/141595/images/system/141595.jpg",biography:"Mingbo Niu received a B. Eng. degree in Electronic Engineering from Northwestern Polytechnical University in China, and an M. Sc. (Eng.) degree (first-class) major in Communication and Information Systems from the same university. Prior to his Ph.D., he worked at a National Key Laboratory on Information and Signal Processing. He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of British Columbia, Canada in 2013. From 2008 to 2012, he was a Research Assistant at Optical Wireless Communications Laboratory and Integrated Optics Laboratory where he contributed to the development of ultra-high speed optical data transmission links. Dr. Niu held a postdoctoral fellowship at Queen’s University from 2013 to 2015. He also worked for Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) at Calian Tech. Ltd where he contributed to statistical evaluation models of MIMO compressive sensing projects. He is now a Professor of Electrical Engineering at Okanagan College, Canada. Dr. Niu has co-authored more than 20 IEEE and OSA papers and supervised a number of students’ projects. Currently, he serves as a Lead Guest Editor for the journal Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IF: 1.899) and an Editor for InTech book projects on \\Advanced Analog/Digital Circuits\\. Dr. Niu was the recipient of numerous scholarships during his undergraduate and graduate studies, which included a Chinese Government Award, two University of British Columbia University Graduate Fellowships (UGFs), and a HuaWei Tech. Ltd Special Fellowship. His current research and teaching interests include digital communications, microcontrollers, MIMO, DSP, energy harvesting, electronic circuit theory, and ICs for data communication networks. Dr. Niu is a licensed Professional Engineer in British Columbia.",institutionString:"Chang'an University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Chang'an University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"739",title:"Electronic Circuits",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-electronic-circuits"}],chapters:[{id:"58662",title:"Self-Oscillatory DC-DC Converter Circuits for Energy Harvesting in Extreme Environments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72718",slug:"self-oscillatory-dc-dc-converter-circuits-for-energy-harvesting-in-extreme-environments",totalDownloads:1212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A novel self-starting converter circuit technology is described for energy harvesting and powering wireless sensor nodes, constructed from silicon carbide devices and proprietary high temperature passives for deployment in hostile environments. After a brief review of the advantages using Silicon Carbide (SiC) over other semiconductors in extreme environments, the chapter will describe the advantages and principles when designing circuitry and architectures using SiC for power electronics. The practical results from a novel self-starting DC-DC converter are reported, which is designed to supply power to a WSN for deployment in high temperature environments. The converter operates in the boundary between continuous and discontinuous mode of operation and has a Voltage Conversion Ratio (VCR) of 3 at 300°C. This topology is able to self-start and so requires no external control circuitry, making it ideal for energy harvesting applications, where the energy supply may be intermittent. Experimental results for the self-starting converter operating from room temperature up to 300°C are presented. The converter output voltage, switching frequency, total power loss and efficiency were presented at temperatures up to 300°C.",signatures:"Ming-Hung Weng, Daniel Brennan, Nick Wright and Alton Horsfall",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58662",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58662",authors:[{id:"175070",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming-Hung",surname:"Weng",slug:"ming-hung-weng",fullName:"Ming-Hung Weng"},{id:"215269",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Wright",slug:"nick-wright",fullName:"Nick Wright"},{id:"215271",title:"Dr.",name:"Alton",surname:"Horsfall",slug:"alton-horsfall",fullName:"Alton Horsfall"},{id:"222660",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Brennan",slug:"daniel-brennan",fullName:"Daniel Brennan"}],corrections:null},{id:"58795",title:"New Energy Harvesting Systems Based on New Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72613",slug:"new-energy-harvesting-systems-based-on-new-materials",totalDownloads:1127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study starts with the ZnO nanostructured materials used for improve the efficiency of polycrystalline solar cells operation under low solar radiation conditions. The ZnO nanowires were prepared using the hydrothermal method of deposition on the seed layer by a new and complex process, with controllable morphological and optical properties. The analysis of the XRD patterns, scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) of the ZnO nanowires and a lot of tests made Pasan Meyer Burger HighLight 3 solar simulator, confirm the advantages of using the ZnO nanowires in solar cells applications for antireflection coatings. Then, piezoelectric structures based on new modified PZT zirconate titanate designed for energy harvesting applications is presented. Based on their piezoelectric characteristics, modified PZT zirconate titanate ceramics made of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)0.99Nb0.01O3 ceramic have efficient applications in energy harvesting devices. A piezoelectric transducer, consisting of a thin plate of this piezoceramic material, with dimensions (34 mm × 14 mm × 1 mm), is illustrated. A multiphysics numerical simulation further illustrates such piezoelectric transducer operation. Finally, the miniature planar transformer with circular spiral winding and hybrid core—ferrite and magnetic nanofluid, designed for new energy harvesting systems is presented. We purpose now that the magnetic nanofluid be used both as a coolant and as part of the hybrid magnetic core.",signatures:"Lucian Pîslaru-Dănescu and Lipan Laurențiu Constantin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58795",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58795",authors:[{id:"187612",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian",surname:"Pîslaru-Dănescu",slug:"lucian-pislaru-danescu",fullName:"Lucian Pîslaru-Dănescu"},{id:"196151",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurentiu Constantin",surname:"Lipan",slug:"laurentiu-constantin-lipan",fullName:"Laurentiu Constantin Lipan"}],corrections:null},{id:"58619",title:"Nanoarchitecture of Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Using Small Area for Digital Circuits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72691",slug:"nanoarchitecture-of-quantum-dot-cellular-automata-qca-using-small-area-for-digital-circuits",totalDownloads:1635,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Novel digital technologies always lead to high density and very low power consumption. One of these concepts—quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), which is one of the new emerging nanotechnologies, is based on Coulomb repulsion. This chapter presents a novel design of 2-input Exclusive-NOR (XNOR)/Exclusive-OR (XOR) gates with 3-input Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gates which are composed of 10 cells on 0.006 μm2 of area. A novel architecture of 3-input Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate is defined by 12 cells on 0.008 μm2 of area. The proposed design of 2-input XOR/XNOR gate structures provide less area and low complexity than the best reported design. The simulation results of proposed designs have been achieved using QCA Designer tool version 2.0.3.",signatures:"Radhouane Laajimi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58619",authors:[{id:"218855",title:"Dr.",name:"Radhouane",surname:"Laajimi",slug:"radhouane-laajimi",fullName:"Radhouane Laajimi"}],corrections:null},{id:"58442",title:"Millimeter-Wave Multi-Port Front-End Receivers: Design Considerations and Implementation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72715",slug:"millimeter-wave-multi-port-front-end-receivers-design-considerations-and-implementation",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter covers recent achievements on the integrated 60 GHz millimeter-wave front-end receiver based on the multi-port (six-port) concept. For this purpose, the design procedure of a fully integrated 60 GHz multi-port (six-port) front-end receiver implemented on a thin ceramic substrate (εr = 9.9, h = 127 μm) using an miniature hybrid microwave integrated circuit (MHMIC) fabrication process is presented in detail. All components constituting the proposed front-end receiver including an 8 × 2 antenna array, a low-noise amplifier (LNA), a six-port circuit, and the RF power detectors are presented and characterized separately before they are integrated into the final front-end receiver prototype. The performance of the latter has been experimentally evaluated in terms of various M-PSK/M-QAM demodulations. The obtained demodulation results are very satisfactory (the constellation points for all considered M-PSK/M-QAM schemes are very close to the ideal locations), demonstrating and confirming the high ability of the proposed 60 GHz millimeter-wave six-port front-end receiver to operate as a high-performance quadrature demodulator, without any calibration, for modulation schemes up to 32 symbols.",signatures:"Chaouki Hannachi and Serioja Ovidiu Tatu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58442",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58442",authors:[{id:"34160",title:"Prof.",name:"Serioja O.",surname:"Tatu",slug:"serioja-o.-tatu",fullName:"Serioja O. Tatu"},{id:"212045",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chaouki",surname:"Hannachi",slug:"chaouki-hannachi",fullName:"Chaouki Hannachi"}],corrections:null},{id:"59972",title:"Applications of Compressive Sampling Technique to Radar and Localization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75072",slug:"applications-of-compressive-sampling-technique-to-radar-and-localization",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During the last decade, the emerging technique of compressive sampling (CS) has become a popular subject in signal processing and sensor systems. In particular, CS breaks through the limits imposed by the Nyquist sampling theory and is able to substantially reduce the huge amount of data generated by different sources. The technique of CS has been successfully applied in signal acquisition, image compression, and data reduction. Although the theory of CS has been investigated for some radar and localization problems, several important questions have not been answered yet. For example, the performance of CS radar in a cluttered environment has not been comprehensively studied. Applying CS to passive radars and electronic warfare receivers is another concern that needs more attention. Also, it is well known that applying this strategy leads to extra computational costs which might be prohibitive in large-sized localization networks. In this chapter, we first discuss the practical issues in the process of implementing CS radars and localization systems. Then, we present some promising and efficient solutions to overcome the arising problems.",signatures:"Soheil Salari, Francois Chan and Yiu-Tong Chan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59972",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59972",authors:[{id:"214787",title:"Dr.",name:"Francois",surname:"Chan",slug:"francois-chan",fullName:"Francois Chan"},{id:"214788",title:"Dr.",name:"Soheil",surname:"Salari",slug:"soheil-salari",fullName:"Soheil Salari"},{id:"214789",title:"Dr.",name:"Yiu-Tong",surname:"Chan",slug:"yiu-tong-chan",fullName:"Yiu-Tong Chan"}],corrections:null},{id:"60655",title:"High-Speed Electronic Memories and Memory Subsystems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76257",slug:"high-speed-electronic-memories-and-memory-subsystems",totalDownloads:872,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Memories have played a vital role in embedded system architectures over the years. A need for high-speed memory to be embedded with state-of-the-art embedded system to improve its performance is essential. This chapter focuses on the development of high-speed memories. The traditional static random access memory (SRAM) is first analyzed with its different variant in terms of static noise margin (SNM); these cells occupy a larger area as compared to dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell, and hence, a comprehensive analysis of DRAM cell is then carried out in terms of power consumption, read and write access time, and retention time. A faster new design of P-3T1D DRAM cell is proposed which has about 50% faster reading time as compared to the traditional three-transistor DRAM cell. A complete layout of the structure is drawn along with its implementation in a practical 16-bit memory subsystem.",signatures:"Prateek Asthana and Loveneet Mishra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60655",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60655",authors:[{id:"218477",title:"Mr.",name:"Prateek",surname:"Asthana",slug:"prateek-asthana",fullName:"Prateek Asthana"},{id:"221356",title:"Mr.",name:"Loveneet",surname:"Mishra",slug:"loveneet-mishra",fullName:"Loveneet Mishra"}],corrections:null},{id:"58744",title:"High Voltage Energy Harvesters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72959",slug:"high-voltage-energy-harvesters",totalDownloads:4662,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Green energy helps in reducing carbon emission from fossil fuel, harvesting energy from natural resources like wind to power consumer appliances. To date, many researches have been focusing on designing circuits that harvest energy from electromagnetic signals wirelessly. While it could be designed to be efficient, the generated power however is insufficient to drive large loads. Wind energy is highly available environmentally but development of small-scale energy harvesting apparatus aiming to extract significant power from miniature brushless fan has received limited attention. The aim of this chapter is to give audience an insight of different voltage multipliers used in energy harvester and knowledge on various circuit techniques to configure voltage multipliers for use in different high voltage applications. These include AC-DC converter, AC-AC converter and variable AC-DC converter.",signatures:"Xi Sung Loo, Kiat Seng Yeo, Joel Yang, Chee Huei Lee, Rong Zhao\nand Moe Z. Win",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58744",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58744",authors:[{id:"189098",title:"Dr.",name:"Xi Sung",surname:"Loo",slug:"xi-sung-loo",fullName:"Xi Sung Loo"},{id:"189214",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiat Seng",surname:"Yeo",slug:"kiat-seng-yeo",fullName:"Kiat Seng Yeo"},{id:"215816",title:"Prof.",name:"Joel",surname:"Yang",slug:"joel-yang",fullName:"Joel Yang"},{id:"215817",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee Huei",surname:"Lee",slug:"chee-huei-lee",fullName:"Chee Huei Lee"},{id:"215818",title:"Prof.",name:"Moe Z.",surname:"Win",slug:"moe-z.-win",fullName:"Moe Z. Win"},{id:"221473",title:"Prof.",name:"Rong",surname:"Zhao",slug:"rong-zhao",fullName:"Rong Zhao"}],corrections:null},{id:"60585",title:"Experimental Studies of the Electrical Nonlinear Bimodal Transmission Line",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76204",slug:"experimental-studies-of-the-electrical-nonlinear-bimodal-transmission-line",totalDownloads:944,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"After a few years of calm, the investigations on the dynamic, especially nonlinear, systems returned to the front of the research in non-linear physics. We propose, in this chapter, a study of an electrical nonlinear transmission line, realized in a previous work, to use the latter to highlight certain properties (modulation instability—MI, Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) recurrence, fragmentation of solitons in wave trains, multiplication(increase) and division of frequencies, etc.), which are observed in several domains in applied physics: hydraulic, artificial neuronal, network physical appearance (physics) of the plasma, and the circulation.",signatures:"Abdou Karim Farota, Mouhamadou Mansour Faye, Bouya Diop,\nDiène Ndiaye and Mary Teuw Niane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60585",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60585",authors:[{id:"107261",title:"Dr.",name:"Diene",surname:"Ndiaye",slug:"diene-ndiaye",fullName:"Diene Ndiaye"},{id:"214425",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdou Karim",surname:"Farota",slug:"abdou-karim-farota",fullName:"Abdou Karim Farota"},{id:"214426",title:"Prof.",name:"Bouya",surname:"Diop",slug:"bouya-diop",fullName:"Bouya Diop"},{id:"214427",title:"Prof.",name:"Mouhamadou Mansour",surname:"Faye",slug:"mouhamadou-mansour-faye",fullName:"Mouhamadou Mansour Faye"},{id:"214429",title:"Prof.",name:"Mary Teuw",surname:"Niane",slug:"mary-teuw-niane",fullName:"Mary Teuw Niane"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3563",title:"Advanced Microwave Circuits and Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d0a7e4bb67e54ab0bbe098ebb9537d4",slug:"advanced-microwave-circuits-and-systems",bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3563.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3576",title:"Solid State Circuits Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a14e0865ac126e0234df9b53a5943ebf",slug:"solid-state-circuits-technologies",bookSignature:"Jacobus W. 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Sossa",authors:[{id:"20624",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez",fullName:"Roberto Rodriguez",slug:"roberto-rodriguez"}]},{id:"40286",title:"Constrained Compound MRF Model with Bi-Level Line Field for Color Image Segmentation",slug:"constrained-compound-mrf-model-with-bi-level-line-field-for-color-image-segmentation",signatures:"P. K. Nanda and Sucheta Panda",authors:[{id:"152451",title:"Prof.",name:"Pradipta Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Nanda",fullName:"Pradipta Kumar Nanda",slug:"pradipta-kumar-nanda"}]},{id:"40216",title:"Cognitive and Statistical Pattern Recognition Applied in Color and Texture Segmentation for Natural Scenes",slug:"cognitive-and-statistical-pattern-recognition-applied-in-color-and-texture-segmentation-for-natural-",signatures:"Luciano Cássio Lulio, Mário Luiz Tronco, Arthur José Vieira Porto, Carlos Roberto Valêncio and Rogéria Cristiane Gratão de Souza",authors:[{id:"18366",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:"Cássio",surname:"Lugli",fullName:"Luciano Lugli",slug:"luciano-lugli"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3125",title:"Advances in Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"94056fc0687fbb81e9d8cc4b1e297312",slug:"advances-in-image-segmentation",bookSignature:"Pei-Gee Peter Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3125.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Gee",surname:"Ho",slug:"pei-gee-ho",fullName:"Pei-Gee Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3230",title:"Advanced Video Coding for Next-Generation Multimedia Services",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a890bd46555d3cd1652bf69eb6b313df",slug:"advanced-video-coding-for-next-generation-multimedia-services",bookSignature:"Yo-Sung Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33840",title:"Prof.",name:"Yo-Sung",surname:"Ho",slug:"yo-sung-ho",fullName:"Yo-Sung Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3766",title:"Vision Sensors and Edge Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"991ded9232cebeeb3c6c51def14827d6",slug:"vision-sensors-and-edge-detection",bookSignature:"Francisco Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3766.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2868",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Gallegos-Funes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3767",title:"Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f9c08038d039627926e5f110f72aa8e",slug:"image-processing",bookSignature:"Yung-Sheng Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3767.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2311",title:"Dr.",name:"Yung-Sheng",surname:"Chen",slug:"yung-sheng-chen",fullName:"Yung-Sheng Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10174",title:"Recent Advances in Image Restoration with Applications to Real World Problems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2560704db46fe41ee9255a15cd75521b",slug:"recent-advances-in-image-restoration-with-applications-to-real-world-problems",bookSignature:"Chiman Kwan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10174.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214181",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiman",surname:"Kwan",slug:"chiman-kwan",fullName:"Chiman Kwan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"99",title:"Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5a76ae0e1714cc2c4019296ef7f4f08",slug:"image-segmentation",bookSignature:"Pei-Gee Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/99.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Gee",surname:"Ho",slug:"pei-gee-ho",fullName:"Pei-Gee Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80034",title:"Promoting Curiosity, Creativity and Clarity in Management Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102068",slug:"promoting-curiosity-creativity-and-clarity-in-management-education",body:'Creativity has been repeatedly identified as an important factor in the growth and development of organizations and society as a whole, yet is a complex and difficult subject to examine and understand [1]. Managers and leaders of modern organizations need to be able to facilitate creativity and innovation in uncertain environments. Taha et al. [2] said, “creativity is seen almost as a prerequisite to manage change and renewal, it is a key skill for leaders and organizations” (p. 1921). It has been said that creativity loves constraints [3] and so at a time when many organizations feel under increasing pressure and constraints seem aplenty, creativity offers one means of relieving some pressure and navigating an uncertain future. Yet creativity alone, generally defined as the generation of novel and useful ideas [4], is not sufficient. This is because novel and useful ideas by themselves do not create and capture value for a business, its stakeholders or society. In order to do this creative ideas need to be implemented in practice and in so doing become innovation [5]. In the words of Robinson [6], noted for his work on creativity in education, “Innovation is applied creativity” (p. 142). Creativity itself can be viewed as a process [7] and is clearly an essential part of innovation, but it is just one part of a broader process. In order to help managers and leaders get the most out of creativity, particularly in challenging times, we need to do more to help them understand both the process of creativity, but also how this is applied in practice and therefore how it relates to the broader process of innovation.
Most management education, including MBA programmes, still focus on discipline specific knowledge, largely developed through analysis that draws on theories that were created in the relatively stable environments of the last century. Today’s managers and leaders face more turbulent environments and so need to develop skills based on synthesis, creativity [8, 9], experimentation [10], and learning from intelligent failure [11, 12, 13]. Walsh and Powell [14] said, “solutions to the wicked problems offered in contemporary society require creativity and innovation—aspects that may be difficult to incorporate into the curriculum of a functionally oriented MBA programme” (p. 150). More creative approaches to modern management education are therefore required.
In order to educate managers and leaders to have a better understanding of creativity and innovation we need to first look upstream to what enables creativity. Creativity within organizations is notoriously stifled when restrictive organizational culture does not support, or even suppresses, novel thinking. Such cultures do not encourage questioning the status quo, itself defined as a key factor in encouraging innovation [15]. An inherent assumption that we know what we are doing and we have done this before is ultimately what can spell trouble for organizations when they encounter volatile, uncertain, complex or ambiguous situations (VUCA) [10]. The thinking and approaches that were successful in the past do not necessarily translate to success in the future in such conditions. One of the key attributes or mindsets that enable organizations to better navigate these conditions is curiosity [16]. Having an open and enquiring mind enables people to challenge long held assumptions that come under strain when conditions change. Simply asking why is sometimes seen as challenging authority but is more often a sign of healthy curiosity. Asking such questions enables people to discover what sits beyond the obvious and brings new understanding. Nurturing curiosity in organizations is necessary for enabling more creative and ultimately innovative solutions to wicked problems.
Similarly we also need to better understand and educate managers on how to apply creativity in order to drive innovation. In other words how to implement creative solutions in order to create and capture value. Successful innovation rates continue to remain low and frequently it is this implementation link that is the major barrier [17]. A mindset that helps enable implementation of creative solutions is clarity [16]. Having clarity of purpose and being able to communicate this succinctly makes it much simpler for others to understand the relevance of any innovation for them and therefore decide when to support the change. Again this becomes more relevant in VUCA environments because implementing change in new situations often involves drawing resources from beyond an organization’s current asset base. Being able to draw on open approaches to innovation and form mutually beneficial partnerships are often required [18]. As a result designing for implementation should be considered an essential element of the innovation process, rather than something that is carried out afterwards, as with many current innovation process models. Again this is something that is enabled by clarity.
This chapter will fist look into curiosity, creativity and clarity in further detail including their relevance for leaders and managers. It will then bring them together to describe an overall innovation process based on phases of discovering, understanding, creating, testing, resourcing and implementing (DUCTRI). An illustrative case will then describe how this process has been fruitfully deployed and refined in an MBA course over the past 5 years.
Curiosity has been described as being essential for human learning and achievement. As broadly defined by Kashdan et al. [19] curiosity is “the recognition, pursuit, and desire to explore novel, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous events” (p. 130). In order to help leaders and managers get curious about curiosity, recent research suggests there are five distinct types of curiosity [19]. Firstly there is the pleasurable experience of discovering something new and finding it intriguing. This is referred to as joyous exploration. This is where people have a love of learning and are generally fascinated about new things. While this aspect of curiosity is therefore associated with positive emotions, the next is more closely associated with negative emotions. This second type of curiosity is known as deprivation sensitivity. This is the sense of frustration caused by the awareness that there is something unknown that is desired to be known. Here people may be annoyed or anxious until they are able to resolve the information gap. The third aspect of curiosity is stress tolerance. This is the result of first noticing that an event is new in some way and worthy of attention, but then being able to cope with the stress associated with navigating the potential uncertainty. The fourth type of curiosity is the reverse of stress tolerance, where rather than just tolerate this stress people actively seek it. This is referred to as thrill seeking and is where the arousal from a novel situation is not something to be reduced but instead is amplified and what makes the situation desirable. The fifth type of curiosity is social curiosity. This is where we are seek information about other people and enables us to empathize with others. This comes about in two ways. Firstly through direct interactions with others we satisfy overt social curiosity to find out about others. And secondly, by indirect means we can have covert social curiosity which is most often used as a means of building self-esteem by comparison with others.
Research into curiosity in organizational settings has found that increased curiosity in an organization leads to greater levels of creativity and innovation [20, 21, 22, 23]. But it also supports better decision making, reduced conflicts and allows more open communication [24]. However, while the benefits are well established, organizational culture still often gets in the way. One study found that while 83% of executives say they encourage curiosity, only 52% of employees agreed [25]. Gino [24] suggests that two key reasons for this is that leaders think allowing employees to follow their curiosity will make the organization harder to manage. And secondly, particularly established managers tend to focus on efficiency improvements rather than exploratory efforts. Similarly Kashdan [26] suggests that to encourage greater curiosity in organizations managers need to encourage rather than supress questions internally, emphasize user observations rather than relying on customer surveys, and actively seek different perspectives when making decisions.
In helping leaders and managers think about creativity as a process we can look back to a very early model of creativity which was proposed by G. Wallas [27] which was based on his analysis of the thought processes of physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, mathematician Henri Poincaré, and several other artists, when generating their significant new works. He identified four common phases they each went through and described the psychology of each phase. The first step was described as preparation, where an individual focusses on the problem at hand and builds conscious knowledge based on what currently exists in the field, leveraging curiosity. Secondly he suggested there is an incubation phase during which the problem is internalized and the subconscious works on the issue for some time. This is often the most difficult to allow for in organizational settings where time pressure is ever present. But when seeking creative solutions to wicked problems this is a key reason not to rush the creative process. It takes some time for the subconscious to process and create novel connections. Then there is an intimation or feeling that the solution is near. The third phase is the illumination where the creative solution is forthcoming to the conscious mind. Finally then there is a verification phase where the solution is checked, tested and modified by the conscious. This model of the creative process has stood the test of time and while there has been some debate over the nature of some of the elements remains one of the standards in the psychology of creativity [28].
Another model of creative thinking that is helpful for managers and leaders is based on divergent and convergent thinking. In 1950 in his address as the President of the American Psychological Association, J.P. Guilford decried the lack of studies scientifically examining creativity stating that such neglect was appalling given the importance of creativity to societal wellbeing [29]. He went on to develop a model of intelligence in which he identified divergent production, or the ability to generate multiple options, as a key operation in creative ability [30]. This is then coupled with convergent thinking where we make decisions on a range of options. Basadur et al. [31] proposed a three stage model of the complete creative problem solving process in which each stage consists of a divergent-convergent thinking pair. The three stages are problem finding, problem solving and solution implementation. This inclusion of implementation in the process means by current definitions we would refer to this as innovation. Again in organizational settings there are challenges particularly in encouraging true divergent thinking. Management education has something to answer to here as most subjects and disciplines have been dominated by analysis and theories which help managers narrow their options and make decisions with the information they have, which is classic convergent thinking. Most managers and leaders then have spent much of their careers in convergent thinking modes at the expense of divergent thinking. Management education can learn from arts based education [14] and needs to encourage tools and techniques to promote divergent thinking.
An alternative creativity process that is also helpful for managers and leaders to understand is creative synthesis [32], which can also be referred to as integration or bisociation [33, 34]. Synthesis comes about when the intersection of diverse fields of knowledge come together to create a new amalgamation that is in itself novel and valuable. Particularly in organizations this has significant implications about the value of diversity and the nature of conflict in the creative process. Having diverse views, skills and experiences in the organization enables greater creativity because it is when these different planes of knowledge can be bought together is where more creative solutions can result. This is particularly true for wicked problems where if a group all has similar perspectives on a problem they will tend to approach the problem in the same way, and so all get stuck at the same point. By having diverse perspectives involved it often means problems can be approached from multiple different angles providing different ways around obstructions and more creative solutions are uncovered as a result. But managing diverse views can mean dealing with conflict. Creative conflict should be seen as a healthy part of the process and organizations that manage this well ensure that ideas are regularly challenged but avoid it becoming personal [35]. When seeking synthesis, opposing views should be bought together to create unique shared understanding. Again organizational leaders and managers have often been trained out of using synthesis as opposed to analysis. In his influential critique of the formulaic approach to strategic planning and analysis in large organizations H. Mintzberg [36] stated that, “Strategic thinking, in contrast, is about synthesis. It involves intuition and creativity” (p. 108).
In terms of organizational creativity many researchers have been focussed on the apparent tensions between aspects of organizations that may hinder employee creativity, such as structure, direction and predictability, with those that may enhance it such as challenge, autonomy and experimentation [4, 37]. However this notion of structure and creativity being polar opposites is itself being challenged by viewing organizational processes and practices themselves as being dynamic factors that are in a constant state of change over time. Organizational structures and routines that both constrain and enable action are in themselves being created, enhanced or undermined by people’s actions within the organization [7].
Design thinking is a term that has been broadly used to describe a designerly approach to creativity and innovation and is seen as describing a user centric innovation process with phases of inspiration, ideation and implementation [38]. Design thinking has become increasingly popular in industry as a means of addressing complex problems and draws explicitly on many creativity processes. In particular having conscious phases of divergent and convergent thinking are often depicted as a part of the process, including the UK Design council’s well used double diamond [39]. However, contrasting the double diamond to the three stage model of a “complete creative problem solving process”, discussed earlier [31] highlights that the double diamond and many design thinking process do not pay particular attention to the implementation phase. This is a surprising omission due to the fact that implementation is often one of the most challenging parts of the innovation process [17]. Arguably then many design thinking processes could be described as organizational creativity processes rather than full innovation.
Clarity can be thought of in several ways and each have relevance to implementing creative solutions in organizations. Firstly there is clarity of purpose. Dobni et al. [40] state, “no company can escape the fact that present management principles are becoming a less reliable guide to the future. Clarity is essential” (p. 20). An organization or even individual needs to be able to describe exactly why they do what they do. Increasingly organizations are being called on to define their purpose and articulate their strategy and impact of their operations. When it comes to implementing creative solutions then, clear alignment with purpose is a significant factor in determining the successful adoption of any new change. This is true for both internal and external stakeholders when trying to build support and gather resources, particularly social capital. If others cannot clearly see how a new initiative supports the stated purpose then they are naturally less likely to engage or support it. If however it has clear alignment with the purpose and this is well communicated then gathering support is much more likely. This also assumes that an organization or individual in question has a clearly defined purpose. If not then often a new initiative is a way of exploring and better defining what this should be. A key tool to help in this endeavor is the use of double loop learning [41]. So often both organizations, and the individuals within them, are tied up in execution of their plans, correcting for any errors or deviance from the plan, they forget to step back and check if this is even the right plan to be executing. Discipline specific knowledge helps us become more efficient in doing things right, building skills in solving specific problems faster and improving processes to eliminate waste. But sometimes this focus on doing things right means that we forget to take time to step back and check if we are doing the right things. This double loop learning means having clarity about why we are doing these things and if necessary challenging the inherent assumptions in place.
Another aspect of clarity is communicating the vision for where the solution will take us which is needed to help overcome resistance to change. As described by C. Heath and D. Heath [42], “Clarity dissolves resistance” (p. 72). In order to affect change there needs to be clear direction that people’s rational thinking can see and support. They suggest this comes through showing positive examples of change, as opposed to our natural tendency to focusing on correcting the downside. Alongside this is the need to paint a clear picture of the future state so people can see where this change is leading. There also needs to be a clearly communicated expectation of what specific behavior is required. They refer to this as scripting the critical moves. Resistance to change is often a result of either decision paralysis or decision exhaustion. This may be counterintuitive when generally we think of providing as much choice as possible is beneficial but research has proven that too much choice can lead to people actually opting out of any decision [43]. Alongside these means of appealing to the rational aspects of change they also highlight the need to motivate the emotional drivers for change along with shaping the environment to nudge behavior in the intended direction [44].
In response to the need for tools, theories and methods to help people with creative problem solving in uncertain environments design thinking has been widely adopted in industry, and has slowly made its way into many management higher education programmes. Yet many of the existing models that are in use, both in industry and existing management education, do not incorporate the complete creative problem solving process as defined by Basadur [31] and described earlier. The three phases, each with divergent-convergent thinking, should include problem finding, problem solving and solution implementation. While most design process models do a very good job on the first two areas they generally do not include much if any detail on the final phase. In fact some explicitly stop after the first two phases, for example the UK design council’s double diamond. Given implementation is where so many initiatives fail [17] this is a significant shortcoming. These three phases have some broad alignment with desirability, feasibility and viability that are proposed as needing to each be considered in designing solutions [45]. As with implementation, the viability aspects are often not a significant focus of most design thinking models.
This became apparent when the author was asked to take over a new executive MBA design thinking course which had run for a single semester in 2015. The author ran the course for the first time in 2016 using one of the typical design thinking models of the day. The student feedback from these 2 years was broadly positive about the concepts, tools and methods as used in the course but there was a common question being asked that, yes it’s good in theory, but how do we implement this in our organization? This led to reexamining the tools and models that were fundamental to the course and alongside ongoing research into the mindsets innovators in industry use [16], a large gap was identified with respect to lack of focus on implementation. The author was also not happy with some of the wordy descriptions for the phases that some models employed which needed simplifying. He also felt that the models needed to highlight the mindsets that support each phase in the process, namely curiosity, creativity and clarity as described above. As a result the DUCTRI (duck-tree) model was created, shown below in Figure 1, in 2017 and was used for the MBA class that year. It has been used it as the basis of the course each year with minor refinements in the 5 years since. It has also been used for several consulting projects with industry, and has subsequently been adopted as the core framework for an undergraduate innovation course.
The DUCTRI model of creative problem solving.
Student feedback is now overwhelmingly positive about this course, the DUCTRI process, and the direct applicability to industry situations. The course was originally an elective but has now become a compulsory course in the MBA structure. Example comments from anonymous student surveys conducted after the 2021 course completed:
Given that a design based approach to creative problem solving should have a bias for action [45], the DUCTRI model uses gerunds, the noun forms of verbs, to describe the actions that should be being undertaken in each main phase. It also overlays the primary mindsets that should be nurtured in each phase to enable these actions, namely curiosity, creativity and clarity. These also align with the focus in each phase in terms of desirability, feasibility and viability. The model retains the pairs of divergent and convergent modes of thinking as the process unfolds which creates more options and then makes decisions on these to narrow the focus in each cycle. Repeat is mentioned at the end because while a clean linear process can be explained on paper in execution it is rarely so clear cut and loop backs are to be expected and some phases will inevitably need to be repeated, if not the whole process.
The first phase of the process is where we are discovering as much as we can about the problem, who is affected, their world, the background and context of the situation. In this phase curiosity should be encouraged and tools such as empathetic interviews, ethnography, talking with extreme users, analogous empathy, focus groups, card sorts and drawing with users can all be valuable in discovering as much as possible about what is happening. This relies on divergent thinking to explore widely.
The second phase is then understanding what is really going on, making sense of the volume of data from the discovering phase and generating insights into the issues at hand. Again curiosity is the driver and tools such as affinity mapping, empathy maps, developing persona, journey maps, reframing, two-by-two matrices, and defining jobs to be done, can all be useful to help generate insights. This phase engages convergent thinking to ultimately come down to a small number of point of view statements and guiding principles which should be able to capture the new understanding of the core problem.
The third phase is creating where creativity should be unleashed and divergent thinking is employed to generate a large number of options for how the problem could be tackled. How might we statements provide the springboard for tools such as nominal group technique brainstorming, lateral thinking, question storming, five whys, walking for creativity, mashups or working in reverse.
The fourth phase is testing where a sub-set of the range of potential solutions are actively tested to generate further insight and converge on the most feasible solutions. This phase still utilizes creativity where prototyping is used with experimental techniques such as A/B tests, storyboards, wizard of Oz prototypes, role plays and dark horse models may be used.
The fifth phase is resourcing which is a divergent phase because by engaging with open innovation [18] the range of options available for gathering resources, including economic, social, cultural and symbolic capital are significant. Such approaches include crowd sourcing, crowd funding, strategic partnerships, prizes or competitions, and engaging with incubators. Tools such as business model canvas [46] and pre-mortems [47] should be used to promote clarity and define required resources including fit with existing business models and overall viability.
Finally implementing is a convergent phase where change management considerations should be designed into the solution to enable successful implementation to take place. Again this requires clarity. Tools and models such as the switch framework [42] with the components required to direct the analytic rider, motivate the emotional elephant and shape the path, including nudge theory [44] and behavioral insights [48], help with this phase.
As with any theory, tool or model it is important to acknowledge its limitations. The DUCTRI process is well suited to complex or chaotic problems where cause and effect relationships are unknown, difficult to untangle or have complex interrelationships. The process does take time and effort particularly in the early stages to try and get to the deeper understanding of these causes. So in situations where the cause and effect relationships are well understood then this may be an inefficient process to solve those types of problems.
In order to encourage curiosity and diversity in class projects the author employs a method called the project marketplace [49] where all students pitch a problem they are passionate about to the whole class prior to forming project teams. The class then all vote on the problems they are most interested in helping solve and groups form around the most interesting problems. During this process in the 2021 MBA class, one student who works in diabetes health pitched a specific problem from her experience that many people when diagnosed with diabetes suffer from avoidable complications due to treatment inertia. Simply put, they delay treatment of the condition and often suffer irreversible damage to their health because of this delay. A number of her classmates were also curious about this problem and so a group of four students with diverse backgrounds including education, marketing, emergency services and health, formed around the problem.
They started by discovering as much as they could about this issue. They engaged in empathetic interviews and spoke with healthcare professionals, diabetics, members of the public and a close contact who had a chronic health condition but not diabetes. They delved into exiting research and data on diagnosis and treatment rates. In total they carried out 51 interviews and gathered 297 individual statements, problems, opportunities or pieces of data.
From their broad and deep discovering work they started to build a greater understanding of the core issues behind the problem. In the understanding phase they created a persona, “Alex”, to help define the characteristics of the human at the center of their problem. They used affinity mapping to collate the swathes of data into 20 overarching themes covering issues such as “Prognosis”, “Why me?” and “Motivation.” They created 12 guiding principles that any solution must try and cover, such as “Reduce stigma”, “Demonstrate the seriousness”, “Link in my support network.” They also developed a new point of view statement based on their new understanding of the core issue, “Alex needs a way to understand what is happening now, and is likely to happen in the future because there is damage being done to their body that could minimized.”
To engage their creativity and start creating lots of potential solutions, the group generated an opportunity statement, “How might we enable Alex to live a full and healthy life with Type 2 Diabetes?” They use nominal group technique to generate ideas individually and then collectively. They also employed question storming and created 39 potential solutions. These ranged from the weird and wonderful; such as a “naughty food taser” and “diabetes dog”; to technology based solutions, such as “a support app” and “diabetes smartwatch”; to various support services, such as “call center” and “personal assistant.”
To narrow down their range of possible solutions and begin testing some of the ideas the group used a two-by-two selection matrix to organize the ideas according to likely effort and likely impact. They also compared the most promising ideas against their earlier guiding principles to ensure there was alignment. From this process they selected two ideas to prototype and test with their user groups. The first being a new “Live well with diabetes” app. This would be a place for the user to record, measure and share their treatment related information and habits. The group created a sketched wireframe using a freely available template to show the possible user screens with the options available to a user accessing it on a smartphone and how they might flow from one aspect of the app to another. They tested this by putting it in front of a small range of some of the participants from the discovering phase research. They conducted one iteration to add in some ideas from the first round of testing and engaged in a second round of tests. In doing so they received further feedback and ultimately came to the valuable insight that:
The second idea the group decided to prototype and test was coined “Glucose Guardians.” This would be a free to the user, telecare health coach service where the user is checked on regularly by a trained guardian. A guardian could help with goal setting, motivational and emotional support, help remove any other barriers for example connecting with transport or financial support services. They would not be a replacement for the primary medical care which would remain with existing healthcare professionals. The group created an infographic as a mock pamphlet for the service and tested the concept with a range of participants from the earlier discovering phase. This met with very positive reactions and highlighted issues such as having good cultural connections between guardians and users which would be invaluable. The team leader who had initially proposed the problem was able to take the prototype to a national health conference and gain additional feedback from a broad base of healthcare professionals, who were also very supportive of the concept. Based on this testing the group progressed with the “Glucose Guardians” concept.
In the resourcing phase the group needed to identify with clarity how the service could be funded and also how it might leverage existing social capital of other organizations already active in diabetes health. They uncovered complications related to the different funding models of different regional health authorities which meant that in some regions they may be able to access funding for initiatives such as this, but this was not possible everywhere. They identified how the role of the guardian would be trained and staffed. They also identified how referrals from healthcare professionals would work. They build two business models with different resourcing options. One where as a stand-alone service they would need to attract some funding, and proposed a small pilot requiring only three guardians to be funded. A second business model was also created where the service would fit within the existing national support organization for diabetes and be largely staffed by volunteers from that organization’s network.
In the implementing phase the group needed to consider how the service would be adopted in practice. They employed the switch framework [42] to identify aspects of clearly communicating and directing the rational mind of the users by having very clear and simple outlines and infographics showing clearly what the service would and would not do. They also tried to motivate the emotions of the users by having relatable coaches that would reduce the barriers to engagement. They also tried to shape the environment to nudge the behavior in the positive direction by making sure the service was connected with existing health professionals so they would be able to refer users directly to the service.
The group were passionate about the problem and so devoted significant effort into this project and were able to achieve a great amount in the relatively short 12 weeks of the course, only a portion of which was available for the project. Subsequent to the course finishing the leader of the group reports that the concept has progressed further into implementing but has evolved into a different format, integrating with another new health coaching service that was created mainly for other long term conditions.
In helping managers and leaders understand and manage the process of innovation in VUCA conditions we need to empower them and their organizations with the tools, techniques and mind-sets needed to solve the complex problems they face. They first need to have an appreciation and desire to engage in problems with curiosity. They then need to be able to unleash creativity in themselves and those around them. Finally, they need to be able to find and communicate with clarity on the solutions that they implement. The DUCTRI model described here was designed to give structure to a process of innovation that has proven to be successful in not only generating creative solutions that deal with the core problems in the world, but also designing them to be implemented and therefore being able to have an impact. It has proven to be a successful means of helping leaders and managers from a wide range of disciplines bring effective innovation to their organizations. The author is hopeful this encourages other management educators to adopt and adapt this process as necessary.
My thanks goes to all the students who have taken an active part in helping refine the DUCTRI model over the past 5 years in the various courses it has been a part of. In particular thanks go to team “The Keytones” for giving permission to use their project as an illustrative case of how this can be applied in practice.
None.
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\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
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In addition, low-orbit satellite constellations have been employed in recent years. These trends indicate that satellite remote sensing has a promising future in acquiring high-resolution data with a low cost and in integrating high-resolution satellite imagery with ground-based sensor data for new applications. 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For instance, errors due to clock bias or drift are grouped together. Errors related to the signal propagation medium, too, are treated in the same way. GNSS errors need to be corrected to achieve accepted positioning and navigational accuracy. We provide a theoretical description for each source, supporting these with diagrams and analytical figures where possible. Some common metrics to measure the magnitude of GNSS errors, including the user equivalent range error (UERE) and the dilution of precision (DOP), are also presented. The chapter concludes with remarks on the significance of the sources of error.",book:{id:"6540",slug:"multifunctional-operation-and-application-of-gps",title:"Multifunctional Operation and Application of GPS",fullTitle:"Multifunctional Operation and Application of GPS"},signatures:"Malek Karaim, Mohamed Elsheikh and Aboelmagd Noureldin",authors:[{id:"227711",title:"Mr.",name:"Malek",middleName:null,surname:"Karaim",slug:"malek-karaim",fullName:"Malek Karaim"},{id:"240292",title:"Prof.",name:"Aboelmagd",middleName:null,surname:"Noureldin",slug:"aboelmagd-noureldin",fullName:"Aboelmagd Noureldin"},{id:"243124",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Elsheikh",slug:"mohamed-elsheikh",fullName:"Mohamed Elsheikh"}]},{id:"9541",doi:"10.5772/8326",title:"Automated Detection of Clouds in Satellite Imagery",slug:"automated-detection-of-clouds-in-satellite-imagery",totalDownloads:3532,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"3343",slug:"advances-in-geoscience-and-remote-sensing",title:"Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing",fullTitle:"Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},signatures:"Gary Jedlovec",authors:null},{id:"9556",doi:"10.5772/8341",title:"Remote sensing and the disaster management cycle",slug:"remote-sensing-and-the-disaster-management-cycle",totalDownloads:6679,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"3343",slug:"advances-in-geoscience-and-remote-sensing",title:"Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing",fullTitle:"Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},signatures:"Karen E. 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The recent advances in remote-sensing imaging acquisition and availability of images can help geoscientists to explore and prepare maps quickly and evaluate the geo-potential of any specific area on the globe. Advances in remote-sensing data analysis techniques have improved the capacity to map the geological structures and regional characteristics and can serve in mineral exploration in complex and poorly understood regions. In this chapter, geophysical remotely sensed data (airborne geophysics) are integrated with other sources of remotely sensed data to analyze three separate areas, one each for geological structure, lineament presence and orientation, and geothermal potential. 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After that, it addresses the GPS modernization program including the new civilian and military signals and their significance. It continues by outlining the GPS signal characteristics and the sources of GPS measurement error. GPS receivers as well are briefly described. Then, it gives an overview of the GLONASS and describes its modernization program. Additionally, it delves into many aspects the GLONASS, including GLONASS signal characteristics, the GLONASS radio frequency (RF) plan, pseudorandom (PR) ranging codes, and the intra-system interference navigation message. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/15371",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"15371"},fullPath:"/chapters/15371",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()