\r\n\tTo viable rural development has a vital role for rural communities. In the design of policies to be successful that affect them rural people have to decide and implement. According to this, it is a critical point to involve the poor and disadvantaged, along with related stakeholders, agricultural and rural development. Hence, for the sustainable development by international initiatives and all other institutions were searched and to be present the agricultural and related research results. To help support the effort, various governmental and non-governmental agencies established fundings for sustainable rural development research and fostered the development of human well-being goals in rural areas via national and international initiatives. In this context, most efforts resulted in successful cases. This book will intend to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the theory, approaches, strategies, and cases, and key elements and challenges of sustainable development, and Bioeconomy, Green and Circular economy for sustainability, and UN SDGs-Agenda 2030 and EU Green Deal.
\r\n
\r\n\tI believe that this work will be fundamental in the field of SDG, and it will be a guiding, idea-generating key for researchers, practitioners, rural community, and policy decision-makers, and I hope that together we will establish sustainable rural life and development around the world. \r\n\t
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He has been a visiting scientist for Postdoc, at Leibniz Hannover University, Institute of Horticultural Economics. He is a member of the Turkish Agricultural Economics Association, and Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education, Society of Agricultural Economics, Scientific Committee Member of the Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",biography:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş graduated from Çukurova University Agricultural Faculty at Adana, Turkey in 1986 and completed his PhD in Agricultural Economics in the same institution in 1994. 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1. Introduction
In this information age where ideas, exchanges, and the development of concepts are fast changing, creativity is needed and is considered as a key learning outcome. An individual’s overall development is believed to be critically linked to their social world, especially via their family lives early on (e.g., [1]). Studies have explored maternal personalities’ influence on family atmosphere provided to students (e.g., [2]), as well as family factors’ influence on students’ creativity [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. However, no relevant studies were found to link maternal personalities, family factors, and students’ creativity together. Besides, culture, groups accumulated common experiences, and influence on creativity also drew many researchers’ attention [8, 9, 10, 11]. Since Chinese society has, in recent years, paid increasing attention to the development of children’s creativity, how Chinese culture react to the mother-child relationship and further influence children’s creativity need more exploration. This study aims to investigate how mothers’ personality traits and parenting behaviors link to children’s actual creativity performance, as it may lead to insights into mother-child relationships in terms of creativity, fostering family environments, and, in particular, mothers’ parenting style adopted in Chinese societies.
2. Literature review
Even though creativity studies have been oriented toward the creative process and understanding its dynamic and evolving momentum [12], children’s everyday experiences with their significant others may influence their motivation, perseverance, competence, and so on, required for the fine elements in children’s thinking [13]. Having said that, the casual relationship between mother’s personality and children’s creativity may be more complicated than one might assume. For example, it may be possible, depending on the conditions, that children’s creativity has some effects on parent’s personality, and there may be other factors such as socio-economic status which affect children’s creativity [14, 15].
2.1 Maternal personality and children’s creativity in Chinese societies
Studies of the relationship between parents’ personalities and children’s creativity have conflicting results. On the one hand, studies showed mothers have an effect on children’s creativity. Kwaśniewska and Lebuda [16] conducted 27 qualitative interviews with mothers and found that creative mothers foster a climate conducive to children’s creativity. Kwaśniewska et al. [2]’s study showed that mothers who possess openness and extraversion traits more may show higher creative potential, while highly neuroticism parents may have less creative potential. And mothers with openness traits have a positive attitude to creativity, as well as are willing to provide the “climate” for creativity in a parent-child relationship. Since mothers are usually the primary caregivers who have been shown to play a key role in children’s development, more studies are needed to examine the parent-child relationship in terms of mother’s personality and children’s, especially young children, creativity performance as it will shed light on creativity development in the early years, an issue that has drawn people’s attention in recent years. On the other hand, Fu et al. [17]’s research showed that there was no indication of any significant relationship between maternal personality and preschoolers’ creativity. The conflicting results may be due to the limitation of samples, or the measurements applied to measuring creative abilities.
From above, the relationship between maternal personality and children’s creativity could be further discussed. Furthermore, considering the cultural factor, assessment of Chinese personality indicated that neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness factors were jointly listed in the widely used Big Five inventory, but openness factor was not [18]. The openness factor was more identifiable in individualist cultures but was negatively correlated with collectivism [19]. Chinese society is more inclined to collectivism. However, previous studies showed that the openness factor was highly correlated to creativity [20]. Even the compatibility between cultural personality and creative personality in China was discussed (e.g., [21, 22]), the impacts of mother’s personality on children’s creativity require further investigations.
More importantly, it may be difficult to measure children’s creativity as young children’s manifestations of creativity are subtle and nonverbal. Therefore, the Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement (TCAM) measure [23], which takes around 30 minutes for each child, is used in this study. Details will be given in the Section 3. This paper aims at finding the direct and indirect effects of maternal personality on children’s creativity. For indirect effects, we conjecture that parenting style may be one of the possible mediators. So, we shall look at previous studies on the relationship between parental personality and parenting style.
2.2 Parental personality and parenting style
Parents play an important role in children’s development [24, 25]. Clark et al. [26] and van Aken et al. [27] study showed that parents’ personality relates to their parenting behaviors, and in turn children’s behaviors generally. Smith et al. [28] found that mothers with higher levels of agreeableness showed more warmth and support toward their children. Mothers with higher extraversion showed more maternal warmth and, thus, were more likely to support their children’s autonomy, but such mothers also exercised higher power assertion over their children [28, 29]. Furthermore, mothers with high conscientiousness levels displayed support toward their children’s autonomy, yet these mothers were more controlling and restrictive; but at the same time, less forcefully disciplinarian [26, 30]. Such mothers provided more rational, structured, and less forceful parenting to their children [30]. Coplan et al. [31] concluded that maternal neuroticism may lead to an overprotective parenting style, while higher agreeableness in mothers represented a low, harsh parenting style.
There are possible relationships between maternal personality and maternal parenting style. According to Baumrind [32] research on parenting authority, there were three categories: authoritarian (high in control and maturity demands, low in responsiveness and communication), authoritative (high in control, maturity demands, responsiveness, and communication), and permissive (high in communication and responsiveness, but low in control and maturity demands). In China, Xu et al. [33]’s research showed that Chinese mothers prefer authoritarian and authoritative parenting. Results showed that authoritative parenting could increase children’s creativity while authoritarian parenting plays a negative role in children’s creativity in high-school students [34]. The relationship between parenting style and children’s creativity is worth studying, given the importance of the early years which are known to set the foundation for later development.
2.3 Parenting style and creativity
Maternal parenting style is one of the factors that influence children’s development [35]. Feldman and Klein [36] found that mothers who give warm and sensitive feedback to their children’s needs may lead to positive and effective interactions between mother and child. Also, children who accept their parents’ advice may be more willing to correct misbehavior [37]. In contrast, negative interactions between parents and children, or even worse, punishment, may intensify children’s misbehavior [38, 39]. Few studies have focused on the relationship between parenting and creativity, but some are described as follows.
Fan and Zhang [40] found that perceived parental involvement is positively related to a creativity-generating thinking style. Siegelman [7] found that students who perceive lower parental attention show higher creative potential than those who perceive parental love, and we will return to this with our results in the Section 5. Both studies focused on university students and not on young children. Fearon et al. [13] investigated the inter-relationship among parents’ creativity, parenting styles, and children’s creativity for primary school students, and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) were used. Results showed that there were significant effects of parents’ creativity and parenting styles on children’s creativity. In this study, the importance of maternal personality in affecting young children’s creativity, instead of children’s creativity level or performance, is emphasized.
2.4 Research objectives
Some previous studies have shown the relationships between two variables, namely parents’ personality and parenting style, or between parenting style and children’s creativity for primary school students. Meanwhile, the cultural issues that were highlighted in previous studies are still contested. This study, therefore, investigates the direct and indirect effects of maternal personality on 4- to 8-year-old children’s creativity under the Chinese context. For indirect effects, parenting style is treated as a mediator. And before we do that, we explore the interrelationships among maternal personality, maternal parenting style, and children’s creativity.
3. Method
3.1 Participants
Five provincial-level kindergartens in Zhuhai city of Guangdong province, China, participated in this study, with a total sample of 127 children. Ethical consent was obtained from both parents and teachers, as the children were very young. Each child participated in a 30-minute Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement (TCAM) [23] test to assess creativity. Their mothers filled out the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory (CBF-PI) and Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), with a total of 70 items. Excluding 98 (77%) children participated and 88 (70%) records were valid. The mean and SD of children’s age were 5.50 and 0.567 years, respectively, with 47.7% girls and 52.3% boys. Missing values were imputed by using the linear interpolation method in SPSS.
3.2 Instruments
3.2.1 Thinking creatively in action and movement (TCAM)
The TCAM test was used to measure children’s creativity. As the subjects were Chinese, we used the revised Chinese version by Chang [41], which was fully validated. The TCAM consists of four activities with the first, third, and fourth activities scoring both children’s fluency and originality in creativity, while the second activity scores imagination. Fluency measures cumulatively in how many ways do children react. Originality measures the uniqueness of responses based on a large cardinal number of participants tested in the Taiwan Chinese version. And, imagination measures how many unique scenes children could act out.
The details of the four activities are as follows. Activity one (How many ways?) asks children to use diverse ways to get from one place to another. Activity two (Can you move like a tree/rabbit/fish/snake?) asks children to pretend to be something or to play a prescribed role (driving a car at high speed and pushing an elephant away from desired things). Activity three (What other ways?) asks children to use diverse ways to put a number of paper cups into a box. The last activity (What might it be?) requires children to think about playing with and using paper cups. Testing one child takes around 30 minutes. Each activity was restricted to 10 minutes with a total time of under 30 minutes.
All activities were conducted in the kindergartens’ activity rooms, which provided enough space for children to move around freely. A five-minute warm-up exercise was used so that the children feel relaxed and trust the experimenter. We complied strictly with the TCAM (Taiwan version) test manual.
TCAM-Taiwan version has already been validated by Chang [41] in Chinese writing. We obtained consent from parents for the digital recording of participants’ movements in the testing areas. The dataset was scored again 2 weeks later by the same trained research assistant. The test-retest reliabilities of the first to fourth activities and the overall scores were, respectively, 0.72, 0.76, 0.70 and 0.60, and 0.75.
Following Zachopoulou et al. [42], the reliabilities were assessed via means, SD and reliability of internal consistency Cronbach’s α in test and retest, and the Intraclass correlation (ICC). These results are reported in Table 1.
Test
Retest
Measure
Mean ± SD
α
Mean ± SD
Α
ICC
Fluency
25.82 ± 19.26
0.70
24.43 ± 18.67
0.68
0.98
Originality
25.12 ± 19.41
0.55
24.52 ± 19.05
0.58
0.99
Imagination
15.46 ± 3.52
15.99 ± 3.89
0.93
Table 1.
Mean, SD, and Cronbach’s α for the three constructs in creativity in test and retest and ICC.
In Table 1, the means, SD, and reliability of internal consistency α’s are all very similar between test and retest. The means for fluency, originality, and imagination are, respectively, 25.82, 25.12, and 15.46 with the corresponding SD being 19.5, 19.5, and 3.4. These values are comparable with Zachopoulou et al. [42]. The temporal stability of TCAM was examined using the intraclass correlation (ICC) between test and retest, which were at least 0.93. The test was reliable.
3.2.2 Chinese big five personality inventory (CBF-PI)
Maternal personality was measured by Wang et al. [43] the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory (CBF-PI) brief version, with the original version created by McCrae and Costa [44]. It uses a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (=extremely disagree) to 6 (=extremely agree), and has five dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN), with eight items for each. CBF-PI has been validated and has internal consistency reliabilities ranging from 0.764 (Agreeableness) to 0.814 (Neuroticism). The test-retest reliabilities range from 0.672 (Agreeableness) to 0.811 (Openness) [43]. Here, the reliabilities of internal consistency for OCEAN and the overall scales are, respectively, 0.799, 0.784, 0.716, 0.705, 0.778, and 0.790.
3.2.3 Parental authority questionnaire (PAQ)
Parenting styles were measured by the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) [45], with the Chinese translated version validated by Deng [46]. It uses a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (=extremely disagree) to 5 (=extremely agree), with 30 items, three dimensions (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive), and 10 items in each dimension. The reliabilities of internal consistency for authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive dimensions are, respectively, 0.72, 0.77, and 0.76 in Reitman et al. [45]’s original study; 0.78, 0.70, and 0.68 in Deng [46]; and 0.73, 0.71, and 0.62 in the present study.
3.3 Special single items
Single items have the advantages of having good content validity and decreasing subjects’ confusion [47], and only content validity is the real validity and others can be considered as a validation process [48]. In addition to the three domains of parenting, we used one special item in each of the three domains in parenting styles as they have some special properties, as follows. Traditional Chinese parent-child interaction emphasizes parents’ “training” of children [49], which implies high maternal involvement for promoting children’s success. The first item was “it is for my children’s own good to require them to do what I think is right, even if they don’t agree” in the authoritarian domain. This was the only item in the domain that emphasized doing something entirely for the sake of children’s good. All others emphasized ordering without mentioning children’s good. We name it FCG (for children’s good), hereafter. The second item was “I always encourage discussion when my children feel family rules and restrictions are unfair” in the authoritative domain. This was the only item in the domain that encourages, by words, parent-children interactions. Others do encourage interactions but not by words and are less explicit. We shall name it EBW (encourage by words). The third item was “I usually don’t set firm guidelines for my children’s behavior” in the permissive domain. This was the only item in the domain where parents set no guidelines at all. We name it NGA (no guidelines at all). According to Chao [49]’s discussion on Chinese parenting, FCG, EIW, and NGA items represent descending order for “training.” We shall see later that NGA has more indirect effects on children’s creativity.
3.4 Mediation methods
The traditional approach to handle mediation analysis was proposed by Baron and Kenny [50]. It requires statistically significant conditions for: independent and dependent variables; independent variables and moderators; and mediators to predict dependent variables when controlling for independent variables. But it has been found that this procedure assumes no measurement error for mediators, which is impractical [51]. More importantly, an indirect effect can exist even though there is no direct effect [52, 53]. In our case, it may be possible that there is an indirect link between maternal personality and children’s creativity without a direct link between the two variables. We will return to this in the Section 5. Hence, we used a more recent approach that uses the PROCESS (version 2.16.3) [54] procedure in SPSS with bootstrapping. Bootstrapping takes random samples with replacement of the original data. It has the advantage of not assuming normality and is particularly useful in small samples such as this case. If the “zero” point is not included in the confident interval as outputted, the indirect effect is said to be statistically significant [55]. Technically, if we denote X, Y, and M as independent variable, dependent variable, and mediator. The indirect effects are denoted by c, which equals a*b, where a is regressing M on X, and b is regressing Y on M controlling for X.
4. Results
4.1 Demographic result and direct effect
To examine the direct relationship between maternal personality and children’s creativity, we looked at the correlations between five personality characteristics and three creativity constructs. These correlations are reported in the upper part of Table 2.
Neuroticism
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Openness
Extraversion
Fluency
−0.115
0.026
−0.068
−0.083
−0.084
Originality
−0.055
0.023
−0.073
−0.024
−0.044
Imagination
−0.066
0.184
0.064
−0.075
−0.079
Authoritarian
0.376**
−0.008
0.077
0.035
0.029
Authoritative
−0.205
0.375**
0.217
0.421**
0.054
Permissive
0.117
0.116
−0.095
0.190
0.158
FCG
0.360**
−0.144
−0.282**
−0.099
−0.145
EIW
−0.136
0.167
0.056
0.348**
0.111
NGA
−0.187
0.393**
0.187
0.249*
0.193
Table 2.
Correlations between five personalities, three creativities, and three parenting styles.
Note: Blank, “*” and “**” represent nonsignificant and significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
Table 2 shows no significant correlations among the 15 combinations. Effect sizes were small, medium, and large if the magnitude of correlations is around 0.10, 0.30, and 0.50, respectively [56]. Table 2 shows all correlations were below 0.10, except the correlation between conscientiousness and imagination (0.184), and between neuroticism and fluency (−0.115). There was no direct effect of maternal personality on creativity of children.
Next, we investigated the indirect effects of maternal personality on children’s creativity through parenting style. First, we looked at the effects of maternal personality on parenting style for three domains and three single items. The results were reported in the lower part of Table 2 for the economy of space. From Table 2, conscientious and openness personalities showed statistically significant correlations with an authoritative parenting style (r (88) = 0.375, p < 0.01 and r (88) = 0.421, p < 0.01, respectively). A significant result was found between neuroticism and an authoritarian parenting style (r (88) = 0.376, p < 0.01), and this in turn correlated significantly with creativity. For the three single items, a conscientious personality showed statistically significant correlations with NGA (r (88) = 0.393, p < 0.01, respectively). Neuroticism and agreeableness showed significant correlation with FCG (r (88) = 0.360, p < 0.01; r (88) = −0.282, p < 0.01). Openness significantly correlated with item EIW (r (88) = 0.348, p < 0.01, respectively). These single items were correlated with creativity as we shall see.
In terms of effect sizes, all those nonsignificant correlations were of small effect sizes. All those statistically significant correlations ranged from 0.249 to 0.421 and were of “medium” effect sizes. Next, we looked at how the three parenting styles and the three single items of parenting were correlated with the three creativity constructs, and the results are shown in Table 3.
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive
FCG
EIW
NGA
Fluency
−0.279*
0.033
0.065
−0.074
−0.077
0.242*
Originality
−0.278*
−0.082
0.058
−0.071
−0.126
0.220*
Imagination
−0.134
−0.168
−0.245
−0.228*
−0.259*
0.259*
Table 3.
Correlations between three parenting styles and three creativities.
Note: Blank, “*” and “**” represent nonsignificant and significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
Out of the total 9 (=3 × 3) combinations of domain level, only the authoritarian parenting style showed a significant relationship with fluency and originality (r (88) = −0.279, p < 0.05; r (88) = −0.278, p < 0.05). And the correlation between permissive parenting style and imagination was marginal (r (88) = −0.245, p = 0.069). In terms of effect sizes, these three correlations were of small to medium effect, with the rest being small. For the three single items of parenting, item NGA showed a significant relationship with all the creativity constructs (fluency, originality, and imagination) (r (88) = 0.242, p < 0.05; r (88) = 0.220, p < 0.05; r (88) = 0.259, p < 0.05). Item FCG was significantly correlated with imagination (r (88) = −0.228, p < 0.05). Item EIW was significantly correlated with imagination (r (88) = −0.259, p < 0.05). The effect sizes of all these significant correlations were medium.
Combining the results in the previous steps, at the domain level, we found significant correlations between authoritative and authoritarian parenting and maternal personality, but only authoritarian parenting has significant correlations with two creativity constructs. Even when considering effect sizes, the results did not change, i.e., the only two possible indirect paths between maternal personality and children’s creativity are from neuroticism to an authoritarian parenting style, and then from an authoritarian parenting style to fluency and originality.
For the three single items of parenting, we followed the above procedures and found nine indirect paths toward creativity. The following nine combinations have the sequence: independent variable, mediator, and dependent variable.
Openness, EIW, Imagination
Neuroticism, FCG, Imagination
Agreeableness, FCG, Imagination
Conscientiousness, NGA, Fluency
Conscientiousness, NGA, Originality
Conscientiousness, NGA, Imagination
Openness, NGA, Fluency
Openness, NGA, Originality
Openness, NGA, Imagination
There were total of 11 combinations, the regression models were shown in Appendix 1. Next, we investigated these indirect effects.
4.2 Indirect effects
We used the PROCESS procedure in SPSS to investigate if any indirect effects existed for the possible paths found. The results are presented in Table 4.
Coefficient
X
M
Y
a
b
c
CI of indirect effects
Neuroticism
Authoritarian
Fluency
0.247
−0.855
−0.211
(−0.6427, 0.0331)
Neuroticism
Authoritarian
Originality
0.263
−0.704
−0.185
(−0.505, −0.0134)
Openness
EIW
Imagination
0.038
−1.596
−0.060
(−0.1355, −0.0115)
Neuroticism
FCG
Imagination
0.067
−0.684
−0.046
(−0.1166, −0.0053)
Agreeableness
FCG
Imagination
−0.064
−0.759
0.049
(0.0071, 0.1387)
Conscientiousness
NGA
Fluency
0.056
7.029
0.390
(0.1065, 0.8552)
Conscientiousness
NGA
Originality
0.056
6.351
0.352
(0.0776, 0.8097)
Conscientiousness
NGA
Imagination
0.054
0.992
0.053
(0.0086, 0.1177)
Openness
NGA
Fluency
0.031
6.162
0.194
(0.0398, 0.4709)
Openness
NGA
Originality
0.031
5.728
0.180
(0.0303, 0.5185)
Openness
NGA
Imagination
0.030
1.284
0.038
(0.0046, 0.1008)
Table 4.
Indirect effects of five maternal personalities, three parenting styles, and three creativities.
Note: X, M, and Y stand for independent variable, mediator, and dependent variable, respectively. Coefficient a, b, and c stand for the path from X to M, M to Y, and indirect effects from X to Y via M. CI of indirect effects are confident intervals of coefficient c.
From Table 4, at the domain level, the confident interval (CI) of the indirect effects from neuroticism to fluency via authoritarian parenting is (−0.6427, 0.0331) with point zero included, indicating an insignificant result. For the indirect effects from neuroticism to originality via authoritarian parenting, the CI is (−0.505, −0.0134) with point zero excluded, indicating statistically significant results. Hence, there are no indirect effects of neuroticism on fluency via authoritarian parenting. But there are indirect effects of neuroticism on originality via authoritarian parenting. The sign of the effects of neuroticism on an authoritarian parenting style was positive, indicating that more neuroticism will lead to more authoritarian parenting. But the sign of the effects of authoritarian parenting style on originality was negative, indicating that more authoritarian parenting will lead to lower originality. So, the combined indirect effect of neuroticism on originality was negative, indicating that mothers with more neurotic characteristics will indirectly lead to lowering originality in creativity in children.
For the nine possible paths from maternal personalities to creativity via three single items of parenting, results are shown in the lower part of Table 4. First, all CIs have point zero excluded and hence, all indirect effects are significant. Secondly, the signs of EIW and FCG on imagination were both negative, indicating that more parenting in EIW will lead to less imagination, and hence the indirect paths were negative from openness to imagination via EIW, and from neuroticism to imagination via FCG. However, since the sign from agreeableness to FCG was also negative, the overall indirect effect of agreeableness on imagination via FCG was negative, indicating more maternal agreeableness may indirectly lead to more imagination if the parenting style is FCG.
Thirdly, it is the results from the single item NGA (not setting guidelines at all) that are most significant and interesting. All signs for a, b, and c coefficients were positive. The b coefficients, indicating the effects of NGA on creativity, were especially high for fluency and imagination. And NGA affects all three creativity constructs. If the maternal personalities are either of conscientiousness or openness, and in addition, if the parenting style is NGA, children’s creativity will be improved in all aspects. We will return to this in the Section 5.
5. Discussion
5.1 Maternal personality’s influence on children’s creativity via parenting style
This study investigated the effects of maternal personality on children’s creativity. Since the subjects were 4- to 8-year-old children, the best way to measure their creativity seems to be assessing actions and movements by TCAM. TCAM is time consuming and what we used here. TCAM measures creativity in terms of fluency, originality, and imagination. Finally, we investigated both direct and indirect effects via parenting.
We did not find any direct effects of maternal personality toward children’s creativity, but indirect effects of maternal parenting toward the relationship between their personality and children’s creativity. Consistent with Fu et al. [17]’s early study, the relationship between mother’s personality and children’s creativity is not statistically significant. However, when adding parenting style, a mother’s personality does influence children’s creativity. The insignificant result may be caused by the distance from mother’s self-report personality and their actual personality received by young children. It is not easy to obtain young age children’s perceived maternal personality. This is one of our limitations. Another reason may be because another maternal characteristic, which is unknown, contributes more to children’s creativity than maternal personality does.
We found a statistically significant indirect effect of neuroticism maternal personality on originality via authoritarian parenting. For the relationship between maternal neuroticism and authoritarian parenting, it is in-line with Coplan et al. [31] who concluded that maternal neuroticism leads to an overprotective parenting style. For the relationship between authoritarian parenting and creativity, our result is in-line with Fearon et al. [13] who showed that authoritarian parenting has negative effects on students’ creativity with a sample of Jamaican primary school students. Authoritarian parenting is a constraining parenting style and that may explain the negative effects on children’s creativity. In layman’s terms, sensitive (neurotic) mothers will probably be more restrictive (authoritarian) of children’s behavior, thus possibly reducing children’s motivation to try new things, and hence stifling creativity.
This study added three single items in each parenting domain to give additional insight. The single item EIW under the authoritative domain is the only item that explicitly expresses mothers’ views on family rules. Results showed that EIW was negatively related to imagination and positively related to maternal openness. So, if mothers with open personalities choose to explain clearly those family rules and restrictions, this may have a negative effect on the imagination. This may be because if parents give clear family rules, it will leave limited room for children’s activities. A similar result is found in Kwak et al. [57]’s study, the more maternal attention, the less the child’s exploration.
The single item FCG under the authoritarian domain is the only item that emphasizes doing things for the children’s good. Although authoritarian and FCG correlated with different creativity constructs, the signs were both negative. Both the whole domain and the single item tend to reduce children’s creativity of some sort. Hence, the indirect effects of maternal neuroticism on creativity via FCG may follow a similar path via authoritarian parenting. Our results also showed that maternal agreeableness may lead to lower FCG. Or, more agreeable mothers may tend to exert fewer rules even if it is for the children’s good, and then, in turn, this may lead to more positive effects on imagination. These uncovered results were not provided by the authoritarian domain.
The single item NGA, not setting any guidelines at all, under the permissive domain is most interesting. Both maternal conscientiousness and openness were positively related to NGA, but the whole domain of permissive parenting was not related to any of the maternal personalities. Besides, NGA was positively related to all three creativity constructs, but permissive parenting was not related to any of the creativity constructs. Finally, the b paths, effects of NGA on fluency and originality, were especially high. This was explained in Kwak et al. [57], whereby mothers who are more conscientious and open to experience may impose fewer restrictions, giving their children more freedom. And this, in turn, will lead to more exploration and higher creativity. This is consistent with Siegelman [7]’s finding that students who perceive lower parent’s attention show higher creative potential than those who perceive parental love. To conclude, mothers with conscientious or open personalities may employ the parenting style of NGA, which in turn may lead to higher creativity. This has direct practical implications for nurturing children’s creativity.
Further, FCG, EIW, and NGA items represent descending order for “training” under the Chinese context. The study’s result shows that FCG and EIW have a negative effect on children’s creativity, while NGA has a positive effect. On one hand, even “training” has a positive meaning in Chinese culture, it has a negative effect on children’s creativity. On the other hand, NGA contradicted with traditional Chinese parents’ preference on educational ideology, but it plays a positive role in children’s creativity. Chinese parents’ parenting preference on “training” may have negative influence on children’s creativity. The contradiction between Chinese parents’ preference of parenting and creativity encouragement parenting deserves research effort in the future.
5.2 Limitations and further research
As indicated above, the casual relationship between mother’s personality and children’s creativity is complicated. TCAM, an instrument widely used to tap young children’s creativity, does not include “elaboration” in children’s creativity, so elaboration is neither measured nor discussed in this study. There may be other possible factors affecting children’s creativity, e.g., their socio-economic background and maternal education. Besides, in future research, the sample size needs to be larger for multiple regression. Further studies can explore other potential factors influencing young children’s creativity. And our mediation methods used here may be fairly exploratory, especially the use of single items. In particular, the single item NGA (no guidelines at all) correlated with all three creativity dimensions. Future research can develop a scale with more items and correlate with creativity. This study employed a correlational design and hence an experimental design can be considered in the future.
A.1. Appendix 1. Regression models of 11 parent’s personality (X), maternal parenting style (M), and children’s creativity (Y) combinations
Fluency
Originality
Imagination
B
SE(B)
Beta
B
SE(B)
Beta
B
SE(B)
Beta
Neuroticism
−0.422
0.397
−0.145
−0.105
0.408
−0.036
Authoritarian
−0.855
0.536
−0.218
−1.012
0.551
−0.253
p
0.076
0.131
R^2
0.089
0.071
Adjusted R^2
0.056
0.037
Neuroticism
0.01
0.067
0.018
FCG
−0.684
0.366
−0.227
p
0.154
R^2
0.049
Adjusted R^2
0.023
Openness
−0.438
0.338
−0.148
−0.254
0.354
−0.082
−0.079
0.061
−0.146
NGA
6.162
2.815
0.25
5.728
2.95
0.224
1.284
0.51
0.284
p
0.075
0.155
0.038
R^2
0.065
0.047
0.081
Adjusted R^2
0.041
0.022
0.057
Openness
0.02
0.064
0.037
EIW
−1.596
0.638
−0.295
p
0.04
R^2
0.08
Adjusted R^2
0.056
Conscientiousness
−0.297
0.435
−0.082
−0.269
0.435
−0.075
0.062
0.075
0.099
NGA
7.028
3.085
0.273
6.351
3.084
0.248
0.992
0.531
0.221
p
0.079
0.124
0.049
R^2
0.064
0.053
0.076
Adjusted R^2
0.039
0.028
0.052
Agreeableness
−0.004
0.08
−0.006
FCG
−0.759
0.354
−0.246
p
0.091
R^2
0.059
Adjusted R^2
0.035
\n',keywords:"creativity, maternal personality, parenting style, indirect effects, kindergarten children",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80251.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80251.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80251",totalDownloads:65,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"December 4th 2021",dateReviewed:"December 23rd 2021",datePrePublished:"January 29th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"January 28th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Mothers are important persons in the development of creativity in young children. The aim of this study was to examine whether and how mothers influence the creativity of their children. We investigated maternal personality and parenting style through parents’ reports, while children’s creativity of 88 Chinese kindergarten children (age M = 5.50, SD = 0.567) was rated by Torrance TCAM. There was an indirect effect of authoritarian parenting in the relation between maternal neuroticism and children’s creativity in terms of originality. Neurotic mothers may tend to be more authoritarian and in turn, reduce their children’s creativity. Further, parenting style related to not setting any guidelines at all (or NGA) may have indirect effects on the relation between maternal conscientiousness and openness toward children’s creativity. The opposite direction between Chinese parents’ preferential parenting and creativity encouragement parenting was found.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80251",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80251",signatures:"Shuyang Lu, Keang Ieng Peggy Vong and Shing On Leung",book:{id:"11303",type:"book",title:"Creativity",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Creativity",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sílvio Manuel Da Rocha Brito",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11303.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-034-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-033-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-035-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"170935",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sílvio Manuel",middleName:"Da Rocha",surname:"Brito",slug:"silvio-manuel-brito",fullName:"Sílvio Manuel Brito"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Literature review",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Maternal personality and children’s creativity in Chinese societies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Parental personality and parenting style",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Parenting style and creativity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Research objectives",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Method",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 Participants",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2 Instruments",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"3.2.2 Chinese big five personality inventory (CBF-PI)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.2.3 Parental authority questionnaire (PAQ)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"3.3 Special single items",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.4 Mediation methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"4. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"4.1 Demographic result and direct effect",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"4.2 Indirect effects",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"5. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"5.1 Maternal personality’s influence on children’s creativity via parenting style",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"5.2 Limitations and further research",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22",title:"",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21",title:"A.1. Appendix 1. Regression models of 11 parent’s personality (X), maternal parenting style (M), and children’s creativity (Y) combinations",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Hubbs-Tait L, Culp AM, Culp RE, Miller CE. Relation of maternal cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and intrusive behavior during head start to children’s kindergarten cognitive abilities. Child Development. 2002;73(1):110-131'},{id:"B2",body:'Kwaśniewska JM, Gralewski J, Witkowska EM, Kostrzewska M, Lebuda I. 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Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China
Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Shing On Leung",address:null,affiliation:'
Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
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With this study, we aim to contribute further to the existing literature on risk management by looking at practices adopted by financial services firms licenced in Europe with a Mediterranean connection. We used parts of a questionnaire adopted by two of the authors in another study on risk management practices adopted by Maltese financial services firms and sent it to prospective candidates who work closely within risk management, to collect our data. This resulted in 1635 participants. This data was used to (1) bring to light the mechanisms and strategies used in risk management by these organisations to maximise their opportunities, manage their risks, and maintain stability in their financials. Also, (2) we check if this is perceived as contributing to ‘principled performance’. Finally, (3) we examine the extent to which risk management capabilities offer a competitive advantage to these firms. Our findings evidence that the objective by EMP and the EU, that is to ensure that members operate ‘on the same level playing field’ within risk management, in financial services of firms with a Euro-Mediterranean connection, has been achieved.",book:{id:"7573",slug:"perspectives-on-risk-assessment-and-management-paradigms",title:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms",fullTitle:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms"},signatures:"Simon Grima and Frank Bezzina",authors:[{id:"257099",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Grima",slug:"simon-grima",fullName:"Simon Grima"},{id:"257101",title:"Prof.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Bezzina",slug:"frank-bezzina",fullName:"Frank Bezzina"}]},{id:"74240",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94917",title:"Analyzing the Cyber Risk in Critical Infrastructures",slug:"analyzing-the-cyber-risk-in-critical-infrastructures",totalDownloads:357,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Information and communication technology (ICT) plays an important role in critical infrastructures (CIs). Some ICT-based services are in itself critical for the functioning of society while other ICT elements are essential for the functioning of critical processes within CIs. Moreover, many critical processes within CIs are monitored and controlled by industrial control systems (ICS) also referred to as operational technology (OT). In line with the CI-concept, the concept of critical information infrastructure (CII) is introduced comprising both ICT and OT. It is shown that CIIs extend beyond the classical set of CIs. The risk to society due to inadvertent and deliberate CI/CII disruptions has increased due to the interrelation, complexity, and dependencies of CIs and CIIs. The cyber risk due to threats to and vulnerabilities of ICT and OT is outlined. Methods to analyze the cyber risk to CI and CII are discussed at both the organization, national, and the service chain levels. Cyber threats, threat actors, and the organizational, personnel, and technological cyber security challenges are outlined. An outlook is given to near future cyber security risk challenges, and therefore upcoming risk, stemming from (industrial) internet of things and other new cyber-embedded technologies.",book:{id:"10256",slug:"issues-on-risk-analysis-for-critical-infrastructure-protection",title:"Issues on Risk Analysis for Critical Infrastructure Protection",fullTitle:"Issues on Risk Analysis for Critical Infrastructure Protection"},signatures:"Marieke Klaver and Eric Luiijf",authors:[{id:"325818",title:"Dr.",name:"Marieke",middleName:null,surname:"Klaver",slug:"marieke-klaver",fullName:"Marieke Klaver"},{id:"325822",title:"MSc.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Luiijf",slug:"eric-luiijf",fullName:"Eric Luiijf"}]},{id:"76927",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97809",title:"Integrating Resilience in Time-based Dependency Analysis: A Large-Scale Case Study for Urban Critical Infrastructures",slug:"integrating-resilience-in-time-based-dependency-analysis-a-large-scale-case-study-for-urban-critical",totalDownloads:230,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"As critical systems shall withstand different types of perturbations affecting their functionalities and their service level, resilience is a very important requirement. Especially in an urban critical infrastructures where the occurrence of natural events may influence the state of other dependent infrastructures from various different sectors, the overall resilience of such infrastructures against large scale failures is even more important. When a perturbation occurs in a system, the quality (level) of the service provided by the affected system will be reduced and a recovery phase will be triggered to restore the system to its normal operation level. According to the implemented recovery controls, the restoration phase may follow a different growth model. This paper extends a previous time-based dependency risk analysis methodology by integrating and assessing the effect of recovery controls. The main goal is to dynamically assess the evolution of recovery over time, in order to identify how the expected recovery plans will eventually affect the overall risk of the critical paths. The proposed recovery-aware time-based dependency analysis methodology was integrated into the CIPCast Decision Support System that enables risk forecast due to natural events to identify vulnerable and disrupted assets (e.g., electric substations, telecommunication components) and measure the expected risk paths. Thus, CIPCast can be valuable to Critical Infrastructure Operators and other Emergency Managers involved in a crisis assessment to evaluate the effect of natural and anthropic threats affecting critical assets and plan proper countermeasures to reduce the overall risk of degradation of services. The proposed methodology is evaluated in a real scenario, which utilizes several infrastructures and Points of Interest of the city of Rome.",book:{id:"10256",slug:"issues-on-risk-analysis-for-critical-infrastructure-protection",title:"Issues on Risk Analysis for Critical Infrastructure Protection",fullTitle:"Issues on Risk Analysis for Critical Infrastructure Protection"},signatures:"Vittorio Rosato, Antonio Di Pietro, Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou, George Stergiopoulos and Giulio Smedile",authors:[{id:"27002",title:"Dr.",name:"Vittorio",middleName:null,surname:"Rosato",slug:"vittorio-rosato",fullName:"Vittorio Rosato"},{id:"284589",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Di Pietro",slug:"antonio-di-pietro",fullName:"Antonio Di Pietro"},{id:"326117",title:"Dr.",name:"Yiorgos",middleName:null,surname:"Stergiopoulos",slug:"yiorgos-stergiopoulos",fullName:"Yiorgos Stergiopoulos"},{id:"326118",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Smedile",slug:"giulio-smedile",fullName:"Giulio Smedile"},{id:"326119",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kotzanikolaou",middleName:null,surname:"Panagiotis",slug:"kotzanikolaou-panagiotis",fullName:"Kotzanikolaou Panagiotis"}]},{id:"64655",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82273",title:"Lifecycle Risk Modelling of Complex Projects",slug:"lifecycle-risk-modelling-of-complex-projects",totalDownloads:937,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Large, complex and challenging engineering projects require extensive understanding and management of risk. How these risks are identified at the infancy of a project and subsequently mitigated throughout the project lifecycle is critical to successful delivery. Many projects begin with a comprehensive attempt to identify risks but lack the tools to manage and measure risk mitigation as the project progresses through the lifecycle causing the project to spiral out of control. This chapter outlines details of a risk model that uses a system within a system approach of identifying and segmenting risks. The model can then be analysed quantitatively and generate a visual lifecycle risk profile that allows the project team to monitor risks continuously in the project lifecycle. Furthermore, the use of a baseline or ideal project is proposed that is used as a measure of likely success against new projects.",book:{id:"7573",slug:"perspectives-on-risk-assessment-and-management-paradigms",title:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms",fullTitle:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms"},signatures:"Matthew Cook and John P.T. Mo",authors:[{id:"6394",title:"Prof.",name:"John P.T.",middleName:null,surname:"Mo",slug:"john-p.t.-mo",fullName:"John P.T. Mo"},{id:"254858",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Cook",slug:"matthew-cook",fullName:"Matthew Cook"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64817",title:"Pharmaceutical Projects: Walking along the Risk Management Line",slug:"pharmaceutical-projects-walking-along-the-risk-management-line",totalDownloads:1282,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"We manage risk so commonly (and unconsciously) in our everyday life that we tend to undervalue it. Risk management was officially introduced in the pharmaceutical world by the ICH guideline Q9 in 2005. Since then, it has been intensively used and, not infrequently, misused. Practice shows that risk assessment tools are often seen as an end in themselves, while such important things as brainstorming on the matter and getting to know the problem are underestimated. A pharmaceutical project provides a very good example of this: risk management is critical, but as there are many unknown factors, it has to be performed in a way that what really counts is understanding the problems we face. A pharmaceutical project has at least two actors, a pharmaceutical firm and an engineering company, possessing different backgrounds, and this often leads to different approaches. This may explain why risk management is not used as much as it should in pharmaceutical projects. Thus, this chapter considers a pharmaceutical project from the point of view of risk management.",book:{id:"7573",slug:"perspectives-on-risk-assessment-and-management-paradigms",title:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms",fullTitle:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms"},signatures:"Jordi Botet",authors:[{id:"143483",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordi",middleName:null,surname:"Botet",slug:"jordi-botet",fullName:"Jordi Botet"}]},{id:"62904",title:"Bank Risk Management: A Regulatory Perspective",slug:"bank-risk-management-a-regulatory-perspective",totalDownloads:1724,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The globalization of financial markets, information technology development, and increasing competition have largely affected bank business and its risk management. Together with these forces, regulatory factors play a significant role. This chapter approaches bank risk management under the regulators’ perspective with an emphasis on the risk-based capital regulation. Specifically, how bank risk is regulated under the risk-based capital regulation and whether the regulation shapes bank risk are discussed in detail. In such a way, the chapter provides better understanding of the risk-based capital regulation and bank risk-taking behaviors.",book:{id:"7573",slug:"perspectives-on-risk-assessment-and-management-paradigms",title:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms",fullTitle:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms"},signatures:"Nguyen Thi Thieu Quang and Christopher Gan",authors:[{id:"256020",title:"Prof.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Gan",slug:"christopher-gan",fullName:"Christopher Gan"},{id:"256021",title:"Ms.",name:"Nguyen Thi Thieu",middleName:null,surname:"Quang",slug:"nguyen-thi-thieu-quang",fullName:"Nguyen Thi Thieu Quang"}]},{id:"63163",title:"Decision-making in Risk Management",slug:"decision-making-in-risk-management",totalDownloads:1406,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The definition of risk introduced in the ISO 31000 standard of 2009 (2018) is uncertain goal achievement; thus, both negative and positive outcomes can be considered. It also implies that risk is not limited to life and health, but may cover all goals of a company. Risk management thus becomes a question of achieving and optimizing multiple goals. Since safety is but one of several considerations, safety may lose out to other more easily measured objectives of a company, such as economics and compliance with regulatory requirements. Risk analyses have a long history of quantification, a tradition that for various reasons has waned and should be revived if safety goals are to be treated together with other goals of a company. The extended scope affects not only company owners and employees but also neighbors, the local community, and the society at large. The stochastic nature of risk and the considerable time lap between decisions and the multiattributed consequences implies that managing risk is exposed to cognitive biases of many sorts. Risk management should be based on a quantitative approach to risk analysis as a protection against the many cognitive biases likely to be present, and managers should be trained to recognize the most common cognitive biases and decision pitfalls.",book:{id:"7573",slug:"perspectives-on-risk-assessment-and-management-paradigms",title:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms",fullTitle:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms"},signatures:"Jan Folkmann Wright",authors:[{id:"254395",title:"Mr.",name:"Jan Folkmann",middleName:null,surname:"Wright",slug:"jan-folkmann-wright",fullName:"Jan Folkmann Wright"}]},{id:"65609",title:"Risk Analysis Related to Cost and Schedule for a Bridge Construction Project",slug:"risk-analysis-related-to-cost-and-schedule-for-a-bridge-construction-project",totalDownloads:1512,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The construction sector is subject to more risk than many other sectors. Managing risk is the hottest topic of discussion for engineers within the construction sector. It is difficult to imagine managing of projects without risk management in construction. Risk management is concerned with risk management planning, identification, analysis, responses, monitoring and controlling project risk. Risk analysis is an evaluative process that establishes the magnitude of risks on projects. This work is planned to identify and analyze risks in the construction of a bridge project. The data are collected through a survey approach by administering a questionnaire. Professionals involved in the construction of bridges identify the project risks. A case study is utilized to determine the impact of cost and schedule risks. The analysis is carried out using the Monte Carlo simulation. The findings of the Monte Carlo simulation are compared with the actual times and costs of the case-study project. The results show the actual times and costs fell within the expected distribution of the simulation. The results indicate that risk analysis is helpful in managing costs and schedule risks. Additionally, this work documents guidelines for risk analysis.",book:{id:"7573",slug:"perspectives-on-risk-assessment-and-management-paradigms",title:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms",fullTitle:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms"},signatures:"Rafiq M. Choudhry",authors:[{id:"255346",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafiq M.",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"rafiq-m.-choudhry",fullName:"Rafiq M. Choudhry"}]},{id:"64630",title:"Process of Risk Management",slug:"process-of-risk-management",totalDownloads:1858,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Cost saving and timely performance are of utmost importance to all stakeholders who are involved in a construction project that is owner, contractor, consultant and subcontractor. The prime causes of risks in construction projects involve delay and failure to complete the work at specified cost and within the agreed time frame. Unexpected delays in construction projects are caused by internal and external environments embedding several risk factors which may occur concurrently. The cost overrun and schedule overrun not only influence the construction industry’s completion of a project but can also have profound effect on the economy of a country. Even though the failure of the construction projects to get completed within the budgeted cost and time has received attention by researchers, lot more need to be researched as to what can be done to have tight leash on construction projects so that they can be brought on track. In order to meet the stiff deadlines involving complexity of construction projects, the scheduling of projects should be flexible enough to accommodate changes without negatively affecting the overall project cost and duration. This chapter deals with Perspectives on Risk Assessment and Management Paradigms as applicable to any project in general and construction industry in particular.",book:{id:"7573",slug:"perspectives-on-risk-assessment-and-management-paradigms",title:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms",fullTitle:"Perspectives on Risk, Assessment and Management Paradigms"},signatures:"K. Srinivas",authors:[{id:"255339",title:"Prof.",name:"K.",middleName:null,surname:"Srinivas",slug:"k.-srinivas",fullName:"K. Srinivas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"861",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. 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DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14794/images/system/14794.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Murat Şentürk obtained a baccalaureate degree in Chemistry in 2002, a master’s degree in Biochemistry in 2006, and a doctorate degree in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/15335",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"15335"},fullPath:"/chapters/15335",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()