Published series focused on outcomes following robotic major hepatectomies in the literature.
\r\n\tgas sensors.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-963-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-962-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-964-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",bookSignature:"Dr. Soumen Dhara and Dr. Gorachand Dutta",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11513.jpg",keywords:"Fabrication Technologies, Applications, Characterizations, Case Studies, Various Gas Sensors, Improvement of Lifestyle, Societal Benefit, Bio-Sensors, Bioreceptor Molecules, Integration, Packaging, Lab-on-Chip",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 8th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 3rd 2023",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in nanowire heterostructures and laser spectroscopy, recipient of JSPS (Govt. of Japan) and NPDF (Govt. of India) fellowships, and member of MRS(USA), MRS(India), IPA(India).",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Assistant Professor with the School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur with research interests that include the design and characterization of portable biosensors, biodevices, and sensor interfaces for miniaturized systems and biomedical applications for point-of-care testing.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",middleName:null,surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196334/images/system/196334.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Dhara received his Ph. D in Physics in 2012 from Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. Presently, he is associated with the Faculty of Science, Sri Sri University, India as an Assistant Professor in Physics. Prior to joining the current\naffiliation, he was a postdoctoral fellow at different renowned institutions, Kobe University Japan, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, India and Cardiff University, United Kingdom. He was awarded prestigious JSPS postdoctoral fellowship based on his research contribution on semiconducting nanowires. He has published more than 32 research articles including 1 review article in high profile international journals and 3 book chapters to his credit. His research trust areas of interests are semiconductor nanostructures, optoelectronics, solid state lighting and light sensors, spectroscopy of nanomaterials, thin-film transistors (TFTs) etc.",institutionString:"Sri Sri University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Sri Sri University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"442408",title:"Dr.",name:"Gorachand",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"gorachand-dutta",fullName:"Gorachand Dutta",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Gorachand Dutta, PhD is an Assistant Professor with the School of MedicalScience and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. His research interests include the design and characterization of portable\r\nbiosensors, biodevices and sensor interfaces for miniaturized systems and biomedical applications for point-of-care testing. He received his Ph.D in Biosensor and Electrochemistry from Pusan National University, South Korea,\r\nwhere he developed different class of electrochemical sensors and studied the electrochemical properties of gold, platinum, and palladium based metal electrodes. He completed his Post-doctoral fellowships in the Department of\r\nMechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, USA and Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at University of Bath, UK. He has expertise on label-free multichannel electrochemical biosensors, electronically\r\naddressable biosensor arrays, aptamer- and DNA-based sensors and surface bio-functionalization.",institutionString:"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429341",firstName:"Paula",lastName:"Gavran",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"paula@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"15305",title:"Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm-based Schemes for Subcarrier, Bit, and Power Allocation in Multiuser OFDM Systems",doi:"10.5772/15511",slug:"hybrid-evolutionary-algorithm-based-schemes-for-subcarrier-bit-and-power-allocation-in-multiuser-ofd",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/15305.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15305",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15305",totalDownloads:1763,totalViews:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:25,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 10th 2010",dateReviewed:"August 13th 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 11th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/15305",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/15305",book:{id:"1859",slug:"vehicular-technologies-increasing-connectivity"},signatures:"Wei-Cheng Pao, Yung-Fang Chen and Yun-Teng Lu",authors:[{id:"21094",title:"Dr.",name:"Yung-Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yung-Fang Chen",slug:"yung-fang-chen",email:"yfchen@ce.ncu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"21293",title:"Mr.",name:"Wei-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Pao",fullName:"Wei-Cheng Pao",slug:"wei-cheng-pao",email:"955403006@cc.ncu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"23988",title:"Mr.",name:"Yun-Teng",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Yun-Teng Lu",slug:"yun-teng-lu",email:"kkman2003_0@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1859",type:"book",title:"Vehicular Technologies",subtitle:"Increasing Connectivity",fullTitle:"Vehicular Technologies: Increasing Connectivity",slug:"vehicular-technologies-increasing-connectivity",publishedDate:"April 11th 2011",bookSignature:"Miguel Almeida",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1859.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-223-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5999-5",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:17,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"19425",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",slug:"miguel-almeida",fullName:"Miguel Almeida"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"829"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"15295",type:"chapter",title:"A Non-Stationary MIMO Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channel Model Derived From the Geometrical T-Junction Model",slug:"a-non-stationary-mimo-vehicle-to-vehicle-channel-model-derived-from-the-geometrical-t-junction-model",totalDownloads:1642,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ali Chelli and Matthias Pätzold",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"4456",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Chelli",fullName:"Ali Chelli",slug:"ali-chelli"},{id:"21697",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Pätzold",fullName:"Matthias Pätzold",slug:"matthias-patzold"}]},{id:"15296",type:"chapter",title:"Simulation of SISO and MIMO Multipath Fading Channels",slug:"simulation-of-siso-and-mimo-multipath-fading-channels",totalDownloads:3963,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Antonio Petrolino and Gonçalo Tavares",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17513",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonçalo",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",fullName:"Gonçalo Tavares",slug:"goncalo-tavares"},{id:"21864",title:"Mr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Petrolino",fullName:"Antonio Petrolino",slug:"antonio-petrolino"}]},{id:"15297",type:"chapter",title:"User Scheduling and Partner Selection for Multiplexing-based Distributed MIMO Uplink Transmission",slug:"user-scheduling-and-partner-selection-for-multiplexing-based-distributed-mimo-uplink-transmission",totalDownloads:1927,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ping-Heng Kuo and Pang-An Ting",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17518",title:"Dr.",name:"Pang-An",middleName:null,surname:"Ting",fullName:"Pang-An Ting",slug:"pang-an-ting"},{id:"17519",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping-Heng",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",fullName:"Ping-Heng Kuo",slug:"ping-heng-kuo"}]},{id:"15298",type:"chapter",title:"Resource Allocation for Multi-User OFDMA-Based Wireless Cellular Networks",slug:"resource-allocation-for-multi-user-ofdma-based-wireless-cellular-networks",totalDownloads:2514,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dimitri Kténas and Emilio Calvanese Strinati",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19819",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Calvanese Strinati",fullName:"Emilio Calvanese Strinati",slug:"emilio-calvanese-strinati"},{id:"19859",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitri",middleName:null,surname:"Ktenas",fullName:"Dimitri Ktenas",slug:"dimitri-ktenas"}]},{id:"15299",type:"chapter",title:"From Linear Equalization to Lattice-Reduction-Aided Sphere-Detector as an Answer to the MIMO Detection Problematic in Spatial Multiplexing Systems",slug:"from-linear-equalization-to-lattice-reduction-aided-sphere-detector-as-an-answer-to-the-mimo-detecti",totalDownloads:2055,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Sébastien Aubert and Manar Mohaisen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sébastien",middleName:null,surname:"Aubert",fullName:"Sébastien Aubert",slug:"sebastien-aubert"},{id:"21781",title:"Dr.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Mohaisen",fullName:"Manar Mohaisen",slug:"manar-mohaisen"}]},{id:"15300",type:"chapter",title:"DFT Based Channel Estimation Methods for MIMO-OFDM Systems",slug:"dft-based-channel-estimation-methods-for-mimo-ofdm-systems",totalDownloads:4529,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Moussa Diallo,Maryline Hélard, Laurent Cariou and Rodrigue Rabineau",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"12728",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Cariou",fullName:"Laurent Cariou",slug:"laurent-cariou"},{id:"12730",title:"Mr.",name:"Moussa",middleName:null,surname:"Diallo",fullName:"Moussa Diallo",slug:"moussa-diallo"},{id:"12731",title:"Prof.",name:"Maryline",middleName:null,surname:"Helard",fullName:"Maryline Helard",slug:"maryline-helard"},{id:"12732",title:"Mr.",name:"Rodrigue",middleName:null,surname:"Rabineau",fullName:"Rodrigue Rabineau",slug:"rodrigue-rabineau"}]},{id:"15301",type:"chapter",title:"Channels and Parameters Acquisition in Cooperative OFDM Systems",slug:"channels-and-parameters-acquisition-in-cooperative-ofdm-systems",totalDownloads:1525,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"D. Neves, C. Ribeiro, A. Silva and A. Gameiro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18986",title:"Ms.",name:"Darlene",middleName:"M.",surname:"Neves",fullName:"Darlene Neves",slug:"darlene-neves"}]},{id:"15302",type:"chapter",title:"Fast Power and Channel Adaptation for Mobile Users in OFDMA Multi-Cell Scenarios",slug:"fast-power-and-channel-adaptation-for-mobile-users-in-ofdma-multi-cell-scenarios",totalDownloads:1512,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"L. Reggiani, L. Galati Giordano and L. Dossi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19183",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Reggiani",fullName:"Luca Reggiani",slug:"luca-reggiani"},{id:"21665",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Galati Giordano",fullName:"Lorenzo Galati Giordano",slug:"lorenzo-galati-giordano"},{id:"21666",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Dossi",fullName:"Laura Dossi",slug:"laura-dossi"}]},{id:"15303",type:"chapter",title:"Statistical Properties of the Capacity of Double Nakagami-m Channels for Applications in V2V Dualhop Communication Systems",slug:"statistical-properties-of-the-capacity-of-double-nakagami-m-channels-for-applications-in-v2v-dualhop",totalDownloads:2128,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Gulzaib Rafiq, Bjørn Olav Hogstad and Matthias Pätzoldt",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21697",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Pätzold",fullName:"Matthias Pätzold",slug:"matthias-patzold"},{id:"18876",title:"Dr.",name:"Gulzaib",middleName:null,surname:"Rafiq",fullName:"Gulzaib Rafiq",slug:"gulzaib-rafiq"},{id:"21696",title:"Dr.",name:"Bjørn Olav",middleName:null,surname:"Hogstad",fullName:"Bjørn Olav Hogstad",slug:"bjorn-olav-hogstad"}]},{id:"15304",type:"chapter",title:"Resource Allocation and User Scheduling in Coordinated Multicell MIMO Systems",slug:"resource-allocation-and-user-scheduling-in-coordinated-multicell-mimo-systems",totalDownloads:1758,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edgar Souza, Robson Vieira, Mari Kobayashi and Mérouane Debbah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17185",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Robson Vieira",slug:"robson-vieira"},{id:"18955",title:"MSc.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Edgar Souza",slug:"edgar-souza"},{id:"22093",title:"Dr.",name:"Mérouane",middleName:null,surname:"Debbah",fullName:"Mérouane Debbah",slug:"merouane-debbah"},{id:"22094",title:"Dr.",name:"Mari",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Mari Kobayashi",slug:"mari-kobayashi"}]},{id:"15305",type:"chapter",title:"Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm-based Schemes for Subcarrier, Bit, and Power Allocation in Multiuser OFDM Systems",slug:"hybrid-evolutionary-algorithm-based-schemes-for-subcarrier-bit-and-power-allocation-in-multiuser-ofd",totalDownloads:1763,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wei-Cheng Pao, Yung-Fang Chen and Yun-Teng Lu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21094",title:"Dr.",name:"Yung-Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yung-Fang Chen",slug:"yung-fang-chen"},{id:"21293",title:"Mr.",name:"Wei-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Pao",fullName:"Wei-Cheng Pao",slug:"wei-cheng-pao"},{id:"23988",title:"Mr.",name:"Yun-Teng",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Yun-Teng Lu",slug:"yun-teng-lu"}]},{id:"15306",type:"chapter",title:"Reduced-Complexity PAPR Minimization Schemes for MC-CDMA Systems",slug:"reduced-complexity-papr-minimization-schemes-for-mc-cdma-systems",totalDownloads:1978,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mariano García Otero and Luis A. Paredes Hernández",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18802",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariano",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Otero",fullName:"Mariano Garcia Otero",slug:"mariano-garcia-otero"},{id:"22049",title:"Mr.",name:"Luis A.",middleName:null,surname:"Paredes Hernandez",fullName:"Luis A. Paredes Hernandez",slug:"luis-a.-paredes-hernandez"}]},{id:"15307",type:"chapter",title:"Cognitive Radio Communications for Vehicular Technology – Wavelet Applications",slug:"cognitive-radio-communications-for-vehicular-technology-wavelet-applications",totalDownloads:2237,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Murroni Maurizio and Popescu Vlad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19048",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"Murroni",fullName:"Maurizio Murroni",slug:"maurizio-murroni"},{id:"19053",title:"Dr.",name:"Vlad",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",fullName:"Vlad Popescu",slug:"vlad-popescu"}]},{id:"15308",type:"chapter",title:"Multiple Antenna-Aided Spectrum Sensing Using Energy Detectors for Cognitive Radio",slug:"multiple-antenna-aided-spectrum-sensing-using-energy-detectors-for-cognitive-radio",totalDownloads:2801,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Seung-Hoon Hwang and Jun-Ho Baek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"891",title:"Prof.",name:"Seung-Hoon",middleName:null,surname:"Hwang",fullName:"Seung-Hoon Hwang",slug:"seung-hoon-hwang"}]},{id:"15309",type:"chapter",title:"New Method to Generate Balanced 2n-PSK STTCs",slug:"new-method-to-generate-balanced-2n-psk-sttcs",totalDownloads:1566,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"P. Viland, G. Zaharia and J.-F. Hélard",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"12500",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-François",middleName:null,surname:"Helard",fullName:"Jean-François Helard",slug:"jean-francois-helard"},{id:"18332",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Viland",fullName:"Pierre Viland",slug:"pierre-viland"},{id:"21472",title:"Prof.",name:"Gheorghe",middleName:null,surname:"Zaharia",fullName:"Gheorghe Zaharia",slug:"gheorghe-zaharia"}]},{id:"15310",type:"chapter",title:"Correlation Coefficients of Received Signal I and Q Components in a Domain with Time and Frequency Axes under Multipath Mobile Channel with LOS and NLOS",slug:"correlation-coefficients-of-received-signal-i-and-q-components-in-a-domain-with-time-and-frequency-a",totalDownloads:2389,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shigeru Kozono, Kenji Ookubo, Takeshi Kozima and Tomohiro Hamashima",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18591",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigeru",middleName:null,surname:"Kozono",fullName:"Shigeru Kozono",slug:"shigeru-kozono"},{id:"21200",title:"Graduate Student",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Ookubo",fullName:"Kenji Ookubo",slug:"kenji-ookubo"},{id:"21201",title:"Graduate Student",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kozima",fullName:"Takeshi Kozima",slug:"takeshi-kozima"},{id:"21202",title:"Graduate Student",name:"Tomohiro",middleName:null,surname:"Hamashima",fullName:"Tomohiro Hamashima",slug:"tomohiro-hamashima"}]},{id:"15311",type:"chapter",title:"Multimodulus Blind Equalization Algorithm Using Oblong QAM Constellations for Fast Carrier Phase Recovery",slug:"multimodulus-blind-equalization-algorithm-using-oblong-qam-constellations-for-fast-carrier-phase-rec",totalDownloads:2162,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jenq-Tay Yuan and Tzu-Chao Lin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18417",title:"Dr.",name:"Tzu Chao",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Tzu Chao Lin",slug:"tzu-chao-lin"},{id:"18590",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenq Tay",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",fullName:"Jenq Tay Yuan",slug:"jenq-tay-yuan"}]},{id:"15312",type:"chapter",title:"Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction for Wavelet Packet Modulation Schemes via Basis Function Design",slug:"peak-to-average-power-ratio-reduction-for-wavelet-packet-modulation-schemes-via-basis-function-desig",totalDownloads:2121,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ngon Thanh Le, Siva D. Muruganathan and Abu B. Sesay",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"2673",title:"Prof.",name:"Abu",middleName:null,surname:"Sesay",fullName:"Abu Sesay",slug:"abu-sesay"},{id:"25815",title:"Dr.",name:"Siva",middleName:null,surname:"Muruganathan",fullName:"Siva Muruganathan",slug:"siva-muruganathan"},{id:"25816",title:"Mr.",name:"Ngon",middleName:null,surname:"Le",fullName:"Ngon Le",slug:"ngon-le"}]},{id:"15313",type:"chapter",title:"Outage Performance and Symbol Error Rate Analysis of L-Branch Maximal-Ratio Combiner for κ-μ and η-μ Fading",slug:"outage-performance-and-symbol-error-rate-analysis-of-l-branch-maximal-ratio-combiner-for-and-fading",totalDownloads:1930,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mirza Milišić, Mirza Hamza and Mesud Hadžialić",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18483",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Milišić",fullName:"Mirza Milišić",slug:"mirza-milisic"},{id:"18486",title:"MSc.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hamza",fullName:"Mirza Hamza",slug:"mirza-hamza"},{id:"18487",title:"Prof.",name:"Mesud",middleName:null,surname:"Hadžialić",fullName:"Mesud Hadžialić",slug:"mesud-hadzialic"}]},{id:"15314",type:"chapter",title:"Technological Issues in the Design of Cost-Efficient Electronic Toll Collection Systems",slug:"technological-issues-in-the-design-of-cost-efficient-electronic-toll-collection-systems",totalDownloads:2495,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"José Santa, Rafael Toledo-Moreo, Benito Úbeda, Miguel A. Zamora-Izquierdo and Antonio F. Gómez-Skarmeta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19427",title:"Dr.",name:"José Santa",middleName:null,surname:"Lozano",fullName:"José Santa Lozano",slug:"jose-santa-lozano"},{id:"22007",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Toledo-Moreo",fullName:"Rafael Toledo-Moreo",slug:"rafael-toledo-moreo"},{id:"22008",title:"Prof",name:"Benito",middleName:null,surname:"Úbeda",fullName:"Benito Úbeda",slug:"benito-ubeda"},{id:"22009",title:"Prof",name:"Miguel A.",middleName:null,surname:"Zamora-Izquierdo",fullName:"Miguel A. Zamora-Izquierdo",slug:"miguel-a.-zamora-izquierdo"},{id:"22010",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Skarmeta",fullName:"Antonio Skarmeta",slug:"antonio-skarmeta"}]},{id:"15315",type:"chapter",title:"Propagation Aspects in Vehicular Networks",slug:"propagation-aspects-in-vehicular-networks",totalDownloads:2780,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Lorenzo Rubio, Juan Reig and Herman Fernández",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21499",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Rubio",fullName:"Lorenzo Rubio",slug:"lorenzo-rubio"},{id:"31280",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Reig",fullName:"Juan Reig",slug:"juan-reig"},{id:"31281",title:"MSc.",name:"Hermán",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Hermán Fernández",slug:"herman-fernandez"}]},{id:"15316",type:"chapter",title:"Propagation Path Loss Modelling in Container Terminal Environment",slug:"propagation-path-loss-modelling-in-container-terminal-environment",totalDownloads:2225,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Slawomir J. Ambroziak, Ryszard J. Katulski, Jaroslaw Sadowski and Jacek Stefanski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17168",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacek",middleName:null,surname:"Stefański",fullName:"Jacek Stefański",slug:"jacek-stefanski"},{id:"17187",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryszard",middleName:null,surname:"Katulski",fullName:"Ryszard Katulski",slug:"ryszard-katulski"},{id:"17188",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Jaroslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Sadowski",fullName:"Jaroslaw Sadowski",slug:"jaroslaw-sadowski"},{id:"17189",title:"MSc",name:"Slawomir",middleName:"Jerzy",surname:"Ambroziak",fullName:"Slawomir Ambroziak",slug:"slawomir-ambroziak"}]},{id:"15317",type:"chapter",title:"Link Budgets: How Much Energy is Really Received",slug:"link-budgets-how-much-energy-is-really-received",totalDownloads:2428,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Aarne Mämmelä, Adrian Kotelba, Marko Höyhtyä and Desmond P. Taylor",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19818",title:"Prof.",name:"Aarne",middleName:null,surname:"Mämmelä",fullName:"Aarne Mämmelä",slug:"aarne-mammela"},{id:"19824",title:"MSc.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Kotelba",fullName:"Adrian Kotelba",slug:"adrian-kotelba"},{id:"19825",title:"MSc.",name:"Marko",middleName:null,surname:"Höyhtyä",fullName:"Marko Höyhtyä",slug:"marko-hoyhtya"},{id:"24334",title:"Prof.",name:"Desmond P.",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",fullName:"Desmond P. Taylor",slug:"desmond-p.-taylor"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"93",title:"Advances in Vehicular Networking Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a30854ba10c289f7ca8bea01d7e9c120",slug:"advances-in-vehicular-networking-technologies",bookSignature:"Miguel Almeida",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/93.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19425",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Almeida",slug:"miguel-almeida",fullName:"Miguel Almeida"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"14985",title:"Seamless Connectivity Techniques in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks",slug:"seamless-connectivity-techniques-in-vehicular-ad-hoc-networks",signatures:"Anna Maria Vegni, Tiziano Inzerilli and Roberto Cusani",authors:[{id:"19747",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Vegni",fullName:"Anna Maria Vegni",slug:"anna-maria-vegni"},{id:"19749",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Cusani",fullName:"Roberto Cusani",slug:"roberto-cusani"},{id:"20063",title:"PhD.",name:"Tiziano",middleName:null,surname:"Inzerilli",fullName:"Tiziano Inzerilli",slug:"tiziano-inzerilli"}]},{id:"14986",title:"Asynchronous Cooperative Protocols for Inter-vehicle Communications",slug:"asynchronous-cooperative-protocols-for-inter-vehicle-communications",signatures:"Sarmad Sohaib and Daniel K. C. So",authors:[{id:"17131",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Ka Chun So",fullName:"Daniel Ka Chun So",slug:"daniel-ka-chun-so"},{id:"20260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarmad",middleName:null,surname:"Sohaib",fullName:"Sarmad Sohaib",slug:"sarmad-sohaib"}]},{id:"14987",title:"Efficient Information Dissemination in VANETs",slug:"efficient-information-dissemination-in-vanets",signatures:"Boto Bako and Michael Weber",authors:[{id:"21153",title:"Mr.",name:"Boto",middleName:null,surname:"Bako",fullName:"Boto Bako",slug:"boto-bako"},{id:"21405",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Weber",fullName:"Michael Weber",slug:"michael-weber"}]},{id:"15290",title:"Reference Measurement Platforms for Localisation in Ground Transportation",slug:"reference-measurement-platforms-for-localisation-in-ground-transportation",signatures:"Uwe Becker",authors:[{id:"18965",title:"Dr.",name:"Uwe",middleName:null,surname:"Becker",fullName:"Uwe Becker",slug:"uwe-becker"}]},{id:"14988",title:"Coupling Activity and Performance Management with Mobility in Vehicular Networks",slug:"coupling-activity-and-performance-management-with-mobility-in-vehicular-networks",signatures:"Miguel Almeida and Susana Sargento",authors:[{id:"19425",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",fullName:"Miguel Almeida",slug:"miguel-almeida"},{id:"22054",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Sargento",fullName:"Susana Sargento",slug:"susana-sargento"}]},{id:"15291",title:"Ultra-Wideband Automotive Radar",slug:"ultra-wideband-automotive-radar",signatures:"Akihiro Kajiwara",authors:[{id:"20727",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kajiwara",fullName:"Akihiro Kajiwara",slug:"akihiro-kajiwara"}]},{id:"14989",title:"An Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Ad Hoc Sensor Network for Real-time Indoor Localization of Emergency Responders",slug:"an-ultra-wideband-uwb-ad-hoc-sensor-network-for-real-time-indoor-localization-of-emergency-responder",signatures:"Anthony Lo, Alexander Yarovoy, Timothy Bauge, Mark Russell, Dave Harmer and Birgit Kull",authors:[{id:"17236",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Lo",fullName:"Anthony Lo",slug:"anthony-lo"},{id:"21830",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Yarovyi",fullName:"Alexander Yarovyi",slug:"alexander-yarovyi"},{id:"21832",title:"Mr.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Bauge",fullName:"Timothy Bauge",slug:"timothy-bauge"},{id:"21833",title:"Mr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Russell",fullName:"Mark Russell",slug:"mark-russell"},{id:"21834",title:"Mr.",name:"Dave",middleName:null,surname:"Harmer",fullName:"Dave Harmer",slug:"dave-harmer"},{id:"21835",title:"Ms.",name:"Birgit",middleName:null,surname:"Kull",fullName:"Birgit Kull",slug:"birgit-kull"}]},{id:"14990",title:"Hybrid Access Techniques for Densely Populated Wireless Local Area Networks",slug:"hybrid-access-techniques-for-densely-populated-wireless-local-area-networks",signatures:"J. Alonso-Zárate, C. Crespo, Ch. Verikoukis and L. Alonso",authors:[{id:"19443",title:"Dr.",name:"Christos",middleName:null,surname:"Verikoukis",fullName:"Christos Verikoukis",slug:"christos-verikoukis"},{id:"19459",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Alonso-Zárate",fullName:"Jesus Alonso-Zárate",slug:"jesus-alonso-zarate"},{id:"20787",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Alonso",fullName:"Luis Alonso",slug:"luis-alonso"},{id:"20788",title:"Mr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Crespo",fullName:"Cristian Crespo",slug:"cristian-crespo"}]},{id:"14991",title:"Hybrid Cooperation Techniques",slug:"hybrid-cooperation-techniques",signatures:"Emilio Calvanese Strinati and Luc Maret",authors:[{id:"19815",title:"Mr.",name:"Luc",middleName:null,surname:"Maret",fullName:"Luc Maret",slug:"luc-maret"},{id:"19819",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Calvanese Strinati",fullName:"Emilio Calvanese Strinati",slug:"emilio-calvanese-strinati"}]},{id:"14992",title:"Adaptative Rate Issues in the WLAN Environment",slug:"adaptative-rate-issues-in-the-wlan-environment",signatures:"Jerome Galtier",authors:[{id:"22071",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerome",middleName:null,surname:"Galtier",fullName:"Jerome Galtier",slug:"jerome-galtier"}]},{id:"14993",title:"An Overview of DSA via Multi-Channel MAC Protocols",slug:"an-overview-of-dsa-via-multi-channel-mac-protocols",signatures:"Rodrigo Soulé de Castro, Philippe Godlewski and Philippe Martins",authors:[{id:"22551",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",fullName:"Philippe Martins",slug:"philippe-martins"},{id:"22552",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Godlewski",fullName:"Philippe Godlewski",slug:"philippe-godlewski"},{id:"22553",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo Soulé",middleName:null,surname:"De Castro",fullName:"Rodrigo Soulé De Castro",slug:"rodrigo-soule-de-castro"}]},{id:"14994",title:"Distance Estimation based on 802.11 RTS/CTS Mechanism for Indoor Localization",slug:"distance-estimation-based-on-802-11-rts-cts-mechanism-for-indoor-localization",signatures:"Alfonso Bahillo, Patricia Fernández, Javier Prieto, Santiago Mazuelas, Rubén M. Lorenzo and Evaristo J. Abril",authors:[{id:"21560",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Patricia Fernández",slug:"patricia-fernandez"},{id:"21570",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Bahillo",fullName:"Alfonso Bahillo",slug:"alfonso-bahillo"},{id:"30613",title:"Dr.",name:"Santiago",middleName:null,surname:"Mazuelas",fullName:"Santiago Mazuelas",slug:"santiago-mazuelas"},{id:"30614",title:"Mr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Prieto",fullName:"Javier Prieto",slug:"javier-prieto"},{id:"30615",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubén M.",middleName:null,surname:"Lorenzo",fullName:"Rubén M. Lorenzo",slug:"ruben-m.-lorenzo"},{id:"30616",title:"Prof.",name:"Evaristo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Abril",fullName:"Evaristo J. Abril",slug:"evaristo-j.-abril"}]},{id:"14995",title:"Data Forwarding in Wireless Relay Networks",slug:"data-forwarding-in-wireless-relay-networks",signatures:"Tzu-Ming Lin, Wen-Tsuen Chen and Shiao-Li Tsao",authors:[{id:"21572",title:"Dr.",name:"Tzu-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Tzu-Ming Lin",slug:"tzu-ming-lin"},{id:"21760",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Tsuen",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Wen-Tsuen Chen",slug:"wen-tsuen-chen"},{id:"21761",title:"Prof.",name:"Shiao-Li",middleName:null,surname:"Tsao",fullName:"Shiao-Li Tsao",slug:"shiao-li-tsao"}]},{id:"14996",title:"Experiments of In-Vehicle Power Line Communications",slug:"experiments-of-in-vehicle-power-line-communications",signatures:"Fabienne Nouvel, Philippe Tanguy, S. Pillement and H.M. Pham",authors:[{id:"17296",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabienne",middleName:null,surname:"Nouvel",fullName:"Fabienne Nouvel",slug:"fabienne-nouvel"},{id:"21096",title:"PhD.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Tanguy",fullName:"Philippe Tanguy",slug:"philippe-tanguy"},{id:"33877",title:"Prof.",name:"Sébastien",middleName:null,surname:"Pillement",fullName:"Sébastien Pillement",slug:"sebastien-pillement"},{id:"33879",title:"Mr.",name:"H.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Pham",fullName:"H.M. Pham",slug:"h.m.-pham"}]},{id:"14997",title:"Kinesthetic Cues that Lead the Way",slug:"kinesthetic-cues-that-lead-the-way",signatures:"Tomohiro Amemiya",authors:[{id:"17593",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomohiro",middleName:null,surname:"Amemiya",fullName:"Tomohiro Amemiya",slug:"tomohiro-amemiya"}]},{id:"14998",title:"Technological Trends of Antennas in Cars",slug:"technological-trends-of-antennas-in-cars",signatures:"John R. Ojha, René Marklein and Ian Widjaja",authors:[{id:"4087",title:"Dr.",name:"John Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Ojha",fullName:"John Rajeev Ojha",slug:"john-rajeev-ojha"},{id:"21243",title:"Dr.",name:"René",middleName:null,surname:"Marklein",fullName:"René Marklein",slug:"rene-marklein"},{id:"137020",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Widjaja",fullName:"Ian Widjaja",slug:"ian-widjaja"}]},{id:"15292",title:"Link Layer Coding for DVB-S2 Interactive Satellite Services to Trains",slug:"link-layer-coding-for-dvb-s2-interactive-satellite-services-to-trains",signatures:"Ho-Jin Lee, Pansoo Kim, Balazs Matuz, Gianluigi Liva, Cristina Parraga Niebla, Nuria Riera Dıaz and Sandro Scalise",authors:[{id:"18903",title:"Dr.",name:"Ho-Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Ho-Jin Lee",slug:"ho-jin-lee"},{id:"22447",title:"Mr.",name:"Pansoo",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Pansoo Kim",slug:"pansoo-kim"},{id:"22448",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Scalise",fullName:"Sandro Scalise",slug:"sandro-scalise"},{id:"22454",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianluigi",middleName:null,surname:"Liva",fullName:"Gianluigi Liva",slug:"gianluigi-liva"},{id:"22455",title:"Ms.",name:"Cristina Parraga",middleName:null,surname:"Niebla",fullName:"Cristina Parraga Niebla",slug:"cristina-parraga-niebla"},{id:"22457",title:"Mr.",name:"Balazs",middleName:null,surname:"Matuz",fullName:"Balazs Matuz",slug:"balazs-matuz"}]},{id:"14999",title:"Mobility Aspects of Physical Layer in Future Generation Wireless Networks",slug:"mobility-aspects-of-physical-layer-in-future-generation-wireless-networks",signatures:"Asad Mehmood and Abbas Mohammed",authors:[{id:"8423",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",fullName:"Abbas Mohammed",slug:"abbas-mohammed"},{id:"11749",title:"Mr.",name:"Asad",middleName:null,surname:"Mehmood",fullName:"Asad Mehmood",slug:"asad-mehmood"}]},{id:"15000",title:"Verifying 3G License Coverage Requirements",slug:"verifying-3g-license-coverage-requirements",signatures:"Claes Beckman",authors:[{id:"17259",title:"Prof.",name:"Claes",middleName:null,surname:"Beckman",fullName:"Claes Beckman",slug:"claes-beckman"}]},{id:"15001",title:"Inter-cell Interference Mitigation for Mobile Communication System",slug:"inter-cell-interference-mitigation-for-mobile-communication-system",signatures:"Xiaodong Xu, Hui Zhang and Qiang Wang",authors:[{id:"21209",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaodong",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Xiaodong Xu",slug:"xiaodong-xu"},{id:"24196",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Hui Zhang",slug:"hui-zhang"},{id:"24230",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Qiang Wang",slug:"qiang-wang"}]},{id:"15002",title:"Novel Co-Channel Interference Signalling for User Scheduling in Cellular SDMA-TDD Networks",slug:"novel-co-channel-interference-signalling-for-user-scheduling-in-cellular-sdma-tdd-networks",signatures:"Rami Abu-alhiga and Harald Haas",authors:[{id:"22128",title:"Dr.",name:"Harald",middleName:null,surname:"Haas",fullName:"Harald Haas",slug:"harald-haas"},{id:"22129",title:"Dr.",name:"Rami",middleName:null,surname:"Abu-Alhiga",fullName:"Rami Abu-Alhiga",slug:"rami-abu-alhiga"}]},{id:"15003",title:"Demodulation Reference Signal Design and Channel Estimation for LTE-Advanced Uplink",slug:"demodulation-reference-signal-design-and-channel-estimation-for-lte-advanced-uplink",signatures:"Xiaolin Hou and Hidetoshi Kayama",authors:[{id:"18416",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaolin",middleName:null,surname:"Hou",fullName:"Xiaolin Hou",slug:"xiaolin-hou"},{id:"22100",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kayama",fullName:"Hidetoshi Kayama",slug:"hidetoshi-kayama"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"19",title:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive System Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-automotive-system-engineering",bookSignature:"Marcello Chiaberge",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/19.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"192",title:"Electric Vehicles",subtitle:"The Benefits and Barriers",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fe0038c2bc152ceade4d94902a795b9",slug:"electric-vehicles-the-benefits-and-barriers",bookSignature:"Seref Soylu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12153",title:"Dr.",name:"Seref",surname:"Soylu",slug:"seref-soylu",fullName:"Seref Soylu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"447",title:"Electric Vehicles",subtitle:"Modelling and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"electric-vehicles-modelling-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Seref Soylu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12153",title:"Dr.",name:"Seref",surname:"Soylu",slug:"seref-soylu",fullName:"Seref Soylu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1355",title:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b4631db3fb79b4d2d95aa459e6a7bdb5",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-automotive-industry",bookSignature:"Marcello Chiaberge",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1355.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2157",title:"Fuel Injection in Automotive Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7a3cd8f6064235e6ee773c8c9c88692",slug:"fuel-injection-in-automotive-engineering",bookSignature:"Kazimierz Lejda and Pawel Wos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10571",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazimierz",surname:"Lejda",slug:"kazimierz-lejda",fullName:"Kazimierz Lejda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78246",title:"Robotic Liver Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99123",slug:"robotic-liver-surgery-1",body:'Hepatic resection is the gold standard treatment for some of the most common malignant tumours of the liver, including primary tumours (hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma) and colorectal liver metastasis and it can be sometimes the treatment option for some benign tumours [1]. Hepatobiliary surgery also includes complex biliary interventions for benign and malignant pathologies that, in addition to the liver resection, may require biliary reconstructions and bilioenteric anastomosis [2].
Open surgery remains the predominant approach for most of these hepatobiliary procedures. However, there is an exponential increase of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) within this field, supported by large cases series and randomised control trials (RCTs) recently published in the literature [3].
Outcomes from the available literature suggests that MIS for liver resections improves patients’ outcomes in terms of length of stay, blood loss and postoperative complications. Although some series suggest longer operative time and higher initial costs, the overall cost-efficiency seems to favour laparoscopic surgery [4, 5]. Despite this data, laparoscopic liver surgery is not routinely performed in all Hepatobiliary Centres and there is a large proportion of patients being treated via open approach. The delayed implementation of this type of intervention is commonly related to the technical challenges of these operations, the long tradition of open surgery associated to liver transplantation and the specific technological requirements attached to this type of resections.
From the original era of the pioneers in laparoscopic surgery, the consensus meetings in Louisville and Morikawa highlighted the challenges of this new approach. Recommendations from these meetings were very cautious about suggesting laparoscopic liver surgery for every patient and limited its clear indication to minor resections. From them, MIS for minor liver resections (less than 3 segments) such as left lateral secitonectomy and segmentectomies from the anterior Couinaud segments (II to VI) became well established [6]. On the contrary, there has been limited diffusion of minimally invasive major hepatectomies and it is commonly confined to high volume specialised centres [7]. This is in part due to the more complex anatomical and technical challenges of major hepatic resections, and the inherent limitations of laparoscopic surgery.
Traditional laparoscopic surgery is the most commonly used MIS technique for liver resections whilst there is also an increment in the number of series of robotic liver surgery [8]. Advantages of robotic surgery when compared to traditional laparoscopic surgery are well described and include: a magnified three dimensional (3D) view, tremor filtration and improved dexterity with articulated instruments providing seven degrees of freedom [9]. It also adds some surgeon’s specific advantages in terms of ergonomics with the suggested, but not proven, potential reduction of fatigue, increase precision and longer work expectancy. However controversies around robotic surgery remain when compared with laparoscopic surgery. Main limitation was always the higher cost without any evidence suggesting clinical superiority when compared to laparoscopic surgery. There is, in fact to date, lack of agreement whether they should be compared against each other, or directly compared to open surgery. We are of the opinion that both should be grouped as MIS and promoted equally for the benefit of the patient.
In this chapter we describe the key aspects of robotic hepatobiliary surgery, with a focus on technical descriptions, the current evidence base, limitations, and possible future developments.
Robotic liver surgery has probably evolved from laparoscopic liver surgery and therefore it is easy to find some similarities. It is however a very different intervention, specially around the economy of movements, and it will vary significantly between centres and surgeons. Local expertise, surgeon’s preferences and patient’s specific conditions may modify the standard approach but there are some common principles. It is important to mention that currently all reported series have performed this type of intervention with the platform Da Vinci Robot from INTUITIVE® and some of the described technical aspect may apply only to this robotic system. New development of alternative robotic system may bring different technical concepts but the principles will prevail.
There is significant overlap in the patient positioning, set up and operative technique between laparoscopic and robotic liver resections. This is commonly decided by the operating surgeon and based on his/her preferences. The main difference for a robotic approach is around port placement and the position of the “bed-side”/assisting surgeon. It is essential to consider instrument clashing when deciding port placement. Alternatives to patient’s position include supine (with or without split legs) or left prone position. The latter is the preferred position in some centres to intervene in right posterior segments. Ports position in laparoscopic surgery is more versatile whilst robotic surgery demands wider space between trocars without any port caudal or cephalic to another one (commonly smooth curved line or zig-zag) (Figures 1–3).
Patient (supine with split legs in a 15-0 degree reverse Trendelenburg) & assistant (between legs) positioning commonly utilised for major robotic hepatectomy. Subsequent camera and port placement depends on type of resection (
Port placement for robotic major hepatectomy.
Patient positioning (left lateral decubitus) & port placement for robotic partial hepatectomy of postero-superior segments. Rc, Robotic Camera Port; Ap, Assistant port (12mm); R1-3, Robotic ports (8-10 mm); 1, transpyloric plane; 2, intertubercular plane.
Following patient positioning and port insertion, the robotic cart is positioned within the surgical field and the arms docked. Traditional bed-side units are placed cephalic to the surgical field for most hepatobiliary and upper gastro-intestinal procedures. Newer versions allow the cart to be docked sideways to the patient. This adds the benefit of better access to the patient’s airway for the anaesthetic team. Irrespective of the system, close collaboration with the anaesthetist is essential at the time of docking.
Following successful docking, the procedural steps are the same as for any hepatic resection and depend on the nature of the required procedure. Liver mobilisation is typically the first step and can be performed utilising a combination of a diathermy or an alternative energy device. For full mobilisation, all liver ligaments (Round/Falciform, Coronary and Triangular) need to be transected. Limited resections however, would not require full mobilisation. Traction and counter traction through lifting of the required liver lobes is provided with the combination of retractors and changes in the patient’s position. This requires special attention if the operating table’s movement are not linked to the robotic cart. New docking might be required. Lack of tactic feedback can lead to underestimation of the pressure applied to the liver with the consequent capsular tear. Alternatives will include a laparoscopic liver retractor manipulated by the bed side surgeon. Similarly, intraoperative ultrasound can be performed at this point with the close collaboration of the console and bed side surgeons.
Robotic surgery can overcome the limitations of laparoscopic surgery during complex hilar dissections, with the combination of 360 degrees angulation, 3D view and scaled movements providing significant advantages to the operator. The exact technicality of hilar dissection will again depend on the surgeon’s experience and preferences. Some centres will routinely establish a window in the lesser omentum and pass a sloop or tape to facilitate a Pringle manoeuvre. Similarly to traditional LLS, this can be performed purely intracorporeally or extracorporeally (exteriorization of the clamp/tourniquet via an accessory port). However the high volume specialist centres have suggested this is not routinely required during robotic hepatectomy [10, 11, 12].
There are multiple techniques for parenchymal transection and they are widely modified to the personal preferences of the operating surgeon. Kellyclasia technique (clamp-crushing) is held as the current gold standard, although recent advances have focused on the introduction of open and laparoscopic energy devices aimed at reducing blood loss during parenchymal division [13]. This crucial part of the operation is viewed as one of the limiting factors in the diffusion of MIS for the liver across hepatobiliary centres. Whilst robotic surgery improves the suturing capacity and bleeding control in difficult circumstances, the lack of an equivalent robotic energy device may require a hybrid approach with the assisting surgeon performing laparoscopic parenchymal transection at the operating table using an appropriate energy device [14]. Based on this principle, traditional laparoscopic instruments and stapling devices can be used similarly to the traditional laparoscopic approach (i.e. stapling hepatic veins or hilar structures).
There is no difference between robotic and laparoscopic surgery at this point, with removal of the specimen via a retrieval bag is achieved following undocking of the robotic arms. Options for specimen extraction include extension of an existing port site or a new incision. There is little evidence comparing all available options but there seems to be a preference towards the Pfannestiel incision [15].
Major hepatectomies (resection of 3 or more contiguous segments) and extended hepatectomies with bile duct resections are complex, challenging procedures. High volume specialist centres have shown a minimally invasive approach to be feasible but the results from the only prospective randomised trial (ORANGE-II plus) are yet to be published [8, 10, 16]. At present, less than 10% of major liver resections are performed laparoscopically, largely due to the challenges posed by the location of the liver, its proximity to major vasculature and the difficulty in appreciating the complex biliary and hepatic vascular anatomy during a laparoscopic procedure [17]. Utilising a robotic approach may negate these disadvantages, with improved views and dexterity facilitating a precise hilar and hepatocaval dissection, advanced suturing and easier biliary-enteric anastomosis.
Specialised centres have published favourable outcomes (Table 1) and a limited number of multi centre comparative studies have demonstrated positive results [18, 19, 20, 21]. A recent review of outcomes from 584 major robotic liver resections demonstrated acceptable blood loss, operation time, R0 resection rate, length of hospital stay and post op morbidity. When directly compared to laparoscopy, robotic major hepatectomies demonstrated significantly improved rates of post-operative critical care admission, 90 day re-admission rate and a similar length of stay and complication rate [22].
Author | Year | Total Cases | Specific procedures | Conversion Rate | Length of stay | Morbidity Rate | Mortality Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Giulianotti et al. | 2011 | 27 | RH (74%), LH (19%), RTS (7%) | 3.7% | 7 days | 30% | 0% |
Choi et al. | 2012 | 20 | RH (30%), LH (70%) | 10% | 15 days | 40% | 0% |
Spampinato et al. | 2014 | 25 | RH (64%), LH (28%), ERH (4%), LLS + SgVI (4%) | 4% | 8 days | 16% | 0% |
Fruscione et al. | 2019 | 57 | RH (35%), LH (35%), other (30%) | NA – excluded from analysis | 4 days | 28% | 0% |
Wang et al. | 2019 | 92 | RH (48%), LH (52%) | 1% | 7 days | 13% | 0% |
Published series focused on outcomes following robotic major hepatectomies in the literature.
RH, right hemi-hepatectomy; LH, left hemi-hepatectomy; RTS, right tri-sectionectomy; ERH, extended right hemi-hepatectomy; LLS, left lateral secitonectomy; SgVII, segment 6. Morbidity rate, includes post op complications from Clavien Dindo grades I-V. Mortality rate, 30 day post-operative mortality.
The robotic approach has also been shown to be feasible for simultaneous resection of a colorectal primary malignancy and the associated liver metastasis. Analysis of a small number of major hepatic resection with synchronous colorectal resection, demonstrated robotic resection to have acceptable morbidity and oncological outcomes [23].
The robotic approach has also been considered as an alternative to open surgery for hepatectomies requiring more extended resections and or biliary reconstructions. Outcomes published by 2 specialist centres demonstrated the robotic approach as a safe and feasible alternative to open surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. However whilst technically feasible and safe, the results did not demonstrate equivalence to open surgery. Indeed they reported longer operative times and a higher estimated blood loss relative to open surgery. Furthermore, robotic resection was associated with poorer oncological outcomes with a lower recurrence free survival rate [24, 25].
Given the relative infancy of robotic innovation within the field of minimally invasive surgery, it is perhaps unsurprising that the literature around major robotic liver surgery is somewhat limited. The utility of a laparoscopic approach to major hepatectomy is only presently under investigation and any advantages relative to open surgery remains unestablished. Within this context, it is unclear if open or laparoscopic surgery should be the standard against which robotic surgery is held. At present, level II and III evidence suggests that robotic surgery is safe, feasible, and certainly non inferior to laparoscopic or open surgery. However it remains uncertain if this will translate to clinically significant short and long term outcomes in larger, prospective studies.
Minor hepatic resections, a category encompassing non-anatomical wedge resections, left lateral sectionectomies, segmentectomies and bisegmentectomies, are the most commonly performed minimally invasive hepatic operative interventions in both the laparoscopic and robotic settings [10, 17].
While the evidence discussed above suggests the multitude of technical advantages as well as non-inferiority of the robotic approach to major hepatic resections, it is pertinent to critically examine the role of robotic surgery in minor resections if aiming to confer improved operative outcomes to the greatest number of patients.
In keeping with the increasing trend for parenchymal sparing liver resection, non-anatomical and anatomical wedge resections are the mostly commonly performed robotic liver minor resection [10]. Indeed, a minimal access approach to resect only small amounts of hepatic tissue seems logical considering the morbidity associated with large abdominal incision; a position supported by international consensus in 2008 [26]. Particular difficulties exist, however, when performing laparoscopic in the postero-superior segments of the liver where a combination of the costal margin and rigidity of laparoscopic instruments conspire to make operative access difficult [12].
A number of robotic minor resection cases series from enthusiast centres report broadly equivalent operative times, operative blood loss and post-operative morbidity without significant differences to laparoscopic approaches, although the technical benefit of the robotic endo-articulated wrists were repeatedly emphasised as a partial solution to the difficulties involved with postero-superior segment resections [10, 20, 27, 28]. Furthermore, the use of robotic tremor filtration and gain reduction adjustments were reported to facilitate a greater degree of parenchymal sparing surgery and finer hilar or hepato-caval dissection, technical feats which can be challenging in the laparoscopic setting, potentially reducing requirement for conversion to open [27, 29]. These studies are retrospective, and while some include propensity score matching, prospective randomised controlled trial data is lacking. Results from the Dutch ORANGE-SEGMENTS trial investigating the role of open vs. laparoscopic postero-superior liver segmental resection and results are awaited, but to date no such trials are ongoing in regard to robotic non-anatomical and anatomical wedge resections.
Left lateral sectionectomy consists of the resection of hepatic segments II and III. The minimally invasive approach has become standard of care for this minor resection with comparative ease of access to the left lateral section, a relatively distant relationship to major vasculature and often minimal difficult mobilisation requirement leading this hepatic resection to be considered one of the more straight forward minor hepatectomies [7].
A small number of retrospective studies have aimed to compare the laparoscopic to open approach in left lateral sectionectomy [30, 31, 32]. These studies compared a small number of robotic left lateral sectionectomies with retrospective laparoscopic approaches, finding broadly similar results, with no significant differences in operative blood loss, clinical outcomes or operative time, although increased operative costs. A further study, which examined a subgroup of more complex left lateral sectionectomy, with BMI >30, larger tumours or closure operative proximity to major vasculature, reported a significant reduction in operative blood loss, although no significant difference in the overall study group [33]. These results led authors to conclude that the laparoscopic approach to left lateral sectionectomy should remain the standard of care, although it is notable that while gold standard, the only randomised controlled trial comparing laparoscopic vs. open left lateral sectionectomy, ORANGE-II, failed to show a significant difference in outcome when compared the laparoscopic to open approach to left lateral sectionectomy [34]. This result was, in part, due to premature trial cessation due to slow trial recruitment, perhaps reflecting the board uptake of minimal access approach to left lateral sectionectomy. It remains possible that with evidence of clinical non-inferiority of robotics, enthusiastic uptake may further popularise the robotic approach in a similar fashion.
Given that liver resections are predominantly carried out for malignant pathology, oncological standards such as resection margins, lymph node yields, recurrence and disease free survival are the critical outcomes against which robotic hepatectomy should be evaluated. To that end, we have recently published a review of the literature and found robotic liver surgery to be equivalent with regards to the completeness of the resection margin (96% R0) [35]. Although there are a limited number of studies reporting longer term oncological outcomes such as recurrence and disease free survival, the results so far have been promising.
HCC is the predominant malignancy for which a robotic approach has been utilised, with 40% of the cases published in the literature indicating this as the underlying indication [22]. Three studies have examined the longer term oncological outcomes following robotic hepatectomy in this cohort and found the oncological outcomes to be comparable. Two of these studies compared robotic surgery to open resection and reported a similar 3 year disease free rate at 64% (Lim et al) and 72% (Chen et al). The overall 3 year survival rate was approximately 98% and 93% [36, 37]. The remaining study compared the oncological outcomes between robotic and laparoscopic resections and reported the 5 year disease free and overall survival rate at 42% and 65% respectively [5].
Seven studies have examined the oncological outcomes from robotic hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. A 100% R0 resection rate was reported by 5 of the 7, whilst the remaining 2 studies reported a rate of 92% and 73.7% [23, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. A single study evaluated longer term oncological outcomes, and in a propensity matched comparison to laparoscopic resections, reported equivalent 5 year disease free and overall survival rates at 38% and 61% respectively [43]. Matched comparisons of long term oncological outcomes between open and robotic surgery are awaited.
Minimally Invasive Surgery utilising a robotic approach should theoretically convey the significant advantages to hilar CCA resections given the necessity of extreme precision and micro-anastomosis formation. However CCA resections form less than 10% of robotic liver surgery in the current literature, likely due to the required tertiary level of surgical expertise and robotic technology [22]. As such, the literature exploring oncolocological outcomes is very limited. The largest case series (48 patients) of patients undergoing robotic resections for Type I, II and III CCA, reported successful lymphadenectomy from stations 7,8,9, 12 and 13 and an R0 resection rate of 72.9% [44]. A single study has reported on longer term outcomes following robotic resections and demonstrated significantly higher rates of recurrence and peritoneal disease when compared to a contemporaneous group of open resections in the same centre [45]. As such whilst technically feasible and safe in expert hands, further studies are required to fully elucidate the oncological equivalence of robotic MIS for CCA.
When compared to open radical cholecystectomy, the robotic approach has been shown to result in analogous operative times, blood loss, and length of stay. Specialist centres have also reported equivalent lymph node yields and demonstrated the feasibility of complete robotic lymphadenectomy of stations 8,9 12 and 13 [46, 47, 48]. An 100% R0 resection rate has been reported by the only 2 studies that present oncological outcomes [47, 48]. To date, no studies have yet to report on longer term oncological data following robotic radical cholecystectomy.
As with other subspecialties of surgery, while the robotic approach can confer major operative advantages, limitations also exist and it is important to consider these closely, not only for assessment of robotic feasibility, but also in order to adopt adoptions of solutions to such limitations.
The initial purchase of robotic systems poses a major financial outlay to healthcare institutions. With many health systems facing unprecedented pressures, such upfront costs may be difficult to meet. Ongoing maintenance and updates to newer robotic models, as well as requirement for further robotic systems associated with a growing surgical evidence base will add to financial expense.
Such upfront costs may make the financial case for initial investments difficult in a publicly funded health care system such at the UK National Health Service. However, as with all technology, costs of equipment have already been seen to decrease in older models, while newer designs remain at the top of the market. In the same way that laparoscopic stacks and equipment, initially considered a major investment, are now considered as standard in any theatres inventory (albeit with differing quality across healthcare institutions) robotic theatre systems are likely to become common place in the operating theatre complex.
Furthermore, while the earliest days of robotic surgery, saw one company at the forefront of robotic design and technology, maintain a virtual monopoly on the robotic equipment, market competitors have already emerged, a trend which looks set to continue. This is highly likely to bring about a reduction in costs. In this context however, it cannot be assumed that an evidence base for robotic surgery built on one robotic system is necessarily transferable to different systems, and care must be taken when applying this evidence and making financial decisions regarding newer market technology.
In a manner not dissimilar to the initial uptake of laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery in the twentieth century, the uptake of robotic surgery within hepatobiliary surgery has not been as marked as within other surgical specialties. However, this may confer an advantage in financial terms, where robots already purchased and present in theatres based on an early uptake in other specialties can be utilised for education and training in less robotically advanced surgical specialities.
Another disadvantage posed in much of the literature, in both major and minor liver resections is increased operative time, although the clinical maxim “surgical time in measured in inpatient days, not theatre minutes” may be prescient here. Whilst theatre time is a precious financial resource, particularly in an era of unprecedented surgical waiting lists, reduced critical care and overall inpatient stays could confer an overall institutional financial advantage.
Length of surgical theatre time is multifactorial. Technical learning curves of individual surgeons, which have previously shown to be flatter than that of laparoscopic surgery, show operating times inversely proportion to training and experience, as expected with any new skill set [49]. Furthermore, overall operating theatre time not only encompasses the primary surgical procedure, but also robotic system set up, patient positioning, robot docking, and additional tasks performed by the theatre team as a whole. In a similar fashion to the primary surgeon activity discussed above, the increased experience of adequately trained and well drilled theatre team can be expected to significantly reduced theatre times, allowing an increased case load for theatre lists.
While every surgical speciality performs unique technical tasks requiring specific equipment, liver surgery, to perhaps a greater extent than other forms of abdominal surgery, utilise a cornucopia of specific tools not common to other subspecialties. Ultrasonic probes, used for intra operative identification of specific lesion, hepatobiliary specific energy devices and minimally invasive articulated retractors, as well as ultrasonic surgical aspirators, which allow cavitation and aspiration of hepatocytes whilst sparing vascular and biliary structures, are not yet incorporated into standard robotic systems. This technology, however, already exists within the minimal access domain of laparoscopic surgery, so incorporation into robotic systems should not pose an insurmountable barrier.
An often described limitation of MIS is the relative lack of tactile feedback present in open surgery, making dissection of difficult but vital structures significantly more challenging, with potential for catastrophic tissue damage from excessive forces. While much comment was made on this in the advent of laparoscopic surgery, the degree of tactile feedback offered in early robotic surgery systems was even less. Hydraulic haptic feedback systems are, however, already in development with in vivo trials showing significant grip strength reduction more akin to that in open surgery [50, 51].
As with any novel surgical technology, it is necessary to temper adoption of technology with strict clinical governance to maximise patient safety. This includes inclusion of robotics cases in morbidity and mortality discussions, a forum for discussing serious untoward events and near misses, and strategies within scientific literature to avoid publication bias.
Obesity has become an epidemic in many parts of the western world and extremes of BMI offer difficulties in many aspects of surgical practice. While a number of studies in other surgical subspecialties have shown the robotic approach not to offer significantly worsened outcomes in extremes of BMI, hepatobiliary surgery offers specific challenges with non alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis and liver cirrhosis associated with morbid obesity [52, 53, 54].
A recently published US study examined the effects of BMI, prospectively observing outcomes in patient subgroups of BMIs <25, 25-35 and > 35, found no significant differences found in operative blood loss, operative time of length of stay [55]. With a relatively small number of patients in this study however, more work is required to accurately identify the possible difficulties or benefits posed with hepatic robotic surgery in the obese patient cohort.
Operative training is a vital part of any health service in order to provide future surgeons adequate experience and competence to take on standard as well as challenging cases with a minimal access approach. While early adopters of robotic surgery are often consultant surgeons with strong minimal access laparoscopic practice, for these enthusiasts to become robotic trainers themselves takes time for building of robotic experience. It is therefore expected that robotic training for surgeons in formal training stages will take time to diffuse down, as with the uptake of any new surgical practice. However, flatter learning curves with robotic surgery, with dual operator consoles and built-in simulation trainer modules to robotic surgical systems can offer clinical and non-clinical based training experience. These opportunities will increase with a corresponding increasing prevalence of robotic systems within healthcare institutions.
While limitations within robotic hepatic surgery exist, the future outlook for incorporation of robotics into liver surgery, with additional integration of other technology offers exciting promise.
Robotics systems, with the primary operator working from a non-sterile station with a visual screen, already offers the opportunity to consult pre-operative imaging for comparison to intra operative findings. Infrared fluorescence technology, incorporated into robotics systems, offers visualisation of vital biliary and vascular structures with near fluorescence of indocyanin green. This poses a major advantage during dissection of the liver hilar structures, where anatomical variation is commonplace and iatrogenic injury can prove catastrophic. With constantly improving imaging and artificial intelligence technology, it is not difficult to imagine intraoperative overlay of imaging to on screen anatomical structures allowing real-time surgical decision making, such as lymph node dissection or surgical resection margins. With the rise of artificial intelligence integrated into robotic systems, it is possible that pre-operative structural recognition of vital hepatobiliary structures or predefined areas within resection margins could be predefined as “no go areas” during operative intervention offering intraoperative artificial intelligence guidance to the operating surgeon. It is perhaps even conceivable that automated robots could perform hepatic resections, with the primary surgeon adopting a supervisory role.
While questions are understandably raised regarding the early stages of surgical training on robotic systems, telecommunications incorporated into robotic systems can arguably vastly improve training in the latter stages. With shared access, real time intra-operative images could be viewed on technology outside of the operating theatres allowing recommendations from experienced colleagues in the event of intraoperative uncertainty. Indeed, it is conceivable the operative control could be managed at work-stations distant to the immediate operating theatre.
Perhaps the most important aspect of the future of robotic surgery, however, will be widespread inclusion into standard surgical practice. If robotic surgery is to exist outside of a few specialist centres, a balance must be struck between using robotics for the most complex technical cases, where a clear evidence base exists within the literature, and the everyday use of the robotic system, allowing not only the operating surgeon but also whole team to become at home managing and trouble-shooting issues that arise with all technology. While major advantages of routine use of robotic technology for, for example, minimally invasive cholecystectomy will be difficult to evidence, adoption of such technology on a day-to-day basis will be essential for surgical training.
Robotic liver surgery is rapidly evolving. There is growing evidence suggesting this approach to be feasible and safe. This evidence however is limited to highly specialised centres and cannot be consider standard of care. Robotic liver surgery shares the advantages of laparoscopic liver surgery and both should be developed in parallel to promote wider access to minimally invasive surgery for patients undergoing liver resections. Certain limitations remain whilst there is a promising future of innovation and research for robotic liver surgery.
We believe financial barriers should not prevent researchers from publishing their findings. With the need to make scientific research more publicly available and support the benefits of Open Access, more and more institutions and funders are dedicating resources to assist faculty members and researchers cover Open Access Publishing Fees (OAPFs). In addition, IntechOpen provides several further options presented below, all of which are available to researchers, and could secure the financing of your Open Access publication.
",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\\n\\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\\n\\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\\n\\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\\n\\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\\n\\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\\n\\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\\n\\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\\n\\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6598},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5903},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12538},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132762},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11294",title:"Blood Donation and Transfusion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5dcef6c86c9137be3e9e73514bc26dbf",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Osaro Erhabor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11294.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"35140",title:"Dr.",name:"Osaro",surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11566",title:"Periodontology - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75ef2eae3087ec0c7f2076cc64e2cfc3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jaime Bustos-Martínez and Dr. Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mihaela Laura Vica",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Seyyed Shamsadin Athari and Dr. Entezar Mehrabi Nasab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11576",title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5a01644fb0b4ce24c2f947913d154abe",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Pier Paolo Piccaluga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",surname:"Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Elisa Pieragostini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11583",title:"Parkinson’s Disease - Animal Models, Current Therapies and Clinical Trials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99788a4a7f9ee0b4de55de293a2ed3d0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sarat Chandra Yenisetti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11583.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"181774",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarat Chandra",surname:"Yenisetti",slug:"sarat-chandra-yenisetti",fullName:"Sarat Chandra Yenisetti"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11584",title:"Migraine Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44a6090845f971a215ddf013f1dc2027",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Theodoros Mavridis, Dr. Georgios Vavougios and Associate Prof. Dimos-Dimitrios Mitsikostas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11584.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320230",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",surname:"Mavridis",slug:"theodoros-mavridis",fullName:"Theodoros Mavridis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11585",title:"Epilepsy - Seizures Without Triggers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b29658aa79663344efeeffd2572ecb42",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11585.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:123},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:229},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"107",title:"Sedimentology",slug:"sedimentology",parent:{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:127,numberOfWosCitations:146,numberOfCrossrefCitations:117,numberOfDimensionsCitations:275,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"107",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7768",title:"Sedimentary Processes",subtitle:"Examples from Asia, Turkey and Nigeria",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e66ff69a772c2913167e9987180d7279",slug:"sedimentary-processes-examples-from-asia-turkey-and-nigeria",bookSignature:"Gemma Aiello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7768.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8845",title:"Current Practice in Fluvial Geomorphology",subtitle:"Dynamics and Diversity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72732a62f51bb7f257431f49d95a1a1c",slug:"current-practice-in-fluvial-geomorphology-dynamics-and-diversity",bookSignature:"Krishna Gopal Ghosh and Sutapa Mukhopadhyay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8845.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257980",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"krishna-gopal-ghosh",fullName:"Krishna Gopal Ghosh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5690",title:"Dynamics of Arc Migration and Amalgamation",subtitle:"Architectural Examples from the NW Pacific Margin",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd5d7ea19c6bceff9299bb14d167d3a8",slug:"dynamics-of-arc-migration-and-amalgamation-architectural-examples-from-the-nw-pacific-margin",bookSignature:"Yasuto Itoh, Osamu Takano, Reishi Takashima, Hiroshi Nishi and Takeyoshi Yoshida",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5690.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"3500",title:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation",subtitle:"Multidisciplinary Approach on Active Plate Margins",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fd3f21dd336e27a0dd0eb68d6165921",slug:"mechanism-of-sedimentary-basin-formation-multidisciplinary-approach-on-active-plate-margins",bookSignature:"Yasuto Itoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3100",title:"Sediment Transport",subtitle:"Processes and Their Modelling Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1aae9d236b0fa1150b6bc2a98fd0ce0",slug:"sediment-transport-processes-and-their-modelling-applications",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3100.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",middleName:null,surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"127",title:"Sediment Transport",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"969069afb1cafb6c17b4ec7b35e19364",slug:"sediment-transport",bookSignature:"Silvia Susana Ginsberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/127.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21615",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Ginsberg",slug:"silvia-susana-ginsberg",fullName:"Silvia Susana Ginsberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"45477",doi:"10.5772/56751",title:"Variation in Forearc Basin Configuration and Basin-filling Depositional Systems as a Function of Trench Slope Break Development and Strike-Slip Movement: Examples from the Cenozoic Ishikari–Sanriku-Oki and Tokai-Oki–Kumano-Nada Forearc Basins, Japan",slug:"variation-in-forearc-basin-configuration-and-basin-filling-depositional-systems-as-a-function-of-tre",totalDownloads:5751,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:null,book:{id:"3500",slug:"mechanism-of-sedimentary-basin-formation-multidisciplinary-approach-on-active-plate-margins",title:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation",fullTitle:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation - Multidisciplinary Approach on Active Plate Margins"},signatures:"Osamu Takano, Yasuto Itoh and Shigekazu Kusumoto",authors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"},{id:"51974",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigekazu",middleName:null,surname:"Kusumoto",slug:"shigekazu-kusumoto",fullName:"Shigekazu Kusumoto"},{id:"161720",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Takano",slug:"osamu-takano",fullName:"Osamu Takano"}]},{id:"45342",doi:"10.5772/56593",title:"Strike-Slip Basin – Its Configuration and Sedimentary Facies",slug:"strike-slip-basin-its-configuration-and-sedimentary-facies",totalDownloads:7274,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"3500",slug:"mechanism-of-sedimentary-basin-formation-multidisciplinary-approach-on-active-plate-margins",title:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation",fullTitle:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation - Multidisciplinary Approach on Active Plate Margins"},signatures:"Atsushi Noda",authors:[{id:"161716",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Noda",slug:"atsushi-noda",fullName:"Atsushi Noda"}]},{id:"45449",doi:"10.5772/56706",title:"Late Cenozoic Tectonic Events and Intra-Arc Basin Development in Northeast Japan",slug:"late-cenozoic-tectonic-events-and-intra-arc-basin-development-in-northeast-japan",totalDownloads:2969,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"3500",slug:"mechanism-of-sedimentary-basin-formation-multidisciplinary-approach-on-active-plate-margins",title:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation",fullTitle:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation - Multidisciplinary Approach on Active Plate Margins"},signatures:"Takeshi Nakajima",authors:[{id:"161971",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakajima",slug:"takeshi-nakajima",fullName:"Takeshi Nakajima"}]},{id:"15517",doi:"10.5772/16055",title:"Cohesive Sediment Flocculation and the Application to Settling Flux Modelling",slug:"cohesive-sediment-flocculation-and-the-application-to-settling-flux-modelling",totalDownloads:7751,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"127",slug:"sediment-transport",title:"Sediment Transport",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport"},signatures:"A. J. Manning, J. V. Baugh, R. L. Soulsby, J. R. Spearman and R. J. S. Whitehouse",authors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",middleName:null,surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning"},{id:"23010",title:"Prof",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Soulsby",slug:"richard-soulsby",fullName:"Richard Soulsby"},{id:"23011",title:"Prof",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Whitehouse",slug:"richard-whitehouse",fullName:"Richard Whitehouse"},{id:"23012",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeremy",middleName:null,surname:"Spearman",slug:"jeremy-spearman",fullName:"Jeremy Spearman"},{id:"23013",title:"Mr",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Baugh",slug:"john-baugh",fullName:"John Baugh"}]},{id:"45500",doi:"10.5772/56804",title:"Early Continental Rift Basin Stratigraphy, Depositional Facies and Tectonics in Volcaniclastic System: Examples from the Miocene Successions Along the Japan Sea and in the East African Rift Valley (Kenya)",slug:"early-continental-rift-basin-stratigraphy-depositional-facies-and-tectonics-in-volcaniclastic-system",totalDownloads:3922,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3500",slug:"mechanism-of-sedimentary-basin-formation-multidisciplinary-approach-on-active-plate-margins",title:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation",fullTitle:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation - Multidisciplinary Approach on Active Plate Margins"},signatures:"Tetsuya Sakai, Mototaka Saneyoshi, Yoshihiro Sawada, Masato\nNakatsukasa, Yutaka Kunimtatsu and Emma Mbua",authors:[{id:"167627",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"tetsuya-sakai",fullName:"Tetsuya Sakai"},{id:"168875",title:"Prof.",name:"Mototaka",middleName:null,surname:"Saneyoshi",slug:"mototaka-saneyoshi",fullName:"Mototaka Saneyoshi"},{id:"168876",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sawada",slug:"yoshihiro-sawada",fullName:"Yoshihiro Sawada"},{id:"168877",title:"Prof.",name:"Masato",middleName:null,surname:"Nakatsukasa",slug:"masato-nakatsukasa",fullName:"Masato Nakatsukasa"},{id:"168878",title:"Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kunimatsu",slug:"yutaka-kunimatsu",fullName:"Yutaka Kunimatsu"},{id:"168879",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Mbua",slug:"emma-mbua",fullName:"Emma Mbua"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"67387",title:"Geologic Characteristics and Production Response of the N5.2 Reservoir, Shallow Offshore Niger Delta, Nigeria",slug:"geologic-characteristics-and-production-response-of-the-n5-2-reservoir-shallow-offshore-niger-delta-",totalDownloads:2449,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Sedimentary facies and structural lineaments represent significant control factors on hydrocarbon flow behavior. These geological elements have been evaluated to understand possible cause(s) of rapid decline in pro¬duction. The N5.2 reservoir, located in shallow marine sandstones, offshore Niger Delta, has experienced decline in oil rate with a corresponding increase in water-cut within two years of beginning of production. The main objective of this study is the determination of reservoir architecture in order to individuate the possible cause(s) of rapid production decline. To this aim, several methods have been used, including the seismic attribute analysis, electrofacies analysis, well log and petrophysical correlations. The obtained results show that the N5.2 reservoir is a massive sandy unit, occurring within the paralic Agbada Formation of about 2133 m thick. A contour depth map of the reservoir shows the occurrence of a structural saddle associated with an elongated closure having two structural culminations. Further analysis using the root mean square (RMS) and anti-tracking seismic attributes has indicated a seismic facies parallel to the paleo-coastline direction and several faults and fractures. The high quality of the reservoir, fractures, poor management and water injection may have induced rapid fluid flow and consequently early watercut and decline in production.",book:{id:"7768",slug:"sedimentary-processes-examples-from-asia-turkey-and-nigeria",title:"Sedimentary Processes",fullTitle:"Sedimentary Processes - Examples from Asia, Turkey and Nigeria"},signatures:"Prince Suka Momta",authors:[{id:"228567",title:"Dr.",name:"Prince Suka",middleName:null,surname:"Momta",slug:"prince-suka-momta",fullName:"Prince Suka Momta"}]},{id:"54964",title:"Intermittent Formation, Sedimentation and Deformation History of Cenozoic Forearc Basins along the Northwestern Pacific Margins as an Indicator of Tectonic Scenarios",slug:"intermittent-formation-sedimentation-and-deformation-history-of-cenozoic-forearc-basins-along-the-no",totalDownloads:3058,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This chapter examines the basin-filling stratigraphy and major unconformity events of the Cenozoic forearc basins in the NE Japan, SW Japan, Ryukyu and Izu-Bonin forearc territories along the northwestern Pacific margins to obtain information on the background tectonic scenarios along the plate subduction zones. The forearc basin type and tectonic history are characteristic for each forearc territory, reflecting the differences in plate tectonic processes. Several major unconformity events seem to be synchronous for a forearc territory or whole forearc territories around Japan, suggesting that these events originated from more or less wider scale plate tectonic events. In the NE Japan forearc territory, the Oligocene unconformity can be the largest events, which transformed the forearc basin styles from the trench slope break-uplifted, fluvial system-dominated type to the tensional, deeper marine sloped type. In the SW Japan and Ryukyu forearc territories, the latest Oligocene to Middle Miocene gap was the transformation phase from the Palaeogene Shimanto-type forearc and accretionary complex, to the Neogene compressive, sloped to ridged forearc basins, developments of which have been interrupted by several unconformity events possibly related to changes in plate tectonic condition. These transformations of the forearc basin styles may reflect the changes in plate tectonic conditions in the northwestern Pacific region.",book:{id:"5690",slug:"dynamics-of-arc-migration-and-amalgamation-architectural-examples-from-the-nw-pacific-margin",title:"Dynamics of Arc Migration and Amalgamation",fullTitle:"Dynamics of Arc Migration and Amalgamation - Architectural Examples from the NW Pacific Margin"},signatures:"Osamu Takano",authors:[{id:"161720",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Takano",slug:"osamu-takano",fullName:"Osamu Takano"}]},{id:"43609",title:"Sediment Transport Dynamics in Ports, Estuaries and Other Coastal Environments",slug:"sediment-transport-dynamics-in-ports-estuaries-and-other-coastal-environments",totalDownloads:5062,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3100",slug:"sediment-transport-processes-and-their-modelling-applications",title:"Sediment Transport",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport Processes and Their Modelling Applications"},signatures:"X. H. Wang and F. P. Andutta",authors:[{id:"151466",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiao-hua-wang",fullName:"Xiao Hua Wang"},{id:"154792",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Pinheiro",surname:"Andutta",slug:"fernando-andutta",fullName:"Fernando Andutta"}]},{id:"45477",title:"Variation in Forearc Basin Configuration and Basin-filling Depositional Systems as a Function of Trench Slope Break Development and Strike-Slip Movement: Examples from the Cenozoic Ishikari–Sanriku-Oki and Tokai-Oki–Kumano-Nada Forearc Basins, Japan",slug:"variation-in-forearc-basin-configuration-and-basin-filling-depositional-systems-as-a-function-of-tre",totalDownloads:5759,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:null,book:{id:"3500",slug:"mechanism-of-sedimentary-basin-formation-multidisciplinary-approach-on-active-plate-margins",title:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation",fullTitle:"Mechanism of Sedimentary Basin Formation - Multidisciplinary Approach on Active Plate Margins"},signatures:"Osamu Takano, Yasuto Itoh and Shigekazu Kusumoto",authors:[{id:"161720",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Takano",slug:"osamu-takano",fullName:"Osamu Takano"},{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh"},{id:"51974",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigekazu",middleName:null,surname:"Kusumoto",slug:"shigekazu-kusumoto",fullName:"Shigekazu Kusumoto"}]},{id:"38402",title:"Composition and Transport Dynamics of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Bay of Cadiz and the Adjacent Continental Shelf (SW - Spain)",slug:"composition-and-transport-dynamics-of-suspended-particulate-matter-in-the-bay-of-cadiz-and-the-adjac",totalDownloads:2173,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3100",slug:"sediment-transport-processes-and-their-modelling-applications",title:"Sediment Transport",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport Processes and Their Modelling Applications"},signatures:"Mohammed Achab",authors:[{id:"151512",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Achab",slug:"mohammed-achab",fullName:"Mohammed Achab"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"107",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"