Primary and secondary causes of cardiomyopathy.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5131",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Progresses in Chemical Sensor",title:"Progresses in Chemical Sensor",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Although the history of chemical sensor dates back not long ago, it has attracted great research interest owing to its many excellent properties such as small size, satisfactory sensitivity, larger dynamic range, low cost, and easy-to-realize automatic measurement and on-line or in situ and continuous detection. With decades of vigorous research works, various sophisticated chemical sensors have been widely used in environmental conservation and monitoring, industrial process monitoring, gas composition analysis, medicine, national defense and public security, and on-site emergency disposal. Hence, the chemical sensor becomes one of the most active and effective directions of modern sensor technology. A typical chemical sensor is the analyzer that responds to a particular analyte in a selective and reversible way and transforms input chemical quantity, ranging from the concentration of a specific sample component to total composition analysis, into an analytically electrical signal. This book is an attempt to highlight recent progresses in the chemical sensors. It is composed of seven chapters and divided into four sections categorized by the working principle of the chemical sensor. This collection of up-to-date information and the latest research progress on chemical sensor will provide valuable references and learning materials for all those working in the field of chemical sensors.",isbn:"978-953-51-2533-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2532-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5075-6",doi:"10.5772/61376",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"progresses-in-chemical-sensor",numberOfPages:190,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"063e25913bbcd591ce3fc925cd8c3521",bookSignature:"Wen Wang",publishedDate:"August 24th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5131.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18140,numberOfWosCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:41,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:98,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 17th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 8th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 4th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 3rd 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 12th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"83338",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wen-wang",fullName:"Wen Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/83338/images/191_n.jpg",biography:"Wen Wang, Professor of Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOA-CAS), he received his M.S. degree in Central South University in 2002, and his Ph.D. degree from IOA-CAS in 2005. From 2005 to 2009 he worked as a postdoctoral researcher and research professor at the microsystem Lab. of Ajou University in South Korea. In 2010, he worked in Freiburg University supported by the Humboldt Foundation as a gust professor. He joined the IOA-CAS as associated professor of acoustical microsystems Lab. and as professor respectively in 2007 and 2011. His current research involves acoustic wave devices for sensing applications and wireless sensor, etc. He is the author and co-author of more than 50 papers in the refereed international journal and more than 40 communications in international conferences, and over 10 patents were also achieved. In 2010, he gained the award of “Experienced researcher†from Humboldt Foundation of Germany due to his outstanding research work in SAW technology.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Institute of Acoustics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"478",title:"Applied Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry-applied-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"51593",title:"Introductory Chapter: What is Chemical Sensor?",doi:"10.5772/64626",slug:"introductory-chapter-what-is-chemical-sensor-",totalDownloads:4089,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wang Wen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51593",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51593",authors:[{id:"83338",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen",surname:"Wang",slug:"wen-wang",fullName:"Wen Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"50192",title:"MEMS-Based Terahertz Photoacoustic Chemical Sensing System",doi:"10.5772/62571",slug:"mems-based-terahertz-photoacoustic-chemical-sensing-system",totalDownloads:2028,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Advancements in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology over the last several decades has been a driving force behind miniaturizing and improving sensor designs. In this work, a specialized cantilever pressure sensor was designed, modeled, and fabricated to investigate the photoacoustic (PA) response of gases to terahertz (THz) radiation under low-vacuum conditions associated with high-resolution spectroscopy. Microfabricated cantilever devices made using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers were tested in a custom-built test chamber in this first ever demonstration of a cantilever-based PA chemical sensor and spectroscopy system in the THz frequency regime. The THz radiation source was amplitude modulated to excite acoustic waves in the chamber, and PA molecular spectroscopy of a gas species was performed. An optical measurement technique was used to evaluate the PA effect on the cantilever sensor; a laser beam was reflected off the cantilever tip and through an iris to a photodiode. As the cantilever movement deflected the laser beam, the beam was clipped by an iris and generated the PA signal. Experimental data indicated a predominantly linear response in signal amplitude from the photodiode measurement technique, which directly correlated to measured cantilever deflections. Using the custom-designed PA chamber and MEMS cantilever sensor, excellent low-pressure PA spectral data of methyl cyanide (CH3CN) at 2 to 40 mTorr range has been obtained. At low chamber pressures, the sensitivity of our system was 1.97 × 10−5 cm−1 and had an excellent normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 1.39 × 10−9 cm−1 W Hz-½ using a 0.5 s signal averaging time.",signatures:"Nathan Glauvitz, Ronald A. Coutu, Ivan R. Medvedev and Douglas T. Petkie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50192",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50192",authors:[{id:"29446",title:"Dr",name:"Ronald",surname:"Coutu",slug:"ronald-coutu",fullName:"Ronald Coutu"},{id:"40025",title:"Mr.",name:"Nathan",surname:"Glauvitz",slug:"nathan-glauvitz",fullName:"Nathan Glauvitz"},{id:"184214",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Medvedev",slug:"ivan-medvedev",fullName:"Ivan Medvedev"},{id:"184215",title:"Dr.",name:"Douglas",surname:"Petkie",slug:"douglas-petkie",fullName:"Douglas Petkie"}],corrections:null},{id:"50452",title:"Photonic Crystal Chemical/Biochemical Sensors",doi:"10.5772/63288",slug:"photonic-crystal-chemical-biochemical-sensors",totalDownloads:1921,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the definitions of the photonic crystals (PhCs) are presented and the photonic crystal-based sensors are described. The structures of some photonic crystal biosensors that can detect chemical or biochemical molecules are also investigated. Sensing mechanism in the most photonic crystal sensors is based on the refractive index (RI) change mechanism. By binding the chemical or biochemical molecules to active sensing surface, the refractive index will be changed. So, the resonant wavelength or the intensity of the transmission spectrum is changed. This process can be used as a way to measure the concentration of the molecules. To simulate the optical wave behavior in the structure and evaluating the ability of biosensing, the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (2D-FDTD) and plane-wave expansion (PWE) methods are used. The sensors that are presented in this chapter are mostly based on photonic crystal resonators. Some structures based on micro-/nano-resonators, structures based on LX resonators, and structures based on ring resonator are investigated. Important parameters on sensing applications for these structures are also calculated.",signatures:"Saeed Olyaee, Hamideh Mohsenirad and Ahmad Mohebzadeh-\nBahabady",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50452",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50452",authors:[{id:"7325",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",surname:"Olyaee",slug:"saeed-olyaee",fullName:"Saeed Olyaee"},{id:"184241",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",surname:"Olyaee",slug:"saeed-olyaee",fullName:"Saeed Olyaee"}],corrections:null},{id:"50246",title:"Perovskites-Based Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensors",doi:"10.5772/62559",slug:"perovskites-based-nanomaterials-for-chemical-sensors",totalDownloads:3051,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The perovskite structure is adopted by many compounds in solid-state chemistry. The sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of many perovskite nanomaterials have been devoted the most attention for chemical sensors. They are capable to sense the level of small molecules such as O2, NO, and CO. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of perovskite nanoscale materials that concentrate on chemical sensors. The perovskite structure, with two differently sized cations, is amenable to a variety of dopant additions. This flexibility allows for the control of transport and catalytic properties, which are important for improving sensor performance. We devote the most attention on the synthesis, structural information, and sensing mechanism. We will later elaborate on the development mechanism of chemical sensors based on perovskite nanomaterials. We conclude this chapter with the personal perspectives on the directions toward future works on a novelty of nanostructured chemical sensors.",signatures:"Morteza Enhessari and Ali Salehabadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50246",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50246",authors:[{id:"178246",title:"Dr.",name:"Morteza",surname:"Enhessari",slug:"morteza-enhessari",fullName:"Morteza Enhessari"},{id:"178248",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Salehabadi",slug:"ali-salehabadi",fullName:"Ali Salehabadi"}],corrections:null},{id:"50274",title:"Air-Suspended Silicon Micro-Bridge Structures for Metal Oxide- Based Gas Sensing",doi:"10.5772/62647",slug:"air-suspended-silicon-micro-bridge-structures-for-metal-oxide-based-gas-sensing",totalDownloads:1363,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Maintaining specific temperature is a key parameter for most of the gas sensing materials, particularly for metal oxide-based thin film layers, to operate them more efficiently to detect different gaseous (or vapor) species at ppm and ppb concentration levels. For field applications, battery-operated micro-gas-sensors, power dissipation and the required temperature stability are to be maintained with a close tolerance for better signal stability and also to analyze the generated data from the sensing element. This chapter mainly focuses on several metal oxide films to highlight the base temperature and its creation on silicon-based platforms. Air-suspended structures are highlighted, and a comparison is drawn between simple and MEMS-based structures from the power dissipation point of view. Ease of fabrication and operation limitations are explained with fabrication issues.",signatures:"Keshavaditya Golla and Eranna Golla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50274",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50274",authors:[{id:"178540",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Keshavaditya",surname:"Golla",slug:"keshavaditya-golla",fullName:"Keshavaditya Golla"}],corrections:null},{id:"50259",title:"Graphene-Based Junction Devices for Hydrogen Sensors",doi:"10.5772/62734",slug:"graphene-based-junction-devices-for-hydrogen-sensors",totalDownloads:2172,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Graphene is quite a robust material for sensing hydrogen and other gases at room temperature as well as at elevated temperatures with high efficiency. This chapter deals with different junction devices based on graphene for hydrogen sensing. Graphene has excellent electronic attributes that make it suitable for gas sensor devices. However, till date, the research on graphene-based junction devices is not many. In this chapter, we present different types of graphene junction devices suitable for hydrogen sensing. Hydrogen sensor response of these junctions is analyzed, and the sensing mechanism is presented. The temperature- and atmosphere-dependent inversion of n-type to p-type conductivity in graphene is highlighted for hydrogen sensing. Moreover, the two dimensional nature of graphene makes it very convenient for device miniaturization. This chapter provides relevant information on the growth of graphene, the fabrication of different graphene junction devices, and hydrogen sensor applications. Also, the sensor-related concerns such as cross-sensitivity, signal drift, stability, and interference of humidity during hydrogen sensing are thoroughly discussed in this chapter.",signatures:"Sukumar Basu and Surajit Kumar Hazra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50259",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50259",authors:[{id:"50632",title:"Prof.",name:"Sukumar",surname:"Basu",slug:"sukumar-basu",fullName:"Sukumar Basu"}],corrections:null},{id:"50407",title:"Advances in Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Exhaust Gas Sensors",doi:"10.5772/62625",slug:"advances-in-electrochemical-nitric-oxide-exhaust-gas-sensors",totalDownloads:1612,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The role of porosity on impedancemetric NOx sensing is discussed for sensors composed of a porous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte and dense Au electrodes. NOx sensors considered here were fabricated at firing temperatures of 950–1200°C, which established a range of electrolyte microstructures where the porosity ranged from approximately 50% to 44%. Analysis of the electrical response of the NOx sensors indicated that sensors fired at 1050°C resulting in an electrolyte porosity of 46% demonstrated higher NOx sensitivity based on the operating conditions studied. The impedance of the sensors demonstrated a strong dependence on the electrolyte porosity. The activation energy of the sensors, which ranged from 109.2 to 81.1 kJ/mol, decreased with decreasing electrolyte porosity. Sensors with an electrolyte porosity ≥46% were limited by dissociated adsorption, whereas gas diffusion was rate limiting for sensors with an electrolyte porosity <46%. The impedancemetric response of the porous sensors to NO concentrations ≤10 ppm was distinguishable at operating frequencies as high as 40 Hz, thereby suggesting rapid sensing capabilities. Overall, the microstructure of the sensors composed of a YSZ electrolyte with 46% porosity promoted a strong, rapid, and highly sensitive response to NOx.",signatures:"Erica Perry Murray and Ling Cui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50407",authors:[{id:"178164",title:"Dr.",name:"Erica",surname:"Murray",slug:"erica-murray",fullName:"Erica Murray"},{id:"184216",title:"Ms.",name:"Ling",surname:"Cui",slug:"ling-cui",fullName:"Ling Cui"}],corrections:null},{id:"50537",title:"Sensing Materials for Surface Acoustic Wave Chemical Sensors",doi:"10.5772/63287",slug:"sensing-materials-for-surface-acoustic-wave-chemical-sensors",totalDownloads:1908,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Online real‐time monitoring of gases requires a miniaturized, passive, and accurate gas sensor. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices possess these properties which make them suitable for gas‐sensing applications. They have shown remarkable results in sensing of different gases in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, response, and recovery times. One of the important prerequisites a designer should know is to have knowledge on the different types of sensing material suitable for gas‐sensing applications, prior to design and fabrication of the sensor. Different sensing materials, including metal oxides, polymers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanocomposites, etc. have been used for SAW gas sensors. In this article, different sensing materials for SAW gas sensors will be discussed.",signatures:"Mohd Nizar Hamidon and Zainab Yunusa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50537",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50537",authors:[{id:"179593",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nizar",surname:"Hamidon",slug:"mohd-nizar-hamidon",fullName:"Mohd Nizar Hamidon"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"589",title:"Advances in Chemical Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6896c8838caf7add15e58ea68b64aa66",slug:"advances-in-chemical-sensors",bookSignature:"Wen Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83338",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen",surname:"Wang",slug:"wen-wang",fullName:"Wen Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6697",title:"Chemometrics and Data Analysis in Chromatography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"513cf51c1f8851d3a5fde73daa281571",slug:"chemometrics-and-data-analysis-in-chromatography",bookSignature:"Vu Dang Hoang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6697.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199907",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vu Dang",surname:"Hoang",slug:"vu-dang-hoang",fullName:"Vu Dang Hoang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79786",slug:"corrigendum-pregnancy-and-graves-disease",title:"Corrigendum: Pregnancy and Graves’ Disease",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79786.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79786",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79786",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79786",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79786",chapter:{id:"75306",slug:"pregnancy-in-women-with-graves-disease-focus-on-fetal-surveillance",signatures:"Anca Maria Panaitescu",dateSubmitted:"December 16th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 27th 2021",datePrePublished:"February 18th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251062",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Panaitescu",fullName:"Anca Panaitescu",slug:"anca-panaitescu",email:"panaitescu.anca@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"75306",slug:"pregnancy-in-women-with-graves-disease-focus-on-fetal-surveillance",signatures:"Anca Maria Panaitescu",dateSubmitted:"December 16th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 27th 2021",datePrePublished:"February 18th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251062",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Panaitescu",fullName:"Anca Panaitescu",slug:"anca-panaitescu",email:"panaitescu.anca@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11922",leadTitle:null,title:"Watermarking - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThis book will bring some of the latest developments, new perspectives, and applications in the field of watermarking. Researchers from various backgrounds and expertise can propose a remarkable collection of chapters to render this work an important piece of scientific and applied research. As watermarking research evolves, also new practical applications emerge and mature to enable essential services for modern society such as watermarking tamper detection, watermarking tracking control, watermarking copyright protection, watermarking authentication, watermarking copy control, watermarking forgery detection among other applications. Research on the topics of audio watermarking, video watermarking, text watermarking, speech watermarking has enabled many applications as well as provided a fundamental basis for the development of novel approaches of protecting, authenticating, validating, convey hidden information among other uses of watermarking technologies. Research on hardcopy watermarking focuses on conveying information through paper media, which subsequently is scanned to extract the information for one of the aforementioned applications. Novel approaches to communicate through the Print-Scan channel are required to be resilient to external distortions, including multiple copies while providing transparency according to the application.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-438-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-437-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-439-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"9843dc1d810407088ed9eef10768a64b",bookSignature:"Prof. Joceli Mayer",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11922.jpg",keywords:"Audio Watermarking, Video Watermarking, Text Watermarking, Speech Watermarking, Watermark Transparency, Watermarking Robustness, Print-Scan Channel, Multiple Copies Resilience, Intelectual Property Protection, Watermarking Copy Control, Watermarking Tamper Detection, Watermarking Authentication",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 1st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 2nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 19th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"20 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Jocely Mayer received the Master's degree in computer engineering from the University of California at Santa Cruz and the Dr. Phil. degree in 1999 from UCSC. He has published over 100 articles, authored two books and one book chapter, has developed and supervised projects on super-resolution, speech compression, VOIP systems, image processing, digital watermarking, and others. His research has been supported by the industry and government agencies such as FINEP, CNPq, Hewlett Packard, and Intelbras.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"110638",title:"Prof.",name:"Joceli",middleName:null,surname:"Mayer",slug:"joceli-mayer",fullName:"Joceli Mayer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110638/images/system/110638.png",biography:"Joceli Mayer graduated in electrical engineering from the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil, in 1998, received the Master's degree in electrical engineering from UFSC in 1991, the Master's degree in computer engineering from the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC) in 1998, and the Dr. Phil. degree in 1999 from UCSC. Received the Best Student Paper Award by the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing and IBM, in 2006, and become an IEEE Senior Member in 2012. Currently he has been a Full Professor of Electrical Engineering at UFSC. He has published over 100 articles in conferences and periodicals, authored two books and one book chapter, advised undergraduate and graduate students on research projects. He has developed and supervised projects on super-resolution, speech compression, VOIP systems, image processing, digital watermarking, hardcopy document authentication, assistive technology applications for hearing, speech and mobility disabled people with internet of things and speech recognition technologies. His research has been supported by the industry and government agencies including the FINEP, CNPq, Hewlett Packard, Intelbras, among others.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"14588",title:"Sewage Sludge Disposal and Applications: Self-heating and Spontaneous Combustion of Compost Piles - Trace Metals Leaching in Volcanic Soils After Sewage Sludge Disposal",doi:"10.5772/15580",slug:"sewage-sludge-disposal-and-applications-self-heating-and-spontaneous-combustion-of-compost-piles-tra",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/14588.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14588",totalDownloads:3370,totalViews:209,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:26,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 11th 2010",dateReviewed:"November 3rd 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 1st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/14588",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/14588",book:{id:"1585",slug:"waste-water-evaluation-and-management"},signatures:"Mauricio Escudey, Nelson Moraga, Carlos Zambra and Mónica Antilén",authors:[{id:"21305",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Escudey",fullName:"Mauricio Escudey",slug:"mauricio-escudey",email:"mauricio.escudey@usach.cl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"23420",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga",fullName:"Nelson Moraga",slug:"nelson-moraga",email:"nelson.moraga@usach.cl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"23421",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Zambra",fullName:"Carlos Zambra",slug:"carlos-zambra",email:"carlos.zambra.s@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"23422",title:"PhD.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Antilén",fullName:"Mónica Antilén",slug:"monica-antilen",email:"mantilen@puc.cl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1585",type:"book",title:"Waste Water",subtitle:"Evaluation and Management",fullTitle:"Waste Water - Evaluation and Management",slug:"waste-water-evaluation-and-management",publishedDate:"April 1st 2011",bookSignature:"Fernando Sebastián García Einschlag",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1585.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-233-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4509-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:111,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"22950",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando Sebastián",middleName:null,surname:"García Einschlag",slug:"fernando-sebastian-garcia-einschlag",fullName:"Fernando Sebastián García Einschlag"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"779"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"14569",type:"chapter",title:"The Use of Methods of Environmental Analysis and Ecotoxicological Tests in the Evaluation of Wastewater",slug:"the-use-of-methods-of-environmental-analysis-and-ecotoxicological-tests-in-the-evaluation-of-wastewa",totalDownloads:3634,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Helena Zlámalová Gargošová, Milada Vávrová, Helena Doležalová Weissmannová, Ludmila Mravcová, Lucie Vydrová and Libor Zouhar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23286",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Zlámalová Gargošová",fullName:"Helena Zlámalová Gargošová",slug:"helena-zlamalova-gargosova"},{id:"23345",title:"Prof.",name:"Milada",middleName:null,surname:"Vávrová",fullName:"Milada Vávrová",slug:"milada-vavrova"},{id:"23346",title:"PhD.",name:"Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Doležalová Weissmannová",fullName:"Helena Doležalová Weissmannová",slug:"helena-dolezalova-weissmannova"},{id:"23347",title:"PhD.",name:"Ludmila",middleName:null,surname:"Mravcová",fullName:"Ludmila Mravcová",slug:"ludmila-mravcova"},{id:"23348",title:"PhD.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Vydrová",fullName:"Lucie Vydrová",slug:"lucie-vydrova"},{id:"23349",title:"Prof.",name:"Libor",middleName:null,surname:"Zouhar",fullName:"Libor Zouhar",slug:"libor-zouhar"}]},{id:"14570",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment of Micropollutants from Municipal Wastewater- Combination of Exposure and Ecotoxicological Effect Data for Switzerland",slug:"assessment-of-micropollutants-from-municipal-wastewater-combination-of-exposure-and-ecotoxicological",totalDownloads:3366,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Kase Robert, Eggen Rik I L, Junghans Marion, Götz Christian and Juliane Hollender",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23446",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Kase",fullName:"Robert Kase",slug:"robert-kase"},{id:"23448",title:"Dr.",name:"Rik I. L.",middleName:null,surname:"Eggen",fullName:"Rik I. L. Eggen",slug:"rik-i.-l.-eggen"},{id:"23449",title:"Dr.",name:"Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Junghans",fullName:"Marion Junghans",slug:"marion-junghans"},{id:"23450",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Götz",fullName:"Christian Götz",slug:"christian-gotz"},{id:"24965",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliane",middleName:null,surname:"Hollender",fullName:"Juliane Hollender",slug:"juliane-hollender"}]},{id:"14571",type:"chapter",title:"Water Toxicity Monitoring using Optical Oxygen Sensing and Respirometry",slug:"water-toxicity-monitoring-using-optical-oxygen-sensing-and-respirometry",totalDownloads:2364,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Alice Zitova, Greg Jasionek and Dmitri B. Papkovsky",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41837",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitri",middleName:null,surname:"Papkovsky",fullName:"Dmitri Papkovsky",slug:"dmitri-papkovsky"},{id:"41881",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Zitova",fullName:"Alice Zitova",slug:"alice-zitova"},{id:"41883",title:"Dr.",name:"Greg",middleName:null,surname:"Jasionek",fullName:"Greg Jasionek",slug:"greg-jasionek"}]},{id:"14572",type:"chapter",title:"Flow-Through Chronopotentiometry in Waste Water Analysis",slug:"flow-through-chronopotentiometry-in-waste-water-analysis",totalDownloads:2016,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ernest Beinrohr",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23030",title:"PhD.",name:"Ernest",middleName:null,surname:"Beinrohr",fullName:"Ernest Beinrohr",slug:"ernest-beinrohr"}]},{id:"14782",type:"chapter",title:"The Chemical Oxygen Demand Modeling Based on a Dynamic Structure Neural Network",slug:"the-chemical-oxygen-demand-modeling-based-on-a-dynamic-structure-neural-network",totalDownloads:2382,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Junfei Qiao, Qili Chen and Honggui Han",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"1926",title:"PhD.",name:"Honggui",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Honggui Han",slug:"honggui-han"},{id:"21976",title:"Ms.",name:"Qili",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Qili Chen",slug:"qili-chen"},{id:"22195",title:"Prof.",name:"Junfei",middleName:null,surname:"Qiao",fullName:"Junfei Qiao",slug:"junfei-qiao"}]},{id:"14573",type:"chapter",title:"Formaldehyde Oxidizing Enzymes and Genetically Modified Yeast Hansenula polymorpha Cells in Monitoring and Removal of Formaldehyde",slug:"formaldehyde-oxidizing-enzymes-and-genetically-modified-yeast-hansenula-polymorpha-cells-in-monitori",totalDownloads:3088,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Vladimir Sibirny, Olha Demkiv, Sasi Sigawi, Solomiya Paryzhak, Halyna Klepach, Yaroslav Korpan, Oleh Smutok, Marina Nisnevich, Galina Gayda, Yeshayahu Nitzan, Czesław Puchalski and Mykhailo Gonchar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22006",title:"Prof.",name:"Mykhailo",middleName:null,surname:"Gonchar",fullName:"Mykhailo Gonchar",slug:"mykhailo-gonchar"},{id:"23431",title:"PhD.",name:"Olha",middleName:null,surname:"Demkiv",fullName:"Olha Demkiv",slug:"olha-demkiv"},{id:"23432",title:"PhD.",name:"Solomiya",middleName:null,surname:"Paryzhak",fullName:"Solomiya Paryzhak",slug:"solomiya-paryzhak"},{id:"23433",title:"PhD.",name:"Halyna",middleName:null,surname:"Klepach",fullName:"Halyna Klepach",slug:"halyna-klepach"},{id:"23434",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Korpan",fullName:"Yaroslav Korpan",slug:"yaroslav-korpan"},{id:"23435",title:"PhD.",name:"Oleh",middleName:null,surname:"Smutok",fullName:"Oleh Smutok",slug:"oleh-smutok"},{id:"23437",title:"Dr.",name:"Galina",middleName:null,surname:"Gayda",fullName:"Galina Gayda",slug:"galina-gayda"},{id:"23444",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Nisnevich",fullName:"Marina Nisnevich",slug:"marina-nisnevich"},{id:"23445",title:"Prof.",name:"Czesław",middleName:null,surname:"Puchalski",fullName:"Czesław Puchalski",slug:"czeslaw-puchalski"},{id:"24930",title:"PhD.",name:"Sasi",middleName:null,surname:"Sigawi",fullName:"Sasi Sigawi",slug:"sasi-sigawi"},{id:"25918",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Sibirny",fullName:"Vladimir Sibirny",slug:"vladimir-sibirny"},{id:"40921",title:"Dr.",name:"Yeshayahu",middleName:null,surname:"Nitzan",fullName:"Yeshayahu Nitzan",slug:"yeshayahu-nitzan"}]},{id:"14574",type:"chapter",title:"Satellite Monitoring and Mathematical Modelling of Deep Runoff Turbulent Jets in Coastal Water Areas",slug:"satellite-monitoring-and-mathematical-modelling-of-deep-runoff-turbulent-jets-in-coastal-water-areas",totalDownloads:5716,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Valery G. Bondur",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23328",title:"Prof.",name:"Valery",middleName:null,surname:"Bondur",fullName:"Valery Bondur",slug:"valery-bondur"}]},{id:"14575",type:"chapter",title:"Intelligent Photonic Sensors for Application in Decentralized Wastewater Systems",slug:"intelligent-photonic-sensors-for-application-in-decentralized-wastewater-systems",totalDownloads:2246,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Michal Borecki, Michael L. Korwin-Pawlowski, Maria Beblowska, Jan Szmidt, Maciej Szmidt, Mariusz Duk, Kaja Urbańska and Andrzej Jakubowski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23335",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Borecki",fullName:"Michal Borecki",slug:"michal-borecki"},{id:"23337",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael L.",middleName:null,surname:"Korwin-Pawlowski",fullName:"Michael L. Korwin-Pawlowski",slug:"michael-l.-korwin-pawlowski"}]},{id:"14576",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis and Selective Treatment of Radioactive Waste Waters and Sludges",slug:"analysis-and-selective-treatment-of-radioactive-waste-waters-and-sludges",totalDownloads:2841,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"György Pátzay, László Weiser, Ferenc Feil and Gábor Patek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20880",title:"Dr.",name:"György",middleName:null,surname:"Pátzay",fullName:"György Pátzay",slug:"gyorgy-patzay"},{id:"23399",title:"Dr.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Weiser",fullName:"László Weiser",slug:"laszlo-weiser"},{id:"23400",title:"Mr.",name:"Ferenc",middleName:null,surname:"Feil",fullName:"Ferenc Feil",slug:"ferenc-feil"},{id:"23401",title:"Mr.",name:"Gábor",middleName:null,surname:"Patek",fullName:"Gábor Patek",slug:"gabor-patek"}]},{id:"14577",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Waste Water on Freshwaters in Semiarid Regions",slug:"effects-of-waste-water-on-freshwaters-in-semiarid-regions",totalDownloads:2705,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miguel Alvarez-Cobelas, Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo, Angel Rubio-Olmo and Santos Cirujano-Bracamonte",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21115",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Cobelas",fullName:"Miguel Alvarez-Cobelas",slug:"miguel-alvarez-cobelas"},{id:"21117",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Carrillo",fullName:"Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo",slug:"salvador-sanchez-carrillo"}]},{id:"14578",type:"chapter",title:"Hydrochemical Investigation of Groundwater Contamination in the Grombalia Shallow Aquifer, Cap Bon Peninsula, Tunisia: Impact of Irrigation with Industrial Waste Water",slug:"hydrochemical-investigation-of-groundwater-contamination-in-the-grombalia-shallow-aquifer-cap-bon-pe",totalDownloads:3452,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Amor Ben Moussa and Kamel Zouari",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22168",title:"Prof.",name:"Amor Ben",middleName:null,surname:"Moussa",fullName:"Amor Ben Moussa",slug:"amor-ben-moussa"},{id:"22283",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamel",middleName:null,surname:"Zouari",fullName:"Kamel Zouari",slug:"kamel-zouari"}]},{id:"14579",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Wastewater Treatment Plant on Water Column and Sediment Quality in Izmir Bay (Eastearn Aegean Sea)",slug:"effects-of-wastewater-treatment-plant-on-water-column-and-sediment-quality-in-izmir-bay-eastearn-aeg",totalDownloads:2582,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"F. Sanem Sunlu, Ugur Sunlu, Baha Buyukisik, Serkan Kukrer and Mehmet Aksu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21930",title:"Dr.",name:"Ugur",middleName:null,surname:"Sunlu",fullName:"Ugur Sunlu",slug:"ugur-sunlu"},{id:"23382",title:"Dr.",name:"F. Sanem",middleName:null,surname:"Sunlu",fullName:"F. Sanem Sunlu",slug:"f.-sanem-sunlu"},{id:"23383",title:"Dr.",name:"Baha",middleName:null,surname:"Buyukisik",fullName:"Baha Buyukisik",slug:"baha-buyukisik"},{id:"23384",title:"PhD.",name:"Serkan",middleName:null,surname:"Kukrer",fullName:"Serkan Kukrer",slug:"serkan-kukrer"},{id:"23385",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Aksu",fullName:"Mehmet Aksu",slug:"mehmet-aksu"}]},{id:"14580",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Domestic Waste Water on Water Quality of Three Reservoirs Supplying Drinking Water in Kaduna State - Northern Nigeria",slug:"effects-of-domestic-waste-water-on-water-quality-of-three-reservoirs-supplying-drinking-water-in-kad",totalDownloads:3866,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yahuza Tanimu, Sunday Paul Bako and John Ameh Adakole",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22874",title:"Prof.",name:"Sunday",middleName:"Paul",surname:"Bako",fullName:"Sunday Bako",slug:"sunday-bako"}]},{id:"14581",type:"chapter",title:"Water Quality of Streams Receiving Municipal Waste Water in Port Harcourt, Niger Delta, Nigeria",slug:"water-quality-of-streams-receiving-municipal-waste-water-in-port-harcourt-niger-delta-nigeria",totalDownloads:3206,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alex C. Chindah, Solomon A. Braide, and Charles C. Obunwo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23572",title:"Prof.",name:"Alex C.",middleName:null,surname:"Chindah",fullName:"Alex C. Chindah",slug:"alex-c.-chindah"}]},{id:"14582",type:"chapter",title:"Impact of Municipal Waste Water on Growth and Nutrition of Afforested Pinus eldarica Stands",slug:"impact-of-municipal-waste-water-on-growth-and-nutrition-of-afforested-pinus-eldarica-stands",totalDownloads:3439,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Masoud Tabari, Azadeh Salehi and Jhangard Mohammadir",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20878",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoud",middleName:null,surname:"Tabari",fullName:"Masoud Tabari",slug:"masoud-tabari"}]},{id:"14583",type:"chapter",title:"Parasitological Contamination in Organic Composts Produced with Sewage Sludge",slug:"parasitological-contamination-in-organic-composts-produced-with-sewage-sludge",totalDownloads:2466,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eduardo Robson Duarte, Flávia Oliveira Abrão, Neide Judith Faria de Oliveira and Bruna Lima Cabral",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21172",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte",fullName:"Eduardo Robson Duarte",slug:"eduardo-robson-duarte"}]},{id:"14584",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Reclaimed Water on Citrus Growth and Productivity",slug:"effects-of-reclaimed-water-on-citrus-growth-and-productivity",totalDownloads:2949,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kelly T. Morgan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21938",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly T.",middleName:null,surname:"Morgan",fullName:"Kelly T. Morgan",slug:"kelly-t.-morgan"}]},{id:"14585",type:"chapter",title:"Heavy Metal Contamination of Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb in Soil and Leaf of Robinia pseudoacacia Irrigated with Municipal Wastewater in Iran",slug:"heavy-metal-contamination-of-zn-cu-ni-and-pb-in-soil-and-leaf-of-robinia-pseudoacacia-irrigated-with",totalDownloads:4101,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Masoud Tabari, Azadeh Salehi, Jahangard Mohammadi and Alireza Aliarab",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20878",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoud",middleName:null,surname:"Tabari",fullName:"Masoud Tabari",slug:"masoud-tabari"}]},{id:"14586",type:"chapter",title:"Wastewater from Table Olive Industries",slug:"wastewater-from-table-olive-industries",totalDownloads:4451,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"G.M. Cappelletti, G.M. Nicoletti and C. Russo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23256",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Cappelletti",fullName:"Giulio Mario Cappelletti",slug:"giulio-mario-cappelletti"},{id:"37769",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe Martino",middleName:null,surname:"Nicoletti",fullName:"Giuseppe Martino Nicoletti",slug:"giuseppe-martino-nicoletti"},{id:"37770",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Russo",fullName:"Carlo Russo",slug:"carlo-russo"}]},{id:"14587",type:"chapter",title:"Wastewater Management",slug:"wastewater-management",totalDownloads:9045,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Peace Amoatey (Mrs) and Richard Bani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23473",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Bani",fullName:"Richard Bani",slug:"richard-bani"},{id:"31437",title:"Ms.",name:"Peace",middleName:null,surname:"Amoatey",fullName:"Peace Amoatey",slug:"peace-amoatey"}]},{id:"14588",type:"chapter",title:"Sewage Sludge Disposal and Applications: Self-heating and Spontaneous Combustion of Compost Piles - Trace Metals Leaching in Volcanic Soils After Sewage Sludge Disposal",slug:"sewage-sludge-disposal-and-applications-self-heating-and-spontaneous-combustion-of-compost-piles-tra",totalDownloads:3370,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mauricio Escudey, Nelson Moraga, Carlos Zambra and Mónica Antilén",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21305",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Escudey",fullName:"Mauricio Escudey",slug:"mauricio-escudey"},{id:"23420",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga",fullName:"Nelson Moraga",slug:"nelson-moraga"},{id:"23421",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Zambra",fullName:"Carlos Zambra",slug:"carlos-zambra"},{id:"23422",title:"PhD.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Antilén",fullName:"Mónica Antilén",slug:"monica-antilen"}]},{id:"14589",type:"chapter",title:"Waste Water: Treatment Options and its Associated Benefits",slug:"waste-water-treatment-options-and-its-associated-benefits",totalDownloads:7158,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Akuzuo Ofoefule, Eunice Uzodinma and Cynthia Ibeto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22860",title:"Mrs.",name:"Akuzuo",middleName:null,surname:"Ofoefule",fullName:"Akuzuo Ofoefule",slug:"akuzuo-ofoefule"},{id:"23485",title:"Mrs.",name:"Eunice",middleName:null,surname:"Uzodinma",fullName:"Eunice Uzodinma",slug:"eunice-uzodinma"},{id:"23519",title:"Dr.",name:"Cynthia",middleName:"Nkolika",surname:"Ibeto",fullName:"Cynthia Ibeto",slug:"cynthia-ibeto"}]},{id:"14590",type:"chapter",title:"Agricultural Dairy Wastewaters",slug:"agricultural-dairy-wastewaters",totalDownloads:2072,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Owen Fenton, Mark G. Healy, Raymond B. Brennan, Ana Joao Serrenho, Stan T.J. Lalor, Daire O hUallacháin and Karl G. Richards",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23318",title:"Dr.",name:"Owen",middleName:null,surname:"Fenton",fullName:"Owen Fenton",slug:"owen-fenton"},{id:"23323",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark G.",middleName:null,surname:"Healy",fullName:"Mark G. Healy",slug:"mark-g.-healy"},{id:"23324",title:"Dr.",name:"Karl G.",middleName:null,surname:"Richards",fullName:"Karl G. Richards",slug:"karl-g.-richards"},{id:"23325",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond B.",middleName:null,surname:"Brennan",fullName:"Raymond B. Brennan",slug:"raymond-b.-brennan"},{id:"23326",title:"Ms.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Joao Serrenho",fullName:"Ana Joao Serrenho",slug:"ana-joao-serrenho"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"132",title:"Waste Water",subtitle:"Treatment and Reutilization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fbe15d67abed7838100c7c0fd9c0793e",slug:"waste-water-treatment-and-reutilization",bookSignature:"Fernando Sebastián García Einschlag",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/132.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22950",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando Sebastián",surname:"García Einschlag",slug:"fernando-sebastian-garcia-einschlag",fullName:"Fernando Sebastián García Einschlag"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"14547",title:"Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Effluents: An Overview of Applications",slug:"anaerobic-treatment-of-industrial-effluents-an-overview-of-applications",signatures:"Mustafa Evren Ersahin, Hale Ozgun, Recep Kaan Dereli and Izzet Ozturk",authors:[{id:"22934",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa Evren",middleName:null,surname:"Ersahin",fullName:"Mustafa Evren Ersahin",slug:"mustafa-evren-ersahin"},{id:"22942",title:"PhD.",name:"Hale",middleName:null,surname:"Ozgun",fullName:"Hale Ozgun",slug:"hale-ozgun"},{id:"22943",title:"PhD.",name:"Recep Kaan",middleName:null,surname:"Dereli",fullName:"Recep Kaan Dereli",slug:"recep-kaan-dereli"},{id:"22944",title:"PhD.",name:"Izzet",middleName:null,surname:"Ozturk",fullName:"Izzet Ozturk",slug:"izzet-ozturk"}]},{id:"14548",title:"Removal of Endocrine Disruptors in Waste Waters by Means of Bioreactors",slug:"removal-of-endocrine-disruptors-in-waste-waters-by-means-of-bioreactors",signatures:"Nadia Diano and Damiano Gustavo Mita",authors:[{id:"21167",title:"Prof.",name:"Damiano Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Mita",fullName:"Damiano Gustavo Mita",slug:"damiano-gustavo-mita"},{id:"21257",title:"Prof.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Diano",fullName:"Nadia Diano",slug:"nadia-diano"}]},{id:"14549",title:"Evaluation of Anaerobic Treatability of Between Cotton and Polyester Textile Industry Wastewater",slug:"evaluation-of-anaerobic-treatability-of-between-cotton-and-polyester-textile-industry-wastewater",signatures:"Zehra Sapci-Zengin and F. Ilter Turkdogan",authors:[{id:"23135",title:"Dr.",name:"Zehra",middleName:null,surname:"Sapci-Zengin",fullName:"Zehra Sapci-Zengin",slug:"zehra-sapci-zengin"},{id:"24885",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma",middleName:"Ilter",surname:"Turkdogan",fullName:"Fatma Turkdogan",slug:"fatma-turkdogan"}]},{id:"14550",title:"Fungal Decolourization and Degradation of Synthetic Dyes Some Chemical Engineering Aspects",slug:"fungal-decolourization-and-degradation-of-synthetic-dyes-some-chemical-engineering-aspects",signatures:"Aleksander Pavko",authors:[{id:"23280",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksander",middleName:null,surname:"Pavko",fullName:"Aleksander Pavko",slug:"aleksander-pavko"}]},{id:"14551",title:"Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in Waste Water -An Isotope Hydrological Perspective",slug:"anaerobic-ammonium-oxidation-in-waste-water-an-isotope-hydrological-perspective",signatures:"Yangping Xing and Ian D. Clark",authors:[{id:"21990",title:"Prof.",name:"Ian D.",middleName:null,surname:"Clark",fullName:"Ian D. Clark",slug:"ian-d.-clark"},{id:"23456",title:"Dr.",name:"Yangping",middleName:null,surname:"Xing",fullName:"Yangping Xing",slug:"yangping-xing"}]},{id:"14552",title:"Measurement Techniques for Wastewater Filtration Systems",slug:"measurement-techniques-for-wastewater-filtration-systems",signatures:"Robert H. Morris and Paul Knowles",authors:[{id:"21683",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert H.",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",fullName:"Robert H. Morris",slug:"robert-h.-morris"},{id:"23427",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Knowles",fullName:"Paul Knowles",slug:"paul-knowles"}]},{id:"14553",title:"Excess Sludge Reduction in Waste Water Treatment Plants",slug:"excess-sludge-reduction-in-waste-water-treatment-plants",signatures:"Mahmudul Kabir, Masafumi Suzuki and Noboru Yoshimura",authors:[{id:"23090",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmudul",middleName:null,surname:"Kabir",fullName:"Mahmudul Kabir",slug:"mahmudul-kabir"},{id:"23396",title:"Dr.",name:"Masafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Masafumi Suzuki",slug:"masafumi-suzuki"},{id:"23397",title:"Dr.",name:"Noboru",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshimura",fullName:"Noboru Yoshimura",slug:"noboru-yoshimura"}]},{id:"14554",title:"Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment",slug:"microbial-fuel-cells-for-wastewater-treatment",signatures:"Liliana Alzate-Gaviria",authors:[{id:"21181",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Alzate-Gaviria",fullName:"Liliana Alzate-Gaviria",slug:"liliana-alzate-gaviria"}]},{id:"14555",title:"Perchlorate: Status and Overview of New Remedial Technologies",slug:"perchlorate-status-and-overview-of-new-remedial-technologies",signatures:"Katarzyna H. Kucharzyk, Terence Soule, Andrzej, J.Paszczynski and Thomas F. Hess",authors:[{id:"21182",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej J.",middleName:null,surname:"Paszczynski",fullName:"Andrzej J. Paszczynski",slug:"andrzej-j.-paszczynski"},{id:"21183",title:"PhD.",name:"Katarzyna H.",middleName:null,surname:"Kucharzyk",fullName:"Katarzyna H. Kucharzyk",slug:"katarzyna-h.-kucharzyk"},{id:"21184",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Hess",fullName:"Thomas F. Hess",slug:"thomas-f.-hess"},{id:"26861",title:"PhD.",name:"Terence",middleName:null,surname:"Soule",fullName:"Terence Soule",slug:"terence-soule"}]},{id:"14556",title:"Application of Luffa Cylindrica in Natural form as Biosorbent to Removal of Divalent Metals from Aqueous Solutions - Kinetic and Equilibrium Study",slug:"application-of-luffa-cylindrica-in-natural-form-as-biosorbent-to-removal-of-divalent-metals-from-aqu",signatures:"Innocent O. Oboh, Emmanuel O. Aluyor and Thomas O. K. Audu",authors:[{id:"23428",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel O.",middleName:null,surname:"Aluyor",fullName:"Emmanuel O. Aluyor",slug:"emmanuel-o.-aluyor"},{id:"24745",title:"Dr.",name:"Innocent",middleName:"Oseribho",surname:"Oboh",fullName:"Innocent Oboh",slug:"innocent-oboh"},{id:"24927",title:"PhD.",name:"Thomas O.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Audu",fullName:"Thomas O.K. Audu",slug:"thomas-o.k.-audu"}]},{id:"14557",title:"Degradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Homogeneous AOPs",slug:"degradation-of-nitroaromatic-compounds-by-homogeneous-aops",signatures:"Fernando S. García Einschlag, Luciano Carlos and Daniela Nichela",authors:[{id:"22950",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando Sebastián",middleName:null,surname:"García Einschlag",fullName:"Fernando Sebastián García Einschlag",slug:"fernando-sebastian-garcia-einschlag"},{id:"23464",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Carlos",fullName:"Luciano Carlos",slug:"luciano-carlos"},{id:"23465",title:"Ms.",name:"Daniela Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Nichela",fullName:"Daniela Alejandra Nichela",slug:"daniela-alejandra-nichela"}]},{id:"14558",title:"Ferrate(VI) in the Treatment of Wastewaters: A New Generation Green Chemical",slug:"ferrate-vi-in-the-treatment-of-wastewaters-a-new-generation-green-chemical",signatures:"Diwakar Tiwari and Seung-Mok Lee",authors:[{id:"21050",title:"Prof.",name:"Seung-Mok",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Seung-Mok Lee",slug:"seung-mok-lee"},{id:"21062",title:"Dr.",name:"Diwakar",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",fullName:"Diwakar Tiwari",slug:"diwakar-tiwari"}]},{id:"14559",title:"Purification of Waste Water Using Alumina as Catalysts Support and as an Adsorbent",slug:"purification-of-waste-water-using-alumina-as-catalysts-support-and-as-an-adsorbent",signatures:"Akane Miyazaki and Ioan Balint",authors:[{id:"22710",title:"Prof.",name:"Akane",middleName:null,surname:"Miyazaki",fullName:"Akane Miyazaki",slug:"akane-miyazaki"},{id:"23404",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioan",middleName:null,surname:"Balint",fullName:"Ioan Balint",slug:"ioan-balint"}]},{id:"14560",title:"Absolute Solution for Waste Water: Dynamic Nano Channels Processes",slug:"absolute-solution-for-waste-water-dynamic-nano-channels-processes",signatures:"Rémi Ernest Lebrun",authors:[{id:"22657",title:"Prof.",name:"Rémi Ernest",middleName:null,surname:"Lebrun",fullName:"Rémi Ernest Lebrun",slug:"remi-ernest-lebrun"}]},{id:"14561",title:"Immobilization of Heavy Metal Ions on Coals and Carbons",slug:"immobilization-of-heavy-metal-ions-on-coals-and-carbons",signatures:"Boleslav Taraba and Roman Maršálek",authors:[{id:"21478",title:"Prof.",name:"Boleslav",middleName:null,surname:"Taraba",fullName:"Boleslav Taraba",slug:"boleslav-taraba"},{id:"21482",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Maršálek",fullName:"Roman Maršálek",slug:"roman-marsalek"}]},{id:"14562",title:"Low-Value Maize and Wheat By-Products as a Source of Ferulated Arabinoxylans",slug:"low-value-maize-and-wheat-by-products-as-a-source-of-ferulated-arabinoxylans",signatures:"Claudia Berlanga-Reyes, Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan, Guillermo Niño-Medina, Agustín Rascón-Chu, Benjamín Ramírez-Wong and Elisa Magaña-Barajas",authors:[{id:"22173",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Carvajal-Millan",fullName:"Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan",slug:"elizabeth-carvajal-millan"},{id:"29651",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Berlanga-Reyes",fullName:"Claudia Berlanga-Reyes",slug:"claudia-berlanga-reyes"},{id:"29652",title:"PhD.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Niño-Medina",fullName:"Guillermo Niño-Medina",slug:"guillermo-nino-medina"},{id:"29653",title:"Dr.",name:"Agustín",middleName:null,surname:"Rascón-Chu",fullName:"Agustín Rascón-Chu",slug:"agustin-rascon-chu"},{id:"29654",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Wong",fullName:"Benjamin Ramirez-Wong",slug:"benjamin-ramirez-wong"},{id:"37840",title:"MSc.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Magaña-Barajas",fullName:"Elisa Magaña-Barajas",slug:"elisa-magana-barajas"}]},{id:"14563",title:"Possible Uses of Wastewater Sludge to Remediate Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil",slug:"possible-uses-of-wastewater-sludge-to-remediate-hydrocarbon-contaminated-soil",signatures:"Luc Dendooven",authors:[{id:"23468",title:"Dr.",name:"Luc",middleName:null,surname:"Dendooven",fullName:"Luc Dendooven",slug:"luc-dendooven"}]},{id:"14564",title:"Waste-Water Use in Energy Crops Production",slug:"waste-water-use-in-energy-crops-production",signatures:"Cecilia Rebora, Horacio Lelio, Luciana Gómez and Leandra Ibarguren",authors:[{id:"21261",title:"MSc.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Rebora",fullName:"Cecilia Rebora",slug:"cecilia-rebora"},{id:"21269",title:"Prof.",name:"Horacio",middleName:null,surname:"Lelio",fullName:"Horacio Lelio",slug:"horacio-lelio"},{id:"21270",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez",fullName:"Luciana Gómez",slug:"luciana-gomez"},{id:"21271",title:"Prof.",name:"Leandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ibarguren",fullName:"Leandra Ibarguren",slug:"leandra-ibarguren"}]},{id:"14565",title:"Using Wastewater as a Source of N in Agriculture: Emissions of Gases and Reuse of Sludge on Soil Fertility",slug:"using-wastewater-as-a-source-of-n-in-agriculture-emissions-of-gases-and-reuse-of-sludge-on-soil-fert",signatures:"Mora Ravelo Sandra Grisell and Gavi Reyes Francisco",authors:[{id:"23303",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Grisell",middleName:null,surname:"Mora-Ravelo",fullName:"Sandra Grisell Mora-Ravelo",slug:"sandra-grisell-mora-ravelo"},{id:"25274",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Gavi Reyes",fullName:"Francisco Gavi Reyes",slug:"francisco-gavi-reyes"}]},{id:"14566",title:"Biotechnology in Textiles – an Opportunity of Saving Water",slug:"biotechnology-in-textiles-an-opportunity-of-saving-water",signatures:"Petra Forte Tavčer",authors:[{id:"23355",title:"Dr.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Forte Tavčer",fullName:"Petra Forte Tavčer",slug:"petra-forte-tavcer"}]},{id:"14567",title:"Wastewater Minimization in a Chlor-Alkali Complex",slug:"wastewater-minimization-in-a-chlor-alkali-complex",signatures:"Zuwei Liao, Jingdai Wang and Yongrong Yang",authors:[{id:"23453",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongrong",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Yongrong Yang",slug:"yongrong-yang"},{id:"23454",title:"Dr.",name:"Zuwei",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",fullName:"Zuwei Liao",slug:"zuwei-liao"},{id:"23455",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingdai",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jingdai Wang",slug:"jingdai-wang"}]},{id:"14568",title:"Using Seawater to Remove SO2 in a FGD System",slug:"using-seawater-to-remove-so2-in-a-fgd-system",signatures:"Jia-Twu Lee and Ming-Chu Chen",authors:[{id:"23536",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Twu",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Jia-Twu Lee",slug:"jia-twu-lee"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"908",title:"Water Conservation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"030194443ae9021141284c2cbd83d70a",slug:"water-conservation",bookSignature:"Manoj K. Jha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74659",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",surname:"Jha",slug:"manoj-jha",fullName:"Manoj Jha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"909",title:"Studies on Water Management Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eaa3e280bdb58e4c710cd51b7e769236",slug:"studies-on-water-management-issues",bookSignature:"Muthukrishnavellaisamy Kumarasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/909.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69732",title:"Dr.",name:"Muthukrishnavellaisamy",surname:"Kumarasamy",slug:"muthukrishnavellaisamy-kumarasamy",fullName:"Muthukrishnavellaisamy Kumarasamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"910",title:"Water Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a6b990c079728dcd38afbd63880ab7",slug:"water-pollution",bookSignature:"Nuray Balkis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/910.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72138",title:"Prof.",name:"Nuray",surname:"Balkis",slug:"nuray-balkis",fullName:"Nuray Balkis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1269",title:"International Perspectives on Water Quality Management and Pollutant Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eba94d98d0f6308cad57241423578757",slug:"international-perspectives-on-water-quality-management-and-pollutant-control",bookSignature:"Nigel W.T. Quinn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1269.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138347",title:"Dr.",name:"Nigel W.T.",surname:"Quinn",slug:"nigel-w.t.-quinn",fullName:"Nigel W.T. Quinn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1603",title:"Water Resources Management and Modeling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4afe2457c0644f87d32023d0af3db940",slug:"water-resources-management-and-modeling",bookSignature:"Purna Nayak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1603.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104135",title:"Dr.",name:"Purna",surname:"Nayak",slug:"purna-nayak",fullName:"Purna Nayak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"7486",title:"Advanced Sorption Process Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc77a8d4e58d7c7eb4d2137adb0f0f34",slug:"advanced-sorption-process-applications",bookSignature:"Serpil Edebali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223744",title:"Dr.",name:"Serpil",surname:"Edebali",slug:"serpil-edebali",fullName:"Serpil Edebali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8619",title:"Kinetic Modeling for Environmental Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13e281b9388e601a106107516d070c4e",slug:"kinetic-modeling-for-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8619.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab O.",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-o.-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74904",title:"Cardiomyopathy Etiologies, Symptoms and Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95566",slug:"cardiomyopathy-etiologies-symptoms-and-management",body:'\nCardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium that are associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction. They generally exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilation and have multiple etiologies, which are often genetic [1]. They can be further subdivided into primary and secondary cardiomyopathy. Primary includes genetics, acquired or mixed causes; while secondary cardiomyopathy is derived from the involvement of other organ systems. Cardiomyopathies can be identified by echocardiogram to display the anatomic and functional changes related to each subtype including systolic or diastolic dysfunction. In certain instances, cardiac-Magnetic resonance imaging or Computer tomography scans are used to further elucidate its specific characteristics such as fatty infiltration and focal hypertrophy. Treatment is very diverse and catered to each individual case. This will all be further elaborated on in the following chapter.
\nCardiomyopathies can be characterized into two different groups, primary and secondary. Primary cardiomyopathies are defined by primary involvement of the heart while secondary cardiomyopathies are consequences of other medical disease states such as endocrine diseases or drug induced. Primary cardiomyopathies can be further divided by their causes. These include cardiomyopathies of genetic, acquired, or mixed origin [1].
\nGenetic sources of primary cardiomyopathy include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D), mitochondrial myopathies and ion channel disorders. Mixed causes of primary cardiomyopathy can include dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). Finally, the acquired causes of primary cardiomyopathy include a wide variety of diseases, such as myocarditis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, stress-induced cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo) and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. These are all summarized in \nTable 1\n.
\n\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
Toxin induced, medication induced, Endocrine disorders, autoimmune/collagen diseases, nutritional deficiencies. | \n
Primary and secondary causes of cardiomyopathy.
Systolic dysfunction is defined as a decrease in the contractility of the heart [2]. Contractility can be reduced throughout the left ventricle (LV), as seen in DCM, or only in a portion of the LV, as seen in stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Systolic dysfunction is also classically seen following myocardial ischemia. Initially, cardiac output is maintained through compensatory mechanisms which include an increased preload in order to improve contractility (Frank-Starling relationship) and enlargement of the LV to increase the stroke volume. However, these mechanisms ultimately fail and lead to the clinical manifestations of heart failure. Systolic dysfunction can be evaluated through echocardiogram (echo) and is characterized by a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and increased end diastolic volume (EDV).
\nDiastolic dysfunction is characterized by abnormal myocardial filling and relaxation with concurrent elevated filling pressures. It can occur in combination with systolic dysfunction or it can be an isolated phenomenon. Its main features are due to impairment of active relaxation and/or passive compliance during LV diastole. This takes place during both isovolumetric relaxation and early rapid filling. Diastolic dysfunction is a common characteristic of both HCM and RCM and can sometimes be seen in patients with DCM. It is also found secondary to myocardial hypertrophy presenting with decreased compliance. An echo study is done to identify diastolic dysfunction where a normal LVEF and EDV are seen, however occasionally systolic function may be impaired. These two markers are one way to differentiate diastolic from systolic dysfunction, both of which lead to a common clinical endpoint of heart failure symptoms.
\nDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) manifests as global dilation of one or both ventricles leading to systolic dysfunction. Left ventricular ejection fraction is ≤40% and affected patients can develop symptomatic heart failure (HF). DCM causes around 10,000 deaths and 46,000 hospitalizations in the United States each year. Idiopathic DCM is the leading indication for heart transplantation [3]. Affected patients are generally between 20 and 60 years of age [4]. Symptoms vary, but most patients present with HF symptoms of progressive dyspnea with exertion, peripheral edema, orthopnea, and/or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Conduction disturbances, cardiomegaly, thromboembolic disease, and sudden death can also be observed [5, 6].
\nThere are many causes of DCM including idiopathic, stress-induced, myocarditis, infiltrative disease (amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis), peripartum cardiomyopathy, tachycardia-mediated, infections, drugs (alcohol, cocaine, anthracyclines) [7], as well as others illustrated in the \nTable 2\n.
\n\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
Etiologies of dilated cardiomyopathy.
DCM is frequently idiopathic, indicated after exclusion of both primary and secondary causes of cardiac disease except genetic causes. Familial disease is seen in about 50% of patients with idiopathic DCM. The disease is generally inherited in autosomal dominant fashion but also other forms of inheritance (autosomal recessive, X-linked, and mitochondrial). Mutations in more than 30 genes were identified in the past 20 years. Sarcomere genes are responsible for about 30% of familial DCM cases. These include mutations in genes for beta myosin heavy chain (MYH7), cardiac troponin T (TNNT2), titin (TTN), alpha-tropomyosin (TPM1), and cardiac troponin C (TNNC1) [8].
\nHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease of the heart muscle that is mainly due to genetic mutations in sarcomere genes, the contractile component of the heart. The prevalence of HCM is about 0.5% in adults and typically has an autosomal dominant transmission pattern [9]. HCM is defined by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which manifests with a multitude of different clinical features. The location and amount of hypertrophy will determine the clinical presentation which can include left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, myocardial ischemia, diastolic dysfunction and mitral regurgitation.
\nHCM presents with a huge spectrum of signs and symptoms; patients can be asymptomatic or present with symptoms of chest pain, arrhythmias, or those related to HF [10]. Many patients are diagnosed with HCM incidentally during a routine doctor visit by identification of an abnormal ECG or murmur and through family screening protocols. Otherwise, patients can present with many different symptoms including dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, chest pain, palpitations, and presyncope or syncope commonly after exertion.
\nThe most common presenting symptom is HF seen clinically as dyspnea on exertion. This is found in approximately 90% of symptomatic patients and can result from diastolic dysfunction caused by hypertrophy, impaired LV emptying from the LVOT obstruction, and mitral regurgitation. Concurrent systolic dysfunction is also seen in very extensive disease due to adverse LV remodeling [11].
\nAnother common symptom is angina, both typical (following exertion) and atypical, which is frequently worsened after heavy meals. The pathophysiology behind this chest pain in HCM can be broken down into two categories: increased myocardial oxygen demand and decreased myocardial blood flow. HCM increases oxygen demand in several ways including increased muscle mass, myocardial hypertrophy and disarray, and increased diastolic pressures due to LVOT obstruction. Causes of decreased myocardial blood flow in HCM is due to decreased ability of coronary arterioles to vasodilate and myocardial fibrosis.
\nArrhythmias are also a major complication of HCM as they can lead to sudden cardiac death (SCD) [12]. Both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias are found which can lead to palpitations, dyspnea, presyncope, syncope, and SCD. Of the supraventricular arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common [12].
\nSyncope occurs in around 15–25% of patients with HCM and is caused by a variety of mechanisms which ultimately lead to decreased cardiac output. Some of these include AF, LVOT obstruction and conduction abnormalities such as atrioventricular nodal block. Syncope not due to vasovagal or cardiogenic causes is an increased risk for SCD, especially when occurring in young patients. Predictors of SCD includes experiencing at least one syncopal episode include a family history of SCD from HCM, massive LVH, unexplained syncope, LV apical aneurysm, HCM with LV systolic dysfunction [13, 14].
\nJust as there are a variety of clinical symptoms, the physical exam of a patient with HCM can range from normal to several nonspecific findings. These findings include a systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur that is similar to the murmur seen with aortic stenosis, a fourth heart sound. Physical exam findings are mainly caused by LVOT obstruction thus if there is minimal or no obstruction, the physical exam will commonly be normal. Other physical exam findings are not specific to HCM and can be seen with other heart diseases. They are listed in the following \nTable 3\n.
\nParadoxical Split of S2 | \n
Brisk and Bifid Carotid Pulse | \n
Prominent a wave seen in neck veins | \n
Diffuse, forceful LV apical impulse | \n
Systolic thrill | \n
Parasternal lift | \n
Physical exam findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
The histology of HCM is unique, showing myocyte hypertrophy and myofibrillar disarray with interstitial fibrosis. Coronary arterioles with decreased luminal cross-sectional area can also be seen. These arterioles have reduced ability to vasodilate leading to decreased myocardial blood flow during periods of stress [15].
\nRestrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) presents as non-dilated ventricles and diastolic dysfunction. It causes a ventricular filling defect, leading to elevated pressure and biatrial enlargement. Systolic function is generally normal unless RCM becomes more severe.
\nRCM is significantly less common universally than both DCM and HCM. However, mortality from RCM is high in Africa, South and Central America, and Asia. This is due to a higher incidence of endomyocardial fibrosis, which is one of the major causes of RCM.
\nThere are several causes of RCM including infiltrative, familial non-infiltrative, storage diseases, other disorders (scleroderma, endomyocardial fibrosis, diabetic cardiomyopathy), secondary causes, and idiopathic RCM [16]. The various etiologies are demonstrated in \nTable 4\n.
\n\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
\n | \n
Etiologies of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
RCM presents as pulmonary and systemic congestion with peripheral edema, dyspnea, palpitations, weakness, and inadequate cardiac output with exercise. Severe RCM can have elevated central venous pressure, ascites, and hepatosplenomegaly [17]. In addition, autonomic dysfunction leading to arrhythmias can occur. During auscultation, a third heart sound can be heard. Jugular venous pressure (JVP) is often elevated with a prominent y descent. Kussmaul’s sign with an increase in JVP with inspiration may be observed. These two JVP signs are seen in constrictive pericarditis as well.
\nArrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is defined by right ventricular (RV) origin arrhythmias and structural abnormalities. The myocardium is scarred and replaced with fibrous or fibro-fatty tissue. Scarring can occur first regionally and then become global leading to RV dilation, RV dysfunction, and wall motion abnormalities. Demonstration of biventricular myocardial injury is illustrated through the use of autopsy investigations, genotype and phenotype correlation studies and cardiac MRI. However, these diagnostic tools show an equal or increased extent of left ventricular severity when compared to the right ventricular involvement. This development has led to a new understanding of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy(ACM) [18]. ACM/ARVC is generally inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. However, autosomal recessive inheritance has also been noted as in the cardiocutaneous syndrome, Naxos disease [19]. Patients can present with palpitations, dizziness, syncope, atypical chest pain, and dyspnea, but many are asymptomatic. The most common arrhythmia of ARVC is monomorphic ventricular tachycardia with a left bundle branch block. SCD can be the initial presentation of ARVC [20].
\nStress-induced cardiomyopathy, also known as takotsubo cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome, is characterized as brief systolic dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease that is usually brought on by stress. The systolic dysfunction is focal and mainly limited to the cardiac apex which is in contrast to DCM where we see global systolic dysfunction.
\nPatient presentation is similar to that of a patient with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). It is more common in elderly women. About 1–2 percent of patients that are troponin positive with a suspected STEMI are diagnosed with stress-induced cardiomyopathy [21]. As in a STEMI, the most common presenting symptom is substernal chest pain with or without dyspnea. The pathophysiology of this disease is not very well understood but it is thought to be in part due to catecholamine excess thus cocaine-related ACS should be ruled out.
\nCirrhosis which leads to systolic and/or diastolic myocardial dysfunction independent of alcohol consumption has been termed cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The pathophysiology of this disease is not well established. Patients may have normal or increased cardiac output at rest but the myocardium inadequately responds when placed under stress. ECG findings can include QT interval prolongation and mechanical and electrical desynchrony. Structurally, the LV is normal, but the left atrium is generally dilated. Treatment is mostly supportive but the orthotropic liver transplantation has been shown to improve patient’s condition [22].
\nDiagnosis of the various cardiomyopathies are done by clinical presentation (chest pain, fatigue, dyspnea, syncope, etc.), physical exam, diagnostic tools (12-lead ECG, chest radiograph, echocardiography, cardiac MRI, doppler ultrasound), genetic testing, endomyocardial biopsy, and/or plasma BNP. Systolic dysfunction is observed in DCM and stress-induced cardiomyopathy as decreased LVEF and increased EDV on echo. Diastolic dysfunction is observed in HCM and RCM and can sometimes occur in DCM. An echo of diastolic dysfunction demonstrates normal LVEF and EDV.
\nDilated cardiomyopathy demonstrates systolic dysfunction, ventricular dilation, myocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, and possible conduction system involvement. Familial DCM is diagnosed when idiopathic DCM is seen in two or more close relatives. A three to four generation family history and clinical screening (history, exam, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram) of first-degree relatives is done when a new diagnosis is made to identify asymptomatic/undetected disease. Genetic testing is also done for known familial DCM and nonfamilial without an obvious alternative cause. Screening for specific mutations does not necessarily determine therapy, but certain genes are related to clinical characteristics. This may affect family counseling, screening, and influence of primary prevention or pre-symptomatic therapy [23].
\nHypertrophic cardiomyopathy should be suspected if there is a positive family history of the disease, clinical symptoms, an abnormal 12-lead ECG, or if a systolic ejection murmur is heard. In addition, increased LV wall thickness (≥15 mm) seen anywhere in the LV wall without any identifiable cause such as valvular disease or hypertension is suggestive of the HCM [24]. Other findings are not required to make a diagnosis of HCM but may include a hyperdynamic LV or systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve seen on echo.
\nRestrictive cardiomyopathy is diagnosed as non-dilated, non-hypertrophied ventricles with biatrial enlargement seen on echo. Abnormal ventricular filling is visualized with Doppler imaging. Although RCM is generally characterized as non-hypertrophied, the LV may have increased wall thickness if due to infiltrative or storage disease. Echo, cardiac MRI, and endomyocardial biopsy can all be used to differentiate various types of RCM. Chest radiograph can demonstrate cardiomegaly with atrial enlargement, pulmonary venous congestion, and pleural effusions.
\nRCM appears similar to constrictive pericarditis with impaired ventricular filling but is distinguished by echo, MRI, CT, and endomyocardial biopsy. A patient history can also differentiate the two since possible causes of constrictive pericarditis include different causes such as tuberculosis, malignancy, connective tissue disease. Plasma BNP indicates LV wall stretching and helps separate RCM from constrictive pericarditis. Levels of ≥400 pg./mL indicate RCM due to the limited wall stretch in constrictive pericarditis from very stiff and thickened endocardium [25].
\nArrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy echo shows dilation of the RV and its outflow tract, aneurysm, akinesis, and dyskinesis. Genetic testing is recommended (DSC2, DSP, DSG2, JUP, TMEM43, and PKP2).
\nIn order to identify stress-induced cardiomyopathy, it is very important to take a thorough history as a physical stress or emotional trigger may sometimes be identified and can help lead to the diagnosis. Stress induced cardiomyopathy should be considered when a patient presents with signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome along with an abnormal ECG that are out of proportion to elevations in cardiac biomarkers [26]. The diagnostic criteria consist of four required findings: transient LV systolic dysfunction that is typically regional and contains more than one epicardial coronary distribution, no obstructive coronary disease in the area of the wall motion abnormality, new ECG abnormalities including ST-elevation and/or T wave inversion or moderately elevated cardiac troponin and lastly no pheochromocytoma or myocarditis present [27]. Apical ballooning is also commonly seen as a result of wall akinesia. Therefore, in order to diagnose stress induced cardiomyopathy, the patient must undergo an ECG, coronary angiography and an echo in order to assess LV systolic function.
\nManagement of the cardiomyopathies are generally directed towards relieving symptoms, slowing progression of the disease, and preventing SCD. The specific therapy depends on whether the patient is suffering from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, fluid overload and/or arrhythmias.
\nPatients with HF with reduced ejection fraction, like DCM, are managed with beta blockers(BBs), nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (ndCCB), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), pacemakers, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) for arrhythmias [28].
\nHCM and RCM present mainly with diastolic dysfunction. Therefore, treatment is aimed at lowering heart rate to increase diastolic filling time and decreasing venous pressure [28]. Loop diuretics are used to relieve congestion, but careful monitoring is needed to prevent hypoperfusion. In HCM they are generally avoided since it can worsen the LVOT obstruction. In both HCM and RCM, BBs and CCBs can improve the patient’s diastolic dysfunction by decreasing heart rate and increasing filling time. For HCM, they are generally only given when a patient is symptomatic.
\nFor patients with HCM, if symptoms continue despite adequate medical management, dual therapy with another negative inotrope is recommended. This can include beta blocker + disopyramide, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker + disopyramide, or beta blocker + nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. If patients still have refractory symptoms and have a LVOT gradient of ≥50 mmHg then septal reduction therapy can be considered [29].
\nIn addition, patients with RCM can benefit from ACEi/ARBs, which might reduce myocardial stiffness. Dual chamber pacemaker is used with advanced AV block, anticoagulants are used for patients with atrial fibrillation, and cardiac transplantation is indicated for patients with intractable heart failure [28].
\nPatients suffering from ARVC should minimize their strenuous physical activity since there is a significant association between exercise and ARVC. Beta blockers are recommended for patients with clinical symptoms but not asymptomatic patients with a positive genotype. ICDs are indicated for patients who were previously resuscitated from SCD and those with sustained ventricular arrhythmias. If beta blockers and ICDs are not helpful, antiarrhythmic drugs or radiofrequency ablation can serve as adjunct therapy. Management of patients with RV dysfunction is similar to other patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (ACEi, ARBs, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, diuretics, and BBs).
\nStress-induced cardiomyopathy is a transient disorder that will likely resolve within a couple of weeks and thus its mainstay in management is supportive. However, the mortality rate is about 3–4 percent. During the acute onset and following stabilization, heart failure management is started following current guidelines. Anticoagulation is also provided similarly to patients that are post-myocardial infarction [30].
\nAll the authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Conception and design: All authors. Manuscript writing: All authors. Final approval of manuscript: All authors.
\nNone.
\nThe authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
',metaTitle:"Authorship Policy",metaDescription:"IN TECH's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, one must:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/authorship-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\nAFFILIATION
\\n\\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\nAFFILIATION
\n\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{"933869@":null},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6601},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5906},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12541},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,10,11,14,15,17,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11546",title:"Smart and Sustainable Transportation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8ea27a1ff85cde00efcb6f6968c20f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11546.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11554",title:"Information Systems Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3134452ff2fdec020663f241c7a9a748",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11554.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11834",title:"Steppe Geography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"363517fa6f079daf94c51ea1b91fed2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11834.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11836",title:"Estuary Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ef822fc9eee5600aeb7e45492e04a6e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11836.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11837",title:"The Mediterranean",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bbb25987a982d61da4f47fb13614ba3c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11846",title:"Seabed",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b1698a2d8d36b5ec3571c20486eb2c9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11846.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11913",title:"Scheduling Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"da42ea7b678d715e23ffcae50ae47078",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11913.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11915",title:"Ontology in Computer Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b52397215f6b5e05a22368f629695704",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11915.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11917",title:"Computational Semantics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd9343348f2c50dbbc819a0b48a76591",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11917.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11938",title:"Ballistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c64ef67aac55216f08c65a2a179835c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11938.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11941",title:"Advances in Turbomachinery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fe2c693976d70c5d0cc5f8003e6e73c5",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11941.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11942",title:"Updates on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4ac095defb765e0e9bfebc06dac719e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11942.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:106},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:106},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4383},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1338",title:"Family Studies",slug:"social-psychology-family-studies",parent:{id:"278",title:"Social Psychology",slug:"social-psychology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:31,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1338",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5761",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6000bc0eeed7fcf0277a2f8d75907d9",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",bookSignature:"Ana Alice Vilas Boas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5761.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175373",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Vilas Boas",slug:"ana-alice-vilas-boas",fullName:"Ana Alice Vilas Boas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55349",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68596",title:"The Development of a Human Well-Being Index for the United States",slug:"the-development-of-a-human-well-being-index-for-the-united-states",totalDownloads:1989,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a human well-being index (HWBI) that assesses the over-all well-being of its population at the county level. The HWBI contains eight domains representing social, economic and environmental well-being. These domains include 25 indicators comprised of 80 metrics and 22 social, economic and environmental services. The application of the HWBI has been made for the nation as a whole at the county level and two alternative applications have been made to represent key populations within the overall US population—Native Americans and children. A number of advances have been made to estimate the values of metrics for counties where no data is available and one such estimator—MERLIN—is discussed. Finally, efforts to make the index into an interactive web site are described.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"J. Kevin Summers, Lisa M. Smith, Linda C. Harwell and Kyle D. Buck",authors:[{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers"},{id:"197486",title:"Ms.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",slug:"lisa-smith",fullName:"Lisa Smith"},{id:"197487",title:"Ms.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Harwell",slug:"linda-harwell",fullName:"Linda Harwell"},{id:"197488",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyle",middleName:null,surname:"Buck",slug:"kyle-buck",fullName:"Kyle Buck"}]},{id:"55323",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68873",title:"Positive Psychology: The Use of the Framework of Achievement Bests to Facilitate Personal Flourishing",slug:"positive-psychology-the-use-of-the-framework-of-achievement-bests-to-facilitate-personal-flourishing",totalDownloads:1679,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The Framework of Achievement Bests, which was recently published in Educational Psychology Review, makes a theoretical contribution to the study of positive psychology. The Framework of Achievement Bests provides an explanatory account of a person’s optimal best practice from his/her actual best. Another aspect emphasizes on the saliency of the psychological process of optimization, which is central to our understanding of person’s optimal functioning in a subject matter. Achieving an exceptional level of best practice (e.g. achieving excellent grades in mathematics) does not exist in isolation, but rather depends on the potent impact of optimization. This chapter, theoretical in nature, focuses on an in‐depth examination of the expansion of the Framework of Achievement Bests. Our discussion of the Framework of Achievement Bests, reflecting a methodical conceptualization, is benchmarked against another notable theory for understanding, namely: Martin Seligman’s PERMA theory. For example, for consideration, one aspect that we examine entails the extent to which the Framework of Achievement Bests could explain the optimization of each of the five components of PERMA (e.g. how does the Framework of Achievement Bests explain the optimization of engagement?).",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Huy P. Phan and Bing H. Ngu",authors:[{id:"196435",title:"Prof.",name:"Huy",middleName:"P",surname:"Phan",slug:"huy-phan",fullName:"Huy Phan"}]},{id:"56529",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70237",title:"Well-being and Quality of Working Life of University Professors in Brazil",slug:"well-being-and-quality-of-working-life-of-university-professors-in-brazil",totalDownloads:1650,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter presents a study about the perceptions on quality of working life (QWL) regarding factors and indicator in two public universities in Brazil. It aimed also to analyze their perceptions about university working conditions. This exploratory study is based on quantitative and qualitative analyses. A sample of 715 university professors participated on the research. Data collection was carried out in two steps: online survey and focus groups. There is a moderate negative correlation between psychological well-being and work-related stress. Emotional charge also presents a moderate positive correlation with work-related stress, as well as physical charge and psychological distress. Work-life balance is negatively correlated with physical charge, emotional charge, work-related stress, psychological distress, and burnout. We observed also that 43.6% of the professors reported high levels of work-related stress in their everyday work. The precariousness of university teaching is associated with three main elements, which we defined as the tripod of the precarization of university teaching work. It consists of academic productivism, excess of administrative work and bureaucratic activities, and inadequate working conditions. The operating dynamics of this tripod effect professors’ well-being, their QWL, and even the quality of the work they develop in public universities.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Alessandro Vinicius de Paula and Ana Alice Vilas Boas",authors:[{id:"175373",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Vilas Boas",slug:"ana-alice-vilas-boas",fullName:"Ana Alice Vilas Boas"},{id:"196534",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro Vinicius",middleName:null,surname:"De Paula",slug:"alessandro-vinicius-de-paula",fullName:"Alessandro Vinicius De Paula"}]},{id:"55530",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69151",title:"Quality of Life and Physical Activity: Their Relationship with Physical and Psychological Well-Being",slug:"quality-of-life-and-physical-activity-their-relationship-with-physical-and-psychological-well-being",totalDownloads:1946,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Many studies have been focused on the analysis of different factors that relate to the quality of life. And those studies have found a clear relationship between the quality of life, psychological well-being, and health. It is important to know those relationships and to know factors that can improve these three aspects simultaneously. And one of the most important factors is the realization of physical activity on a regular basis. This study analyzes the effect of physical activity on improving the quality of life (physical health and well-being) and its relationship with psychological well-being through two studies. One was a randomized clinical trial involving 98 low-risk incident cases of acute coronary syndrome, who were randomly assigned to an unsupervised walking program or a cycle ergometer exercise program. The other study is an expost-facto investigation with a total of 841 healthy subjects. We apply them questionnaires to measure subjective well-being, satisfaction with life, positive and negative affect, Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), and the specific Velasco-del Barrio questionnaire for post-myocardial infarction. This study concludes physical activity and exercise are key factors in an individual’s perception for their quality of life, both in the area of physical and psychological health.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Arantzazu Rodríguez-Fernández, Ana Zuazagoitia-Rey-Baltar and\nEstibaliz Ramos-Díaz",authors:[{id:"90485",title:"Dr.",name:"Arantzazu",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Fernández",slug:"arantzazu-rodriguez-fernandez",fullName:"Arantzazu Rodriguez-Fernández"},{id:"205182",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Zuazagoitia-Rey-Baltar",slug:"ana-zuazagoitia-rey-baltar",fullName:"Ana Zuazagoitia-Rey-Baltar"},{id:"205183",title:"Dr.",name:"Estibaliz",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos-Díaz",slug:"estibaliz-ramos-diaz",fullName:"Estibaliz Ramos-Díaz"}]},{id:"54577",doi:"10.5772/67821",title:"Building a Quality of Life Index",slug:"building-a-quality-of-life-index",totalDownloads:1739,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter outlines how an index measuring quality of life should be developed and then applies that work at the county level in the United States. The index we create is a unique and data‐driven approach to calculating quality of life. In the chapter, we explain the process that leads us to selecting our five indicators: public safety, health, economic development, infrastructure, and education. Each indicator breaks apart into subindicators. This chapter theoretically and statistically verifies our chosen indicators. First, we develop theoretical arguments explaining the connections between quality of life and our indicators. Then, we perform confirmatory factor analyses on our index to empirically verify our theoretical arguments for why each component should be included in the index. Further, we finally verify our theory and index using survey results. We use only publicly available data to facilitate replication by others. The results of our confirmatory factor analysis provide statistical evidence for our choice of indicators in measuring quality of life. Our findings indicate that those measuring quality of life must account for the roles of: public safety, health, economic development, infrastructure, and education. Most importantly, our results indicate that our index is a valid measure of quality of life.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Ryan M. Yonk, Josh T. Smith and Arthur R. Wardle",authors:[{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk"},{id:"197814",title:"Mr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",slug:"joshua-smith",fullName:"Joshua Smith"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55323",title:"Positive Psychology: The Use of the Framework of Achievement Bests to Facilitate Personal Flourishing",slug:"positive-psychology-the-use-of-the-framework-of-achievement-bests-to-facilitate-personal-flourishing",totalDownloads:1677,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The Framework of Achievement Bests, which was recently published in Educational Psychology Review, makes a theoretical contribution to the study of positive psychology. The Framework of Achievement Bests provides an explanatory account of a person’s optimal best practice from his/her actual best. Another aspect emphasizes on the saliency of the psychological process of optimization, which is central to our understanding of person’s optimal functioning in a subject matter. Achieving an exceptional level of best practice (e.g. achieving excellent grades in mathematics) does not exist in isolation, but rather depends on the potent impact of optimization. This chapter, theoretical in nature, focuses on an in‐depth examination of the expansion of the Framework of Achievement Bests. Our discussion of the Framework of Achievement Bests, reflecting a methodical conceptualization, is benchmarked against another notable theory for understanding, namely: Martin Seligman’s PERMA theory. For example, for consideration, one aspect that we examine entails the extent to which the Framework of Achievement Bests could explain the optimization of each of the five components of PERMA (e.g. how does the Framework of Achievement Bests explain the optimization of engagement?).",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Huy P. Phan and Bing H. Ngu",authors:[{id:"196435",title:"Prof.",name:"Huy",middleName:"P",surname:"Phan",slug:"huy-phan",fullName:"Huy Phan"}]},{id:"54577",title:"Building a Quality of Life Index",slug:"building-a-quality-of-life-index",totalDownloads:1735,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter outlines how an index measuring quality of life should be developed and then applies that work at the county level in the United States. The index we create is a unique and data‐driven approach to calculating quality of life. In the chapter, we explain the process that leads us to selecting our five indicators: public safety, health, economic development, infrastructure, and education. Each indicator breaks apart into subindicators. This chapter theoretically and statistically verifies our chosen indicators. First, we develop theoretical arguments explaining the connections between quality of life and our indicators. Then, we perform confirmatory factor analyses on our index to empirically verify our theoretical arguments for why each component should be included in the index. Further, we finally verify our theory and index using survey results. We use only publicly available data to facilitate replication by others. The results of our confirmatory factor analysis provide statistical evidence for our choice of indicators in measuring quality of life. Our findings indicate that those measuring quality of life must account for the roles of: public safety, health, economic development, infrastructure, and education. Most importantly, our results indicate that our index is a valid measure of quality of life.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Ryan M. Yonk, Josh T. Smith and Arthur R. Wardle",authors:[{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk"},{id:"197814",title:"Mr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",slug:"joshua-smith",fullName:"Joshua Smith"}]},{id:"54549",title:"Physical and Psychical Well-Being and Stress: The Perspectives of Leaders and Employees",slug:"physical-and-psychical-well-being-and-stress-the-perspectives-of-leaders-and-employees",totalDownloads:1458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Stress among employees is a significant issue in each organization and society because of its costs on individual, organizational, and society levels. Addressing and reducing stress is thus an important goal, which leads humans to well-being. The main role of managing stress at work belongs to leaders. Their leadership can have effects on the level of stress of employees as well as for themselves. They also decide about their systemic approaches for overcoming stress within organizations. We therefore conducted a stress (qualitative and quantitative) research of employees and leaders within organizations with the main goal to find out the differences between their stresses. The main purpose of this article was to research stress among leaders and employees and to compare their perceived physical and psychical well-being (and stress). For this purpose, we used descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U-test. We confirmed that (1) leaders report a higher frequency of some kinds of the daily work stress than employees, (2) on average, leaders were more frequently under pressure than employees, (3) on average, leaders had more frequently satisfying sleep than employees, and (4) on average, employees could use their strong points at work less frequently than leaders.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Simona Šarotar Žižek and Vesna Čančer",authors:[{id:"192730",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Šarotar Žižek",slug:"simona-sarotar-zizek",fullName:"Simona Šarotar Žižek"},{id:"197783",title:"Dr.",name:"Vesna",middleName:null,surname:"Čančer",slug:"vesna-cancer",fullName:"Vesna Čančer"}]},{id:"55015",title:"The Mammoth Task of Realising the Right to Life: A South African Perspective",slug:"the-mammoth-task-of-realising-the-right-to-life-a-south-african-perspective",totalDownloads:1543,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Concentrating on South Africa, this chapter critically scrutinises the realisation of everyone's right to life as guaranteed in section 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Although the right to life is explored within the ambit of an international legal framework, realising the right to life in South Africa, with its history of demeaning the value of the life of the majority of its inhabitants in the past, forms the main pivot of discussion. It is argued that, despite the 1996 Constitution's promise to heal these past divisions and improve the quality of life of all citizens and free each person's potential, the State has been ambivalent about realising everyone's right to life. As part of post‐apartheid transformation, the State has, on the one hand, made substantial progresses in creating a supporting and legal environment for the attainment of a better life for some of its inhabitants. On the other hand, reality still reflects poignantly flaws in freeing everyone's potential, thus highlighting the mammoth task that lies ahead.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Erika M. Serfontein",authors:[{id:"196203",title:"Prof.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Serfontein",slug:"erika-serfontein",fullName:"Erika Serfontein"}]},{id:"54570",title:"Exploring the Antecedents of Happiness: Reconceptualization of Human Needs with Glasser's Choice Theory",slug:"exploring-the-antecedents-of-happiness-reconceptualization-of-human-needs-with-glasser-s-choice-theo",totalDownloads:1597,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter aims to present a review about the antecedents of happiness by using human needs perspective. The chapter briefly includes the definition of happiness as a scientific matter, definition of the need theories approach for explaining the antecedents of happiness, definitions and discussions about the major need theories and reconceptualization of human needs with Glasser’s Choice Theory, and also empirical studies that investigate the relationship between basic needs satisfaction and happiness. It is also thought that the conclusion obtained from this chapter will encourage researchers to investigate the antecedents of happiness with Glasser’s conceptual framework and also invite researchers to study in a new research area with a new conceptual perspective.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Turgut Turkdogan",authors:[{id:"197018",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Turgut",middleName:null,surname:"Turkdogan",slug:"turgut-turkdogan",fullName:"Turgut Turkdogan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1338",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.