Comparisons of the PSNRs of the noise reduction methods on noisy images with the noise of standard deviation
\r\n\tThe Japanese were revolutionizing quality improvement. As a result, Japan adopted a "total quality" approach to its strategies. In the United States, Total Quality Management (TQM) encompasses not only statistics but also approaches that encompass the entire organization. There were several subsequent quality-management initiatives.
\r\n\tIn 1986, Motorola developed Six Sigma to improve its business processes by minimizing defects. A philosophy that views all work as a process, which can be identified, measured, analyzed, improved, and controlled. Generally, "Six Sigma quality" is an indicator that a process is well controlled.
\r\n\tLean manufacturing (1988), also known as just-in-time manufacturing, derives from Toyota's 1930 operating model "The Toyota Way." Lean describes a set of management practices that reduce waste and increase productivity.
\r\n\tThe ISO 9000 series of quality-control standards appeared in 1987. ISO 9001 integrates a process-oriented approach into enterprise management based on the plan-do-check-act method. The quality movement has matured as we enter the 21st century. ISO 9000 was revised in 2000 to emphasize customer satisfaction. The fifth edition of ISO 9001, published in 2015, emphasizes risk-based thinking to improve the application of the process approach. In addition to the manufacturing sector, quality has moved into service, healthcare, education, and government. For example, through standards such as ISO/IEC 17025 for testing and calibration laboratories and ISO 15189 for medical laboratories.
\r\n\tMore recently, it has been recognized that the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Industry 4.0, best defines the present industry model. As its part, "Quality 4.0" refers to the future of quality and organizational excellence.
\r\n\tThe book will aim to introduce a comprehensive overview of the up-to-date models used in quality management systems by experts in the field.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-729-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-728-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-730-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"7c2744454ba90e8d6cf507e167cc3779",bookSignature:"Dr. Paulo Pereira and Dr. Sandra Xavier",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11527.jpg",keywords:"Leadership, Customer Focus, Improvement, Process Approach, Planning, CAPA, Audit, Management Review, Evaluation, Lean Sigma, DMAIC, DMADV",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 24th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 8th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 7th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 26th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 25th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"12 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Pereira received his Ph.D. from the Catholic University of Portugal. He has over 20 years of experience as a consultant and auditor of quality management systems, and over 16 years of experience as a quality manager. He has been recruited as a quality and laboratory expert for seminars and professional laboratory meetings throughout Europe, Africa, and South America. Currently, he is the head of the R&D Department at the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation; a CLSI and EURACHEM fellow.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Xavier received her Ph.D. from the University of Lisbon, Portugal. She has extensive experience in teaching and managing quality systems, and is a member of several Scientific Commissions and editorial boards.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178637/images/system/178637.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Pereira received his Ph.D. in Biotechnology from the Catholic University of Portugal. He has been recruited as a quality and laboratory expert for seminars and professional laboratory meetings throughout Europe, Africa, and South America. He has more than twenty-five years of experience working in medical laboratories, having held key scientific leadership roles: 15+ years as a senior researcher; 10+ years as a consultant for a metrology laboratory based on ISO/IEC 17025 specifications and related standards; 20+ years as a consultant and auditor of quality management systems based on ISO 9001, ISO/IEC 17025, and ISO 15189 standards; 16+ years as the quality manager in the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation, including more than 6 years in national coordination; and 6+ years as a professor of Quality Assurance. Currently, he is the head of the R&D Department at the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation, Lisbon, Portugal. Dr. Pereira is the author of several peer-reviewed scientific articles and indexed books and chapters. He is an editor for several books. He serves as a member of several editorial boards. He is a member of the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute and Eurachem. Dr. Pereira is an expert on in vitro diagnostic medical devices at the European Commission / European Medicines Agency.",institutionString:"Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"264942",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Xavier",slug:"sandra-xavier",fullName:"Sandra Xavier",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZ6mQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T09:32:37.jpg",biography:"Dr. Xavier received her Ph.D. in Nursing from the University of Lisbon, Portugal. 26+ years professional experience in nursing 15+ years of teaching in a university 4+ years of professional practice as the Head of Nursing 9+ years as a researcher in the different Nursing Research Units , Since 2018 as research in Nursing Research Unit of South and Island (NURSE'IN - UIESA), Portugal. Dr. Xavier is the author of several books’ chapter and scientific articles in indexed journals. She serves as a reviewer of scientific and technical articles in indexed journals. She is also a recognized speaker at various national and international meetings. She is a member of juries for the attribution of academic degrees. She is a member of several Scientific Commissions of various meetings.",institutionString:"School of Nursing of Lisbon",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453622",firstName:"Tea",lastName:"Jurcic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"tea@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7710",title:"Quality Management and Quality Control",subtitle:"New Trends and Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"226e5d555cafed8a4d1b410959863661",slug:"quality-management-and-quality-control-new-trends-and-developments",bookSignature:"Paulo Pereira and Sandra Xavier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7710.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"13074",title:"The Asian Tsunami’s Havoc and Death Toll: Nature’s Wrath or Human Shortsightedness?",doi:"10.5772/10503",slug:"the-asian-tsunami-s-havoc-and-death-toll-nature-s-wrath-or-human-shortsightedness-",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/13074.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13074",totalDownloads:2091,totalViews:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:21,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 29th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/13074",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/13074",book:{id:"41",slug:"the-tsunami-threat-research-and-technology"},signatures:"Zvy Dubinsky, Osnat Chomsky and Steve Brenner",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"41",type:"book",title:"The Tsunami Threat",subtitle:"Research and Technology",fullTitle:"The Tsunami Threat - Research and Technology",slug:"the-tsunami-threat-research-and-technology",publishedDate:"January 29th 2011",bookSignature:"Nils-Axel M?rner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/41.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-552-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4521-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:36,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"15619",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils-Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Morner",slug:"nils-axel-morner",fullName:"Nils-Axel Morner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"834"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13074",type:"chapter",title:"The Asian Tsunami’s Havoc and Death Toll: Nature’s Wrath or Human Shortsightedness?",slug:"the-asian-tsunami-s-havoc-and-death-toll-nature-s-wrath-or-human-shortsightedness-",totalDownloads:2091,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zvy Dubinsky, Osnat Chomsky and Steve Brenner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"13075",type:"chapter",title:"On the Need for a Tsunami Warning System in the North East Atlantic Area (Gulf of Cadiz)",slug:"on-the-need-for-a-tsunami-warning-system-in-the-north-east-atlantic-area-gulf-of-cadiz-",totalDownloads:2895,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Baptista M. A., Omira R., Matias L., Miranda J. M., Annunziato A., Carrilho F. and Kaabouben F.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16693",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Baptista",fullName:"Maria Ana Baptista",slug:"maria-ana-baptista"},{id:"16695",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachid",middleName:null,surname:"Omira",fullName:"Rachid Omira",slug:"rachid-omira"},{id:"17828",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Annunziato",fullName:"Alessandro Annunziato",slug:"alessandro-annunziato"},{id:"18248",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Matias",fullName:"Luis Matias",slug:"luis-matias"},{id:"18249",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",fullName:"Jorge Miguel Miranda",slug:"jorge-miguel-miranda"},{id:"18250",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Carrilho",fullName:"Fernando Carrilho",slug:"fernando-carrilho"},{id:"18251",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Kaabouben",fullName:"Fatima Kaabouben",slug:"fatima-kaabouben"}]},{id:"13076",type:"chapter",title:"Detection of Tsunamis from Changes in Ocean Surface Roughness",slug:"detection-of-tsunamis-from-changes-in-ocean-surface-roughness",totalDownloads:3292,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Benjamin D. Hamlington, Oleg A. Godin, Vladimir G. Irisov and Robert R. Leben",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16442",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg A.",middleName:null,surname:"Godin",fullName:"Oleg A. Godin",slug:"oleg-a.-godin"},{id:"16443",title:"Prof.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Hamlington",fullName:"Benjamin Hamlington",slug:"benjamin-hamlington"},{id:"16444",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir G.",middleName:null,surname:"Irisov",fullName:"Vladimir G. Irisov",slug:"vladimir-g.-irisov"},{id:"16445",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert R.",middleName:null,surname:"Leben",fullName:"Robert R. Leben",slug:"robert-r.-leben"}]},{id:"13077",type:"chapter",title:"Overtopping and Run-up Hazards Induced by Solitary Waves and Bores",slug:"overtopping-and-run-up-hazards-induced-by-solitary-waves-and-bores",totalDownloads:2847,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tom E. Baldock and Damitha Peiris",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18834",title:"Dr.",name:"Tom",middleName:null,surname:"Baldock",fullName:"Tom Baldock",slug:"tom-baldock"},{id:"18835",title:"Dr.",name:"Damitha",middleName:null,surname:"Peiris",fullName:"Damitha Peiris",slug:"damitha-peiris"}]},{id:"13078",type:"chapter",title:"Major Tsunami Risks from Splay Faulting",slug:"major-tsunami-risks-from-splay-faulting",totalDownloads:2636,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mohammad Heidarzadeh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14558",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Heidarzadeh",fullName:"Mohammad Heidarzadeh",slug:"mohammad-heidarzadeh"}]},{id:"13079",type:"chapter",title:"Forecasting Landslide Generated Tsunamis: a Review",slug:"forecasting-landslide-generated-tsunamis-a-review",totalDownloads:2719,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Marcello Di Risio, Paolo De Girolamo and Gian Mario Beltrami",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Di Risio",fullName:"Marcello Di Risio",slug:"marcello-di-risio"},{id:"16259",title:"Dr.",name:"Gian Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Beltrami",fullName:"Gian Mario Beltrami",slug:"gian-mario-beltrami"},{id:"17814",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"De Girolamo",fullName:"Paolo De Girolamo",slug:"paolo-de-girolamo"}]},{id:"13080",type:"chapter",title:"The Vulnerability of a City - Diagnosis from a Bird’s Eye View",slug:"the-vulnerability-of-a-city-diagnosis-from-a-bird-s-eye-view",totalDownloads:2705,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Hannes Taubenböck",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14721",title:"Dr.",name:"Hannes",middleName:null,surname:"Taubenböck",fullName:"Hannes Taubenböck",slug:"hannes-taubenbock"}]},{id:"13081",type:"chapter",title:"Resistance of Flexible Emergent Vegetation and Their Effects on the Forces and Runup Due to Waves",slug:"resistance-of-flexible-emergent-vegetation-and-their-effects-on-the-forces-and-runup-due-to-waves",totalDownloads:2551,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sundar Vallam, Murali Kantharaj and Noarayanan Lakshmanan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17802",title:"Prof.",name:"Sundar",middleName:null,surname:"Vallam",fullName:"Sundar Vallam",slug:"sundar-vallam"}]},{id:"13082",type:"chapter",title:"Effectiveness and Limitations of Vegetation Bioshield in Coast for Tsunami Disaster Mitigagation",slug:"effectiveness-and-limitations-of-vegetation-bioshield-in-coast-for-tsunami-disaster-mitigagation",totalDownloads:3762,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Norio Tanaka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17864",title:"Dr.",name:"Norio",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Norio Tanaka",slug:"norio-tanaka"}]},{id:"13083",type:"chapter",title:"The 2004 Tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: Coastal Ecosystem Services, Damages and Resilience",slug:"the-2004-tsunami-in-aceh-a-southern-thailand-coastal-ecosystem-services-damages-and-resilience",totalDownloads:3425,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Roland Cochard",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17684",title:"Dr.",name:"Roland",middleName:null,surname:"Cochard",fullName:"Roland Cochard",slug:"roland-cochard"}]},{id:"13084",type:"chapter",title:"Determination of Tsunami Inundation Model Using Terrestrial Laser Scanner Techniques",slug:"determination-of-tsunami-inundation-model-using-terrestrial-laser-scanner-techniques",totalDownloads:3044,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Giuseppe Mastronuzzi and Cosimo Pignatelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15503",title:"Dr.",name:"Cosimo",middleName:null,surname:"Pignatelli",fullName:"Cosimo Pignatelli",slug:"cosimo-pignatelli"},{id:"17323",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:"Antonio",surname:"Mastronuzzi",fullName:"Giuseppe Mastronuzzi",slug:"giuseppe-mastronuzzi"}]},{id:"13085",type:"chapter",title:"Sedimentary Characteristics of the Holocene Tsunamigenic Deposits in the Coastal Systems of the Cadiz Gulf (Spain)",slug:"sedimentary-characteristics-of-the-holocene-tsunamigenic-deposits-in-the-coastal-systems-of-the-cadi",totalDownloads:2593,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Juan A. Morales, José M. Gutiérrez Mas, José Borrego and Antonio Rodríguez-Ramírez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16589",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morales",fullName:"Juan Antonio Morales",slug:"juan-antonio-morales"},{id:"16597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez",fullName:"Jose Manuel Gutierrez",slug:"jose-manuel-gutierrez"},{id:"16598",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Borrego",fullName:"Jose Borrego",slug:"jose-borrego"},{id:"16599",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Ramírez",fullName:"Antonio Rodríguez-Ramírez",slug:"antonio-rodriguez-ramirez"}]},{id:"13086",type:"chapter",title:"Grain-Size and Thin Section Characteristics of Tsunami Sediments from Thai-Andaman Coast, Thailand",slug:"grain-size-and-thin-section-characteristics-of-tsunami-sediments-from-thai-andaman-coast-thailand",totalDownloads:3215,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wagner Jean-Frank and Srisutam Chanchai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16092",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Wagner",fullName:"Jean-Frank Wagner",slug:"jean-frank-wagner"},{id:"16100",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanchai",middleName:null,surname:"Srisutam",fullName:"Chanchai Srisutam",slug:"chanchai-srisutam"}]},{id:"13087",type:"chapter",title:"Geological Study of Unusual Tsunami Deposits in the Kuril Subduction Zone for Mitigation of Tsunami Disasters",slug:"geological-study-of-unusual-tsunami-deposits-in-the-kuril-subduction-zone-for-mitigation-of-tsunami-",totalDownloads:2609,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Futoshi Nanayama, Kiyuyuki Shigeno, Yorinao Shitaoka and Ryuta Furukawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17281",title:"Dr.",name:"Futoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nanayama",fullName:"Futoshi Nanayama",slug:"futoshi-nanayama"},{id:"23906",title:"Mr",name:"Kiyoyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Shigeno",fullName:"Kiyoyuki Shigeno",slug:"kiyoyuki-shigeno"},{id:"23907",title:"Dr.",name:"Yorinao",middleName:null,surname:"Shitaoka",fullName:"Yorinao Shitaoka",slug:"yorinao-shitaoka"},{id:"23908",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryuta",middleName:null,surname:"Furukawa",fullName:"Ryuta Furukawa",slug:"ryuta-furukawa"}]},{id:"13088",type:"chapter",title:"Sand Sheets on a Beach-Ridge Plain in Thailand: Identification and Dating of Tsunami Deposits in a Far-Field Tropical Setting",slug:"sand-sheets-on-a-beach-ridge-plain-in-thailand-identification-and-dating-of-tsunami-deposits-in-a-fa",totalDownloads:2608,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Kruawun Jankaew, Maria E. Martin, Yuki Sawai and Amy L. Prendergast",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16526",title:"Dr.",name:"Kruawun",middleName:null,surname:"Jankaew",fullName:"Kruawun Jankaew",slug:"kruawun-jankaew"}]},{id:"13089",type:"chapter",title:"The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: Impact on and Rehabilitation of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Thailand",slug:"the-2004-indian-ocean-tsunami-impact-on-and-rehabilitation-of-fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-thailand",totalDownloads:5801,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Suwat Tanyaros and David Crookall",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14664",title:"Dr.",name:"Suwat",middleName:"-",surname:"Tanyaros",fullName:"Suwat Tanyaros",slug:"suwat-tanyaros"},{id:"17765",title:"Mr",name:"Barry",middleName:null,surname:"Bendell",fullName:"Barry Bendell",slug:"barry-bendell"},{id:"24337",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Crookall",fullName:"David Crookall",slug:"david-crookall"}]},{id:"13090",type:"chapter",title:"Tide Gauge Observations of the Indian Ocean Tsunami, December 26, 2004, at the Rio De La Plata Estuary, Argentina",slug:"tide-gauge-observations-of-the-indian-ocean-tsunami-december-26-2004-at-the-rio-de-la-plata-estuary-",totalDownloads:2304,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Walter Dragani, Enrique D’Onofrio, Dernis Mediavilla, Walter Grismeyer and Mónica Fiore",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14878",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",middleName:"César",surname:"Dragani",fullName:"Walter Dragani",slug:"walter-dragani"}]},{id:"13091",type:"chapter",title:"Traces of Tsunami Events in off- and on-Shore Environments. Case Studies in the Maldives Scotland and Sweden",slug:"traces-of-tsunami-events-in-off-and-on-shore-environments-case-studies-in-the-maldives-scotland-and-",totalDownloads:2517,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Mörner, Nils-Axel and Dawson, Sue",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15619",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils-Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Morner",fullName:"Nils-Axel Morner",slug:"nils-axel-morner"}]},{id:"13092",type:"chapter",title:"Tsunami Deposit Research: Fidelity of the Tsunami Record, Ephemeral Nature, Tsunami Deposits Characteristics, Remobilization of Sediment by Later Waves, and Boulder Movements",slug:"tsunami-deposit-research-fidelity-of-the-tsunami-record-ephemeral-nature-tsunami-deposits-characteri",totalDownloads:2618,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Barbara H., Keating, Charles E. Helsley, Matt Wanink, and Daniel Walker",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18985",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:"Keating",surname:"Helsley",fullName:"Barbara Helsley",slug:"barbara-helsley"}]},{id:"13093",type:"chapter",title:"The Atlantic Tsunami on November 1st, 1755: World Range and Amplitude According to Primary Documentary Sources",slug:"the-atlantic-tsunami-on-november-1st-1755-world-range-and-amplitude-according-to-primary-documentary",totalDownloads:2994,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Paul-Louis Blanc",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17900",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul-Louis",middleName:null,surname:"Blanc",fullName:"Paul-Louis Blanc",slug:"paul-louis-blanc"}]},{id:"13094",type:"chapter",title:"The 1889 Johnstown, Pennsylvania Flood: a Physics-Based Simulation",slug:"the-1889-johnstown-pennsylvania-flood-a-physics-based-simulation",totalDownloads:3795,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Steven N. Ward",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16671",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven N.",middleName:null,surname:"Ward",fullName:"Steven N. Ward",slug:"steven-n.-ward"}]},{id:"13095",type:"chapter",title:"Land Cover Mapping and Change Detection Analysis over Nanggroe Aceh (NAD) Province after Tsunami",slug:"land-cover-mapping-and-change-detection-analysis-over-nanggroe-aceh-nad-province-after-tsunami",totalDownloads:4349,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"K. C. Tan, H. S. Lim, M. Z. MatJafri, and K. Abdullah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"3910",title:"Dr.",name:"Hwee-San",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",fullName:"Hwee-San Lim",slug:"hwee-san-lim"},{id:"11195",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Zubir",middleName:null,surname:"Mat Jafri",fullName:"Mohd Zubir Mat Jafri",slug:"mohd-zubir-mat-jafri"},{id:"11196",title:"Dr.",name:"Khiruddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",fullName:"Khiruddin Abdullah",slug:"khiruddin-abdullah"},{id:"15488",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Chooi",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Kok Chooi Tan",slug:"kok-chooi-tan"}]},{id:"13096",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical Model for Multi-Layered Tsunami Waves",slug:"numerical-model-for-multi-layered-tsunami-waves",totalDownloads:2084,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Monzur Alam Imteaz, Fumihiko Imamura and Jamal Naser",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15106",title:"Dr.",name:"Monzur",middleName:null,surname:"Imteaz",fullName:"Monzur Imteaz",slug:"monzur-imteaz"},{id:"17013",title:"Prof.",name:"Fumihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Imamura",fullName:"Fumihiko Imamura",slug:"fumihiko-imamura"},{id:"17014",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamal",middleName:null,surname:"Naser",fullName:"Jamal Naser",slug:"jamal-naser"}]},{id:"13097",type:"chapter",title:"Estimation of Tsunami Initial Displacement of Water Surface Using Inversion Method with a Priori Information",slug:"estimation-of-tsunami-initial-displacement-of-water-surface-using-inversion-method-with-a-priori-inf",totalDownloads:2268,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nobuaki Koike",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15580",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuaki",middleName:null,surname:"Koike",fullName:"Nobuaki Koike",slug:"nobuaki-koike"}]},{id:"13643",type:"chapter",title:"The All-Source Green's Function of Linear Shallow Water Dynamic System: Its Numerical Constructions and Applications to Tsunami Problems",slug:"the-all-source-green-s-function-of-linear-shallow-water-dynamic-system-its-numerical-constructions-a",totalDownloads:2506,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Zhigang Xu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16327",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhigang",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Zhigang Xu",slug:"zhigang-xu"}]},{id:"13099",type:"chapter",title:"A Multi-Sensor Research Program to Improve Tsunami Forecasting",slug:"a-multi-sensor-research-program-to-improve-tsunami-forecasting",totalDownloads:1802,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"George D. Curtis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14612",title:"Dr.",name:"George D.",middleName:null,surname:"Curtis",fullName:"George D. Curtis",slug:"george-d.-curtis"}]},{id:"13100",type:"chapter",title:"Algorithms for Automatic, Real-Time Tsunami Detection in Sea Level Measurements",slug:"algorithms-for-automatic-real-time-tsunami-detection-in-sea-level-measurements",totalDownloads:2785,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Gian Mario Beltrami, Marcello Di Risio and Paolo De Girolamo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Di Risio",fullName:"Marcello Di Risio",slug:"marcello-di-risio"},{id:"16259",title:"Dr.",name:"Gian Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Beltrami",fullName:"Gian Mario Beltrami",slug:"gian-mario-beltrami"},{id:"17814",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"De Girolamo",fullName:"Paolo De Girolamo",slug:"paolo-de-girolamo"}]},{id:"13642",type:"chapter",title:"Airborne Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Resources in Northern Sumatra after the Tsunami of 2004",slug:"airborne-geophysical-investigation-of-groundwater-resources-in-northern-sumatra-after-the-tsunami-of",totalDownloads:2742,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bernhard Siemon and Annika Steuer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14641",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Siemon",fullName:"Bernhard Siemon",slug:"bernhard-siemon"},{id:"17983",title:"Dr.",name:"Annika",middleName:null,surname:"Steuer",fullName:"Annika Steuer",slug:"annika-steuer"}]},{id:"13102",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Hydro-Geochemical and Geo-Electrical Techniques to Identify the Impact of Tsunami in the Coastal Groundwater",slug:"application-of-hydro-geochemical-and-geo-electrical-techniques-to-identify-the-impact-of-tsunami-in-",totalDownloads:3071,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chidambaram S., Ramanathan A.L., Prasanna M.V. and Manivannan R.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18035",title:"Dr.",name:"Chidambaram",middleName:null,surname:"Sabarathinam",fullName:"Chidambaram Sabarathinam",slug:"chidambaram-sabarathinam"},{id:"18342",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramanathan",middleName:null,surname:"Alagappan",fullName:"Ramanathan Alagappan",slug:"ramanathan-alagappan"},{id:"18343",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan Viswanathan",fullName:"Prasanna Mohan Viswanathan",slug:"prasanna-mohan-viswanathan"}]},{id:"13103",type:"chapter",title:"Generation and Propagation of Frequency-Dispersive Tsunamis",slug:"generation-and-propagation-of-frequency-dispersive-tsunamis",totalDownloads:1991,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Claudia Cecioni and Giorgio Bellotti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14550",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Bellotti",fullName:"Giorgio Bellotti",slug:"giorgio-bellotti"},{id:"14552",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Cecioni",fullName:"Claudia Cecioni",slug:"claudia-cecioni"}]},{id:"13104",type:"chapter",title:"HF Skywave Radar Performance in the Tsunami Detection and Measurement Role",slug:"hf-skywave-radar-performance-in-the-tsunami-detection-and-measurement-role",totalDownloads:2715,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Stuart Anderson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14695",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",fullName:"Stuart Anderson",slug:"stuart-anderson"}]},{id:"13105",type:"chapter",title:"Atmospheric Gravity Waves and Effects in the Upper Atmosphere Associated with Tsunamis",slug:"atmospheric-gravity-waves-and-effects-in-the-upper-atmosphere-associated-with-tsunamis",totalDownloads:4374,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michael P. Hickey",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15214",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael P.",middleName:null,surname:"Hickey",fullName:"Michael P. Hickey",slug:"michael-p.-hickey"}]},{id:"13106",type:"chapter",title:"Autopsy and Identification Techniques",slug:"autopsy-and-identification-techniques",totalDownloads:8426,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Jean-Pol Beauthier, Philippe Lefevre and Eddy De Valck",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15381",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pol",middleName:"Roger Auguste Gustave",surname:"Beauthier",fullName:"Jean-Pol Beauthier",slug:"jean-pol-beauthier"},{id:"15382",title:"PhD.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Lefevre",fullName:"Philippe Lefevre",slug:"philippe-lefevre"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3837",title:"Geochronology",subtitle:"Methods and Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b1836bafece610b56c6334e338be74c",slug:"geochronology-methods-and-case-studies",bookSignature:"Nils-Axel Morner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15619",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils-Axel",surname:"Morner",slug:"nils-axel-morner",fullName:"Nils-Axel Morner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"47051",title:"Quaternary Geochronology Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) – Current Status of the AMS System at the TONO Geoscience Center",slug:"quaternary-geochronology-using-accelerator-mass-spectrometry-ams-current-status-of-the-ams-system-at",signatures:"Akihiro Matsubara, Yoko Saito-Kokubu, Akimitsu Nishizawa,\nMasayasu Miyake, Tsuneari Ishimaru and Koji Umeda",authors:[{id:"52811",title:"Dr.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Umeda",fullName:"Koji Umeda",slug:"koji-umeda"},{id:"170321",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Matsubara",fullName:"Akihiro Matsubara",slug:"akihiro-matsubara"}]},{id:"47052",title:"Luminescence Chronology",slug:"luminescence-chronology",signatures:"Ken Munyikwa",authors:[{id:"169465",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Munyikwa",fullName:"Ken Munyikwa",slug:"ken-munyikwa"}]},{id:"46984",title:"Varve Chronology",slug:"varve-chronology",signatures:"Nils-Axel Mörner",authors:[{id:"15619",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils-Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Morner",fullName:"Nils-Axel Morner",slug:"nils-axel-morner"}]},{id:"46954",title:"Geochronology From The Castelo Branco Pluton (Portugal) — Isotopic Methodologies",slug:"geochronology-from-the-castelo-branco-pluton-portugal-isotopic-methodologies",signatures:"Antunes Imhr",authors:[{id:"169469",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes",fullName:"Isabel Antunes",slug:"isabel-antunes"},{id:"170573",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",fullName:"Ana Neiva",slug:"ana-neiva"},{id:"170574",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Maria Silva",slug:"maria-silva"}]},{id:"47054",title:"In situ U-Pb Dating Combined with SEM Imaging on Zircon — An Analytical Bond for Effective Geological Recontructions",slug:"in-situ-u-pb-dating-combined-with-sem-imaging-on-zircon-an-analytical-bond-for-effective-geological-",signatures:"Annamaria Fornelli, Giuseppe Piccarreta and Francesca Micheletti",authors:[{id:"169456",title:"Dr.",name:"Annamaria",middleName:null,surname:"Fornelli",fullName:"Annamaria Fornelli",slug:"annamaria-fornelli"},{id:"169457",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Micheletti",fullName:"Francesca Micheletti",slug:"francesca-micheletti"},{id:"169458",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Piccarreta",fullName:"Giuseppe Piccarreta",slug:"giuseppe-piccarreta"}]},{id:"47225",title:"Layered PGE Paleoproterozoic (LIP) Intrusions in the N-E Part of the Fennoscandian Shield — Isotope Nd-Sr and 3He/4He Data, Summarizing U-Pb Ages (on Baddeleyite and Zircon), Sm-Nd Data (on Rock-Forming and Sulphide Minerals), Duration and Mineralizatio",slug:"layered-pge-paleoproterozoic-lip-intrusions-in-the-n-e-part-of-the-fennoscandian-shield-isotope-nd-s",signatures:"T. Bayanova, F. Mitrofanov, P. Serov, L. Nerovich, N. Yekimova, E.\nNitkina and I. Kamensky",authors:[{id:"144199",title:"Prof.",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"Bayanova",fullName:"Tamara Bayanova",slug:"tamara-bayanova"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"41",title:"The Tsunami Threat",subtitle:"Research and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"the-tsunami-threat-research-and-technology",bookSignature:"Nils-Axel M?rner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/41.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15619",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils-Axel",surname:"Morner",slug:"nils-axel-morner",fullName:"Nils-Axel Morner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"406",title:"Tsunami",subtitle:"A Growing Disaster",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"480bcef9ee77d8b77847d1022bd5eb7a",slug:"tsunami-a-growing-disaster",bookSignature:"Mohammad Mokhtari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/406.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52451",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Mokhtari",slug:"mohammad-mokhtari",fullName:"Mohammad Mokhtari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80628",title:"Image Restoration and Noise Reduction with Context-Dependent Wavelet Graph and ADMM Optimization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102681",slug:"image-restoration-and-noise-reduction-with-context-dependent-wavelet-graph-and-admm-optimization",body:'We consider the inverse problem of deriving the original image
where
where the first term is the data fidelity term for the Gaussian observation model and the second term is the regularization term, measuring the penalty of a solution that deviated away from the prior knowledge of the desired image. The modeling of the desired image is at the core of the approach [1, 2, 3, 4]. The primary challenge of solving the problem is to recover the local high-frequency information of edges and texture in the original images that are not present in the observation.
If
If
In this chapter, we also present a restoration algorithm that combines the noise reduction algorithm with the proximal point method [12]. The primary technical contributions of our methods are the context-dependent graphical representations and the algorithms to derive the optimal graphs of each representation. Finding the optimal graph in a combinatorial way is extremely difficult and likely an NP-hard problem [13, 14]. Unlike the combinatorial approach, we impose constraints on edges and include edges in the optimal graph only when the constraints on the edges are active. This renders a computationally solvable optimization problem and the solution is a graph with only a small number of active edges.
Based on local content in an image, the context-dependent representation divides the image into singular and smooth areas. Singular areas, consisting of edges or texture, are represented and processed differently from the smooth areas. The graphs of singular areas are constructed based on the persistence and sparsity of wavelet coefficients of the image. The persistence is imposed on the inter-scale edges so that the solution at one scale can be used to confine that in adjacent scales. Meanwhile, the sparsity is imposed on the intra-scale edges that preserve the edges in which end nodes have similar intensity. In contrast, a graph of a smooth area is in the image domain and has only sparse intra-scale edges.
The algorithm to derive the optimal graphs, called graphical ADMM, is based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) method [15, 16]. It is an efficient and robust algorithm since it breaks a complicated problem into smaller pieces, each of which is easier to handle. In our case, the node update is separated from the edge update in the optimization. In addition, for wavelet graphs, graphical ADMM approximates the multi-scale optimization problem into a sequence of sub-problems; each can be efficiently solved by convex optimization methods.
The chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the models and the construction for the context-dependent graphs. In Section 3, we formulate the noise reduction problem as a graph optimization model and present the graphical ADMM method to derive optimal graphs. In Section 4, the image restoration problem is formulated as the proximal point method that reduces the problem into a sequence of noise reduction problems, each being solved by the method in Section 3. In Section 5, experimental results and the principal differences between our and the compared methods are also discussed. Section 6 contains concluding marks.
An image is comprised of features of edges, texture, and smooth areas. A common approach to obtain a good image processing result is to treat different features with different approaches [17, 18]. Following this approach, an image is partitioned into two types of blocks. A block containing an edge point or texture is a singular block, while the others are smooth blocks. To keep the flow, we delay the partitioning method of an image, which is described in part A of Section 5, but this is not necessary to accurately partition an image to achieve the performance demonstrated in this chapter. The singular and smooth blocks were handled with different graph optimization approaches: a singular block is in the wavelet domain, while a smooth block is in the image domain. In the wavelet domain, a singular block is represented by several weighted graphs, one corresponding to an orientation. If the wavelet transform has three orientations, LH, HL, and HH, then one graph is for LH sub-bands, another for HL sub-bands, and the third for HH sub-bands. The graph for one orientation is constructed as follows.
Each wavelet coefficient is associated with a node. Edges are comprised of inter-scale and intra-scale edges. An inter-scale edge connecting nodes in adjacent scales can direct either from a coarse scale to a finer scale or vice versa. The inter-scale edges are built-in and data-independent; they are constructed based on the wavelet persistence. In contrast, an intra-scale edge connecting nodes of the same scale is un-directed, data-dependent, and determined based on the sparseness from the graph optimization algorithm. Regularizations have been imposed on inter-scale edges to preserve the persistence of wavelet coefficients across scales and on intra-scale edges to preserve the similarity of wavelet coefficients on nodes at the two ends of an edge.
Since wavelets can characterize singularities, representing singularities with wavelets can facilitate the restoration of edges and texture in an image. The persistence property of wavelets means that the wavelet coefficients dependency and correlations across scales. Thus, inter-scale edges were constructed to link the wavelet coefficients of the same orientation and locations at adjacent scales. Moreover, the correlations of wavelet coefficients from a coarser scale to a finer scale are different from that from a finer scale to a coarser scale. There are two types of inter-scale edges—coarse-to-fine and fine-to-coarse. The coarse-to-fine inter-scale correlation is derived based on the statistical result by Simoncelli [19], who analyzed the correlation between the dyadic wavelet coefficients in a coarse scale to those at the same location and orientation at the immediate finer scale in a natural image. The coarse-to-fine inter-scale correlation of wavelet coefficient
where
On the other hand, the fine-to-coarse inter-scale correlation is derived from the theoretical result of wavelet singularity, analyzed by Mallat and Hwang [20]. Let
where
where
A coherent or similar structure can be used to leverage the quality of the restoration [2, 21]. This is the principle behind the success of BM3D and the example-based approach in image processing [22]. Many similarity metrics have been proposed to derive the coherent structure, such as the mutual information, the kernel functions, and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. In this chapter, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient is modified for some technical concern to derive the intra-scale correlation of random variables
where
An illustrative example of how the metric
The intra-scale edges are determined based on the sparsity constraint aiming to preserve the edges in which end nodes have similar values. The number of the edges is determined by the parameter:
where
The aforementioned are integrated and summarized for our context-dependent representation of an image. An image is divided into blocks. Each block is classified as either a singular block or a smooth block. A singular block is then represented with the dyadic wavelet transform, where the scale is sampled following a geometrical sequence of the ratio of 2 and the spatial domain is not down-sampled. The dyadic wavelet transform of an image is comprised of four sub-bands, LL, LH, HL, and HH, with the last three being the orientation sub-bands. A singular block is associated with three graphs—one for each orientation sub-bands. Since smooth blocks can be well restored in the image domain, the wavelet transform is not applied to the blocks and a smooth block is associated with a graph in the image domain. Each graph, associated with a singular block or a smooth block, is constructed independently of other graphs. Figure 2 illustrates an example of graph representation for a block of four pixels.
A block of four pixels can be a smooth block (top) or a singular block (bottom). A smooth block is processed in the image domain. A singular block is in the wavelet domain, where a multi-scale graph is associated with each orientation. The blue and green are built-in directed inter-scale edges and the red are un-directed intra-scale edges. The inter-scale edge connects nodes at the same locations and orientation but at scales next to each other. The green edge is coarse-to-fine, linking a node to its parent, while the blue edge is fine-to-coarse, linking a node to its child. The intra-scale edges are determined by graphical ADMM, which decomposes the node update and edge update in the optimization.
The noise reduction problem corresponds to problem (1), where
Let
where
Problem (8) has a convenient matrix representation. Let
where
Each row of
where
The ADMM algorithm intends to blend the decomposability of dual ascent with the superior convergence properties of the method of multipliers. Here, ADMM is used to derive the optimal graph by separating the node and edge update. Graphical ADMM derives the saddle points of
by iterating the following updates:
where
The third update in Eq. (13) has the following interpretation. If
A smooth block is processed in the image domain, where each pixel is associated with a node in a graph. Problem (8) becomes finding the optimal graph by solving
The optimal graph can be derived by a method similar to that for a singular block.
The update rule for edge variables
If only the terms in Eq. (3) relevant to the optimization variables,
because
We first solve Eq. (17) without the constraint and obtain the solution
by soft-thresholding with
It is then followed by orthogonally projecting
Eq. (20) can be solved by a sequence of soft-thresholding operations. The algorithm is sketched as follows. First, we check whether
The solution is the soft-thresholding as
If
The complexity to update edge variables is analyzed. If the number of pixels of a block is
The node update for a singular block is more complicated than that for a smooth block because a graph for a singular block has a multi-scale structure, where adjacent scales are linked by inter-scale edges.
To update the nodes
for given
Our approach is to decompose the problem based on the scale parameter into a sequence of sub-problems. Each scale is associated with two convex sub-problems: one is a coarse-to-fine sub-problem and the other is a fine-to-coarse sub-problem. The coarse-to-fine sub-problem assumes the parent nodes at scale
On the other hand, the fine-to-coarse sub-problem updates the nodes at scale by minimizing4
The node update problem (23) can then be approximated by repeatedly solving the coarse-to-fine iteration followed by the fine-to-coarse iteration. The coarse-to-fine iteration solves a sequence of the coarse-to-fine sub-problems beginning at the coarsest scale. In contrast, the fine-to-coarse iteration solves a sequence of the fine-to-coarse sub-problems beginning at the finest scale.
Problems (24) and (25) can be efficiently solved. The objectives in the sub-problems are strictly convex functions because their Hessian matrices are positive definite (as can be observed from the inverse matrix of Eqs. (26) and (27)) and, thus, the optimal solution of each is unique. The closed-form solutions of the sub-problems can be derived as follows.
For convenience, we omit all the superscript index in Eqs. (24) and (25) and let
where
The complexity of the matrix inversion in Eqs. (26) and (27) is low since
The node update for a smooth block can be analytically derived from the problem (15) at the condition that
where
If an image has
Graphical ADMM consists of a sequence of updating the primal and dual variables and the complexity of the algorithm is dominated by the primal variable updates. Our analysis of one iteration of Eq. (13) for node updates and edge updates indicates that the costs are
There are various image restoration methods [23]. Here, we use the proximal approach proposed in [24] and [12]. The method smartly reduces the image restoration problem into a sequence of noise reduction problems. Since graphical ADMM for noise reduction is efficient, it can be adopted to derive the optimal graphs for image restoration. Like for noise reduction, a graph is handled independently of the other graphs. The following discussion is focused on deriving the optimal graph for a block.
Let
with a known blur kernel
The parameter
Simplifying the above objective, we have the following simpler form by removing
where
We consider several image denoising and deblurring scenarios used as the benchmarks in state-of-the-art algorithms for performance evaluations and comparisons. The setting of experiments is given as follows. The experiments were conducted on images in Sets I and II in Figure 3. Set I contains six gray-scaled natural images, Einstein, Boat, Barbara, Lena, Cameraman, and House. The size of each image is
The images in set I (first row) and set II (second row). Set I contains six gray-scaled natural images and set II contains six gray-scaled textures.
Our noise reduction performance was compared against that of BM3D, WBN, and DRUNet. The perceptual quality of the methods is shown in Figure 4. The Lena image of BM3D over-smooths the highlighted area of hat, which is rich in edges and textures. Similarly, textures in the highlighted area of hat in DRUNet are smooth. The image of WBN, on the contrary, under-smooths the highlighted smooth area around the chin and shoulder of Lena. These artifacts have been amended by graphical ADMM, as shown in Figure 4f.
Comparisons of the denoised Lena images derived by BM3D, WBN, DRUNet, and graphical ADMM. The noise standard deviation is set at
The quantity comparisons, measured by the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), of Set I and Set II are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The testing environments were images contaminated with the noise of variances,
Image | Method | PSNR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Einstein | BM3D | 34.4392 | 33.0331 | 32.1694 | 31.4186 | 30.8709 | 30.3777 |
WBN | 34.4848 | 33.0821 | 32.3429 | 31.4728 | 30.9178 | 30.4109 | |
Proposed | 34.5013 | 33.1005 | 32.3544 | 31.4862 | 30.9306 | 30.4255 | |
DRUNet | 34.9948 | 33.6019 | 32.7411 | 32.1092 | 31.5952 | 31.1622 | |
BM3D | 33.8883 | 32.1067 | 30.8554 | 29.8356 | 29.0954 | 28.2992 | |
Boat | WBN | 33.9095 | 32.1369 | 30.8874 | 29.8561 | 29.1273 | 28.3285 |
Proposed | 33.9241 | 32.1504 | 30.9063 | 29.8772 | 29.1416 | 28.3410 | |
DRUNet | 34.4264 | 32.7123 | 31.5194 | 30.5768 | 29.8391 | 29.1826 | |
BM3D | 34.9567 | 33.0666 | 31.7376 | 30.7176 | 29.7049 | 28.8879 | |
Barbara | WBN | 34.9643 | 33.0831 | 31.7515 | 30.7332 | 29.7233 | 28.4571 |
Proposed | 34.9704 | 33.1012 | 31.7735 | 30.7468 | 29.7458 | 28.4675 | |
DRUNet | 35.2115 | 33.4389 | 32.1951 | 31.2341 | 30.4275 | 29.7520 | |
BM3D | 36.6367 | 34.8782 | 33.0567 | 32.5501 | 31.6531 | 31.0301 | |
Lena | WBN | 36.6354 | 34.8886 | 33.3048 | 32.4488 | 31.5617 | 30.9148 |
Proposed | 36.6447 | 34.8960 | 33.3065 | 32.5632 | 31.6744 | 31.1022 | |
DRUNet | 36.4431 | 34.9269 | 33.8363 | 32.9669 | 32.2285 | 31.6072 | |
BM3D | 34.1355 | 31.8449 | 30.3797 | 29.4118 | 28.5516 | 27.8758 | |
Cameraman | WBN | 34.1637 | 31.8675 | 30.5629 | 29.5723 | 28.7274 | 28.0487 |
Proposed | 34.1668 | 31.8776 | 30.5732 | 29.5804 | 28.7335 | 28.0614 | |
DRUNet | 34.9927 | 32.9133 | 31.5788 | 30.6079 | 29.8462 | 29.2131 | |
BM3D | 36.6638 | 34.9028 | 33.7349 | 32.9084 | 32.1240 | 31.5103 | |
House | WBN | 36.8538 | 34.9302 | 33.7620 | 32.9363 | 32.1571 | 31.5390 |
Proposed | 36.8665 | 34.9367 | 33.7742 | 32.9420 | 32.1643 | 31.5404 | |
DRUNet | 37.4420 | 35.8267 | 34.7084 | 33.9251 | 33.2517 | 32.6733 |
Comparisons of the PSNRs of the noise reduction methods on noisy images with the noise of standard deviation
Image | Method | PSNR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F0 | BM3D | 32.5200 | 30.3213 | 28.8595 | 27.7279 | 26.7751 | 25.9243 |
WBN | 32.6212 | 30.4143 | 28.9314 | 27.8087 | 26.8644 | 26.0136 | |
Proposed | 32.6338 | 30.4365 | 28.9572 | 27.8276 | 26.8867 | 26.0345 | |
DRUNet | 33.7186 | 31.7164 | 30.2770 | 29.1838 | 28.3420 | 27.6675 | |
BM3D | 29.3575 | 26.3832 | 24.3540 | 22.8154 | 21.6195 | 20.6102 | |
F3 | WBN | 29.5361 | 26.5738 | 24.5363 | 23.0236 | 21.8514 | 20.9144 |
Proposed | 29.5464 | 26.5896 | 24.5554 | 23.0467 | 21.8722 | 20.9364 | |
DRUNet | 30.0832 | 27.2371 | 25.3141 | 23.8812 | 22.7516 | 21.8235 | |
BM3D | 29.8987 | 27.3043 | 25.6216 | 24.3522 | 23.4010 | 22.5878 | |
F7 | WBN | 30.1253 | 27.3765 | 25.6782 | 24.4186 | 23.4862 | 22.6574 |
Proposed | 30.1470 | 27.3932 | 25.6914 | 24.4375 | 23.5002 | 22.6786 | |
DRUNet | 30.8467 | 28.2704 | 26.5578 | 25.3201 | 24.3751 | 23.6274 | |
BM3D | 34.0075 | 32.4024 | 31.2442 | 30.311 | 29.5213 | 28.7919 | |
g3 | WBN | 34.0384 | 32.4566 | 31.2517 | 30.3472 | 29.5506 | 28.8064 |
Proposed | 34.0415 | 32.4734 | 31.2570 | 30.3613 | 29.5712 | 28.8115 | |
DRUNet | 34.2632 | 32.7016 | 31.6367 | 30.7665 | 30.0146 | 29.3556 | |
BM3D | 31.3155 | 29.0087 | 27.4678 | 26.3278 | 25.4362 | 24.7034 | |
p3 | WBN | 31.3385 | 29.0274 | 27.4936 | 26.3414 | 25.4535 | 24.7153 |
Proposed | 31.3520 | 29.0475 | 27.5102 | 26.3588 | 25.4763 | 24.7274 | |
DRUNet | 31.9992 | 29.7159 | 28.1847 | 27.0464 | 26.1412 | 25.3947 | |
BM3D | 31.5652 | 29.5789 | 28.3481 | 27.4696 | 26.7822 | 26.2039 | |
r3 | WBN | 31.6362 | 29.6675 | 28.4277 | 27.5486 | 26.8774 | 26.2745 |
Proposed | 31.6521 | 29.6836 | 28.4672 | 27.5665 | 26.9013 | 26.3020 | |
DRUNet | 31.8651 | 29.9371 | 28.7082 | 27.8162 | 27.1131 | 26.5323 |
Comparisons of the PSNRs of the noise reduction methods on set II texture images.
Table 3 presents five-point spread functions (PSFs) used for image restoration in literature [11]. Each PSF was normalized to have unit 1-norm before it was used to blur an image. The performance was compared with the state-of-the-art methods, IDD-BM3D and DPIR. To have fair comparisons, both methods used the same initial images in each experiment. The visual quality of the restored images is shown in Figure 5 and the blue and red boxes are magnifications of the highlighted areas in the image. Compared with the original images, the overall perceptual quality of the images of IDD-BM3D and DPIR appear over-smoothed, whereas graphical ADMM preserves more image details, leading to better perceptual quality. Graphical ADMM can preserve more details because it uses the multi-scale approach in treating the texture and edge regions. The wavelet persistence property allows information at coarse scales to pass to fine scales and vice versa. As a result, graphical ADMM yields shaper results in recovering singular points in images.
Blur Kernel | Formulation | size |
---|---|---|
Uniform | ||
Gaussian ( | ||
Gaussian ( |
Blur kernels for experiments. The
Comparisons of the deblurred images. The blue and red boxes are the magnified areas in the image. (a) the original
The quantity comparison is shown in Figure 6, where the performance improvement of graphical ADMM over IDD-BM3D was measured by the ISNR (increased signal-to-noise ratio) [26]. The ISNR quantitatively assesses the restored images with known ground truths. Let
Average and standard deviation of the ISNR gain of DPIR over IDD-BM3D and graphical ADMM over IDD-BM3D. Each image is blurred and then added to white noise of standard deviation indicated by the noise level. The image was then deblurred. An ISNR gain was calculated from the de-blurred images. The circled point and bar of a measurement at a noise level are the average and standard deviation, respectively, of thirty ISNR gains of natural images from set I ((a) DPIR over IDD-BM3D and (b) graphical ADMM over IDD-BM3D) and texture images from set II ((c) DPIR over IDD-BM3D and (d) graphical ADMM over IDD-BM3D). As shown, the curves of ISNR gain increase steadily and progressively when the noise level increases.
The higher the ISNR value of a restored image, the better the restoration quality of the image. The ISNR gain of graphical ADMM over that of IDD-BM3D is defined as
and the ISNR gain of DPIR over that of IDD-BM3D is defined as
Figure 6a and c show the ISNR gain of DPIR over IDD-BM3D in Set I and Set II, respectively. Figure 6b and d show the ISNR gain of graphical ADMM over IDD-BM3D in Set I and Set II, respectively. Let us take Figure 6b as an example. At a noise level, each image in Set I was first blurred by a kernel in Table 3. The result was added to white noise to obtain a noisy blurred image. This procedure generated thirty noisy blurred images since Set I contains six images and Table 3 has five blur kernels. Each noisy blurred image was deblurred. The ISNR gain of the image obtained by graphical ADMM and that by IDD-BM3D was calculated. The thirty ISNR gains were then used to calculate the mean and standard derivation, as shown in Figure 6. The mean ISNR gain of graphical ADMM increases steadily and progressively over IDD-BM3D, as the noise level increases.
DRUNet and DPIR are deep learning methods and the training data with a noise level of
For the optimization-based methods, the experiments have demonstrated the advantages of graphical ADMM in both the noise reduction and image restoration tasks over the compared methods. Recall that BM3D and IDD-BM3D adopt the image-dependent tight frame representations. IDD-BM3D also combines the analytic and synthetic optimization methods by de-coupling the noise reduction problem and the image restoration problem. This yields a game-theoretical approach that two formulations are used to minimize a single objective function. The solution adopted by IDD-BM3D is a Nash equilibrium point. The WBN represents an image as a multi-scale probabilistic DAG and adopts the belief propagation to derive the MAP solution.
The advantages of graphical ADMM lie in the context-dependent decompositions of an image horizontally in space and vertically along the scales in handling the image details. The spatial decomposition allows our method to overcome the cons of under-smoothing the smooth areas in WBN and keeps the pros of WBN that preserves sharp edges. Meanwhile, graphical ADMM is much more efficient than the time-consuming belief propagation adopted in WBN.
The mixture of data-dependent and data-independent edges in wavelet graph construction is a significant feature of our method. The intra-scale edges are determined by a data-dependent adaptive process, which imposes sparseness by keeping the edges which end nodes have similar coefficients in the optimal graph. The inter-scale edges are data-independent, built-in to leverage the wavelet persistence property. The inter-scale edges, passing information of singularities from finer scales to coarser scales and vice versa, can preserve more texture and edges in original images. This distinguishes our algorithm from BM3D and IDD-BM3D, which encode structure in atoms of a dictionary and select a few atoms for image representation.
We present a novel approach by combining spatial decomposition, vertical (multi-scale) decomposition, and ADMM optimization in a graphical framework for image noise reduction and restoration tasks. The graphical ADMM method has demonstrated that its results are superior to those of state-of-the-art algorithms. We also demonstrated that mixing data-dependent and data-independent structures in a graph representation can leverage the sparseness and persistence of a wavelet representation. Rather than adopting a combinatorial approach to derive an optimal graph, we showed that the graph can be derived by a numerically tractable optimization approach. In addition, we showed that the optimization problem is well coupled with our graph representation, and can be decomposed into a sequence of convex sub-problems, with each having an efficient closed-form solution. This opens a new perspective of combining a mixture of data-adaptive and data-independent structures, hierarchical decomposition, and optimization algorithms in modeling, representing, and solving more image processing tasks.
Book - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination, preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in an unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent sections, but together assembled into a collective whole.
",metaTitle:"Attribution Policy",metaDescription:"DEFINITION OF TERMS",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/attribution-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\\n\\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\\n\\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\\n\\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\n\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\n\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\n\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\n\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\n\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"ebgfFaeGuveeFgfcChcyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:127},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[],latestBooks:[]},subject:{topic:{id:"1147",title:"Microsurgery",slug:"microsurgery",parent:{id:"202",title:"Surgery",slug:"surgery"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:70,numberOfWosCitations:54,numberOfCrossrefCitations:29,numberOfDimensionsCitations:86,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1147",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3434",title:"Breast Reconstruction",subtitle:"Current Perspectives and State of the Art Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6628e9605fb2786daff7995a63f6b141",slug:"breast-reconstruction-current-perspectives-and-state-of-the-art-techniques",bookSignature:"Aldona J. Spiegel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84552",title:"Dr.",name:"Aldona",middleName:null,surname:"Spiegel",slug:"aldona-spiegel",fullName:"Aldona Spiegel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"565",title:"Breast Reconstruction",subtitle:"Current Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f615cbc43fe8e385eec27115a59defe",slug:"breast-reconstruction-current-techniques",bookSignature:"Marzia Salgarello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/565.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71121",title:"Dr.",name:"Marzia",middleName:null,surname:"Salgarello",slug:"marzia-salgarello",fullName:"Marzia Salgarello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"784",title:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c900031e8c6bc725799ec77cc210718",slug:"selected-topics-in-plastic-reconstructive-surgery",bookSignature:"Stefan Danilla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/784.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59459",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Danilla",slug:"stefan-danilla",fullName:"Stefan Danilla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"26559",doi:"10.5772/28833",title:"Local Antibiotic Therapy in the Treatment of Bone and Soft Tissue Infections",slug:"local-antibiotic-therapy-in-the-treatment-of-bone-and-soft-tissue-infections",totalDownloads:6536,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"784",slug:"selected-topics-in-plastic-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Stefanos Tsourvakas",authors:[{id:"75532",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanos",middleName:null,surname:"Tsourvakas",slug:"stefanos-tsourvakas",fullName:"Stefanos Tsourvakas"}]},{id:"27943",doi:"10.5772/39212",title:"One-Stage Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Implants in Conservative Mastectomies",slug:"one-stage-immediate-breast-reconstruction-with-implants-in-conservative-mastectomies",totalDownloads:5847,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"565",slug:"breast-reconstruction-current-techniques",title:"Breast Reconstruction",fullTitle:"Breast Reconstruction - Current Techniques"},signatures:"Marzia Salgarello, Giuseppe Visconti and Liliana Barone-Adesi",authors:[{id:"71121",title:"Dr.",name:"Marzia",middleName:null,surname:"Salgarello",slug:"marzia-salgarello",fullName:"Marzia Salgarello"}]},{id:"26564",doi:"10.5772/31520",title:"Reconstruction of Perineum and Abdominal Wall",slug:"reconstruction-of-perineum-and-abdominal-wall",totalDownloads:6604,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"784",slug:"selected-topics-in-plastic-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"J.J. Vranckx and A. D’Hoore",authors:[{id:"83351",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan Jeroen",middleName:null,surname:"Vranckx",slug:"jan-jeroen-vranckx",fullName:"Jan Jeroen Vranckx"}]},{id:"27944",doi:"10.5772/29373",title:"The Effect of Breast Reconstruction on Maintaining a Proper Body Posture in Patients After Mastectomy",slug:"the-influence-of-immediate-breast-reconstruction-on-proper-body-posture-in-women-after-mastectomy-fo",totalDownloads:9970,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"565",slug:"breast-reconstruction-current-techniques",title:"Breast Reconstruction",fullTitle:"Breast Reconstruction - Current Techniques"},signatures:"Sławomir Cieśla and Małgorzata Bąk",authors:[{id:"77539",title:"M.D.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:"Szczepan",surname:"Ciesla",slug:"slawomir-ciesla",fullName:"Slawomir Ciesla"},{id:"81605",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Bak",slug:"malgorzata-bak",fullName:"Malgorzata Bak"}]},{id:"45501",doi:"10.5772/56465",title:"Treatment of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema Using Combined Autologous Breast Reconstruction and Autologous Lymph Node Transplantation",slug:"treatment-of-breast-cancer-related-lymphedema-using-combined-autologous-breast-reconstruction-and-au",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"3434",slug:"breast-reconstruction-current-perspectives-and-state-of-the-art-techniques",title:"Breast Reconstruction",fullTitle:"Breast Reconstruction - Current Perspectives and State of the Art Techniques"},signatures:"Corinne Becker",authors:[{id:"162398",title:"Dr.",name:"Corinne",middleName:null,surname:"Becker",slug:"corinne-becker",fullName:"Corinne Becker"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"44328",title:"Septocutaneous Gluteal Artery Perforator (Sc-GAP) Flap for Breast Reconstruction: How We Do It",slug:"septocutaneous-gluteal-artery-perforator-sc-gap-flap-for-breast-reconstruction-how-we-do-it",totalDownloads:2798,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3434",slug:"breast-reconstruction-current-perspectives-and-state-of-the-art-techniques",title:"Breast Reconstruction",fullTitle:"Breast Reconstruction - Current Perspectives and State of the Art Techniques"},signatures:"Stefania Tuinder, Rene Van Der Hulst, Marc Lobbes, Bas Versluis\nand Arno Lataster",authors:[{id:"89389",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Lobbes",slug:"marc-lobbes",fullName:"Marc Lobbes"},{id:"161517",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Tuinder",slug:"stefania-tuinder",fullName:"Stefania Tuinder"},{id:"167270",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Hulst",slug:"rene-van-der-hulst",fullName:"Rene Van Der Hulst"},{id:"167272",title:"Dr.",name:"B",middleName:null,surname:"Versluis",slug:"b-versluis",fullName:"B Versluis"},{id:"167273",title:"Dr.",name:"Arno",middleName:null,surname:"Lataster",slug:"arno-lataster",fullName:"Arno Lataster"}]},{id:"26561",title:"Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"head-and-neck-reconstructive-surgery",totalDownloads:4517,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"784",slug:"selected-topics-in-plastic-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"J.J. Vranckx and P. Delaere",authors:[{id:"83351",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan Jeroen",middleName:null,surname:"Vranckx",slug:"jan-jeroen-vranckx",fullName:"Jan Jeroen Vranckx"}]},{id:"44470",title:"Implant-Based Dual-Plane Reconstruction of the Breast Following Sparing Mastectomy",slug:"implant-based-dual-plane-reconstruction-of-the-breast-following-sparing-mastectomy",totalDownloads:3311,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3434",slug:"breast-reconstruction-current-perspectives-and-state-of-the-art-techniques",title:"Breast Reconstruction",fullTitle:"Breast Reconstruction - Current Perspectives and State of the Art Techniques"},signatures:"Egidio Riggio and Maurizio B. Nava",authors:[{id:"74479",title:"Dr.",name:"Egidio",middleName:null,surname:"Riggio",slug:"egidio-riggio",fullName:"Egidio Riggio"},{id:"162971",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"Nava",slug:"maurizio-nava",fullName:"Maurizio Nava"}]},{id:"45197",title:"Robotic Harvest of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle for Breast Reconstruction",slug:"robotic-harvest-of-the-latissimus-dorsi-muscle-for-breast-reconstruction",totalDownloads:1899,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3434",slug:"breast-reconstruction-current-perspectives-and-state-of-the-art-techniques",title:"Breast Reconstruction",fullTitle:"Breast Reconstruction - Current Perspectives and State of the Art Techniques"},signatures:"Jesse Selber",authors:[{id:"161370",title:"Dr",name:"Jesse",middleName:null,surname:"Selber",slug:"jesse-selber",fullName:"Jesse Selber"}]},{id:"26564",title:"Reconstruction of Perineum and Abdominal Wall",slug:"reconstruction-of-perineum-and-abdominal-wall",totalDownloads:6604,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"784",slug:"selected-topics-in-plastic-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"J.J. Vranckx and A. D’Hoore",authors:[{id:"83351",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan Jeroen",middleName:null,surname:"Vranckx",slug:"jan-jeroen-vranckx",fullName:"Jan Jeroen Vranckx"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1147",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"