\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"483",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"New Approaches to Characterization and Recognition of Faces",title:"New Approaches to Characterization and Recognition of Faces",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"As a baby, one of our earliest stimuli is that of human faces. We rapidly learn to identify, characterize and eventually distinguish those who are near and dear to us. We accept face recognition later as an everyday ability. We realize the complexity of the underlying problem only when we attempt to duplicate this skill in a computer vision system. This book is arranged around a number of clustered themes covering different aspects of face recognition. The first section presents an architecture for face recognition based on Hidden Markov Models; it is followed by an article on coding methods. The next section is devoted to 3D methods of face recognition and is followed by a section covering various aspects and techniques in video. Next short section is devoted to the characterization and detection of features in faces. Finally, you can find an article on the human perception of faces and how different neurological or psychological disorders can affect this.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-515-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4471-7",doi:"10.5772/994",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"new-approaches-to-characterization-and-recognition-of-faces",numberOfPages:264,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"f3f1bf72c797d16b397647b14a119ae3",bookSignature:"Peter Corcoran",publishedDate:"August 1st 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/483.jpg",numberOfDownloads:37418,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:29,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 21st 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 18th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 25th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 24th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 23rd 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:"M",surname:"Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/29046/images/3605_n.jpg",biography:"Peter Corcoran received the BAI (Electronic Engineering) and BA (Math’s) degrees from Trinity College Dublin in 1984. He continued his studies at TCD and was awarded a Ph.D. in Electronic Engineering for research work in the field of Dielectric Liquids. In 1986 he was appointed to a lectureship in Electronic Engineering at the National University of Ireland Galway. He is currently vice-dean in the College of Engineering & Informatics at NUI, Galway. \r\nHis research interests include embedded systems applications, home networking, digital imaging, pattern recognition, face & fingerprint biometrics, smart grid and wired and wireless networking technologies. He was technical and conference chair of the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE) in 2010 and 2011 respectively. He is also editor of the IEEE Consumer Electronics Society newsletter and Editor-in-Chief of the newly launched (2012) IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine. \r\nPeter is also a co-founder of FotoNation, a leading OEM supplier of in-camera image processing and analysis software, including embedded solutions for red-eye detection & correction and face tracking and recognition. Fotonation is now part of the Imaging and Optics division of Tessera Technologies.\r\nHe is author of more than 200 technical publications and co-inventor on more than 100 granted US patents. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"National University of Ireland, Galway",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"566",title:"Biostatistics",slug:"human-computer-interaction-biostatistics"}],chapters:[{id:"17155",title:"Automatic Face Recognition System for Hidden Markov Model Techniques",doi:"10.5772/17694",slug:"automatic-face-recognition-system-for-hidden-markov-model-techniques",totalDownloads:4887,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Peter M. Corcoran and Claudia Iancu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17155",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17155",authors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran"},{id:"29148",title:"Ms.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Iancu",slug:"claudia-iancu",fullName:"Claudia Iancu"}],corrections:null},{id:"17156",title:"Large-Scale Face Image Retrieval: A Wyner-Ziv Coding Approach",doi:"10.5772/17615",slug:"large-scale-face-image-retrieval-a-wyner-ziv-coding-approach",totalDownloads:2210,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jean-Paul Kouma and Haibo Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17156",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17156",authors:[{id:"28891",title:"Mr",name:"Jean-Paul",surname:"Kouma",slug:"jean-paul-kouma",fullName:"Jean-Paul Kouma"}],corrections:null},{id:"17157",title:"3D Face Recognition",doi:"10.5772/18696",slug:"3d-face-recognition",totalDownloads:4382,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Naser Zaeri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17157",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17157",authors:[{id:"32275",title:"Dr.",name:"Naser",surname:"Zaeri",slug:"naser-zaeri",fullName:"Naser Zaeri"}],corrections:null},{id:"17158",title:"Face Image Synthesis and Interpretation Using 3D Illumination-Based AAM Models",doi:"10.5772/18765",slug:"face-image-synthesis-and-interpretation-using-3d-illumination-based-aam-models",totalDownloads:2060,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Salvador E. Ayala-Raggi, Leopoldo Altamirano-Robles and Janeth Cruz-Enriquez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17158",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17158",authors:[{id:"32485",title:"Dr",name:"Salvador",surname:"Ayala-Raggi",slug:"salvador-ayala-raggi",fullName:"Salvador Ayala-Raggi"}],corrections:null},{id:"17159",title:"Processing and Recognising Faces in 3D Images",doi:"10.5772/19934",slug:"processing-and-recognising-faces-in-3d-images",totalDownloads:2503,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Eyad Elyan and Daniel C Doolan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17159",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17159",authors:[{id:"36834",title:"Dr.",name:"Eyad",surname:"Elyan",slug:"eyad-elyan",fullName:"Eyad Elyan"},{id:"62602",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Doolan",slug:"daniel-doolan",fullName:"Daniel Doolan"}],corrections:null},{id:"17160",title:"Real-Time Video Face Recognition for Embedded Devices",doi:"10.5772/19159",slug:"real-time-video-face-recognition-for-embedded-devices",totalDownloads:2678,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gabriel Costache, Sathish Mangapuram, Alexandru Drimbarean, Petronel Bigioi and Peter Corcoran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17160",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17160",authors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran"},{id:"33880",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Costache",slug:"gabriel-costache",fullName:"Gabriel Costache"},{id:"47577",title:"Mr.",name:"Sathish",surname:"Mangapuram",slug:"sathish-mangapuram",fullName:"Sathish Mangapuram"},{id:"47578",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexandu",surname:"Drimbarean",slug:"alexandu-drimbarean",fullName:"Alexandu Drimbarean"},{id:"47579",title:"Dr.",name:"Petronel",surname:"Bigioi",slug:"petronel-bigioi",fullName:"Petronel Bigioi"}],corrections:null},{id:"17161",title:"Video Based Face Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network",doi:"10.5772/17930",slug:"video-based-face-recognition-using-convolutional-neural-network",totalDownloads:3803,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shefa A. Dawwd and Basil Sh. Mahmood",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17161",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17161",authors:[{id:"29854",title:"Dr.",name:"Shefa",surname:"Dawwd",slug:"shefa-dawwd",fullName:"Shefa Dawwd"},{id:"40207",title:"Dr.",name:"Basil",surname:"Mahmood",slug:"basil-mahmood",fullName:"Basil Mahmood"}],corrections:null},{id:"17162",title:"Adaptive Fitness Approach - an Application for Video-Based Face Recognition",doi:"10.5772/20085",slug:"adaptive-fitness-approach-an-application-for-video-based-face-recognition",totalDownloads:2158,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alaa Eleyan, Hüseyin Özkaramanli and Hasan Demirel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17162",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17162",authors:[{id:"6994",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Demirel",slug:"hasan-demirel",fullName:"Hasan Demirel"},{id:"37366",title:"Dr.",name:"Alaa",surname:"Eleyan",slug:"alaa-eleyan",fullName:"Alaa Eleyan"},{id:"52654",title:"Prof.",name:"Huseyin",surname:"Ozkaramanli",slug:"huseyin-ozkaramanli",fullName:"Huseyin Ozkaramanli"}],corrections:null},{id:"17163",title:"Real Time Robust Embedded Face Detection Using High Level Description",doi:"10.5772/17565",slug:"real-time-robust-embedded-face-detection-using-high-level-description",totalDownloads:3065,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Khalil Khattab, Philippe Brunet, Julien Dubois and Johel Miteran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17163",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17163",authors:[{id:"28713",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalil",surname:"Khattab",slug:"khalil-khattab",fullName:"Khalil Khattab"},{id:"47156",title:"Dr.",name:"Julien",surname:"Dubois",slug:"julien-dubois",fullName:"Julien Dubois"},{id:"47157",title:"Dr.",name:"Johel",surname:"Miteran",slug:"johel-miteran",fullName:"Johel Miteran"},{id:"100165",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Brunet",slug:"philip-brunet",fullName:"Philip Brunet"}],corrections:null},{id:"17164",title:"Face Discrimination Using the Orientation and Size Recognition Characteristics of the Spreading Associative Neural Network",doi:"10.5772/17577",slug:"face-discrimination-using-the-orientation-and-size-recognition-characteristics-of-the-spreading-asso",totalDownloads:1807,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kiyomi Nakamura and Hironobu Takano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17164",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17164",authors:[{id:"27284",title:"Dr.",name:"Hironobu",surname:"Takano",slug:"hironobu-takano",fullName:"Hironobu Takano"},{id:"28757",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiyomi",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"kiyomi-nakamura",fullName:"Kiyomi Nakamura"}],corrections:null},{id:"17165",title:"The Methodology for Facial Features Detection",doi:"10.5772/18671",slug:"the-methodology-for-facial-features-detection",totalDownloads:2744,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jacek Naruniec",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17165",authors:[{id:"32191",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacek",surname:"Naruniec",slug:"jacek-naruniec",fullName:"Jacek Naruniec"}],corrections:null},{id:"17166",title:"Exploring and Understanding the High Dimensional and Sparse Image Face Space: a Self-Organized Manifold Mapping",doi:"10.5772/22173",slug:"exploring-and-understanding-the-high-dimensional-and-sparse-image-face-space-a-self-organized-manifo",totalDownloads:2223,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Edson C. Kitani, Emilio M. Hernandez, Gilson A. Giraldi and Carlos E. Thomaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17166",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17166",authors:[{id:"19215",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilson",surname:"Giraldi",slug:"gilson-giraldi",fullName:"Gilson Giraldi"},{id:"30204",title:"Dr",name:"Carlos",surname:"Thomaz",slug:"carlos-thomaz",fullName:"Carlos Thomaz"},{id:"46611",title:"MSc",name:"Edson",surname:"Kitani",slug:"edson-kitani",fullName:"Edson Kitani"},{id:"46612",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilio",surname:"Hernandez",slug:"emilio-hernandez",fullName:"Emilio Hernandez"}],corrections:null},{id:"17167",title:"The Effects of Right/Left Temporal Lobe Lesions on the Recognition of Familiar Faces",doi:"10.5772/22709",slug:"the-effects-of-right-left-temporal-lobe-lesions-on-the-recognition-of-familiar-faces",totalDownloads:2900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Guido Gainotti, Monica Ferraccioli and Camillo Marra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17167",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17167",authors:[{id:"48868",title:"Dr.",name:"Guido",surname:"Gainotti",slug:"guido-gainotti",fullName:"Guido Gainotti"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"229",title:"Reviews, Refinements and New Ideas in Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"73465ad0d0df2ebdbac76610a57c4b75",slug:"reviews-refinements-and-new-ideas-in-face-recognition",bookSignature:"Peter M. Corcoran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/229.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29046",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Corcoran",slug:"peter-corcoran",fullName:"Peter Corcoran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"203",title:"Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7574c3a5247d3d4336cff40003f09e1a",slug:"biometrics",bookSignature:"Jucheng Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/203.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36689",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"457",title:"Recent Application in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"recent-application-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Jucheng Yang and Norman Poh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/457.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36689",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"456",title:"Advanced Biometric Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advanced-biometric-technologies",bookSignature:"Girija Chetty and Jucheng Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/456.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30495",title:"Dr.",name:"Girija",surname:"Chetty",slug:"girija-chetty",fullName:"Girija Chetty"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"458",title:"State of the art in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"state-of-the-art-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Jucheng Yang and Loris Nanni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/458.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36689",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"503",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:"Design and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0daf4d5b8a5b92756a1e31f400043333",slug:"biometric-systems-design-and-applications",bookSignature:"Zahid Riaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/503.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"8211",title:"Mr.",name:"Zahid",surname:"Riaz",slug:"zahid-riaz",fullName:"Zahid Riaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"118",title:"Biometrics",subtitle:"Unique and Diverse Applications in Nature, Science, and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"biometrics-unique-and-diverse-applications-in-nature-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Midori Albert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22615",title:"Dr.",name:"Midori",surname:"Albert",slug:"midori-albert",fullName:"Midori Albert"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65200",slug:"corrigendum-to-evaluation-of-psoriasis-patients",title:"Corrigendum to: Evaluation of Psoriasis Patients",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65200.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65200",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65200",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65200",chapter:{id:"63332",slug:"evaluation-of-psoriasis-patients",signatures:"Meda Sandra Orasan, Iulia Ioana Roman and Andrei Coneac",dateSubmitted:"April 17th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 26th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"July 17th 2019",book:{id:"7045",title:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",slug:"tailored-treatments-in-psoriatic-patients",publishedDate:"July 17th 2019",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7045.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"202125",title:"Dr.",name:"Meda",middleName:"Sandra",surname:"Orasan",fullName:"Meda Orasan",slug:"meda-orasan",email:"meda2002m@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"205669",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Coneac",fullName:"Andrei Coneac",slug:"andrei-coneac",email:"andrei.coneac@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255002",title:"Dr.",name:"Iulia Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Roman",fullName:"Iulia Ioana Roman",slug:"iulia-ioana-roman",email:"iuliaroman09@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63332",slug:"evaluation-of-psoriasis-patients",signatures:"Meda Sandra Orasan, Iulia Ioana Roman and Andrei Coneac",dateSubmitted:"April 17th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 26th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"July 17th 2019",book:{id:"7045",title:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",slug:"tailored-treatments-in-psoriatic-patients",publishedDate:"July 17th 2019",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7045.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"202125",title:"Dr.",name:"Meda",middleName:"Sandra",surname:"Orasan",fullName:"Meda Orasan",slug:"meda-orasan",email:"meda2002m@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"205669",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Coneac",fullName:"Andrei Coneac",slug:"andrei-coneac",email:"andrei.coneac@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255002",title:"Dr.",name:"Iulia Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Roman",fullName:"Iulia Ioana Roman",slug:"iulia-ioana-roman",email:"iuliaroman09@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7045",title:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tailored Treatments in Psoriatic Patients",slug:"tailored-treatments-in-psoriatic-patients",publishedDate:"July 17th 2019",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7045.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"6968",leadTitle:null,title:"Fungicide Resistance",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe aim of the book "Fungicide Resistance" is to provide comprehensive coverage of the general principles and historical and recent advances in fungicide resistance in the agriculture. Fungal pathogens cause the majority of crop diseases, and in many cropping systems, growers heavily rely on chemically synthesized fungicides in order to secure yield and quality. The advancement of the modern fungicides brought many benefits (e.g., specific and safer material, kick-back action, etc.) to growers. However, the specific modes of action also meant the relatively quick development of resistance in target pathogens. The management of fungicide resistance will require the advancement of integrated disease management, which involves not only a limitation, rotation, and/or mixed use of chemical fungicides, but also the use of host plant resistance, suitable agronomic and environmental factors, and reliable biological control agents if available. We would like to see manuscripts to describe: the development; mechanisms; monitoring; and management of resistance. The management may include the use of alternative agricultural approach, grower education, etc. With many contributions, we would like to develop a compilation of many fungicide groups and crops from around the world.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"39a6b5848fd3774937bbdfd1af8c1b5f",bookSignature:"Dr. Mizuho Nita",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6968.jpg",keywords:"Fungicide, resistance, fungicide application timing, fungicide application frequency, QoI, DMI, SDHI, FRAC, Imidazoles, complex II inhibitors, beta-tublin inhibitors, benzamidazoles, Strobilurins, triazoles, Botrytis, OOmycete",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 30th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 28th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 17th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 15th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"98153",title:"Dr.",name:"Mizuho",middleName:null,surname:"Nita",slug:"mizuho-nita",fullName:"Mizuho Nita",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/98153/images/system/98153.jpg",biography:"Mizuho Nita is an Associate Professor and Extension Specialist of grape pathology at Virginia Tech’s Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Winchester, VA. His academic interest is in the areas of applied plant pathology and plant disease epidemiology. His current research projects are: Use of a biological control agent for grapevine crown gall; Management of grape ripe rot; Epidemiological studies of grapevine leafroll-associated virus and its vectors; Grape disease management tool (GrapeIPM.org); Trunk diseases; and Organic and alternative fungicides. He has been active on extension programs that target growers and Cooperative Extension agents not only in Virginia but also in other states and countries. He also serves as a Specially-appointed Associate Professor at Shinshu University in Japan. Prof. Nita is active on his blog Virginia Grape Disease Updates (http://ext.grapepathology.org), Twitter (@grapepathology), and Facebook (GrapePathVATech).",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2917",title:"Fungicides",subtitle:"Showcases of Integrated Plant Disease Management from Around the World",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"665dd19d4542cd0322655651e6aadfeb",slug:"fungicides-showcases-of-integrated-plant-disease-management-from-around-the-world",bookSignature:"Mizuho Nita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2917.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"98153",title:"Dr.",name:"Mizuho",surname:"Nita",slug:"mizuho-nita",fullName:"Mizuho Nita"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"12144",title:"Production of Fungal Chitosan by Enzymatic Method and Applications in Plant Tissue Culture and Tissue Engineering: 11 Years of Our Progress, Present Situation and Future Prospects",doi:"10.5772/10261",slug:"production-of-fungal-chitosan-by-enzymatic-method-and-applications-in-plant-tissue-culture-and-tissu",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/12144.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12144",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12144",totalDownloads:10490,totalViews:173,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:14,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:5,impactScorePercentile:93,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 28th 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/12144",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/12144",book:{id:"3659",slug:"biopolymers"},signatures:"Nitar Nwe, Tetsuya Furuike and Hiroshi Tamura",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3659",type:"book",title:"Biopolymers",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biopolymers",slug:"biopolymers",publishedDate:"September 28th 2010",bookSignature:"Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3659.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-109-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4544-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:287,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",middleName:null,surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"918"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12138",type:"chapter",title:"Low-Cost Foods and Drugs Using Immobilized Enzymes on Biopolymers",slug:"low-cost-foods-and-drugs-using-immobilized-enzymes-on-biopolymers",totalDownloads:7352,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Magdy Elnashar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12139",type:"chapter",title:"Biomedical-Grade Chitosan in Wound Management and Its Biocompatibility In Vitro",slug:"biomedical-grade-chitosan-in-wound-management-and-its-biocompatibility-in-vitro",totalDownloads:6357,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ahmad Sukari Halim and Chin Keong Lim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12140",type:"chapter",title:"Biopolymer-based Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Systems for Functional Finishing of Textiles",slug:"biopolymer-based-stimuli-responsive-polymeric-systems-for-functional-finishing-of-textiles",totalDownloads:4691,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Dragan Jocic, Audrey Tourrette and Pavla Krizman Lavric",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12141",type:"chapter",title:"Production of Biopolymer Composites by Particle Bonding",slug:"production-of-biopolymer-composites-by-particle-bonding",totalDownloads:3942,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sanghoon Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12142",type:"chapter",title:"Life Span of Biopolymer Sequestering Agents for Contaminant Removal and Erosion Resistance",slug:"life-span-of-novel-biopolymer-sequestering-agents-for-organic-and-inorganic-contaminants-",totalDownloads:3033,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"A.S. Knox, I.G. Petrisor, C.E. Turick, J. Roberts, M.H. Paller, D.D. Reible and C.R. Forrest",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12143",type:"chapter",title:"Microfoams of Biopolymers by Laser-Induced Stretching: Mechanisms and Applications",slug:"microfoams-of-biopolymers-by-laser-induced-stretching-mechanisms-and-applications",totalDownloads:2925,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Sylvain Lazare",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12144",type:"chapter",title:"Production of Fungal Chitosan by Enzymatic Method and Applications in Plant Tissue Culture and Tissue Engineering: 11 Years of Our Progress, Present Situation and Future Prospects",slug:"production-of-fungal-chitosan-by-enzymatic-method-and-applications-in-plant-tissue-culture-and-tissu",totalDownloads:10490,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Nitar Nwe, Tetsuya Furuike and Hiroshi Tamura",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12145",type:"chapter",title:"Chitin Based Biocomposites for Removal of Contaminants from Water: a Case Study of Fluoride Adsorption",slug:"chitin-based-biocomposites-for-removal-of-contaminants-from-water-a-case-study-of-fluoride-adsorptio",totalDownloads:5974,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jose Rene Rangel-Mendez, Vladimir Alonso Escobar Barrios and Jose Luis Davila-Rodriguez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12146",type:"chapter",title:"Cellulose Fibres Funcionalised by Chitosan: Characterization and Application",slug:"cellulose-fibres-functionalised-by-chitosan-characterization-and-application",totalDownloads:8395,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Simona Strnad, Olivera Sauperl and Lidija Fras-Zemljic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12147",type:"chapter",title:"Chitosan Based Membranes for Separation, Pervaporation and Fuel Cell Applications: Recent Developments",slug:"chitosan-based-membranes-",totalDownloads:8850,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Tina Chakrabarty, Mahendra Kumar and Vinod K. Shahi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12148",type:"chapter",title:"Fabrication of HA/PLLA Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Using Additive Manufacturing Technologies",slug:"fabrication-of-ha-plla-composite-scaffolds-for-bone-tissue-engineering-using-additive-manufacturing-",totalDownloads:5797,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Fernando Cruz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12149",type:"chapter",title:"PEGylation and BioPEGylation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Synthesis, Characterisation and Applications",slug:"pegylation-and-biopegylation-of-polyhydroxyalkanoates-synthesis-characterisation-and-applications",totalDownloads:4120,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Leslie John Ray Foster",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12150",type:"chapter",title:"Lubrication and Adhesion by Charged Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications",slug:"lubrication-and-adhesion-by-charged-biopolymers-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:4256,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Roberto Andresen Eguiluz, Rebecca Schur and Delphine Gourdon",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12151",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Biofilm Exopolysaccharides on Biocontrol of Plant Diseases",slug:"the-role-of-biofilm-exopolysaccharides-on-biocontrol-of-plant-diseases",totalDownloads:4518,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Wafaa Haggag",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12152",type:"chapter",title:"Bacterial Type II PMIs: Exploitable Bifunctional Enzymes for Biotechnological Applications and the Rational Design of Antimicrobials",slug:"bacterial-type-ii-pmis-exploitable-bifunctional-enzymes-for-biotechnological-applications-and-the-ra",totalDownloads:2567,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sílvia Sousa, Christian Ramos, Joana Feliciano and Jorge Leitão",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12153",type:"chapter",title:"Thermal Degradation of Lignocellulosic Fuels: Biopolymers Contribution",slug:"thermal-degradation-of-lignocellulosic-fuels-biopolymers-contribution-",totalDownloads:4137,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Valérie Leroy, Eric Leoni and Dominique Cancellieri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12154",type:"chapter",title:"Functional Properties of Some Non-Conventional Treated Starches",slug:"functional-properties-of-some-non-conventional-treated-starches",totalDownloads:4538,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Monica Nemtanu and Mirela Brasoveanu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12155",type:"chapter",title:"Bacterial Cellulose-based Biomimetic Composites",slug:"bacterial-cellulose-based-biomimetic-composites",totalDownloads:6472,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Thi Thi Nge, Junji Sugiyama and Vincent Bulone",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12156",type:"chapter",title:"Precise Depolymerization of Poly(3-hydoxybutyrate) by Pyrolysis",slug:"precise-depolymerization-of-poly-3-hydoxybutyrate-by-pyrolysis",totalDownloads:4040,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Haruo Nishida, Hidayah Ariffin, Yoshihito Shirai and Mohd Hassan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12157",type:"chapter",title:"Biotechnological Production and Application of Hyaluronan",slug:"biotechnological-production-characterization-and-application-of-hyaluronan",totalDownloads:14327,totalCrossrefCites:14,signatures:"Chiara Schiraldi, Annalisa La Gatta and Mario De Rosa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12158",type:"chapter",title:"Biopolymers by Azotobacter Vinelandii",slug:"biopolymers-by-azotobacter-vinelandii",totalDownloads:7109,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adriana Navarro da Silva and Crispin Humberto Garcia-Cruz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12159",type:"chapter",title:"Biopolymer Surfactant Interactions",slug:"biopolymer-surfactant-interactions",totalDownloads:4563,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lisa Sreejith, S.M. Nair and Jinu George",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12160",type:"chapter",title:"Properties and Function of Pyomelanin",slug:"properties-and-function-of-pyomelanin",totalDownloads:5964,totalCrossrefCites:19,signatures:"C.E. Turick, A.S. Knox, J.M. Becnel, A.A. Ekechukwu and C.E. Milliken",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12161",type:"chapter",title:"Microbial Biopolimerization Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)",slug:"microbial-biopolimerization-production-from-palm-oil-mill-effluent-pome-",totalDownloads:8792,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Zaini Ujang, Salmiati Salmiati and Mohd Razman Salim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12162",type:"chapter",title:"Calculation of Relaxation Spectra from Stress Relaxation Measurements",slug:"calculation-of-relaxation-spectra-from-stress-relaxation-measurements",totalDownloads:5706,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Vassilis Kontogiorgos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12163",type:"chapter",title:"Fluctuations of Stiff Polymers and Cell Mechanics",slug:"fluctuations-of-stiff-polymers-and-cell-mechanics-",totalDownloads:3078,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jens Glaser and Klaus Kroy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12164",type:"chapter",title:"Detect Structure Features of Asymmetric and Symmetric CH2 and CH3 Functional Groups and Their Ratio of Biopolymers within Intact Tissue in Complex Plant System Using Synchrotron FTIRM and DRIFT Molecular Spectroscopy",slug:"detect-structure-features-of-asymmetric-and-symmetric-ch2-and-ch3-functional-groups-and-their-ratio-",totalDownloads:5431,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Peiqiang Yu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12165",type:"chapter",title:"Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (PIMs) in Biomedical Applications",slug:"molecularly-imprinted-polymers-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:11715,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Francesco Puoci, Giuseppe Cirillo, Manuela Curcio, Francesca Iemma, Ortensia Ilaria Parisi, Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri and Nevio Picci",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12166",type:"chapter",title:"Retracted: Hydrogels as Potential Nano-Scale Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"hydrogels-as-potential-drug-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:8508,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohammad Reza Saboktakin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12167",type:"chapter",title:"Biopolymers for Military Use: Opportunities and Environment Implications - a Review",slug:"biopolymers-for-military-use-opportunities-and-environment-implications-a-review",totalDownloads:3967,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Teodora Zecheru",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"158",title:"Biotechnology of Biopolymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a592cb6d064b9cc8e99ea99aa09c942",slug:"biotechnology-of-biopolymers",bookSignature:"Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"16195",title:"The Art of Immobilization Using Biopolymers, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology",slug:"the-art-of-immobilization-using-biopolymers-biomaterials-and-nanobiotechnology",signatures:"Magdy M.M. Elnashar",authors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",middleName:null,surname:"Elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar"}]},{id:"16196",title:"Polysaccharides from Wastes of Vegetable Industrial Processing: New Opportunities for Their Eco-Friendly Re-Use",slug:"polysaccharides-from-wastes-of-vegetable-industrial-processing-new-opportunities-for-their-eco-frien",signatures:"Annarita Poli, Gianluca Anzelmo,\nGabriella Fiorentino, Barbara Nicolaus, Giuseppina Tommonaro and Paola Di Donato",authors:[{id:"24920",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Poli",fullName:"Annarita Poli",slug:"annarita-poli"},{id:"34892",title:"Dr",name:"Gianluca",middleName:null,surname:"Anzelmo",fullName:"Gianluca Anzelmo",slug:"gianluca-anzelmo"},{id:"34893",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriella",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino",fullName:"Gabriella Fiorentino",slug:"gabriella-fiorentino"},{id:"34894",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Nicolaus",fullName:"Barbara Nicolaus",slug:"barbara-nicolaus"},{id:"34895",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Di Donato",fullName:"Paola Di Donato",slug:"paola-di-donato"},{id:"71443",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Tommonaro",fullName:"Giuseppina Tommonaro",slug:"giuseppina-tommonaro"}]},{id:"16197",title:"Conversion of Biomass into Bioplastics and Their Potential Environmental Impacts",slug:"conversion-of-biomass-into-bioplastics-and-their-potential-environmental-impacts",signatures:"Lei Pei, Markus Schmidt and Wei Wei",authors:[{id:"30214",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus",middleName:null,surname:"Schmidt",fullName:"Markus Schmidt",slug:"markus-schmidt"},{id:"30215",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Pei",fullName:"Lei Pei",slug:"lei-pei"},{id:"67408",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Wei Wei",slug:"wei-wei"}]},{id:"16198",title:"Natural Rubber Biosynthesis and Physic-Chemical Studies on Plant Derived Latex",slug:"natural-rubber-biosynthesis-and-physic-chemical-studies-on-plant-derived-latex",signatures:"Christian Schulze Gronover, Daniela Wahler and Dirk Prüfer",authors:[{id:"27396",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Schulze Gronover",fullName:"Christian Schulze Gronover",slug:"christian-schulze-gronover"},{id:"35750",title:"Prof.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Prüfer",fullName:"Dirk Prüfer",slug:"dirk-prufer"},{id:"67031",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Wahler",fullName:"Daniela Wahler",slug:"daniela-wahler"}]},{id:"16199",title:"Characterization and Properties of Chitosan",slug:"characterization-and-properties-of-chitosan",signatures:"Elson Santiago de Alvarenga",authors:[{id:"27012",title:"Dr",name:"Elson Santiago",middleName:null,surname:"de Alvarenga",fullName:"Elson Santiago de Alvarenga",slug:"elson-santiago-de-alvarenga"}]},{id:"16200",title:"The Development, Characterization and Application of Water Soluble Chitosan",slug:"the-development-characterization-and-application-of-water-soluble-chitosan",signatures:"Zanariah Ujang, Mazita Diah, Ahmad Hazri Abdul Rashid and Ahmad Sukari Halim",authors:[{id:"11999",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmad Sukari",middleName:null,surname:"Halim",fullName:"Ahmad Sukari Halim",slug:"ahmad-sukari-halim"},{id:"26278",title:"Dr.",name:"Zanariah",middleName:null,surname:"Ujang",fullName:"Zanariah Ujang",slug:"zanariah-ujang"},{id:"34144",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Hazri",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Rashid",fullName:"Ahmad Hazri Abdul Rashid",slug:"ahmad-hazri-abdul-rashid"},{id:"34145",title:"MSc.",name:"Mazita",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Diah",fullName:"Mazita Mohd Diah",slug:"mazita-mohd-diah"}]},{id:"16201",title:"Perspectives of Chitin Deacetylase Research",slug:"perspectives-of-chitin-deacetylase-research",signatures:"Yong Zhao, Wan-Taek Ju, Gyung-Hyun Jo, Woo-Jin Jung and Ro-Dong Park",authors:[{id:"33158",title:"Prof.",name:"Ro-Dong",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Ro-Dong Park",slug:"ro-dong-park"},{id:"33159",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Yong Zhao",slug:"yong-zhao"},{id:"33160",title:"Prof.",name:"Woo-Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Jung",fullName:"Woo-Jin Jung",slug:"woo-jin-jung"},{id:"33161",title:"MSc.",name:"Wan-Taek",middleName:null,surname:"Ju",fullName:"Wan-Taek Ju",slug:"wan-taek-ju"},{id:"70190",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyung-Hyun",middleName:null,surname:"Jo",fullName:"Gyung-Hyun Jo",slug:"gyung-hyun-jo"},{id:"128151",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Yong Zhao",slug:"yong-zhao"},{id:"128152",title:"Prof.",name:"Wan-Taek",middleName:null,surname:"Ju",fullName:"Wan-Taek Ju",slug:"wan-taek-ju"},{id:"128153",title:"Prof.",name:"Woo-Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Jung",fullName:"Woo-Jin Jung",slug:"woo-jin-jung"}]},{id:"16202",title:"Mechanisms Controlling the Expression of the Exopolysaccharide of Burkholderia and Role in Niche Adaptation",slug:"mechanisms-controlling-the-expression-of-the-exopolysaccharide-of-burkholderia-and-role-in-niche-ada",signatures:"Ana S. Ferreira, Ines N. Silva and Leonilde M. Moreira",authors:[{id:"24717",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonilde",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira",fullName:"Leonilde Moreira",slug:"leonilde-moreira"},{id:"34604",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"Ana Sofia Ferreira",slug:"ana-sofia-ferreira"},{id:"34605",title:"MSc",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Inês Silva",slug:"ines-silva"}]},{id:"16203",title:"Zimm-Bragg Model Applied to Sorption of Dyes by Biopolymers: Alginic Acid and Xanthan",slug:"zimm-bragg-model-applied-to-sorption-of-dyes-by-biopolymers-alginic-acid-and-xanthan",signatures:"Juan Jáuregui-Rincón, Juan Antonio Lozano-Alvarez and Iliana Medina-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"27175",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Jauregui-Rincon",fullName:"Juan Jauregui-Rincon",slug:"juan-jauregui-rincon"},{id:"31630",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Lozano-Alvarez",fullName:"Juan Antonio Lozano-Alvarez",slug:"juan-antonio-lozano-alvarez"},{id:"31631",title:"Prof.",name:"Iliana E.",middleName:null,surname:"Medina-Ramirez",fullName:"Iliana E. Medina-Ramirez",slug:"iliana-e.-medina-ramirez"}]},{id:"16204",title:"Macro and Micro Characterization of Biopolymers: Case of Cotton Fibre",slug:"macro-and-micro-characterization-of-biopolymers-case-of-cotton-fibre",signatures:"Omar Harzallah and Jean-Yves Drean",authors:[{id:"26432",title:"Prof.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Harzallah",fullName:"Omar Harzallah",slug:"omar-harzallah"},{id:"36495",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Yves",middleName:null,surname:"Drean",fullName:"Jean-Yves Drean",slug:"jean-yves-drean"}]},{id:"16205",title:"SR-IMS Molecular Spectroscopic Image of Functional Groups in Biopolymers in Feed Systems",slug:"sr-ims-molecular-spectroscopic-image-of-functional-groups-in-biopolymers-in-feed-systems",signatures:"Peiqiang Yu",authors:[{id:"12680",title:"Prof.",name:"Peiqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Peiqiang Yu",slug:"peiqiang-yu"}]},{id:"16206",title:"New Conceptions about Structure Formation of Biopolymers",slug:"new-conceptions-about-structure-formation-of-biopolymers",signatures:"Shabalkin I.P. and Shabalkin P.I.",authors:[{id:"31621",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Shabalkin",fullName:"Pavel Shabalkin",slug:"pavel-shabalkin"},{id:"62794",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Shabalkin",fullName:"Igor Shabalkin",slug:"igor-shabalkin"}]},{id:"16207",title:"Activated Sugar Precursors: Biosynthetic Pathways and Biological Roles of an Important Class of Intermediate Metabolites in Bacteria",slug:"activated-sugar-precursors-biosynthetic-pathways-and-biological-roles-of-an-important-class-of-inter",signatures:"Sílvia A. Sousa, Joana R. Feliciano and Jorge H. Leitao",authors:[{id:"11792",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:"H",surname:"Leitão",fullName:"Jorge Leitão",slug:"jorge-leitao"},{id:"12411",title:"PhD",name:"Sílvia",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",fullName:"Sílvia Sousa",slug:"silvia-sousa"},{id:"35701",title:"MSc.",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Feliciano",fullName:"Joana Feliciano",slug:"joana-feliciano"}]},{id:"16208",title:"Biofunctional Xerography",slug:"biofunctional-xerography",signatures:"Felix Loffler, Yun-Chien Cheng, Tobias Fortsch, Edgar Dorsam, Ralf Bischoff, Frank Breitling and Alexander Nesterov-Muller",authors:[{id:"24696",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Nesterov-Müller",fullName:"Alexander Nesterov-Müller",slug:"alexander-nesterov-muller"},{id:"31846",title:"MSc.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Löffler",fullName:"Felix Löffler",slug:"felix-loffler"},{id:"31847",title:"Mr.",name:"Yun-Chien",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Yun-Chien Cheng",slug:"yun-chien-cheng"},{id:"31848",title:"Prof.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Dörsam",fullName:"Edgar Dörsam",slug:"edgar-dorsam"},{id:"31849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ralf",middleName:null,surname:"Bischoff",fullName:"Ralf Bischoff",slug:"ralf-bischoff"},{id:"31850",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Breitling",fullName:"Frank Breitling",slug:"frank-breitling"},{id:"65145",title:"Mr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:"Christoph",surname:"Förtsch",fullName:"Tobias Förtsch",slug:"tobias-fortsch"},{id:"124208",title:"BSc.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Förtsch",fullName:"Tobias Förtsch",slug:"tobias-fortsch"}]},{id:"16209",title:"Thermodynamics of Nucleic Acid Structural Modifications for Biotechnology Applications",slug:"thermodynamics-of-nucleic-acid-structural-modifications-for-biotechnology-applications",signatures:"Stefan Franzen",authors:[{id:"42669",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Franzen",fullName:"Stefan Franzen",slug:"stefan-franzen"}]},{id:"16210",title:"Nutraceutical Properties of Milk Fat Globular Membrane",slug:"nutraceutical-properties-of-milk-fat-globular-membrane",signatures:"Korry J. Hintze, Dallin Snow, Ian Burtenshaw and Robert E. Ward",authors:[{id:"26133",title:"Dr.",name:"Korry",middleName:null,surname:"Hintze",fullName:"Korry Hintze",slug:"korry-hintze"},{id:"36109",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Ward",fullName:"Robert Ward",slug:"robert-ward"},{id:"80577",title:"Mr.",name:"Dallin",middleName:null,surname:"Snow",fullName:"Dallin Snow",slug:"dallin-snow"},{id:"82487",title:"Mr.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Burtenshaw",fullName:"Ian Burtenshaw",slug:"ian-burtenshaw"},{id:"128158",title:"Prof.",name:"Dallin",middleName:null,surname:"Snow",fullName:"Dallin Snow",slug:"dallin-snow"}]},{id:"16211",title:"The Development of Novel In Vitro Binding Assays to Further Elucidate the Role of tRNAs in Protein Synthesis",slug:"the-development-of-novel-in-vitro-binding-assays-to-further-elucidate-the-role-of-trnas-in-protein-s",signatures:"Anthony J. Bell, Jr., Suzanna Ellzey,\nDevin McDougald and Crystal Serrano",authors:[{id:"44998",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:"Jerome",surname:"Bell, Jr.",fullName:"Anthony Bell, Jr.",slug:"anthony-bell-jr."},{id:"56078",title:"Ms.",name:"Crystal",middleName:null,surname:"Serrano",fullName:"Crystal Serrano",slug:"crystal-serrano"},{id:"56079",title:"Mr.",name:"Devin",middleName:null,surname:"McDougald",fullName:"Devin McDougald",slug:"devin-mcdougald"},{id:"56080",title:"Ms.",name:"Suzzan",middleName:null,surname:"Ellzey",fullName:"Suzzan Ellzey",slug:"suzzan-ellzey"},{id:"128159",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Bell, Jr.",fullName:"Anthony Bell, Jr.",slug:"anthony-bell-jr."}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"158",title:"Biotechnology of Biopolymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a592cb6d064b9cc8e99ea99aa09c942",slug:"biotechnology-of-biopolymers",bookSignature:"Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1332",title:"Products and Applications of Biopolymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8dee78e87e2f654541d4285e7cdd5212",slug:"products-and-applications-of-biopolymers",bookSignature:"Casparus Johannes Reinhard Verbeek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102391",title:"Dr.",name:"Casparus J.R.",surname:"Verbeek",slug:"casparus-j.r.-verbeek",fullName:"Casparus J.R. Verbeek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1796",title:"Recent Advances in Plasticizers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0333e52edb6e2d8a6473107e839b2587",slug:"recent-advances-in-plasticizers",bookSignature:"Mohammad Luqman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1796.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100187",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Luqman",slug:"mohammad-luqman",fullName:"Mohammad Luqman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3659",title:"Biopolymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"biopolymers",bookSignature:"Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3659.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72022",title:"Magnetic Levitation Based Applications in Bioscience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92148",slug:"magnetic-levitation-based-applications-in-bioscience",body:'Mimicking the microenvironment of biological systems is crucial, especially for diagnostic and tissue engineering purposes. There are several contact-free manipulation methodologies [1] that mimic and control the microenvironments of biological systems, such as magnetophoresis [2], acoustophoresis [3], electrophoresis [4], and thermophoresis [5]. Magnetophoresis is a method that provides contact-free manipulation of particles in a magnetic field. There is no additional equipment required instead of permanent magnets or electromagnets for magnetophoresis; however, sound waves, electrical source, and heat source are required for acoustophoresis, electrophoresis, and thermophoresis, respectively [6].
Magnetophoresis is a contactless manipulation method, which provides the manipulation of particles in the magnetic field provided by either permanent magnets or electromagnets. During manipulation of particles in a magnetic field gradient or/and in a magnetized medium, neither pH nor temperature of sample is affected [7]. There are two different types of magnetophoresis, such as positive and negative magnetophoresis (Figure 1A,B). In the positive magnetophoresis, particles that have magnetic properties migrate within nonmagnetic (diamagnetic) medium. On the other hand, particles that do not have magnetic properties migrate within paramagnetic medium in negative magnetophoresis [8, 9]. The migration of particles in both types of magnetophoresis depends on the magnetic susceptibility differences between particle and medium.
Migration of particles with magnetophoresis. (A) Positive magnetophoresis, which means the migration of magnetic particles in diamagnetic fluid. (B) Negative magnetophoresis, which means the migration of diamagnetic particles in paramagnetic fluid. (C) Migration of diamagnetic particles in paramagnetic fluid via magnetic levitation principle.
Magnetic levitation (MagLev) technique, which works with the principle of negative magnetophoresis, manipulates the diamagnetic particles in paramagnetic medium by providing antigravity conditions (Figure 1C) [10]. The diamagnetic particles that are suspended in a paramagnetic medium are positioned at specific height called levitation height depending on their densities when the external magnetic field is applied. According to magnetic levitation principle, diamagnetic particles are specifically positioned depending on their densities by balancing all forces on particles, which are gravitational force (from gravity) and magnetic buoyant force (from magnetic field).
In magnetic levitation systems, biological entities (as diamagnetic particles) are also levitated and manipulated in a three-dimensional (3D) space as well as nonbiological particles in the paramagnetic medium [11]. The paramagnetic medium is an important parameter for magnetic levitation-based approaches, because magnetic susceptibility differences between paramagnetic medium (χ > 0) and diamagnetic particle (χ < 0) provide magnetic buoyancy force on diamagnetic particles in the presence of external magnetic field [12]. There are different paramagnetic mediums that are used in magnetic levitation-based approaches, such as ferrofluids [13] and paramagnetic salt solutions [2]. Ferrofluids are the suspension of maghemite (Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O4) that has higher magnetic susceptibility than paramagnetic salt solutions; however, observation of the samples is limited because of their opaque nature [14]. Manganese (II) chloride (MnCl2) and diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) are generally chosen and used paramagnetic agents in magnetic levitation; however, they are used in high concentration to effectively levitate diamagnetic particles because of their low magnetic susceptibilies. The use of paramagnetic salts in high concentration is the main reason for toxicity-based limitations in bioapplications of magnetic levitation technology [2].
Magnetic levitation concept appeared within the study named as “An Absolute Micromanometer Using Diamagnetic Levitation” at the end of 1960s. In this study, the diamagnetically levitated ultramicromanometer was described where friction-free suspension was produced via magnetic induction for graphite disk to measure absolute pressure down to 10−10 Torr [15]. Later, density-based separation was carried out for minerals [16] and metals [17] by magnetic levitation principle. In another study, improvement of magnetic levitation system has been studied to measure the density differences of liquids and solids [18, 19, 20]. On the other hand, magnetic levitation-based approaches also appeared in tissue engineering applications. The magnetic levitation techniques were also used to mimic 3D cellular microenvironment and to form 3D cellular structures by guiding the cells [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
As depicted in Figure 2, the diamagnetic particles in paramagnetic medium are density-dependently positioned at specific height, in which each force (gravitational, magnetic buoyant forces, and steric interactions) on diamagnetic particle (Figure 2B) is equalized under magnetic field produced by permanent magnets [Eqs. (1) and (4)] [27, 28, 29]. The magnetic and gravitational forces act on diamagnetic particles and cause the particles to either float or sink in paramagnetic solution (Figure 2C) [1].
The principle of magnetic levitation. (A) Magnetic field between the magnets, which is oriented in anti-Helmholtz configuration. (B) the forces on levitating objects within the magnetic levitation systems. (C) the alignment of levitating objects at specific levitation heights depending on their densities.
At balanced height:
In Eq. (4), the gravitational
According to Eq. (4), the levitation height of levitating particles, which is shown as
Magnetic levitation-based technologies were recently developed for positioning and sorting of diamagnetic particles, which can be either biological or nonbiological materials to be used in biosensing and diagnostic purposes. The magnetic levitation systems in diagnostic field are mainly composed of strong magnets and optical components. N52-grade NdFeB magnets are oriented in anti-Helmholtz configuration where same poles face toward each other. N52-grade NdFeB magnets produce magnetic field around 0.4 T, which causes the magnetic buoyant force on diamagnetic particles suspended in paramagnetic medium [1].
In the earliest version (Figure 3A), magnetic levitation system is fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material, which is combined with NdFeB magnets. These systems had capability to dynamically separate polymeric diamagnetic particles suspended in paramagnetic salt solution (GdCl3) by differentiation of levitation height depending on their density differences. While the diamagnetic particles with highest densities were moved through bottom part of the channel, the diamagnetic particles with lowest densities were moved through upper part of the channel [29]. After that, simple cuvette was integrated into magnetic levitation system instead of PDMS holder to analyze the quality of chemical reactions and also to statically measure the density of diamagnetic solid particles. As shown in Figure 3B, magnetic levitation technique was utilized to monitor chemical reactions by observing the levitation height changes of polymeric beads. The decrease in the levitation heights was observed depending on increasing the density of polymeric beads during solid-phase reaction [28]. Also, the density determination of materials with unknown densities was performed by using density versus levitation height curve, which is produced from materials with known densities [18]. To improve measurable density range that could be measured by magnetic levitation system, “Tilted MagLev” system (Figure 3C) was developed. In such system, the range of measurable densities was expanded around 15-fold; however, the sensitivity of “Tilted MagLev” was limited [19]. To overcome the sensitivity limitations in “Tilted MagLev,” high-sensitivity magnetic levitation setup was developed by rotating “Tilted MagLev.” As shown in Figure 3D, density measurement could be performed with resolution down to 10−6 g/ml, which means the rotated configuration improved the sensitivity 100-fold over previous [20].
Development and improvements in the magnetic levitation systems used in diagnostic applications. (A) the platform that had injection system, separation device, collection system, and exhaust was used in density-dependent separation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [
On the other hand, a magnetic levitation platform has been developed for analysis of proteins’ binding event. The diamagnetic polymeric beads were covalently functionalized with the derivatives of benzenesulfonamide to be used for capturing BCA. After capturing protein in solution containing disodium gadolinium (III) diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, Gd(DTPA), the changes on the levitation heights of ligand-coated diamagnetic particles were analyzed in magnetic levitation systems. The levitation height of ligand-coated diamagnetic particles changed due to protein capture. Depending on levitation height change of ligand-coated diamagnetic particles, the interaction between ligand and protein, and furthermore protein concentration was determined in the sample [30]. Later, magnetic levitation system was improved for hepatitis C detection. In this system, magnetic levitation principle was combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (
Especially for diagnostic purposes, a new-generation magnetic levitation device, which is compatible with light microscope, was designed and developed to analyze micro-sized particles, such as polymeric beads and cells (Figure 3E). This device is composed of two N52-grade NdFeB magnets, microcapillary channel, mirrors and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) holder. The microcapillary glass channel was integrated in between magnets (oriented in anti-Helmholtz configuration) where all system components were assembled within PMMA holder. The mirrors were placed in 45° angle to reflect light through microcapillary channel for providing the visualization of micro-sized particles within magnetic levitation system. As shown in Figure 3E, the developed system was highly sensitive for density-dependent separation of micro-sized particles and was used to profile densities of different cells, such as breast adenocarcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, and red and white blood cells [11]. Later, similar magnetic levitation system was used for diagnosis of malaria-infected red blood cells and sickle cells by analyzing their density-dependent levitation heights [32, 33]. Previously mentioned magnetic levitation systems [11, 32, 33] require highly sophisticated analyzing instruments such as light microscope that causes high cost. To reduce that cost, magnetic levitation system was combined with smartphone to analyze micro-sized particles and even cells. Smartphone-assisted systems allow levitation height determination of micro-sized particles in microcapillary channel by the camera of smartphone and lens, which are used for focusing [34, 35, 36]. One of these systems, namely “i-LEV,” was used for density-dependent analysis of cells from whole blood via smartphone. In addition to counting red and white blood cells in whole blood, “i-LEV” could be used in the detection and analysis of single cells where there is a difference between healthy and sick cell. Based on the density-dependent alignment of cells, “i-LEV” was used for monitoring sickle cell disease [35].
Magnetic levitation systems have been also specialized to provide contactless manipulation of cells for the production of 3D cellular structures in tissue engineering applications. In the earliest version, magnetic force-based tissue-engineering (MagTE) setup was developed, which utilizes magnetic cationic liposome (MCL)-guided cells for the formation of 3D string or ring-shaped tissue structures under magnetic field provided by permanent magnets. MCLs in the culture medium were uptaken by myoblast C2C12 cells, and then labelled myoblast C2C12 cells were manipulated by inducing the magnetic field provided by permanent NdFeB magnets. The oriented skeletal muscle tissues, string-like and ring-like assemblies, were obtained [21]. Later, 3D bioassembler, which is M13 phage-based hydrogel containing magnetic iron oxide (MIO) and gold nanoparticles (Au/NP), was utilized for the formation of 3D cellular structures via magnetic levitation technology. The cells in magnetic levitation system interacted with each other and formed 3D clusters after 30 min right after cells were levitated. Varied 3D cellular structures were obtained by incubating clustered cells for 24 h. The different cell types, human glioblastoma cells and human astrocytes, were also 3D cocultured [22]. In another study, poly-L-lysine cross-linked MIO/AuNP hydrogel, termed as NanoShuttle, was developed and used in magnetic levitation system to form 3D cellular structures in 96-well plate from varied cell types, for example human embryonic kidney cells, mouse fibroblast cells, human mammary epithelial, human umbilical vein endothelial cell, and human hepatocyte cells. However, the morphologies of 3D cellular structures were different for each cell line depending on their cellular properties [25]. Also, the same magnetic levitation system was utilized for the formation of multicellular 3D cellular structures, called organoids. The bronchiole wall was formed by sequential layered assembly technique. Epithelial cells (EpiCs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), pulmonary fibroblasts (PFs), and pulmonary endothelial cells (PEC) were individually grown and levitated for 4 h. Later, levitated cell lines were sequentially taken into bronchiole coculture as EpiCs, SMCs, PFs, and PECs [23]. The same procedure was also applied to form the aortic valve coculture formation from valvular interstitial cells (VICs) and endothelial cells (VECs) [24] and heterogeneous breast tumors from various breast cancer cells and fibroblast [26]. On the other hand, the generation of organoids, called as adipospheres, by the culturing of 3 T3-L1 preadipocyte cells and bEND.3 endothelial cells with magnetic levitation technique has been accomplished [37].
Recently, a new magnetic levitation system, which uses only paramagnetic salt solution instead of NanoShuttles or any other magnetic biomaterial, was developed. Cells were encapsulated into methacrylated gelatin (GelMa) or polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEDGA) hydrogels and they were levitated in the presence of Gd3+ solution. 3D cell cultures were achieved by the levitational self-assembly of those microstructures [38].
In tissue engineering applications, the above-mentioned magnetic levitation systems have limitations because of the scaffold or additional compounds were required for 3D cell culturing. The new-generation magnetic levitation system that allows scaffold-free cell culturing was developed to overcome with these limitations [39]. In such system, cells are three cultured in 3D microenvironment without any scaffold materials or additional requirements. The mouse fibroblast cells (NIH 3T3) and non-small-cell lung cancer cells (HCC827) were mixed with Gadolinium (III) (Gd3+) chelate, which is a paramagnetic agent, before loading into developed magnetic levitation setup. With the help of paramagnetic agent, the cells were levitated and suspended at their specific levitation height in the presence of external magnetic field. By interacting with levitated cells, cells started to secrete their own extracellular matrixes, and cellular clusters were formed within the magnetic levitation setup. The 3D cellular spheroids were formed from low number of cells (1x103) in 48 h; however, the cellular strings were observed when a high number of cells were used (1x105) [39].
Magnetic levitation-based technologies are new-generation systems that are used in biosensing, diagnostics, as well as tissue engineering. Density-dependent separation of particles provides high-speed analysis of biomolecules, even cells, with low cost in diagnostics. On the other hand, contactless manipulation of cells via magnetic force can also be provided by magnetic levitation systems. In such systems, cells are easily manipulated in the presence of magnetic field after they are magnetized with specialized molecules, such as ferrofluids and paramagnetic agents. By positioning the cells at a specific height in medium, where they can easily interact with each other, natural 3D microenvironment can be formed.
While the magnetic levitation-based systems provide faster, cost-effective, and easy-to-use diagnostic applications, at the same time, it is also used to form 3D cellular structures in tissue engineering field.
This work was partially supported by TUBITAK 118Z344 Grant and TUBA GEBIP 2019 award.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
\n\nEven if you have an area of research that does not at first sight fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, we can still offer support and help you in publishing your individual research. Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a Long Form Monograph is a viable alternative.
",metaTitle:"Publish a Whole Book",metaDescription:"At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of book chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of long form manuscripts, known as monographs. Monographs allow authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research at length.\n\nPerhaps you have an area of research that does not fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, but rather need help in publishing your individual research? Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a long form monograph is a great alternative.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publish-a-whole-book",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nFORMATS
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\n\nFORMATS
\n\nCOST
\n\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2457},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17716}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134176},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11770",title:"Feminism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"008be465c708a6fde48c8468757a40af",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11770.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11809",title:"Lagomorpha",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e8fd5779205c16e5797b05455dc5be0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11809.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:83},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:250},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4428},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"277",title:"Social Policy",slug:"social-policy",parent:{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:89,numberOfWosCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitations:41,numberOfDimensionsCitations:73,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"277",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10624",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 2",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"edbc267908c2f140f991de15d99276df",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-2",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Thomas J. Papadimos, Sagar C. Galwankar, Andrew C. Miller and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10624.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8090",title:"Who Wants to Retire and Who Can Afford to Retire?",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90fe30d224594414bb156e42afa47f5e",slug:"who-wants-to-retire-and-who-can-afford-to-retire-",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8090.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6682",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6bce9af9756cd41e5d336fa8945b2ea",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",bookSignature:"Natasha Potgieter and Afsatou Ndama Traore Hoffman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6682.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55305",title:"Prof.",name:"Natasha",middleName:null,surname:"Potgieter",slug:"natasha-potgieter",fullName:"Natasha Potgieter"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6938",title:"Elections",subtitle:"A Global Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a122ebf3b961d2c46bbfc8def2916fe",slug:"elections-a-global-perspective",bookSignature:"Ryan M. Yonk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5392",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a9795772c4001a5a648421ebf11cee7",slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",bookSignature:"Rosario Laratta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118227",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Laratta",slug:"rosario-laratta",fullName:"Rosario Laratta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"63707",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80780",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:7977,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Safe drinking water remains inaccessible to many humans in the developing countries. Research continuously innovates to develop efficient and cheap methods to sustain clean water for developing countries. Developing nations are a broad term that includes countries that are less industrialised and have lower per capita income levels than developed countries. This chapter will discuss clean water for drinking water purposes. Pollution concerns of water in developing countries will be categorised in terms of physical, chemical and biological pollutants such as turbidity, organic matter and bacteria. Natural and anthropogenic pollution concerns linking with seasonal factors will be outlined. The multi-barrier approach to drinking water treatment will be discussed. Abstraction points used will be researched. Water treatment systems, medium- to small-scale approaches, will be discussed. The processes involved in removing the contaminants including physical processes such as sedimentation, filtration such as slow-sand filtration, coagulation and flocculation, and disinfectant processes such as chlorination will be reviewed. Other important methods including solar disinfection, hybrid filtration methods and arsenic removal technologies using innovative solid phase materials will be included in this chapter. Rainwater harvesting technologies are reviewed. Safe storage options for treated water are outlined. Challenges of water treatment in rural and urban areas will be outlined.",book:{id:"6682",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]},{id:"63322",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80355",title:"Challenges to Hygiene Improvement in Developing Countries",slug:"challenges-to-hygiene-improvement-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:2641,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Hygiene is defined as conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease. Hygiene has been shown to reduce diarrheal diseases and assist to improve social outcomes in the community. Improving hygiene faces several problems especially in countries with low income per capita of population. Currently, many developing countries already struggle to cope with consistent water shortages and rapid urbanization causing more pressure to limited resources which in turn result in poor hygienic practices in the communities. The common types of hygiene include personal hygiene, water hygiene, food hygiene, and hygiene during waste handling. Different nongovernmental and governmental organizations face different challenges in achieving high levels of hygiene in communities. Some of these challenges include poverty, lack of political commitment, lack of full community participation, inadequate gender inclusion, inadequate data, lack of coordination among actors, and behavioral issues. To reduce these challenges, several measures have been proposed including community empowerment, pushing for equitable access to hygiene needs, advocating for political commitment, promoting gender equity, and enhancing youth involvement.",book:{id:"6682",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Save Kumwenda",authors:[{id:"233913",title:"Mr.",name:"Save",middleName:null,surname:"Kumwenda",slug:"save-kumwenda",fullName:"Save Kumwenda"}]},{id:"52475",doi:"10.5772/65462",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:8225,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood are a cause for concern worldwide. From a historical point of view, teenage pregnancies are nothing new. For much of human history, it was absolutely common that girls married during their late adolescence and experienced first birth during their second decade of life. This kind of reproductive behavior was socially desired and considered as normal. Nowadays, however, the prevention of teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood is a priority for public health in nearly all developed and increasingly in developing countries. For a long time, teenage pregnancies were associated with severe medical problems; however, most of data supporting this viewpoint have been collected some decades ago and reflect mainly the situation of per se socially disadvantaged teenage mothers. According to more recent studies, teenage pregnancies are not per se risky ones. A clear risk group are extremely young teenage mothers (younger than 15 years) who are confronted with various medical risks, such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and small for gestational age newborns but also marked social disadvantage, such as poverty, unemployment, low educational level, and single parenting. In the present study, the prevalence and outcome of teenage pregnancies in Austria are focused on.",book:{id:"5392",slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]},{id:"75646",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96039",title:"Neurological Complications in COVID-19: Implications on International Health Security and Possible Interventions of Phytochemicals",slug:"neurological-complications-in-covid-19-implications-on-international-health-security-and-possible-in",totalDownloads:265,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Global health security or international health security (IHS) includes any natural or man-made phenomenon that challenged human health and well-being including emerging infectious diseases such as the current global pandemic: COVID-19. Since the sudden outburst of COVID-19 pandemic in 2019, many COVID-19 patients have exhibited neurological symptoms and signs. Till now, there is no known effective established drug against the highly contagious COVID-19 infection despite the frightening associated mortality rate. This chapter aims to present the mechanism of action of coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the clinical neurological manifestations displayed by COVID-19 patients, impact on the global health system and present phytochemicals with neuroprotective ability that can offer beneficial effects against COVID-19 mediated neuropathology. Reports from COVID-19 clinical studies, case reports, and other related literature were evaluated. Neurological complications of COVID-19 include anosmia, acute cerebrovascular disease, acute disseminated post-infectious encephalomyelitis, encephalitis, etc. Also, SARS-CoV-2 соuld be a neurotropic vіruѕ due to its iѕоlаtіоn from сеrеbrоѕріnаl fluіd. Multірlе nеurоlоgісаl dаmаgе displayed by COVID-19 patients might be due to hyperinflammation associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections. Kolaviron, resveratrol, vernodalin, vernodalol, and apigenin are natural phytochemicals with proven anti-inflammatory and therapeutic properties that could extenuate the adverse effects of COVID-19. The phytochemicals have been documented to suppress JNK and MAPK pathways which are essential in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. They also showed significant inhibitory activities against SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Taken together, these phytochemicals may offer neuroprotective benefits against COVID-19 mediated neuropathology and suppress the burden of the pandemic on IHS.",book:{id:"10624",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-2",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",fullTitle:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 2"},signatures:"Johnson Olaleye Oladele, Oluwaseun Titilope Oladele, Oyedotun M. Oyeleke and Adenike T. Oladiji",authors:[{id:"335880",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnson Olaleye",middleName:null,surname:"Oladele",slug:"johnson-olaleye-oladele",fullName:"Johnson Olaleye Oladele"},{id:"342648",title:"Mrs.",name:"Oluwaseun Titilope",middleName:null,surname:"Oladele",slug:"oluwaseun-titilope-oladele",fullName:"Oluwaseun Titilope Oladele"},{id:"342649",title:"Prof.",name:"Adenike T.",middleName:null,surname:"Oladiji",slug:"adenike-t.-oladiji",fullName:"Adenike T. Oladiji"},{id:"346531",title:"Dr.",name:"Oyedotun M.",middleName:null,surname:"Oyeleke",slug:"oyedotun-m.-oyeleke",fullName:"Oyedotun M. Oyeleke"}]},{id:"63191",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80392",title:"Household Water Handling Practices in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Kenya",slug:"household-water-handling-practices-in-the-arid-and-semi-arid-lands-in-kenya",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Utilisation of water from unimproved water sources coupled with inadequate access to sanitation can adversely affect human health. This study undertaken from November 2014 to March, 2015 sought to assess the household water handling practices and relate them to the prevalent diseases in Baringo Central and South, Kenya. A Household sanitary survey was conducted and questionnaires were administered to 100 household heads within the study area. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that 72% of the households (n = 100) collected water for cooking and drinking from the water pans. Only 34% of the households treated water commonly using boiling (19%), filtration with cloth (2%), chlorine (11%) before using it for drinking. There was a positive correlation between methods used in accessing water from drinking water storage containers and water related diseases prevalent in the study area (p < 0.05). Household drinking water in the study area did not meet the WHO drinking water quality guidelines mainly due to poor handling practices at the household level. There is a need to promote water, sanitation and hygiene campaigns in the study area to prevent water related diseases at the household level.",book:{id:"6682",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Edith J. Kurui, George M. Ogendi, Wilkister N. Moturi\nand Dishon O. Nyawanga",authors:[{id:"78236",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilkister",middleName:null,surname:"Moturi",slug:"wilkister-moturi",fullName:"Wilkister Moturi"},{id:"234029",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Edith",middleName:"Jepchirchir",surname:"Kurui",slug:"edith-kurui",fullName:"Edith Kurui"},{id:"247927",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Ogendi",slug:"george-ogendi",fullName:"George Ogendi"},{id:"247930",title:"Mr.",name:"Dishon",middleName:null,surname:"Nyawanga",slug:"dishon-nyawanga",fullName:"Dishon Nyawanga"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52475",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:8225,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood are a cause for concern worldwide. From a historical point of view, teenage pregnancies are nothing new. For much of human history, it was absolutely common that girls married during their late adolescence and experienced first birth during their second decade of life. This kind of reproductive behavior was socially desired and considered as normal. Nowadays, however, the prevention of teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood is a priority for public health in nearly all developed and increasingly in developing countries. For a long time, teenage pregnancies were associated with severe medical problems; however, most of data supporting this viewpoint have been collected some decades ago and reflect mainly the situation of per se socially disadvantaged teenage mothers. According to more recent studies, teenage pregnancies are not per se risky ones. A clear risk group are extremely young teenage mothers (younger than 15 years) who are confronted with various medical risks, such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and small for gestational age newborns but also marked social disadvantage, such as poverty, unemployment, low educational level, and single parenting. In the present study, the prevalence and outcome of teenage pregnancies in Austria are focused on.",book:{id:"5392",slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]},{id:"73634",title:"Supply Chain Management and Restart of Economy in Post COVID-19",slug:"supply-chain-management-and-restart-of-economy-in-post-covid-19",totalDownloads:741,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The increase in World Trade has led to significant growth in world GDP over last 100 years particularly. Supply chains have become the major enablers of world trade and the world is connected through supply chains. Any disruptions in any part of the world has led to disruptions in supply chains and economic recessions. Crisis like Tsunamis, earthquakes, 911 terror attacks, epidemics/pandemics like COVID-19 etc. have affected the businesses worldwide. COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated economic crisis due to disruption of supply chains and suppressed demand for many products and services worldwide. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has projected global economic growth to be negative 4.9%. This economic crisis has resulted in substantial erosion of market capitalization across the globe. The impact of COVID-19 is very significant on both health of the people and economy worldwide. Almost all businesses and governments are trying its best to save people from health and economic crisis. This requires rebuilding of supply chains through appropriate configuration with reliable sources of supply, collaboration, manufacturing and distribution of goods and services. Sectors like essential items, pharmaceutical, e-commerce have started early recovery of economy. However, other sectors require suitable interventions from government, business organizations in their policies and practices and use of digital technologies for economic recovery.",book:{id:"10624",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-2",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",fullTitle:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 2"},signatures:"Venkataramanaiah Saddikuti, Sagar Galwankar and Akilesh Sai Saddikuti Venkat",authors:[{id:"292211",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Venkataramanaiah",middleName:null,surname:"Saddikuti",slug:"venkataramanaiah-saddikuti",fullName:"Venkataramanaiah Saddikuti"},{id:"293168",title:"Dr.",name:"Sagar C.",middleName:null,surname:"Galwankar",slug:"sagar-c.-galwankar",fullName:"Sagar C. Galwankar"},{id:"321650",title:"Mr.",name:"Akilesh Sai",middleName:null,surname:"S V",slug:"akilesh-sai-s-v",fullName:"Akilesh Sai S V"}]},{id:"63707",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:7979,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Safe drinking water remains inaccessible to many humans in the developing countries. Research continuously innovates to develop efficient and cheap methods to sustain clean water for developing countries. Developing nations are a broad term that includes countries that are less industrialised and have lower per capita income levels than developed countries. This chapter will discuss clean water for drinking water purposes. Pollution concerns of water in developing countries will be categorised in terms of physical, chemical and biological pollutants such as turbidity, organic matter and bacteria. Natural and anthropogenic pollution concerns linking with seasonal factors will be outlined. The multi-barrier approach to drinking water treatment will be discussed. Abstraction points used will be researched. Water treatment systems, medium- to small-scale approaches, will be discussed. The processes involved in removing the contaminants including physical processes such as sedimentation, filtration such as slow-sand filtration, coagulation and flocculation, and disinfectant processes such as chlorination will be reviewed. Other important methods including solar disinfection, hybrid filtration methods and arsenic removal technologies using innovative solid phase materials will be included in this chapter. Rainwater harvesting technologies are reviewed. Safe storage options for treated water are outlined. Challenges of water treatment in rural and urban areas will be outlined.",book:{id:"6682",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]},{id:"74995",title:"Death Penalty: A Human Rights Issue for South Africa",slug:"death-penalty-a-human-rights-issue-for-south-africa",totalDownloads:624,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In South Africa, the death penalty has been repealed just after the arrival of democracy in 1994. At present, due to numerous daily murders, especially farm murders, this issue is being debated once again seriously – by ordinary citizens, politicians, theologians, and others. In the media, in particular, it gets a lot of attention and in view of the extent of violent crime in our country, the reinstatement of the death penalty is again supported by many. The death penalty as such will always be contentious because it is about the reasoned termination of someone’s life – which is a radical act. Between 2009 and 2013 I did research on the death penalty in South African prisons (the first of its kind as far as we could determine), in all 9 our country’s provinces. The content of this study, gathered from 467 convicted murderers, and several other core aspects of why the reinstatement of the death penalty particularly in South Africa, should not be an option, will be discussed with reference to supporting international and authoritative research.",book:{id:"9537",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",fullTitle:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World"},signatures:"Chris Jones",authors:[{id:"274281",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"chris-jones",fullName:"Chris Jones"}]},{id:"63322",title:"Challenges to Hygiene Improvement in Developing Countries",slug:"challenges-to-hygiene-improvement-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:2642,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Hygiene is defined as conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease. Hygiene has been shown to reduce diarrheal diseases and assist to improve social outcomes in the community. Improving hygiene faces several problems especially in countries with low income per capita of population. Currently, many developing countries already struggle to cope with consistent water shortages and rapid urbanization causing more pressure to limited resources which in turn result in poor hygienic practices in the communities. The common types of hygiene include personal hygiene, water hygiene, food hygiene, and hygiene during waste handling. Different nongovernmental and governmental organizations face different challenges in achieving high levels of hygiene in communities. Some of these challenges include poverty, lack of political commitment, lack of full community participation, inadequate gender inclusion, inadequate data, lack of coordination among actors, and behavioral issues. To reduce these challenges, several measures have been proposed including community empowerment, pushing for equitable access to hygiene needs, advocating for political commitment, promoting gender equity, and enhancing youth involvement.",book:{id:"6682",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Save Kumwenda",authors:[{id:"233913",title:"Mr.",name:"Save",middleName:null,surname:"Kumwenda",slug:"save-kumwenda",fullName:"Save Kumwenda"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"277",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:182,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:348,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:179,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:12,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"91",type:"subseries",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",keywords:"Sustainable, Society, Economy, Digitalization, KPIs, Decision Making, Business, Digital Footprint",scope:"\r\n\tGlobally, the ecological footprint is growing at a faster rate than GDP. This phenomenon has been studied by scientists for many years. However, clear strategies and actions are needed now more than ever. Every day, humanity, from individuals to businesses (public and private) and governments, are called to change their mindset in order to pursue a virtuous combination for sustainable development. Reasoning in a sustainable way entails, first and foremost, managing the available resources efficiently and strategically, whether they are natural, financial, human or relational. In this way, value is generated by contributing to the growth, improvement and socio-economic development of the communities and of all the players that make up its value chain. In the coming decades, we will need to be able to transition from a society in which economic well-being and health are measured by the growth of production and material consumption, to a society in which we live better while consuming less. In this context, digitization has the potential to disrupt processes, with significant implications for the environment and sustainable development. There are numerous challenges associated with sustainability and digitization, the need to consider new business models capable of extracting value, data ownership and sharing and integration, as well as collaboration across the entire supply chain of a product. In order to generate value, effectively developing a complex system based on sustainability principles is a challenge that requires a deep commitment to both technological factors, such as data and platforms, and human dimensions, such as trust and collaboration. Regular study, research and implementation must be part of the road to sustainable solutions. Consequently, this topic will analyze growth models and techniques aimed at achieving intergenerational equity in terms of economic, social and environmental well-being. It will also cover various subjects, including risk assessment in the context of sustainable economy and a just society.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81321",title:"Velocity Planning via Model-Based Reinforcement Learning: Demonstrating Results on PILCO for One-Dimensional Linear Motion with Bounded Acceleration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103690",signatures:"Hsuan-Cheng Liao, Han-Jung Chou and Jing-Sin Liu",slug:"velocity-planning-via-model-based-reinforcement-learning-demonstrating-results-on-pilco-for-one-dime",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Applied Intelligence - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11418.jpg",subseries:{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/12144",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"12144"},fullPath:"/chapters/12144",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()