\r\n\tThis book aims to expose the recent advances in the research and development of chemical and biochemical processes to obtain bio-based chemical compounds and fuels from glycerol.
\r\n\r\n\tChapters dealing with the synthesis and characterization of catalysts (single and mixed hydroxides and oxides, supported catalysts, zeolites, heteropolyacids, pillared-clays, and metal-organic frameworks) and biocatalysts (novel microbial and fungi cultures, immobilized cells, immobilized enzymes, and nanobiocatalysts) to carry out the conversion of glycerol, as well as their testing in discontinuous and continuous stirred reactors, fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, trickle-bed, bubble column, airlift and membrane (bio)reactors are welcome.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book will comprise, but will not be limited to, the homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions of glycerol such as dehydration, hydrogenolysis, partial oxidation, steam- and dry-reforming, glycerol to hydrocarbon fuels and aromatics, (trans)esterification, etherification, halogenation, ammoxidation, as well as supercritical, and photocatalytic processes.
\r\n\r\n\tAdditionally, we hope to cover the bioprocessing of glycerol, including microbial and fungal fermentation and enzymatic reactions to obtain C2-C4 alcohols, diols, hydrogen, methane, organic acids, dihydroxyacetone, biopolymers, and others.
\r\n\tThe book will also deal with the engineering aspects of glycerol processing, such as chemical equilibrium of glycerol reactions, reaction kinetics, (bio)reactor modeling, as well as process simulation and optimization of process variables and reactors.
Water satisfies several key roles for environmental sustainability and human development: it guarantees the people health and economic development and constitutes the backbone of ecosystems. However, it is irregularly distributed in space and time and frequently is carelessly used to the development of economic activities. According to different economic sectors, just agriculture uses, on average, more than 70% of the water resources in the world to produce food. Thus, the variation of climate patterns will necessarily have an impact on the food supply and its price.
\nThe evidence that mankind faces hydrological and environmental issues is increasingly frequent and visible to the society. This became especially clearer after the last UN Climate Change Conference COP 25, since several countries (such as Spain or France) have declared the climate emergency. Despite this, the results of this meeting have been criticized by several scientific sectors because of their lack of ambition, so that it is valuable to continue making visible the importance of water resources studies and how they will be affected by future climate variations.
\nIn a national context, available water should not be a problem for Chile since it is one of the countries with the highest amounts of water per person [1]. From the year 1970 to 2000, Chile averaged an annual rainfall of 1006 mm (main input) and evapotranspiration of 311 mm as main output, so it has 695 mm of surplus [2]. In terms of storage, it has supposed to be more than 500 km3 of water susceptible to be used in human activities every year.
\nNonetheless, this significant global amount hides a great spatio-temporal variability depending on natural and socio-economic features of each region. A good example of this contrast between regions is the existing difference between the southern regions where water is abundant but people are few and the northern and central ones where population densities are too high in comparison to the availability of water.
\nThere are many situations in which natural conditions are combined with factors, such as economics, to give place to a long water crisis in Chile [3]. For example, if economic activities by sectors are considered, the largest user of water resources in Chile is agriculture, which consumes up to 75% of the water resources at a national scale [4]. This could be justified because it supplies water for an irrigated land of larger than 1 million ha, which is mostly located in the central zone of Chile [5]. Irrigated areas have significantly increased the use of water resources in the last decade. Besides, some products have increased the area for its cultivation.
\nAmong themselves, the crops of avocado (
This situation could be even more worrying according to the effects of climate change foreseen by the scientific community. In the particular case of Chile, a reduction between 20 and 40% of total rainfall has been already reported [8]. Added to this, the lack of vegetation management in the upper areas of the watersheds and the elevation of the isotherms have increased water demand and reduced snow deposits, respectively, giving place to a strong decrease of river discharge. An intensive demand for water resources and a decrease in them requires knowing the water availability both in the present and in the future, in order to develop hydrological plans to guarantee economic and environmental sustainability.
\nTaking into account the abovementioned, this work is focused on the analysis of both the current and future water balance of each one of the administrative regions of Chile since they are the appropriated scale in which decisions on land planning should be made. The reasons of choice this scale work is twofold; on the one hand, Chile is divided into longitudinal regions easily assignable to climatic belts, and, on the other hand, they are the regional governments who are in charge of the regional administrations and consequently in charge of their land and water management. In addition, this research should be also useful to become aware of the upcoming effects of climate change, foreseen by reliable predictive models in every scenario (optimistic and pessimistic), that serve to discuss about the sustainability of many of the current human activities.
\nThe study was carried out in the whole continental territory of Chile, excluding its islands and the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The size of the study area is 4270 km of distance from north to south and a width (from west to east) ranging from 90 to 445 km involving a great sort of different climate types (cold, temperate, Mediterranean, desert, and high mountain). The limits of the Continental Chile are Peru and Bolivia in the north, the Andes in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, and the Drake Passage in the south, Argentina being the country in whom Chile shares more kilometers of border.
\nThis territory is inhabited by around 18 million people with a relatively high standard of living (according to the main macroeconomic indicators) within the context of Latin America. It is divided since 2017 into 16 regions, 56 provinces, and 346 communes. Each region has its own regional government headed by the intendant and the member of the Regional Council (elected every 4 years). These regions keep its original Roman number from I to XII following a gradient from north to south. The Metropolitan Region has the number XIII; and three new regions recently created have continued this tradition (Figure 1).
\nGeographical distribution of the Chilean regions.
The water balance by region at an annual scale was estimated considering precipitation as the main input and evapotranspiration as the main output of the system, i.e. a positive surplus means precipitation > evapotranspiration and a negative surplus evapotranspiration > precipitation. These data were obtained from Fick and Hijmans [2] for the period 1970–2000 that is considered as the reference period to study changes in climatic variables. Evapotranspiration was determined by using the Turc method [9]. The total land surface of each one of the 16 regions (used to estimate the total amount of water expressed in km3) and their population (used to quantify the total amount of available water per person) was sourced by Chilean official statistics. Since Ñuble Region (XVI) was officially created in September 2018, its values have been considered within the region of Bio-Bio in which Ñuble was previously included.
\nThe predictive models utilized in this work were proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2013 [10]. Within those global models used in the fifth stage of the inter-comparison of coupled models, we have chosen the predictions given by the model MIROC5 for 2050 because it has been successfully tested in neighbor countries such as Peru [11]. We have considered two scenarios: (a) RCP 4.5 that assumes an increasing trend in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) until 2040 (the most optimistic) and (b) RCP 8.5 that assumes an increasing trend in GHG concentration for the whole twenty-first century (the most pessimistic).
\n\nFigure 2 shows the mean values (1970–2000) of water surplus per person for each one of the Chilean regions. The lowest values have been recorded in the Metropolitan Region (due to its high population density) and the desert regions of Antofagasta y Tarapacá. Contrariwise, the highest values were observed in Aysén, Magallanes, and Los Lagos. The regions of the north of Chile show relatively low values of annual water comparing inputs by rainfall and losses by evapotranspiration. Of particular interest are the central regions of the country where, on the one hand, the dominant climate is Mediterranean (naturally erratic) and, on the other hand, the pressure for water resources is particularly higher (the Metropolitan region of Santiago is inhabited by more than 7 million people, for instance).
\nRegional distribution of the mean annual values of water surplus in Chile (period: 1970–2000).
In fact, the highest spatial variability was observed in the central regions of the country where, regardless people and their activities, they show a significant contrast in natural water surplus. These differences start to be visible in the Region of Valparaíso (V) where climatic conditions change to Mediterranean and evapotranspiration is significantly reduced. The five northern regions of Chile (Arica and Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama, and Coquimbo) are scarce in precipitation (<250 mm y−1), and their evapotranspiration is also high (>600 mm y−1), but their needs in water keep in consonance with other regions because their population density is less than 20 people km−2 in the best of the cases. These values contrast to the Metropolitan Region (462 people km−2) and Valparaíso Region (111 people km−2).
\nThe (optimistic and pessimistic) predictions considered in this research returned similar values for 2050. It means the effects of climate change will be particularly remarkable in the central regions of Chile, characterized by their Mediterranean climate type and their high population densities. Both scenarios foresee the highest decrease in annual precipitation (Figure 3A) and increase in evapotranspiration (Figure 3B). Regarding water surplus they forecast annual losses of about 1000 mm y−1 in many regions of the country (Figure 3C). These losses are particularly worrying in the centre where most of Chilean people are now living.
\nDifferences between the averaged values of the period 1970–2000 and those foreseen by the predictive models for 2050.
The existing differences between both scenarios (optimistic vs. pessimistic) are not significantly different between them. For instance, the most optimistic foresees a reduction of 936 mm y−1 in precipitation and the pessimistic one of 1052 mm y−1. Regarding water surplus, both scenarios forecast losses around 1000 mm y−1 (optimistic, 968 mm y−1, vs. pessimistic, 1094 mm y−1) regardless of the number of people and the water consumption of their agricultural activities. In the south of the country, the model returns predictions of an increase in precipitation much higher than the foreseen increase in evapotranspiration. It means much more available water will be in the south, and perhaps it can suppose migrations from the north and central of the country to these regions. Regarding the desert regions of the north of Chile, the future situation will be presumably similar than the current one. So, no significant effects on local population are expected.
\nAlthough the effects of climate change on the water availability of Chile are well-known, or well-guessed, by the majority of people, their needs and demands in water are continuously increasing. For instance, the official organization in charge of water management (DGA, Dirección General de Aguas in Spanish) is still granting new rights for water exploitation in the regions of the north of Chile in spite of the thresholds of natural recharge of the aquifers having been already exceeded [5]. In addition, in this work we are not addressing further effects of this water scarcity such as salinization, really negative in semiarid countries such as Algeria [12].
\nIn the north of Chile, the use of water is related to mining activities. The price of copper has significantly increased and it has supposed catalysis in mining activities, i.e. a much higher consumption of water by these companies [4]. Other sectors such as the energetic (e.g. hydroelectric) are also intensifying their pressure on water resources since they are now living an expansionist time [3], perhaps provoked by many decades of criticism against the use of fossil energies such as petrol and coal or the pressure exerted by conservationists that consider wind turbines to be dangerous for birds [13].
\nRegarding the agricultural sector, water is progressively being more demanded because of the growth of population in Chile and the increase in the amounts of products exported to the global market [14]. It is provoking a higher scarcity and more competition for water in the whole country. In fact, Larraín and Poo [3] have reported a worrying increase in the number of conflicts related to (spatially unequal) water management. Most of these conflicts are happening in the central and north of Chile where water has become a valuable good due to erratic climatic conditions (Mediterranean and semiarid climates) and increasing pressure of the economic sectors [4].
\nWater management will be a challenging question for any regional and national government of Chile. The reserves of water in the aquifers and the estimation of the accurate consumption of water by people, mining, and different commercial crops such as avocado will decide the sustainability of this valuable resource. Specifically, in the agriculture, the recent crops (thought for exportation) are important consumers of water. In fact, most of them grow naturally in tropical conditions, and they are produced in Chile by using irrigation water [15].
\nThe branch of knowledge, with an outstanding global success, that is dealing this problematic is being the ecohydrology, recently popularized and key as scientific support for making decisions on water and land management properly by the political power [16]. So, we consider countries at risk of having serious problems of water availability; Chile, Spain, and Israel, for instance, should pay more attention and promote more specific research programmes for ecohydrologists. Studies on land capability of some crops and on the sustainability of traditional systems such as the
Another challenging task both for scientists and decision-makers is the proper scale of work. Here we have emphasized about the existing differences between the 16 administrative regions of Chile, but it is totally necessary to know the mechanisms that rule in a leaf, plant, farm, and catchment, among other work scales. In addition, the rights for water exploitation granted by the DGA should be very strict in terms of the total amount of water per year that each company must utilize. These rights should vary in time according to the rainfall variability or presumably increasing in evapotranspiration, i.e. companies and/or public agencies should have tools for monitoring water reserves constantly.
\nAnother aspect that can be also discussed by the scientists and decision-makers, although it is not the
In this study, we have shown the variation in water surplus for 2050, but nothing has been mentioned about the synergetic interaction between water and vegetation. The presence of vegetation is a cause and consequence of the presence of water and vice versa [15]. For instance, the spatial vegetation patterns exert a strong control on the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture and, consequently, on water infiltration or redistribution of water through soil macropores [20]. In addition, it is soil moisture content who determines species phenology and biomass production [21].
\nThe works published on this topic in the last decades have served to understand that the existing relationships abovementioned between water and vegetation parameters are nonlinear. According to Scheffer et al. [22], these relationships are based on thresholds, i.e. some properties keep on a stable status until they cross a certain threshold. It means that ecosystems of Central Chile that traditionally have been Mediterranean (dry subhumid) can change to semiarid and keep steady for decades and centuries. Nonetheless, the concept of stable status has just arrived to the studies of ecohydrology. So, further research is still necessary to draw definitive conclusions.
\nEvery ecosystem is controlled by the availability of water that it is naturally provided, but it can be worn up by human activities. In the ecosystems in which water is naturally abundant, the control of ecohydrological processes is ruled by the level of the water table [15]. Meanwhile in Mediterranean and semiarid ecosystems, ecohydrological processes are adapted to different moment or pulses ruled by water surplus or deficit in the non-saturated soil zone [23]. To investigate these mechanisms and processes to better understand the sensitivity of each ecosystem face environmental disturbs is the main challenge of the ecohydrology.
\nThe availability of water in Chile is of crucial interest for the near future since it is one of the countries that will be more affected by climate change. The regions that show a higher risk are those located in the central part of the country that are ruled by dry subhumid conditions (Mediterranean climate type) and inhabited by almost half of the total population. This forecast should serve the decision-makers to prepare a new scenario in which high consuming crops in water such as avocado (
This study has been possible by funding provided by the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnoóógico [FONDECYT 11161097] and by the Programa de Cooperaóión Internacional para la Formóción de Redes Internacionales de Investióación [REDI170640], both granted by the Government of Chile.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
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Unil Perera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1565.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92217",title:"Prof.",name:"Unil",middleName:null,surname:"Perera",slug:"unil-perera",fullName:"Unil Perera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3623",title:"Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",subtitle:"Semiconductor Devices Circuits and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advanced-microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-semiconductor-devices-circuits-and-systems",bookSignature:"Moumita Mukherjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3623.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24251",title:"Dr.",name:"Moumita",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"moumita-mukherjee",fullName:"Moumita Mukherjee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3707",title:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",subtitle:"from Photonic Bandgap Devices to Antenna and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-from-photonic-bandgap-devices-to-antenna-and-applications",bookSignature:"Igor Minin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123258",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Minin",slug:"igor-minin",fullName:"Igor Minin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3708",title:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",subtitle:"Modern UWB antennas and equipment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-modern-uwb-antennas-and-equipment",bookSignature:"Igor Minin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3708.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123258",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Minin",slug:"igor-minin",fullName:"Igor Minin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"53062",doi:"10.5772/66230",title:"Materials Characterization Using Microwave Waveguide System",slug:"materials-characterization-using-microwave-waveguide-system",totalDownloads:3092,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"This chapter reviews the application and characterization of material that uses the microwave waveguide systems. For macroscopic characterization, three properties of the material are often tested: complex permittivity, complex permeability and conductivity. Based on the experimental setup and sub-principle of measurements, microwave measurement techniques can be categorized into either resonant technique or nonresonant technique. In this chapter, calibration procedures for non-resonant technique are described. The aperture of open-ended coaxial waveguide has been calibrated using Open-Short-Load procedures. On the other hand, the apertures of rectangular waveguides have been calibrated by using Short-Offset-Offset Short procedures and Through-Reflect-Line calibration kits. Besides, the extraction process of complex permittivity and complex permeability of the material which use the waveguide systems is discussed. For one-port measurement, direct and inverse solutions have been utilized to derive complex permittivity and complex permeability from measured reflection coefficient. For two-port measurement, in general, the material filled in the waveguide has been conventional practice to measure the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient by using Nicholson-Ross-Weir (NRW) routines and convert these measurements to relative permittivity, εr and relative permeability, μr. In addition, this chapter also presents the calculation of dielectric properties based on the difference in the phase shifts for the measured transmission coefficients between the air and the material.",book:{id:"5436",slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Kok Yeow You",authors:[{id:"188673",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Yeow",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kok-yeow-you",fullName:"Kok Yeow You"}]},{id:"53096",doi:"10.5772/66361",title:"Multiple Person Localization Based on Their Vital Sign Detection Using UWB Sensor",slug:"multiple-person-localization-based-on-their-vital-sign-detection-using-uwb-sensor",totalDownloads:1999,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"In the past period, great efforts have been made to develop methods for through an obstacle detection of human vital signs such as breathing or heart beating. For that purpose, ultra-wideband (UWB) radars operating in the frequency band DC-5 GHz can be used as a proper tool. The basic principle of respiratory motion detection consists in the identification of radar signal components possessing a significant power in the frequency band 0.2–0.7 Hz (frequency band of human respiratory rate) corresponding to a constant bistatic range between the target and radar. To tackle the task of detecting respiratory motion, a variety of methods have been developed. However, the problem of person localization based on his or her respiratory motion detection has not been studied deeply. In order to fill this gap, an approach for multiple person localization based on the detection of their respiratory motion will be introduced in this chapter.",book:{id:"5436",slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Daniel Novák, Mária Švecová and Dusan Kocur",authors:[{id:"83173",title:"Dr.",name:"Dusan",middleName:null,surname:"Kocur",slug:"dusan-kocur",fullName:"Dusan Kocur"},{id:"189768",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Novák",slug:"daniel-novak",fullName:"Daniel Novák"},{id:"189769",title:"Dr.",name:"Mária",middleName:null,surname:"Švecová",slug:"maria-svecova",fullName:"Mária Švecová"}]},{id:"9964",doi:"10.5772/8747",title:"Physics of Charging in Dielectrics and Reliability of Capacitive RF-MEMS Switches",slug:"physics-of-charging-in-dielectrics-and-reliability-of-capacitive-rf-mems-switches",totalDownloads:5100,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"3623",slug:"advanced-microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-semiconductor-devices-circuits-and-systems",title:"Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",fullTitle:"Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies Semiconductor Devices Circuits and Systems"},signatures:"George Papaioannou and Robert Plana",authors:null},{id:"10352",doi:"10.5772/9061",title:"Dielectric Anisotropy of Modern Microwave Substrates",slug:"dielectric-anisotropy-of-modern-microwave-substrates",totalDownloads:3054,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"3707",slug:"microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-from-photonic-bandgap-devices-to-antenna-and-applications",title:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",fullTitle:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies from Photonic Bandgap Devices to Antenna and Applications"},signatures:"Plamen I. Dankov",authors:null},{id:"10350",doi:"10.5772/9059",title:"Millimeter-Wave Imaging Sensor",slug:"millimeter-wave-imaging-sensor",totalDownloads:4986,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3707",slug:"microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-from-photonic-bandgap-devices-to-antenna-and-applications",title:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",fullTitle:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies from Photonic Bandgap Devices to Antenna and Applications"},signatures:"Masaru Sato and Koji Mizuno",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58958",title:"Introductory Chapter: RF/Microwave Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-rf-microwave-applications",totalDownloads:1447,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"6318",slug:"emerging-microwave-technologies-in-industrial-agricultural-medical-and-food-processing",title:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing",fullTitle:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing"},signatures:"Kok Yeow You",authors:[{id:"188673",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Yeow",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kok-yeow-you",fullName:"Kok Yeow You"}]},{id:"53062",title:"Materials Characterization Using Microwave Waveguide System",slug:"materials-characterization-using-microwave-waveguide-system",totalDownloads:3092,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"This chapter reviews the application and characterization of material that uses the microwave waveguide systems. For macroscopic characterization, three properties of the material are often tested: complex permittivity, complex permeability and conductivity. Based on the experimental setup and sub-principle of measurements, microwave measurement techniques can be categorized into either resonant technique or nonresonant technique. In this chapter, calibration procedures for non-resonant technique are described. The aperture of open-ended coaxial waveguide has been calibrated using Open-Short-Load procedures. On the other hand, the apertures of rectangular waveguides have been calibrated by using Short-Offset-Offset Short procedures and Through-Reflect-Line calibration kits. Besides, the extraction process of complex permittivity and complex permeability of the material which use the waveguide systems is discussed. For one-port measurement, direct and inverse solutions have been utilized to derive complex permittivity and complex permeability from measured reflection coefficient. For two-port measurement, in general, the material filled in the waveguide has been conventional practice to measure the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient by using Nicholson-Ross-Weir (NRW) routines and convert these measurements to relative permittivity, εr and relative permeability, μr. In addition, this chapter also presents the calculation of dielectric properties based on the difference in the phase shifts for the measured transmission coefficients between the air and the material.",book:{id:"5436",slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Kok Yeow You",authors:[{id:"188673",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Yeow",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kok-yeow-you",fullName:"Kok Yeow You"}]},{id:"52960",title:"On-Wafer Microwave De-Embedding Techniques",slug:"on-wafer-microwave-de-embedding-techniques",totalDownloads:3538,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Wireless communication technology has kept evolving into higher frequency regime to take advantage of wider data bandwidth and higher speed performance. Successful RF circuit design requires accurate characterization of on-chip devices. This greatly relies on robust de-embedding technique to completely remove surrounding parasitics of pad and interconnects that connect device to measurement probes. Complex interaction of fixture parasitic at high frequency has imposed extreme challenges to de-embedding particularly for lossy complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) device. A generalized network de-embedding technique that avoids any inaccurate lumped and transmission line assumptions on the pad and interconnects of the test structure is presented. The de-embedding strategy has been validated by producing negligible de-embedding error (<−50 dB) on the insertion loss of the zero-length THRU device. It demonstrates better accuracy than existing de-embedding techniques that are based on lumped pad assumption. For transistor characterization, the de-embedding reference plane could be further shifted to the metal fingers with additional Finger OPEN-SHORT structures. The resulted de-embedded RF parameters of CMOS transistor show good scalability across geometries and negligible frequency dependency of less than 3% for up to 100 GHz. The results reveal the importance of accounting for the parasitic effect of metal fingers for transistor characterization.",book:{id:"5436",slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Xi Sung Loo, Kiat Seng Yeo and Kok Wai, Johnny Chew",authors:[{id:"189098",title:"Dr.",name:"Xi Sung",middleName:null,surname:"Loo",slug:"xi-sung-loo",fullName:"Xi Sung Loo"},{id:"189214",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiat Seng",middleName:null,surname:"Yeo",slug:"kiat-seng-yeo",fullName:"Kiat Seng Yeo"},{id:"189215",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Wai, Johnny",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",slug:"kok-wai-johnny-chew",fullName:"Kok Wai, Johnny Chew"}]},{id:"52747",title:"Nonlinear Channel Equalization Approach for Microwave Communication Systems",slug:"nonlinear-channel-equalization-approach-for-microwave-communication-systems",totalDownloads:2208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The theoretical principles of intersymbol interference (ISI) and channel equalization in wireless communication systems are addressed. Several conventional and well-known equalization techniques are discussed and compared such as zero forcing (ZF) and maximum likelihood (ML). The main section in this chapter is devoted to an abstract concept of equalization approach, namely, dual channel equalization (DCE). The proposed approach is flexible and can be employed and integrated with other linear and nonlinear equalization approaches. Closed expressions for the achieved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) in the case of ZF-DCE and ML-DCE are derived. According to the obtained outcomes, the DCE demonstrates promising improvements in the equalization performance (BER reduction) in comparison with the conventional techniques.",book:{id:"5436",slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Modar Shbat, Francisco Ordaz-Salazar and Javier Salvador González-Salas",authors:[{id:"189618",title:"Prof.",name:"Modar",middleName:null,surname:"Shbat",slug:"modar-shbat",fullName:"Modar Shbat"},{id:"189620",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ordaz-Salazar",slug:"francisco-ordaz-salazar",fullName:"Francisco Ordaz-Salazar"},{id:"189621",title:"Prof.",name:"Javier Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"González-Salas",slug:"javier-salvador-gonzalez-salas",fullName:"Javier Salvador González-Salas"}]},{id:"60385",title:"Fractal Array Antennas and Applications",slug:"fractal-array-antennas-and-applications",totalDownloads:1231,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Modern celestial and other advanced wireless communication systems require feasible array antennas with reconfigurable multibeams, broadband, high end of coverage, high gain, less side-lobe level with wider side-lobe level angles, better signal-to-noise ratio and small in size than conventionally achievable. This has initiated array antenna research in different tracks, one of which is by using fractal array antennas. The investigation on fractal-shaped antennas is basically focused on two fundamental areas such as the analysis and design of fractal antenna elements and the application of fractal geometric technology to the design of array antennas. These recursively generated antennas provide new insights into the antenna properties due to their self-similar behaviour. Owing to the feasible geometric construction and advanced properties, fractal antennas find applications in advanced wireless communications, MIMO radars, satellite communications and space observations. This work concentrated here is primarily aimed on the design of fractal array antennas using concentric elliptical ring sub-array fractal geometric design methodology and the reduction of total number of antenna elements at higher expansion factors of both conventional and proposed fractal array antennas.",book:{id:"6318",slug:"emerging-microwave-technologies-in-industrial-agricultural-medical-and-food-processing",title:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing",fullTitle:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing"},signatures:"V. A. Sankar Ponnapalli and P. V. Y. Jayasree",authors:[{id:"210988",title:"Dr.",name:"V.A.Sankar",middleName:null,surname:"Ponnapalli",slug:"v.a.sankar-ponnapalli",fullName:"V.A.Sankar Ponnapalli"},{id:"210989",title:"Prof.",name:"V. Y. Jayasree",middleName:null,surname:"Pappu",slug:"v.-y.-jayasree-pappu",fullName:"V. Y. Jayasree Pappu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"750",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82123",title:"Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis Process: From a Laboratory Scale to an Industrial Plant",slug:"microwave-assisted-pyrolysis-process-from-a-laboratory-scale-to-an-industrial-plant",totalDownloads:35,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104925",abstract:"One of the great challenges for the European Union (EU) is the “Circular Economy Package,” and to achieve this goal, materials at the end of their life cycle must be recycled using a sustainable process. In this way, as a thermochemical treatment, pyrolysis represents a significant opportunity so long it leads to the recovery of both energy and chemical content of mixed, contaminated, or deteriorated plastics. An excellent history of an academic-industrial adventure started in 2008 at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Florence demonstrates the possibility of employing microwaves to recycle plastics to preserve their energy and chemical content. After that, Techwave started industrialization of the process in 2019, realizing a small-scale prototype followed by a full-scale pilot plant using different plastic materials (e.g., polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and polypropylene). Nowadays, the plant may process 90 kg/h of plastics with a low formation of char and gas and an interesting amount of liquid useful as a source of chemicals or fuel because it has an LHV of 35–43 kJ/kg. The Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (MAP) is an industrial novelty in plastic recycling, and it looks very promising for a much more modern and innovative plastic waste recovery system.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Marco Frediani, Piero Frediani, Gianni Innocenti, Irene Mellone, Roberto Simoni and Gianpaolo Oteri"},{id:"82420",title:"Applications of Microwaves in Medicine and Biology",slug:"applications-of-microwaves-in-medicine-and-biology",totalDownloads:23,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105492",abstract:"This chapter deals with the description of recent research activities oriented on the perspective of microwave technologies in medicine and biology. It brings new ideas about the possibilities of using microwaves in thermotherapy—above all toward hyperthermia in cancer treatment. Development of new types of hyperthermia applicators (based, e.g., on technologies such as metamaterials, evanescent modes in waveguides, and other types of transmission structures) will be discussed here. Furthermore, we would like to underline in this chapter perspectives of microwaves in medical diagnostics. It is possible to expect that, e.g., microwave differential tomography, UWB radar, and microwave radiometers (all three can be used both for medical diagnostic and for noninvasive temperature measurement) will soon play an important role in it. Finally, experimental equipment necessary for research on the biological effects of EM fields is presented.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"David Vrba, Jan Vrba, Ondrej Fiser, Jesus Cumana, Milan Babak and Jan Vrba Senior"},{id:"81917",title:"Fluidics for Reconfigurable Microwave Components",slug:"fluidics-for-reconfigurable-microwave-components",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104857",abstract:"Dielectric and conducting liquids with varying electromagnetic properties can offer novel alternatives for building tunable microwave passive components as well as antennas. Injecting these fluidics in or around microwave substrates alters their overall electrical characteristics, enabling circuit reconfigurability. Alternatively, changing the shapes and dimensions of conductors by using liquid metals can achieve similar reconfigurability. An overview of different liquids and their electromagnetic properties is first given. The principles behind the reconfigurability of the electrical characteristics of typical guiding structures based on mode shape variation in the presence of fluids are discussed. The realization of an N-bit programmable impedance tuner in 3D LTCC technology based on these principles is presented.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Dorra Bahloul, Ines Amor and Ammar Kouki"},{id:"82046",title:"One Model of Microwave Heating of Water Drop",slug:"one-model-of-microwave-heating-of-water-drop",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104949",abstract:"This work deals with the modeling of microwave heating of a water drop. A drop model is reduced to its electric dipoles, masses, and charges are constructed using the associating of COMSOL Multiphysics and Matlab software. The considered model proposes a microscopic point of view on microwave heating, which transforms electrical energy into heat.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Serge Lefeuvre and Olga Gomonova"},{id:"82076",title:"Power Divider/Combiner",slug:"power-divider-combiner",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104911",abstract:"With the remarkable progress in the use of Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G, there is a demand for higher performance such as miniaturization, broadband/multiband, low loss, and high integration for several microwave circuits. This chapter treats microwave power dividers/combiners used in amplifiers, mixers, phase shifters, antenna feeding networks, and so on. Here, the treated circuits are composed of LC-ladder circuits and an absorption resistor. It shows that multiband (dual-band and tri-band) and broadband can be achieved by changing the number of stages of the LC-ladder circuit. In addition, the effectiveness of this design method is demonstrated by electromagnetic simulations and prototype experiments.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Tadashi Kawai, Ayumu Tsuchiya and Akira Enokihara"},{id:"82035",title:"Orbital Angular Momentum Wave and Propagation",slug:"orbital-angular-momentum-wave-and-propagation",totalDownloads:38,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104477",abstract:"Orbital angular momentum (OAM) techniques are exploited for a wide range of potential radiofrequency (RF) and electromagnetic applications, including megahertz-through-terahertz wireless systems, fiber-based and free-space optical communications and sensing, just like acoustic and any other wave-based counterparts. In those RF and electromagnetic applications, OAM wave is set to enable the development of high-speed and high-capacity communications, radar imaging, and sensing systems, among many others. In this chapter, a comprehensive comparison between plane wave and OAM wave propagation using a patch antenna as a radiator at 2.45 GHz is presented and discussed. This comparison allows the appreciation of the fundamental properties of the OAM wave when compared against its plane wave counterpart. For simplified comparison and discussion, we will use two abbreviated terms: PWPA for plane-wave patch antenna and OWPA for OAM wave patch antenna. PWPA refers to as planar patch antenna that produces plane waves in far-field, whereas patch antenna that delivers OAM waves in far-field is termed as OWPA. In this context, all physical quantities for wave propagation such as electric field, magnetic field, wave impedance, wave vector, velocity, pitch, and propagation constant are theoretically studied for OAM waves and compared with plane waves. First, OAM wave generation is studied through widely used uniform circular antenna array (UCAA) in literature. Then, plane wave patch antenna (PWPA) and OAM wave patch antenna (OWPA) are designed and verified through simulation and measurement. OWPA is designed with characteristic mode analysis (CMA) based on a lossy substrate to excite a twisting wave at a determined patch location. With this in mind, a comparative investigation of PWPA and OWPA is conducted for different physical parameters. Cylindrical near-field scan clearly shows a helical wave motion for OWPA, whereas a normal plane wave motion for PWPA. Furthermore, the comparison of plane wave and OAM wave propagation is demonstrated using the combination of a Tx–Rx antenna pair. It is observed that the overall signal from OWPA can be received with two PWPAs at an angle as OWPA has a dispersive beam. Moreover, the receiving antenna with a large aperture and plane wave horn antenna (PWHA) in the line of sight (LOS) range can also be used to receive the overall signal from OWPA. The received signal in PWPA–PWPA, OWPA–OWPA, OWPA–PWPA–PWPA, OWPA–PWHA Tx–Rx pairs is thoroughly compared and studied. Measured and simulated results for transmission are −30 dB for 0 dB input signal in OWPA–PWPA–PWPA and OWPA–PWHA cases, which are reasonably justified within the sensitivity/dynamic range of short-distance communication and radar sensing receivers.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Pankaj Jha and Ke Wu"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:14},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. 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Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. 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