Descriptive statistics for all dog hearing thresholds in units of dB HL.
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multipliers. The primary breeds of dogs serving are the Belgian Malinois and the German Shepherds. A baseline audiology program has previously never been developed that is adequate to their needs as it applies to noise effects on canine hearing. Thus, there remains a need for criteria to be developed for canine auditory fitness. Presently, auditory fitness in dogs is judged by handler observation of canine behavior, including response to verbal commands, veterinary otoscopic examination, and ability to train [1].
Constant noise can have physiologic and psychological effects in several nonhuman species [2]. This investigation was focused specifically on the deleterious effects of environmental noise on the auditory system in dogs. Whether constant noise can affect dogs, particularly working dogs that are relied upon for their enhanced sensory capabilities (e.g., those used in special military operations or search and rescue), it is important to determine the conditions or environments that can potentially impair these sensory capabilities to adequately understand their impact on canine hearing. The most important frequencies for multipurpose canines to hear in practicality are in the human audible range of 20–20,000 Hz (even though dogs are very sensitive to higher frequencies past 20,000 Hz) since, operationally, it is paramount for the dogs to be able to take vocal commands from the handler and that higher frequencies attenuate rapidly in the field. This requirement is based on handler and veterinarian requests for the information (personal contact, unpublished).
Although, anatomically, the canine ear canal differs from humans and the canine cochlea differs anatomically (where dogs have a higher range of frequencies of hearing than humans), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown analogies between human and canine auditory cortices and central auditory systems [1, 2, 3, 4].
As a result of the number of cases of congenital deafness in dogs, the veterinary and breeding communities have made an extensive effort to perform auditory screening between the ages of 5–8 weeks of age. The only acceptable audiological test for determining baseline hearing acuity is the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. We are using BAER testing for threshold estimation as a baseline for establishing current hearing threshold in dogs in the current protocol. Another test that can be used for baseline and routine follow-up testing is the distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) [10, 11, 13]. In addition, the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) has also been used to evaluate hearing in dogs [10] The Malinois breed is not one of those recorded on the list of breeds known to suffer from congenital deafness, although the German Shepard dog is on the list [14].
The BAER electrophysiological test is relatively objective in its output (waveforms); however, the establishment of which peak on the resultant waveforms is subjective with the possible exception of Wave-V and the subsequent trough (VT) of Wave-V. This routine technique that has been used with humans since 1967 [15] and slowly introduced into the animal industry since the 1980’s [5, 6, 7, 11, 13].
The comparison of evoked responses with behavioral hearing thresholds would be the norm when attempting to determine the normal hearing threshold of an animal [1]. In this situation, the subjects of this testing were dogs that were already kenneled for some time and had already been in previous flight training situations. The testing was conducted using an opportune time when flight training was underway.
Figure 1 shows the canine hearing threshold. Figure 2 is an example of a typical canine BAER waveform. Figure 3 shows hearing thresholds for tested subjects. Figure 4 shows examples of the BAER waveforms for a tested subject. Outside of congenital deafness, elevated hearing thresholds have been recorded in military working dogs (MWDs) during transport in trucks and helicopters, when exposed to gunfire and explosives, and commonly in working dog kennels (data from samples taken on military bases-unpublished). Most occupied military kennels may have peak noise at 100 dBA, which requires hearing protection of the handlers upon entering [17, 18, 19, 20]. The consequence of significant elevated thresholds is a failure of the dog to properly respond to voice commands and to miss critical acoustic cues while working, especially when working in gunshot or explosive noise (Personal correspondence) (Table 1).
These are behavioral hearing threshold curves for various breeds of dogs [
A typical canine BAER trace taken in the right ear of a dog at 90 dB peSPL (54 dB nHL) using a broadband 100-microsecond click stimulus. Various peaks are marked as stops along the auditory pathway.
Hearing thresholds based on BAER tests to estimate threshold shifts obtained pre- and post-30-minute and 60-minute military helicopter flights for seven multipurpose canines using a 100-microsecond click stimulus over ER-3 ear inserts.
Example of a (A) baseline BAER threshold at 50 dB peSPL, (B) 30-minute postflight BAER threshold at 120 dB peSPL, and (C) 60-minute BAER threshold after helicopter flight noise exposure at 70 dB peSPL showing threshold recovery over time.
Dog 1 RE | Dog 1 LE | Dog 2 RE | Dog 2 LE | Dog 3 RE | Dog 3 LE | Dog 4 RE | Dog 4 LE | Dog 5 RE | Dog 5 LE | Dog 6 RE | Dog 6 LE | Dog 7 RE | Dog 7LE | Average | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preflight | 32 | 20 | 32 | 34 | 24 | 34 | 44 | 44 | 34 | 24 | 14 | 24 | 14 | 14 | 27.71 |
Post 30 minutes | 50 | 64 | 54 | 64 | 64 | 54 | 34 | 24 | 64 | 54 | 84 | 84 | 59 | 64 | 58.35 |
Post 60 minutes | 39 | 54 | 54 | 74 | 34 | 24 | 46.5 |
Descriptive statistics for all dog hearing thresholds in units of dB HL.
Routinely deployed dogs are subject to relatively consistent exposure to noise in the field during training and operations. Although hearing protection devices (HPDs) for canines exist commercially, those that we have tested do not sufficiently attenuate frequencies below 1000 Hz. These low frequencies are particularly important to attenuate for multipurpose dogs that are exposed to machinery, helicopter flights, certain military operations, and explosives [21, 22, 23]. Currently, when multipurpose canines are transported in helicopters, each handler uses his/her own method for ear protection, and in many cases, no hearing protection device is used. The Army Research Office has awarded tasking to develop both over-the-ear (snood) and in-ear electronic HPDs. The dogs tested in this project were undergoing routine flight training and were not wearing any hearing protection except for one dog who wore a snood to see what BAER thresholds would result in after using an HPD.
This chapter will specifically discuss our newly accepted baseline protocol to be used for the audiological testing of military working dogs and the impacts of helicopter transport noise as an example on working canine hearing threshold. This protocol has now been accepted by the Army Special Operations Command and is in use at multiple bases where multipurpose canines are trained and housed.
The BAER test provides an electrophysiological measure of neural responses (from the cranial nerve VIII and lower brainstem auditory nuclei) to auditory stimuli through the use of surface or subdermal electrodes. The technique is a widely used objective measure of auditory system function in humans and has also been used extensively in the auditory assessment of dogs [4].
Typically, a BAER test involves five waves occurring within 6–15 milliseconds following the evoking stimulus [3]. The fourth and fifth waves in the sequence will, occasionally merge into a single broad wave or a wave IV/V complex making identification of all the five waves difficult to define. Our experience with puppy screening and diagnostic testing in the FETCHLAB clinics is that we do see five waves most of the time. The second wave in the sequence (wave Il) is often of sufficiently small amplitude that it is masked by the background recording noise and, therefore, not readily identifiable [7, 8]. These variances in the morphology of BAER recordings are not considered unusual and likely result from an interaction between the selected electrode placement sites, acquisition parameters, and electrical transmission characteristics of the various tissues interposed between the neural generators and the electrode recording site [8].
When BAER testing is used to quantify hearing threshold levels, the most commonly used interpretation metric involves the identification of the lowest stimulus intensity at which the fifth peak in the sequence, or wave V, can be identified (the wave V threshold). This is also known as the lowest observable response level (LORL) [17].
This testing was accomplished under the University of Cincinnati IACUC protocol #07-12-19-01 and USAMRMC proposal number 18263008, award number A2-7467. This protocol was approved after annual review on July 18, 2021. The hearing evaluation was considered normal clinical testing. Moreover, advantage was taken of these multipurpose canines undergoing normal flight (helicopter) training. We simply conducted pre- and posthearing evaluations to obtain auditory data for this research. Given the limitations placed on us to have access to these dogs, we were only able to conduct limited further threshold BAER testing at later times postflight to observe changes in the postflight threshold shifts.
Seven [7] military working dogs (MWDs) ranging from 2 to 5 years of age were baseline tested at a military base veterinary clinic using the following procedure: a BAER threshold estimation test was run using a 100-microsecond click stimulus on an Intelligent Hearing Systems (IHS) unit. This test was conducted using the following parameters:
Polarity: rarefaction.
Rate: 31.1.
Sweeps: 500.
Stimulus intensities: 110 dB peSPL (74 dB nHL), 100 dB peSPL (64 dB nHL), 90 dB peSPL (54 dB nHL), 80 dB peSPL (44 dB nHL), 70 dB peSPL (34 dB nHL), 60 dB peSPL (24 dB nHL), 50 dB peSPL (14 dB nHL).
*There is a 34-dB conversation/calibration factor from dB peal sound pressure level (peSPL) to dB normal hearing level (nHL) on the particular IHS system used for this project.
Amplification: 100,000.
Low-pass filter: 1500 Hz.
High-pass filter: 100 Hz.
Stimulus: 100 microsecond click.
Based on the results of the baseline BAER, a Wave I–V latency intensity function was developed for each ear.
The BAER test analysis consisted of observing similar wave 1, III, and V latencies in two separate runs.
All the dogs were taken directly from their kennel and then pretested in the veterinary clinic in the kennel complex. Prior to testing, an otoscopic examination was conducted to ensure that no occlusion or the possibility that conductive issues were present. The tympanic membrane was viewed in all the dogs. The dogs then proceeded directly to their flight training where they were flown for 30 minutes in an H60 helicopter as usual. The handlers normally used their own means of protection for the dog such as simply folding the ears over, cotton, or nothing at all. In this case, the handlers elected not to use any form of hearing protection with the exception of one handler by choice. This flight time was shorter than normal although, depending on the mission, helicopter transit times vary greatly. At the end of flight, they were immediately brought back to the veterinary clinic and retested (postflight). Threshold estimations were noted. Dogs were sedated during BAER testing procedures with dexmedetomidine based off weight to minimize muscle artifact.
The procedure began with BAER testing each dog at an intensity of 76 dB hearing loss (HL) and increasing the stimulus intensity by 10 dB HL until all the waves were present and a second set of similar waveforms existed. Then, the intensity was lowered by 5 dB HL until similarity was no longer present. This, then, constituted the dog’s threshold for that test sequence. The same protocol was followed postflight, 30 and 60 minutes later.
The noise level within the helicopter was measured using a Bruel and Kjaer model 2270 sound level meter. The average noise level (LAeq) was measured over the entire 30-minute flight. An example LAeq from a 30-minute helicopter flight in this project was 107 dBA. An A-weighted decibel (dbA) is a scale for measuring loudness corresponding to hearing thresholds of the human ear.
After 30-minute in-flight, a 30-minute postflight BAER threshold estimation was run upon touchdown and with a retest 60-minute postflight to estimate threshold shifts. Results were compared to baseline thresholds. A total of seven canines (all male) were included in this study. Decibels (dB) are defined in different reference units. The dB peSPL is a decibel in sound pressure level comparing the pressure of sound at the microphone of the sound level meter to the reference pressure of 0.0002n dynes/cm2. The results are listed in dB nHL, which is a decibel in normalized hearing level when using electrophysiologic testing, such as a BAER test. A conversation factor of 36 dB can change the dB SPL value to dB nHL with the particular IHS machine used for this study. The average threshold of baseline BAER thresholds was 27.71 dB nHL, the average of 30-minute postflight BAER thresholds was 58.35 dB HL, and the average of 60-minute postflight BAER thresholds was 46.5 dB HL. BAER thresholds increased by an average of 30.64 dB HL after 30 minutes postflight, which is equivalent to a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. BAER thresholds decreased after 60 minutes postflight by 11.85 dB HL, which is equivalent to a mild hearing loss. Dog 4 used a Zeteo Tech, Inc. snood-type canine auditory protection system (CAPS) for hearing protection, which resulted in having better thresholds 30 minutes postflight than the baseline. Dog 4 was subjected to kennel noise before baseline testing and had suspected elevated thresholds greater than expected.
It has been shown that threshold shifts can occur in humans following exposure to noise levels between 90 and 125 dB SPL (8). A temporary threshold shift (TTS) may include a temporary reduction in hearing acuity, which may become evident within minutes after exposure but is usually reversible in time (this time is variable across individuals).
The underlying pathophysiologic changes involve cell death among various sensory and support cells in the inner ear, resulting from an oxidative stress reaction due to long-term overstimulation [15]. Given the similarities of the typical mammalian auditory system and specifically the canine versus human auditory systems, it is not unreasonable to imply that the triggering causes and attributes of the noise-induced hearing loss would be similar if not identical to that of canines.
From a behavioral perspective, canine handlers reported that after touchdown during mission helicopter flights, their canines were not reacting to standard verbal commands, reducing the tactical effectiveness of the canines. Handlers reported that it appeared that the canine was either not listening, was seemingly disoriented, or not readily responding to verbal commands for various lengths of time, which seemed to be canine specific (personal communication). The dogs in this flight training did not show any disorientation but did not react in the usual manner to vocal command once exiting the helicopter. The flight time during this training was shorter than most mission flights. Given the average threshold shift shown by the test dogs in this study (approximately 30 dB nHL), it is reasonable to presuppose that the threshold shift played a significant role in this behavior.
Presently, the actual prevalence of hearing loss in MWDs is unreported or classified. Given the newly established baseline auditory testing for MWDs, these statistics will become available, thus allowing for longer service and care of the dogs.
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For that purpose, ultra-wideband (UWB) radars operating in the frequency band DC-5 GHz can be used as a proper tool. The basic principle of respiratory motion detection consists in the identification of radar signal components possessing a significant power in the frequency band 0.2–0.7 Hz (frequency band of human respiratory rate) corresponding to a constant bistatic range between the target and radar. To tackle the task of detecting respiratory motion, a variety of methods have been developed. However, the problem of person localization based on his or her respiratory motion detection has not been studied deeply. In order to fill this gap, an approach for multiple person localization based on the detection of their respiratory motion will be introduced in this chapter.",book:{id:"5436",slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Daniel Novák, Mária Švecová and Dusan Kocur",authors:[{id:"83173",title:"Dr.",name:"Dusan",middleName:null,surname:"Kocur",slug:"dusan-kocur",fullName:"Dusan Kocur"},{id:"189768",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Novák",slug:"daniel-novak",fullName:"Daniel Novák"},{id:"189769",title:"Dr.",name:"Mária",middleName:null,surname:"Švecová",slug:"maria-svecova",fullName:"Mária Švecová"}]},{id:"10352",doi:"10.5772/9061",title:"Dielectric Anisotropy of Modern Microwave Substrates",slug:"dielectric-anisotropy-of-modern-microwave-substrates",totalDownloads:3061,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"3707",slug:"microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-from-photonic-bandgap-devices-to-antenna-and-applications",title:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",fullTitle:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies from Photonic Bandgap Devices to Antenna and Applications"},signatures:"Plamen I. Dankov",authors:null},{id:"9964",doi:"10.5772/8747",title:"Physics of Charging in Dielectrics and Reliability of Capacitive RF-MEMS Switches",slug:"physics-of-charging-in-dielectrics-and-reliability-of-capacitive-rf-mems-switches",totalDownloads:5103,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"3623",slug:"advanced-microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-semiconductor-devices-circuits-and-systems",title:"Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",fullTitle:"Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies Semiconductor Devices Circuits and Systems"},signatures:"George Papaioannou and Robert Plana",authors:null},{id:"10350",doi:"10.5772/9059",title:"Millimeter-Wave Imaging Sensor",slug:"millimeter-wave-imaging-sensor",totalDownloads:4989,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3707",slug:"microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-from-photonic-bandgap-devices-to-antenna-and-applications",title:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",fullTitle:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies from Photonic Bandgap Devices to Antenna and Applications"},signatures:"Masaru Sato and Koji Mizuno",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58958",title:"Introductory Chapter: RF/Microwave Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-rf-microwave-applications",totalDownloads:1449,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"6318",slug:"emerging-microwave-technologies-in-industrial-agricultural-medical-and-food-processing",title:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing",fullTitle:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing"},signatures:"Kok Yeow You",authors:[{id:"188673",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Yeow",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kok-yeow-you",fullName:"Kok Yeow You"}]},{id:"53062",title:"Materials Characterization Using Microwave Waveguide System",slug:"materials-characterization-using-microwave-waveguide-system",totalDownloads:3098,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"This chapter reviews the application and characterization of material that uses the microwave waveguide systems. For macroscopic characterization, three properties of the material are often tested: complex permittivity, complex permeability and conductivity. Based on the experimental setup and sub-principle of measurements, microwave measurement techniques can be categorized into either resonant technique or nonresonant technique. In this chapter, calibration procedures for non-resonant technique are described. The aperture of open-ended coaxial waveguide has been calibrated using Open-Short-Load procedures. On the other hand, the apertures of rectangular waveguides have been calibrated by using Short-Offset-Offset Short procedures and Through-Reflect-Line calibration kits. Besides, the extraction process of complex permittivity and complex permeability of the material which use the waveguide systems is discussed. For one-port measurement, direct and inverse solutions have been utilized to derive complex permittivity and complex permeability from measured reflection coefficient. For two-port measurement, in general, the material filled in the waveguide has been conventional practice to measure the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient by using Nicholson-Ross-Weir (NRW) routines and convert these measurements to relative permittivity, εr and relative permeability, μr. In addition, this chapter also presents the calculation of dielectric properties based on the difference in the phase shifts for the measured transmission coefficients between the air and the material.",book:{id:"5436",slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Kok Yeow You",authors:[{id:"188673",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Yeow",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kok-yeow-you",fullName:"Kok Yeow You"}]},{id:"52960",title:"On-Wafer Microwave De-Embedding Techniques",slug:"on-wafer-microwave-de-embedding-techniques",totalDownloads:3551,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Wireless communication technology has kept evolving into higher frequency regime to take advantage of wider data bandwidth and higher speed performance. Successful RF circuit design requires accurate characterization of on-chip devices. This greatly relies on robust de-embedding technique to completely remove surrounding parasitics of pad and interconnects that connect device to measurement probes. Complex interaction of fixture parasitic at high frequency has imposed extreme challenges to de-embedding particularly for lossy complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) device. A generalized network de-embedding technique that avoids any inaccurate lumped and transmission line assumptions on the pad and interconnects of the test structure is presented. The de-embedding strategy has been validated by producing negligible de-embedding error (<−50 dB) on the insertion loss of the zero-length THRU device. It demonstrates better accuracy than existing de-embedding techniques that are based on lumped pad assumption. For transistor characterization, the de-embedding reference plane could be further shifted to the metal fingers with additional Finger OPEN-SHORT structures. The resulted de-embedded RF parameters of CMOS transistor show good scalability across geometries and negligible frequency dependency of less than 3% for up to 100 GHz. The results reveal the importance of accounting for the parasitic effect of metal fingers for transistor characterization.",book:{id:"5436",slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Xi Sung Loo, Kiat Seng Yeo and Kok Wai, Johnny Chew",authors:[{id:"189098",title:"Dr.",name:"Xi Sung",middleName:null,surname:"Loo",slug:"xi-sung-loo",fullName:"Xi Sung Loo"},{id:"189214",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiat Seng",middleName:null,surname:"Yeo",slug:"kiat-seng-yeo",fullName:"Kiat Seng Yeo"},{id:"189215",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Wai, Johnny",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",slug:"kok-wai-johnny-chew",fullName:"Kok Wai, Johnny Chew"}]},{id:"52747",title:"Nonlinear Channel Equalization Approach for Microwave Communication Systems",slug:"nonlinear-channel-equalization-approach-for-microwave-communication-systems",totalDownloads:2215,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The theoretical principles of intersymbol interference (ISI) and channel equalization in wireless communication systems are addressed. Several conventional and well-known equalization techniques are discussed and compared such as zero forcing (ZF) and maximum likelihood (ML). The main section in this chapter is devoted to an abstract concept of equalization approach, namely, dual channel equalization (DCE). The proposed approach is flexible and can be employed and integrated with other linear and nonlinear equalization approaches. Closed expressions for the achieved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) in the case of ZF-DCE and ML-DCE are derived. According to the obtained outcomes, the DCE demonstrates promising improvements in the equalization performance (BER reduction) in comparison with the conventional techniques.",book:{id:"5436",slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Modar Shbat, Francisco Ordaz-Salazar and Javier Salvador González-Salas",authors:[{id:"189618",title:"Prof.",name:"Modar",middleName:null,surname:"Shbat",slug:"modar-shbat",fullName:"Modar Shbat"},{id:"189620",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ordaz-Salazar",slug:"francisco-ordaz-salazar",fullName:"Francisco Ordaz-Salazar"},{id:"189621",title:"Prof.",name:"Javier Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"González-Salas",slug:"javier-salvador-gonzalez-salas",fullName:"Javier Salvador González-Salas"}]},{id:"60385",title:"Fractal Array Antennas and Applications",slug:"fractal-array-antennas-and-applications",totalDownloads:1235,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Modern celestial and other advanced wireless communication systems require feasible array antennas with reconfigurable multibeams, broadband, high end of coverage, high gain, less side-lobe level with wider side-lobe level angles, better signal-to-noise ratio and small in size than conventionally achievable. This has initiated array antenna research in different tracks, one of which is by using fractal array antennas. The investigation on fractal-shaped antennas is basically focused on two fundamental areas such as the analysis and design of fractal antenna elements and the application of fractal geometric technology to the design of array antennas. These recursively generated antennas provide new insights into the antenna properties due to their self-similar behaviour. Owing to the feasible geometric construction and advanced properties, fractal antennas find applications in advanced wireless communications, MIMO radars, satellite communications and space observations. This work concentrated here is primarily aimed on the design of fractal array antennas using concentric elliptical ring sub-array fractal geometric design methodology and the reduction of total number of antenna elements at higher expansion factors of both conventional and proposed fractal array antennas.",book:{id:"6318",slug:"emerging-microwave-technologies-in-industrial-agricultural-medical-and-food-processing",title:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing",fullTitle:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing"},signatures:"V. A. Sankar Ponnapalli and P. V. Y. Jayasree",authors:[{id:"210988",title:"Dr.",name:"V.A.Sankar",middleName:null,surname:"Ponnapalli",slug:"v.a.sankar-ponnapalli",fullName:"V.A.Sankar Ponnapalli"},{id:"210989",title:"Prof.",name:"V. Y. Jayasree",middleName:null,surname:"Pappu",slug:"v.-y.-jayasree-pappu",fullName:"V. Y. Jayasree Pappu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"750",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82123",title:"Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis Process: From a Laboratory Scale to an Industrial Plant",slug:"microwave-assisted-pyrolysis-process-from-a-laboratory-scale-to-an-industrial-plant",totalDownloads:36,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104925",abstract:"One of the great challenges for the European Union (EU) is the “Circular Economy Package,” and to achieve this goal, materials at the end of their life cycle must be recycled using a sustainable process. In this way, as a thermochemical treatment, pyrolysis represents a significant opportunity so long it leads to the recovery of both energy and chemical content of mixed, contaminated, or deteriorated plastics. An excellent history of an academic-industrial adventure started in 2008 at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Florence demonstrates the possibility of employing microwaves to recycle plastics to preserve their energy and chemical content. After that, Techwave started industrialization of the process in 2019, realizing a small-scale prototype followed by a full-scale pilot plant using different plastic materials (e.g., polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and polypropylene). Nowadays, the plant may process 90 kg/h of plastics with a low formation of char and gas and an interesting amount of liquid useful as a source of chemicals or fuel because it has an LHV of 35–43 kJ/kg. The Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (MAP) is an industrial novelty in plastic recycling, and it looks very promising for a much more modern and innovative plastic waste recovery system.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Marco Frediani, Piero Frediani, Gianni Innocenti, Irene Mellone, Roberto Simoni and Gianpaolo Oteri"},{id:"82420",title:"Applications of Microwaves in Medicine and Biology",slug:"applications-of-microwaves-in-medicine-and-biology",totalDownloads:23,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105492",abstract:"This chapter deals with the description of recent research activities oriented on the perspective of microwave technologies in medicine and biology. It brings new ideas about the possibilities of using microwaves in thermotherapy—above all toward hyperthermia in cancer treatment. Development of new types of hyperthermia applicators (based, e.g., on technologies such as metamaterials, evanescent modes in waveguides, and other types of transmission structures) will be discussed here. Furthermore, we would like to underline in this chapter perspectives of microwaves in medical diagnostics. It is possible to expect that, e.g., microwave differential tomography, UWB radar, and microwave radiometers (all three can be used both for medical diagnostic and for noninvasive temperature measurement) will soon play an important role in it. Finally, experimental equipment necessary for research on the biological effects of EM fields is presented.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"David Vrba, Jan Vrba, Ondrej Fiser, Jesus Cumana, Milan Babak and Jan Vrba Senior"},{id:"81917",title:"Fluidics for Reconfigurable Microwave Components",slug:"fluidics-for-reconfigurable-microwave-components",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104857",abstract:"Dielectric and conducting liquids with varying electromagnetic properties can offer novel alternatives for building tunable microwave passive components as well as antennas. Injecting these fluidics in or around microwave substrates alters their overall electrical characteristics, enabling circuit reconfigurability. Alternatively, changing the shapes and dimensions of conductors by using liquid metals can achieve similar reconfigurability. An overview of different liquids and their electromagnetic properties is first given. The principles behind the reconfigurability of the electrical characteristics of typical guiding structures based on mode shape variation in the presence of fluids are discussed. The realization of an N-bit programmable impedance tuner in 3D LTCC technology based on these principles is presented.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Dorra Bahloul, Ines Amor and Ammar Kouki"},{id:"82046",title:"One Model of Microwave Heating of Water Drop",slug:"one-model-of-microwave-heating-of-water-drop",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104949",abstract:"This work deals with the modeling of microwave heating of a water drop. A drop model is reduced to its electric dipoles, masses, and charges are constructed using the associating of COMSOL Multiphysics and Matlab software. The considered model proposes a microscopic point of view on microwave heating, which transforms electrical energy into heat.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Serge Lefeuvre and Olga Gomonova"},{id:"82076",title:"Power Divider/Combiner",slug:"power-divider-combiner",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104911",abstract:"With the remarkable progress in the use of Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G, there is a demand for higher performance such as miniaturization, broadband/multiband, low loss, and high integration for several microwave circuits. This chapter treats microwave power dividers/combiners used in amplifiers, mixers, phase shifters, antenna feeding networks, and so on. Here, the treated circuits are composed of LC-ladder circuits and an absorption resistor. It shows that multiband (dual-band and tri-band) and broadband can be achieved by changing the number of stages of the LC-ladder circuit. In addition, the effectiveness of this design method is demonstrated by electromagnetic simulations and prototype experiments.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Tadashi Kawai, Ayumu Tsuchiya and Akira Enokihara"},{id:"82035",title:"Orbital Angular Momentum Wave and Propagation",slug:"orbital-angular-momentum-wave-and-propagation",totalDownloads:38,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104477",abstract:"Orbital angular momentum (OAM) techniques are exploited for a wide range of potential radiofrequency (RF) and electromagnetic applications, including megahertz-through-terahertz wireless systems, fiber-based and free-space optical communications and sensing, just like acoustic and any other wave-based counterparts. In those RF and electromagnetic applications, OAM wave is set to enable the development of high-speed and high-capacity communications, radar imaging, and sensing systems, among many others. In this chapter, a comprehensive comparison between plane wave and OAM wave propagation using a patch antenna as a radiator at 2.45 GHz is presented and discussed. This comparison allows the appreciation of the fundamental properties of the OAM wave when compared against its plane wave counterpart. For simplified comparison and discussion, we will use two abbreviated terms: PWPA for plane-wave patch antenna and OWPA for OAM wave patch antenna. PWPA refers to as planar patch antenna that produces plane waves in far-field, whereas patch antenna that delivers OAM waves in far-field is termed as OWPA. In this context, all physical quantities for wave propagation such as electric field, magnetic field, wave impedance, wave vector, velocity, pitch, and propagation constant are theoretically studied for OAM waves and compared with plane waves. First, OAM wave generation is studied through widely used uniform circular antenna array (UCAA) in literature. Then, plane wave patch antenna (PWPA) and OAM wave patch antenna (OWPA) are designed and verified through simulation and measurement. OWPA is designed with characteristic mode analysis (CMA) based on a lossy substrate to excite a twisting wave at a determined patch location. With this in mind, a comparative investigation of PWPA and OWPA is conducted for different physical parameters. Cylindrical near-field scan clearly shows a helical wave motion for OWPA, whereas a normal plane wave motion for PWPA. Furthermore, the comparison of plane wave and OAM wave propagation is demonstrated using the combination of a Tx–Rx antenna pair. It is observed that the overall signal from OWPA can be received with two PWPAs at an angle as OWPA has a dispersive beam. Moreover, the receiving antenna with a large aperture and plane wave horn antenna (PWHA) in the line of sight (LOS) range can also be used to receive the overall signal from OWPA. The received signal in PWPA–PWPA, OWPA–OWPA, OWPA–PWPA–PWPA, OWPA–PWHA Tx–Rx pairs is thoroughly compared and studied. Measured and simulated results for transmission are −30 dB for 0 dB input signal in OWPA–PWPA–PWPA and OWPA–PWHA cases, which are reasonably justified within the sensitivity/dynamic range of short-distance communication and radar sensing receivers.",book:{id:"11145",title:"Recent Microwave Technologies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11145.jpg"},signatures:"Pankaj Jha and Ke Wu"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:14},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. 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