List of notations.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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Dr Bourzgui specialises in Orthodontics and received his National Diploma in Dentistry (major: Dentofacial Orthopedics) from the School of Dentistry in Casablanca in 2000.\r\nDr Bourzgui has published a number of articles and book chapters on various aspects of Orthodontics. 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It is proposed to consider the helicopter rotor and the behind vortex column as a system of discrete vortex cylinders. This allows building a matrix of the influence of the vortex system under consideration on any set of points, for example, the calculated points on the rotor itself, on the tail rotor, etc. The model allows calculating inductive velocities at any point near the helicopter using matrix multiplication operation. It is shown that the classical results for the momentum theory remain constant even in the discrete simulation of the helicopter rotor vortex system. The structure of the air flow behind the rotor and the simulation results obtained by the proposed method is compared with the structure of the tip vortices and the results of the blade vortex theory. In addition, the experimental data were compared with the simulation results to verify the correctness of the model under real operating conditions by the helicopter trimming.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72918",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72918",book:{slug:"vortex-dynamics-theories-and-applications"},signatures:"Evgeny Nikolaev and Maria Nikolaeva",authors:[{id:"314415",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeny",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolaev",fullName:"Evgeny Nikolaev",slug:"evgeny-nikolaev",email:"nikjhon@yandex.ru",position:null,institution:null},{id:"328042",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolaeva",fullName:"Maria Nikolaeva",slug:"maria-nikolaeva",email:"antoshkina.m@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"10080",title:"Vortex Dynamics Theories and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Vortex Dynamics Theories and Applications",slug:"vortex-dynamics-theories-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",bookSignature:"Zambri Harun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10080.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"73094",title:"The Role of Micro Vortex in the Environmental and Biological Processes",slug:"the-role-of-micro-vortex-in-the-environmental-and-biological-processes",totalDownloads:124,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Benjamin Oyegbile, Brian Oyegbile and Guven Akdogan",authors:[{id:"236404",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Oyegbile",fullName:"Benjamin Oyegbile",slug:"benjamin-oyegbile"},{id:"245434",title:"Prof.",name:"Guven",middleName:null,surname:"Akdogan",fullName:"Guven Akdogan",slug:"guven-akdogan"},{id:"326010",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Oyegbile",fullName:"Brian Oyegbile",slug:"brian-oyegbile"}]},{id:"71906",title:"Vortices in Rotating and Gravitating Gas Disk and in a Protoplanetary Disk",slug:"vortices-in-rotating-and-gravitating-gas-disk-and-in-a-protoplanetary-disk",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Martin G. Abrahamyan",authors:[{id:"273621",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Abrahamyan",fullName:"Martin Abrahamyan",slug:"martin-abrahamyan"}]},{id:"71136",title:"Vortices on Sound Generation and Dissipation in Musical Flue Instruments",slug:"vortices-on-sound-generation-and-dissipation-in-musical-flue-instruments",totalDownloads:240,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shigeru Yoshikawa",authors:[{id:"186319",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigeru",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshikawa",fullName:"Shigeru Yoshikawa",slug:"shigeru-yoshikawa"}]},{id:"73949",title:"A Fully Discrete SIPG Method for Solving Two Classes of Vortex Dominated Flows",slug:"a-fully-discrete-sipg-method-for-solving-two-classes-of-vortex-dominated-flows",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lunji Song",authors:[{id:"178658",title:"Dr.",name:"Lunji",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Lunji Song",slug:"lunji-song"}]},{id:"72918",title:"Discrete Vortex Cylinders Method for Calculating the Helicopter Rotor-Induced Velocity",slug:"discrete-vortex-cylinders-method-for-calculating-the-helicopter-rotor-induced-velocity",totalDownloads:91,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Evgeny Nikolaev and Maria Nikolaeva",authors:[{id:"314415",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeny",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolaev",fullName:"Evgeny Nikolaev",slug:"evgeny-nikolaev"},{id:"328042",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolaeva",fullName:"Maria Nikolaeva",slug:"maria-nikolaeva"}]},{id:"72525",title:"Wake-Body Interaction Noise Simulated by the Coupling Method Using CFD and BEM",slug:"wake-body-interaction-noise-simulated-by-the-coupling-method-using-cfd-and-bem",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Masaaki Mori",authors:[{id:"290435",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Masaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Mori",fullName:"Masaaki Mori",slug:"masaaki-mori"}]},{id:"72530",title:"Application of Vortex Control Principle at Pump Intake",slug:"application-of-vortex-control-principle-at-pump-intake",totalDownloads:164,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zambri Harun, Tajul Ariffin Norizan and Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar",authors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun",slug:"zambri-harun"},{id:"313310",title:"Mr.",name:"Tajul Ariffin",middleName:null,surname:"Norizan",fullName:"Tajul Ariffin Norizan",slug:"tajul-ariffin-norizan"},{id:"317421",title:"Dr.",name:"Wan Hanna Melini",middleName:null,surname:"Wan Mohtar",fullName:"Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar",slug:"wan-hanna-melini-wan-mohtar"}]},{id:"72116",title:"The Effects of Curved Blade Turbine on the Hydrodynamic Structure of a Stirred Tank",slug:"the-effects-of-curved-blade-turbine-on-the-hydrodynamic-structure-of-a-stirred-tank",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bilel Ben Amira, Mariem Ammar, Ahmad Kaffel, Zied Driss and Mohamed Salah Abid",authors:[{id:"119394",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Salah",middleName:null,surname:"Abid",fullName:"Mohamed Salah Abid",slug:"mohamed-salah-abid"},{id:"291713",title:"Ms.",name:"Ammar",middleName:null,surname:"Meriem",fullName:"Ammar Meriem",slug:"ammar-meriem"},{id:"317510",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilel",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Amira",fullName:"Bilel Ben Amira",slug:"bilel-ben-amira"},{id:"317511",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Kaffel",fullName:"Ahmed Kaffel",slug:"ahmed-kaffel"},{id:"317512",title:"Prof.",name:"Zied",middleName:null,surname:"Driss",fullName:"Zied Driss",slug:"zied-driss"}]},{id:"71293",title:"Urban Heat Island Effects in Tropical Climate",slug:"urban-heat-island-effects-in-tropical-climate",totalDownloads:134,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luz E. 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Lajunen",authors:[{id:"18856",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantin",middleName:null,surname:"Popov",fullName:"Konstantin Popov",slug:"konstantin-popov"},{id:"18860",title:"Prof.",name:"Marja",middleName:null,surname:"Lajunen",fullName:"Marja Lajunen",slug:"marja-lajunen"}]},{id:"13931",title:"The Design of Nanoscale Inorganic Materials with Controlled Size and Morphology by Ionic Liquids",slug:"the-design-of-nanoscale-inorganic-materials-with-controlled-size-and-morphology-by-ionic-liquids",signatures:"Elaheh Kowsari",authors:[{id:"16210",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaheh",middleName:null,surname:"Kowsari",fullName:"Elaheh Kowsari",slug:"elaheh-kowsari"}]},{id:"13932",title:"Synthesis of Novel Nanoparticle - Nanocarbon Conjugates Using Plasma in Ionic Liquid",slug:"synthesis-of-novel-nanoparticle-nanocarbon-conjugates-using-plasma-in-ionic-liquid",signatures:"Toshiro Kaneko and Rikizo Hatakeyama",authors:[{id:"19594",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneko",fullName:"Toshiro Kaneko",slug:"toshiro-kaneko"},{id:"19595",title:"Prof.",name:"Rikizo",middleName:null,surname:"Hatakeyama",fullName:"Rikizo Hatakeyama",slug:"rikizo-hatakeyama"}]},{id:"13933",title:"Nanoparticle Preparation in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid under Vacuum Condition",slug:"nanoparticle-preparation-in-room-temperature-ionic-liquid-under-vacuum-condition",signatures:"Tetsuya Tsuda, Akihito Imanishi, Tsukasa Torimoto and Susumu Kuwabata",authors:[{id:"18431",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuda",fullName:"Tetsuya Tsuda",slug:"tetsuya-tsuda"},{id:"20450",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsukasa",middleName:null,surname:"Torimoto",fullName:"Tsukasa Torimoto",slug:"tsukasa-torimoto"},{id:"20451",title:"Prof.",name:"Susumu",middleName:null,surname:"Kuwabata",fullName:"Susumu Kuwabata",slug:"susumu-kuwabata"},{id:"20467",title:"Prof.",name:"Akihito",middleName:null,surname:"Imanishi",fullName:"Akihito Imanishi",slug:"akihito-imanishi"}]},{id:"13934",title:"Perspectives of Ionic Liquids Applications for Clean Oilfield Technologies",slug:"perspectives-of-ionic-liquids-applications-for-clean-oilfield-technologies",signatures:"Rafael Martínez-Palou and Patricia Flores Sánche",authors:[{id:"18064",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Palou",fullName:"Rafael Martínez Palou",slug:"rafael-martinez-palou"},{id:"24168",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Flores Sánchez",fullName:"Patricia Flores Sánchez",slug:"patricia-flores-sanchez"}]},{id:"13935",title:"Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"ionic-liquid-based-electrolytes-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",signatures:"Chuan-Pei Lee, Po-Yen Chen and Kuo-Chuan Ho",authors:[{id:"5989",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuo-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",fullName:"Kuo-Chuan Ho",slug:"kuo-chuan-ho"},{id:"30213",title:"Dr.",name:"Chuan-Pei",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chuan-Pei Lee",slug:"chuan-pei-lee"},{id:"30223",title:"BSc.",name:"Po-Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Po-Yen Chen",slug:"po-yen-chen"}]},{id:"13936",title:"Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Ionic Liquids in Chemical and Environmental Engineering",slug:"quaternary-ammonium-and-phosphonium-ionic-liquids-in-chemical-and-environmental-engineering",signatures:"Anja Stojanovic, Cornelia Morgenbesser, Daniel Kogelnig, Regina Krachler and Bernhard K. 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Thöming",authors:[{id:"14871",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorg",middleName:null,surname:"Thöming",fullName:"Jorg Thöming",slug:"jorg-thoming"},{id:"20897",title:"Dr.",name:"Ewa Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Siedlecka",fullName:"Ewa Maria Siedlecka",slug:"ewa-maria-siedlecka"},{id:"21083",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Czerwicka",fullName:"Malgorzata Czerwicka",slug:"malgorzata-czerwicka"},{id:"21084",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Stepnowski",fullName:"Piotr Stepnowski",slug:"piotr-stepnowski"},{id:"24146",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",middleName:null,surname:"Neumann",fullName:"Jennifer Neumann",slug:"jennifer-neumann"}]},{id:"13939",title:"Progress in Paramagnetic Ionic Liquids",slug:"progress-in-paramagnetic-ionic-liquids",signatures:"Yukihiro Yoshida and Gunzi Saito",authors:[{id:"17739",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Yukihiro Yoshida",slug:"yukihiro-yoshida"},{id:"20755",title:"Prof.",name:"Gunzi",middleName:null,surname:"Saito",fullName:"Gunzi Saito",slug:"gunzi-saito"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70203",title:"Parallel Processing for Range Assignment Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89368",slug:"parallel-processing-for-range-assignment-problem-in-wireless-sensor-networks",body:'\n
In this section, preliminaries of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and parallel processing are discussed in detail.
\nWireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a group of spatially dispersed autonomous devices called sensor nodes equipped with a radio transceiver along with an antenna. The devices are responsible for sending and receiving radio signals. Transmission range is assigned to the nodes to facilitate the communication between the nodes of a network. The sensor nodes sense the physical conditions of the environment such as temperature, pressure, sound, heat, light and humidity, etc., at various locations, process the data and transmit to the other nodes that lie within their transmission range through radio propagation. WSN monitors a physical system in real world and has applications in several fields such as environmental monitoring, biological detection, military and health care, etc. [1]. Because of the power constraints for the nodes using batteries with limited capacity, minimization of energy consumption is a significant problem in WSNs [2].
\nConstructing an efficient topology by assigning transmission range to the nodes of a network to minimize the total energy consumption has become a major challenge in WSNs. In general, the transmission range assigned to a node can be tuned so that the required connectivity constraint for the resultant network is satisfied and the total energy is minimized; this class of problems is categorized as topology control problems [3]. Some of the specified constraints include simple connectivity, bi-connectivity, \n
Transmission range of a node is the range within which the data sent by other node is received properly [5]. Two nodes in a WSN can communicate if and only if one node is in the transmission range of the other. Transmission range of a node \n
Radio coverage in different dimensional networks.
Let \n
In reality, some problems use mathematical models that describe the problem in a systematic way and enable us to solve the problem efficiently. Graphs can be used to model many relations and represent many physical problems in the real world. A WSN is modeled as an undirected graph to solve the energy minimization problems. In this model, a vertex of the undirected graph represents a node and the edge joining two vertices represents the communication link between the nodes. The nodes are deployed on a Euclidean plane and each pair of two nodes is associated to the Euclidean distance between the nodes. Each node is located by its \n
\nFigure 2\n illustrates the graph theoretic modeling of a WSN with four sensor nodes \n
Illustration of graph theoretic modeling.
Throughout this chapter, the considered topology is bidirectional. Therefore, we use an undirected graph along with the weight function \n
The total range of the graph which is the sum of the ranges of all the vertices of \n
Illustration of range assignment.
Minimum range assignment problem in a WSN is to assign transmission range to the nodes of the network such that the resultant subgraph \n
Chen et al. [9] studied the problem of strong connectivity in multi hop packet radio networks and proposed a 2-approximation algorithm which initially considers an undirected Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) and later establishes the bidirectional connectivity. Strong Minimum Energy Topology problem (SMET) in a WSN is studied by Cheng et al. [10], in which the objective is to assign transmission range to the nodes of the network such that the total range of the network is minimized and the reduced topology is connected. The authors have proved that the SMET problem is NP-complete and proposed two algorithms namely: Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) based Heuristic which is of 2-approximation ratio and an Incremental Power Greedy Heuristic and performed the simulation to show that the Incremental Power Greedy Heuristic performs better than the MST Heuristic. Formulation of the SMET problem is as follows:
\nProblem: Strong Minimum Energy Topology problem (SMET).
\nInstance: A complete graph \n
Question: A range assignment such that the induced subgraph \n
Large scale WSNs such as environmental monitoring systems produce large amount of data in the order of Peta bytes. The challenges in this case are storage and computation as the sensors are constrained by their resources which are scarcely available [11]. If the large amount of data is processed centrally, all data needs to be transmitted to a central server using multi hop transmissions which leads to high computational cost. One of the best ways to avoid such problem is to exploit the advantages of the distributed storage and parallel processing. Instead of transmitting data to a central server, data is stored and processed in network which reduces the computational cost. In this process, the computational task is decomposed into many small tasks, and the computation is executed in parallel by the distributed sensors.
\nSullivan et al. [12] proposed a set of new parallel algorithms for a tree decomposition-based approach to solve the maximum weighted independent set problem. Independent set problem for a given graph is to find a subset of vertices with maximum cardinality such that no two vertices in the graph are adjacent to each other. Maximum Weighted independent set problem in which, the vertices are assigned weights, is to find an independent set with maximum weight [13]. Zhu et al. [14] proposed parallel algorithm for the hierarchical-based protocol for WSNs based on the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm in order to improve the routing efficiency of the networks. Authors have implemented the algorithms using the parallel processing technique and showed that this technique has increased the overall performance. Lounis et al. [15] presented a new model for parallel computing of energy consumption in WSNs, and implemented on GPU architecture. Through simulation, authors showed that the proposed model provides simulation times significantly faster than that of the sequential model for large networks and for long simulations.
\nAndoni et al. [16] gave algorithms for geometric graph problems in the modern parallel models. The authors found a \n
In this chapter, we discuss the parallel processing techniques for the range assignment problem for simple connectivity. We propose algorithms for this problem using parallel processing techniques and determine the complexity. The proposed algorithms initially find an MST and assign range to each vertex of the network based on its range in the Euclidean MST. We find the Euclidean MST using well known algorithms: Prim’s and Kruskal’s and later we assign the range using parallel processing technique for both the cases. We also discuss the complexity of the proposed algorithms in detail for both the algorithms.
\nSimulation is an act of imitating operation of real world process or system over time [19]. The simulation is performed on a model which represents the system. It is known that simulations closely reflect accurate behavior of the system. Simulations help in evaluating the algorithm before investing on the physical hardware.
\nFinding a Euclidean MST is an important problem in Graph Theory and there are several algorithms in the literature [20]. MST problems have significant applications in computer and communication network design, as well as indirect applications in fields such as computer vision and cluster analysis [21]. Parallelization of Prim’s algorithm is studied by Deo and Yoo [22] and the proposed algorithms used shared memory computers. Gonina et al. [23] studied the parallel implementation of the Prims’s algorithm for finding the MST of dense graphs. Authors presented the simulation results which demonstrate the advantage of proposed algorithms.
\nVladimir et al. [24] studied serial variants of Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithm and presented their parallelization, targeting message passing parallel machine with distributed memory. Authors have considered large graphs and presented experimental results which show that Prim’s algorithm is a good choice for dense graphs while Kruskal’s algorithm is better for sparse graphs. Authors have proposed algorithms based on the sequential algorithms of Prim and Kruskal, targeting message passing parallel machine with distributed memory. The proposed algorithm which uses the Prim’s algorithm has a running time of \n
The considered input for the parallelization of both Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithm by Vladimir et al. [24] is an undirected simple graph with weights assigned to the edges. For our research the input considered is a complete graph along with edge weights, where the edge weights are the Euclidean distance between the nodes.
\nPrim’s algorithm starts from an arbitrary vertex and then grows the subtree by choosing a new vertex from the set of unvisited vertices and adding it to the subtree in each iteration. The Prim’s algorithm runs until the number of edges becomes \n
The weights are represented using the adjacency matrix which is defined as follows:
\nPrim’s algorithm is implemented using the auxiliary array \n
Kruskal’s algorithm finds a minimum weighted edge which connects two components in the forest in each iteration, i.e., it grows multiple trees in parallel. Initially, Kruskal’s algorithm creates a forest considering each vertex as a tree and next it sorts all the edges. Each time a minimum weighted edge is chosen and added to the forest if it connects two different trees else it is discarded. This process is repeated until the forest becomes a spanning tree. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is \n
Similar to the Prim’s algorithm, we have adjacency matrix which stores the weights between the vertices, and each processor is assigned a subset of vertices. In parallelization of Kruskal’s algorithm, each processor sorts the edges of its vertices according to their weights. At each process, a local MST is found using Kruskal’s algorithm and finally, all the local MST’s are merged. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is \n
In this section, we present the proposed algorithms for range assignment problem using parallel processing techniques. The proposed algorithms adopt the algorithms for parallelization of both Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithms by Loncar et al. [24]. In this environment, the nodes are deployed on a Euclidean plane and each pair is associated with the Euclidean distances between those nodes. Since a WSN is modeled as an undirected graph along with a weight function, the input for these algorithms is a complete graph \n
Objective of this problem is to find a spanning tree such that the total range of the spanning tree is minimized. In the proposed algorithms, we initially find the spanning tree of the given complete graph and assign the range to the vertices based on their range in the Euclidean MST using parallel processing. We propose two algorithms: one using the Prim’s algorithm and the other using the Kruskal’s algorithm. We also compute the complexity of the proposed algorithm in both the cases. The list of notations used in this chapter is given in Table 1\n.
\nNotation | \nExplanation | \n
---|---|
\n\n | \nSet of vertices | \n
\n\n | \nSet of edges | \n
\n\n | \nNumber of nodes | \n
\n\n | \nEuclidean distance between \n | \n
\n\n | \nRange of vertex \n | \n
\n\n | \nAuxiliary array | \n
\n\n | \nThe set of processors | \n
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
\n\n | \nNumber of processors | \n
\n\n | \nResultant spanning tree | \n
List of notations.
Let \n
Problem: Parallel Algorithm for Range assignment using Prim’s algorithm (PARA-Prim’s).
\nInput: A complete graph \n
Objective: To find a spanning tree such that the total energy is minimized, using parallel processing.
\nIn the proposed algorithm, we consider a complete graph and the number of processors as input and compute a spanning tree which minimizes the total range. In this algorithm, we partition the vertices into \n
Each process finds a minimum weighted edge which connects the MST with vertices of the set \n
Next, we assign range to the vertices in the following way: for a vertex, each process finds the farthest vertex to it in the MST and sends the distance between them to the leader processor using all-to-one reduction. Later, leader processor selects one with maximum edge weight among all the received edge weights and that weight is assigned as range to the vertex \n
Theorem 1.1 [24] The parallelization of Prim’s algorithm takes \n
\n
Theorem 1.2 The algorithm PARA-Prim’s takes \n
Proof: From Theorem 1.1, it is clear that finding the MST by parallelizing the Prim’s algorithm takes \n
Similar to the Prim’s algorithm in this algorithm, we have \n
Problem: Parallel Algorithm for Range assignment using Kruskal’s algorithm (PARA-Kruskal’s).
\nInput: A complete graph \n
Objective: To find a spanning tree such that the total energy is minimized, using parallel processing.
\nThe sequence of steps for the above explained procedure is presented in Algorithm 2 named PARA-Kruskal’s.
\nTheorem 1.3 [24] The parallelization of Kruskal’s algorithm takes \n
Theorem 1.4 The algorithm PARA-Kruskal’s takes \n
Proof: From Theorem 1.3, it is clear that, the running time of the parallelization of Kruskal’s algorithm is \n
\n
Solving the range assignment problem by computing Euclidean MST using Prim’s algorithm and Kruskal’s algorithm takes running time of \n
In this research, we have studied the range assignment problem by employing parallel processing techniques of both Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithms. The complexity of the proposed two algorithms is discussed in detail and it is shown that complexity can be improved by using parallel processing techniques for larger networks. It is an interesting problem to study variations of range assignment problems using parallel processing techniques. The implementation of the proposed algorithms can be realized using CUDA programming which supports programming GPU with multiple cores.
\nWSN | wireless sensor network |
MST | minimum spanning tree |
MSF | minimum spanning forest |
PARA | parallel algorithm for range assignment |
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He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. 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