1. Introduction
The Gram-positive bacterium,
In pharmaceutical industry, the production of recombinant proteins in
In
In addition, considerable efforts have been targeted at developing
We have used human interferon-α and interferon-β as heterologous model proteins to investigate the effects of
In this report, the knowledge which has become available in recent years aimed at improving heterologous protein secretion is discussed, and co-production of a Tat system is shown to provide a useful tool to enhance the secretion of heterologous proteins.
2. Signal peptide and propeptide
The major of Bacterial secreted proteins are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane via the Sec pathway (Antelmann et. al. 2004). Secretory proteins are identified by a signal peptide at the protein’s N-terminus. A signal peptide consists of a positively charged N-domain, a hydrophobic H domain, and a C domain containing a specific cleavage site. Most signal peptides are Sec dependent signal peptides, which are cleaved by a type I signal peptidase at the AXA cleavage site (Tjalsma et al., 2000), as an example,
2.1. Signal peptide
For the production of a heterologous protein in the culture medium of
Recently, Brockmeier et al. (2006) established a new strategy for the optimization of heterologous protein secretion in
In our study, human interferon- (hIFN-) was used as a heterologous model protein, to investigate the secretion of the
2.2. Propeptide
Some secreted bacterial proteins have cleavage propeptides located between their signal peptide and the mature protein. The propeptide is processed after translocation. Long propeptides (60 to 200 residues) are present for most bacterial extracellular proteases, which are auto-catalytically cleaved and possess intramolecular chaperon activities, for example,
However, the secretion efficiency of the
We showed that the secretion production and activity of hIFN-α2b with propeptide increased by more than 3-fold, compared to that without propeptide. The amount of secreted hIFN-α2b with propeptide was 15mg /L. This result indicated that the propeptide of AmyE enhanced the secretion of hIFNα-2b (Fig. 3, Kakeshita et al., 2011a).
In
We then indicated that the AmyE propeptide enhanced the secretion of the hIFN-β protein from
2.3. Deletion of the C-terminus of SecA
In
2.4. Co-expression of PrsA
PrsA is essential for viability and protein secretion. In protein secretion, PrsA is suggested to mediate protein folding at the late stage of secretion (Konitinen et al., 1991; Kontinen & Sarvas, 1993; Vitikainen et al., 2001). We examined the effect of co-expression of an extra-cytoplasmic molecular chaperone, PrsA. It is known that co-expression of an extra-cytoplasmic molecular chaperone, PrsA enhances the secretion of several model proteins: α -amylase, Single-chain antibody (SCA), and recombinant Protective antigen (rPA) (Kontinen & Sarvas, 1993; Vitikainen et al., 2001; Wu et al., 1998; Williams et al., 2003).
We demonstrated that co-expression of PrsA can act in concert with the AmyE propeptide to enhance the secretion production of hIFN-β. The amount of secreted hIFN-β with propeptide was 5.5mg /L. (Fig. 5, Kakeshita et al., 2011b).
3. Tat pathway
The majority of bacterial secreted proteins are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane via the Sec pathway, which acts on unfolded proteins using the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis (Tajalsma et al., 2000; Antelman et al., 2000). Recently, a novel and different secretion protein translocation pathway, the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway was discovered (Santini et al., 1998; Berks et al., 2000; van Dijl et al., 2002). The bacterial twin-arginine translocation (Tat) machinery is able to transport folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane (Robinson et al., 2001). The Tat pathway might have advantages over the Sec pathway for the production of heterologous proteins, because many proteins fold tightly before they reach the Sec machinery, and thus cannot engage with it for translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane.
3.1. Twin-arginine signal peptide
Proteins are targeted to the Tat pathway by tripartite N-terminal signal peptides, the amino-terminal portion (n region) of which contain a conserved twin-arginine (RR) motif (R-R-X-#-#, where # is a hydrophobic residue).
In a previous study by Jongbloed et al., a database search for the presence of this motif in amino-terminal protein sequences identified a total number of 27 putative RR-signal peptides.
We therefore selected six candidate Tat signal peptides, shown in Fig. 6, from the list generated by Jongbloed et al. for testing in the hIFN-α secreted assay. To determine the secretion ability for hINF-α2b, the six signal peptide genes considered to belong to the Tat pathway of
Especially, WapA demonstrated the highest efficiency of hIFN-α secretion expression, which was 1.5-fold as high as the Sec dependent signal peptide, AmyE (Fig. 7b).
However, No hIFN-α was detected in the supernatants of Dpr8/pHKK4001 (YvhJ), Dpr8/pHKK4002 (YwbN), or Dpr8/pHKK4003 (PhoD). In the intracellular lysates of Dpr8/pHKK3101, Dpr8/pHKK4004, Dpr8/pHKK4005, and Dpr8/pHKK4006, two bands were detected. As deduced from the molecular mass of each band, these bands ware assigned to the unprocessed precursor (17 kDa) and the mature protein (16 kDa), respectively. On the other hand, only one band corresponding to the unprocessed protein was detected for the samples of Dpr8/pHKK4001 (YvhJ), Dpr8/pHKK4002 (YwbN), and Dpr8/pHKK4003 (PhoD).
These results suggested that the three obtained signal peptides, YvhJ, YwbN, and PhoD cannot be secreted hIFN-α2b into the supernatant.
3.2. Co-expression of the tat system
We examined the effect of co-expression of the Tat-machinary, TatAd/Cd or TatAy/Cy. To examine the effects of the co-expression of
The resultant strains, D8tatD and D8tatY were transformed with pHKK3101, pHKK4001, pHKK4002, pHKK4003, pHKK4004, pHKK4005, and pHKK4006 for expression of hIFN-α.
As shown in Fig. 8b and c, when the LipA signal peptide was fused to hIFN-α, a densitometric analysis of the western blotting demonstrated that the amounts of hIFN-α secreted by D8tatD and D8tatY were increased by roughly 2-fold, compared with that in strain Dpr8 (Fig. 8c). When the WprA signal peptide was fused to hIFN-α, in D8tatD, the amount of secreted hIFN-α was increased by 71% compared with that in the parental strain, Dpr8, whereas the enhanced production of hIFN-α increased by 29%. On the other hand, When the WapA signal peptide was fused to hIFN-α, the amounts of hIFN-α secreted by D8tatD and D8tatY were increased by only 10-20%, compared with that in strain Dpr8 (Fig. 8c). Then, when the AmyE signal peptide was fused to hIFN-α, the amounts of hIFN-α secreted by D8tatD and D8tatY were increased by 37% and 25%, respectively compared with that in strain Dpr8 (Fig. 8c). Therefore, WapA signal peptide and AmyE signal peptide are not able to enhance of secretion by co–expression of Tat system. In addition, when the YvhJ, YwbN, and PhoD signal peptides, respectively were fused to hIFN-α, the bands of hIFN-α secreted by D8tatD and D8tatY could not be detected in the resulting supernatants (data not shown).
We demonstrated that co-expression of TatAd/Cd or TatAy/Cy with LipA signal peptide can act in concert to enhance the secretion production of hIFN-α. In addition, WprA signal peptide was enhanced the secretion production of hIFNα by co-expression of TatAd/Cd, not TatAy/Cy. On the other hands, AmyE signal peptide and WapA peptide are Tat pathway independent.
4. Conclusions
In recent years, considerable efforts have been targeted at developing
We indicated that the propeptide of AmyE enhanced the secretion of the extracellular production of a heterologous protein in
On the other hand, we indicated that the deletion of the C-terminal domain of SecA enhanced the secretion of heterologous proteins.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Naotake Ogasawara, Junichi Sekiguchi, Fujio Kawamura, Kunio Yamane and members of MGP group in Kao Corporation for valuable discussions.
This work is the subproject, ‘Development of a Technology for Creation of a Host Cell’ included within the industrial technology project, ‘Development of a Generic Technology for Production Process Starting Productive Function’ of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, entrusted by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan.
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