Chemical composition.
\r\n\tThe time period to full recovery from surgery will depends on many things, including age, health prior to the surgery, the extent of injuries, the success of rehabilitation, the amount of rest. It may take a few days or a week to recover from a less complex operations, but it can take a few months to recover from a major surgery. Nutrition plays a critical role in the recovery of surgical patients.
\r\n\tAccelerated multimodal postoperative recovery programs should be developed as a multidisciplinary effort, with integration of postoperative pain management into a postoperative rehabilitation program. This requires revision of traditional care programs. Previous studies had revealed a link between surgery-related inflammatory responses and clinical recovery. The profound inflammatory response to tissue injury has prompted a long-standing interest in unraveling immune mechanisms that determine recovery after surgical trauma. The role of monocytes in surgical recovery and trauma has been subject of significant interest.
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the composition of hydrocarbons mainly propane and butane. The lower explosive limit (LEL) as specified by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for chemical hazards is 21,000 ppm (2.1% by volume in air) for propane and 19,000 ppm (1.9% by volume in air) for butane. The permissible exposure limit (PEL) for LPG as specified by NIOSH and OSHA standards is 1000 ppm [1]. LPG is mostly used as fuel for vehicles and as cooking gas for household applications. Exact observing of leakages of LPG even at low concentrations can be useful to avoid accidental explosions [2, 3]. Sensors have turned into an indispensable piece of the cutting-edge human progress attributable to its significance, where metal oxides have played a major role as reliable sensor materials. Nanoparticle do research presents broad scope for the growth of novel solutions in the field of healthcare, cosmetics, optics and electronics. Varying their sub-atomic and nuclear states results in surprising results, which may not be conceivable by utilizing the materials in their unique states. A few metal oxides such as TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, WO3 and Cr2O3, etc., are shown in semiconducting nature of materials. The electrical properties of these oxides are sensitive to the oxygen partial pressure since it changes in the concentration of electrons or electron holes in the oxides. This article manages the properties and utilizations of titanium oxide nanoparticles. Titanium oxide (TiO2) is accessible as nanocrystals or nanodots having a high surface area.
\nTitanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticle is a non-broke down material which does not break up itself when degrades organic contaminant and kills germs. It has a lasting effect on killing germs and degrading organic contaminants. TiO2 nanoparticle is broadly used as ultra violet-resistant nanomaterials and in the field of produce chemical fiber, plastics, printing ink, coating, self-cleaning glass, self-cleaning ceramic objects, antibacterial material, air purification, cosmetics, sunscreen cream, natural white moisture protection cream, moistening refresher, vanishing cream, skin protecting cream, foods packing material, coating for paper-making industry: used for civilizing the pliability and opacity of the paper and used for producing titanium, ferrotitanium alloy, carbide alloy, etc., in the metallurgical industry, astronautics industry, conducting material, gas sensor, and moisture sensor. TiO2 also famous such as titania is the obviously occurring oxide of titanium. Titania is an inventive material used broadly in industry, research and environmental cleaning. Titania occurs in several crystalline forms; the most significant of which are anatase and rutile. Uncontaminated TiO2 does not occur in nature but is derived from ilmenite or leucoxene ores. It is additionally eagerly mined in one of the most perfect structures, rutile shoreline sand. These minerals are the real crude materials utilized in the generation of titanium dioxide pigment. The initial step is to filter the mineral and is for the most part a refinement step. Either the sulfate process, which uses sulfuric acid as a removal agent or the chloride process, which uses chlorine, may achieve this. After filtration the powders may be treated to enhance their performance as pigments.
\nTherefore, metal oxide nanomaterials play imperative role in the recent development of science due to its small size and large surface area [4]. In this chapter several synthesis methods to prepare ceramic nanoparticles, characterization techniques and different properties of gas/humidity sensors are described. The role of water vapor has been studied in the environment with respect to human life. For the measurement of humidity, conventional approaches and modern methods using solid state devices are described. Nanomaterials can be metals, stoneware, polymeric materials, or composite materials. Their significant characteristic is a very small feature size in the range of 1–100 nm. At the nanomaterial level, some material properties are influenced by the laws of nuclear material science, instead of carrying on as conventional mass materials do.
\nThe three forms of titanium dioxide structure materials can exist: rutile, anatase and brookite shown in Figure 1.
\n(a) Unit cell of the crystalline structure of TiO2 and crystal structure of (b) rutile (tetragonal) TiO2, (c) anatase (tetragonal) TiO2, and (d) brookite (orthorhombic) TiO2.
The basic structural features of anatase and rutile materials have been assessed, as the brookite structure is not used regularly for exploratory examinations. Together, the crystal structures of rutile and anatase are found in the widespread octahedron. In rutile, the bending is slightly orthorhombic in which the unit cell extends beyond a cubic form. In anatase, the distortion of the cubic lattice is more significant and, therefore, the resulting symmetry is smaller than the orthorhombic one. Figure 2 shows a structural drawing of rutile and anatase bulk materials. The lengths of the connections and the angles between the atoms are shown, showing the elongated cubic form [5].
\nThe structure of rutile and anatase titanium dioxide.
The crystal structure of TiO2 nanoparticles depend great extent on the arrangement technique. The tiny TiO2 nanoparticle (<50 nm) anatase appeared to be steadier and more changed in to rutile phase at >973K. The change arrangement and thermodynamic stage steadiness relied upon the underlying molecule sizes of anatase appeared in Figure 3. In the temperature range 973–1073 K only one phase change from anatase to rutile occurred. Both sizes of anatase and rutile particles increased with increasing temperature, but the growth rate was different. Rutile had a much higher growth rate than anatase. The rate of development of the anatase has been stabilized at 800°C. The rutile particles, after nucleation, have grown rapidly, where the size of the anatase particles has remained virtually unchanged with the decrease of the initial particle size, the temperature of start the diminished transition [6]. The diminished warm steadiness in better nanoparticles was fundamentally because of the lessened enactment vitality as a size related surface enthalpy and stress vitality expanded.
\nThe schematic diagram of growth of nanoparticles.
The chemical composition of Ti and O in TiO2 is as given in Table 1.
\nThe summarized Table 2 shows the physical and mechanical properties of sintered titania, while the optical properties of titania are provided in Table 3.
\nElement | \nContent (%) | \n
---|---|
Titanium | \n59.93 | \n
Oxygen | \n40.55 | \n
Chemical composition.
Density | \n4 g cm−3 | \n
Porosity | \n0% | \n
Compressive strength | \n680 MPa | \n
Poisson’s ratio | \n0.27 | \n
Shear modulus | \n90 GPa | \n
Modulus of elasticity | \n230 GPa | \n
Resistivity (25°C) | \n1012 ohm cm | \n
Resistivity (700°C) | \n2.5 × 104 ohm cm | \n
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) | \n4 | \n
Thermal expansion (RT-1000°C) | \n9 × 10−6 | \n
Melting point (°C) | \n1843°C | \n
Boiling point (°C) | \n2972°C | \n
Typical physical and mechanical properties of titania.
Phase | \nRefractive index | \nDensity (g cm−3) | \nCrystal structure | \n
---|---|---|---|
Anatase | \n2.49 | \n3.84 | \nTetragonal | \n
Rutile | \n2.903 | \n4.26 | \nTetragonal | \n
Brookite | \n\n | 4.123 | \nOrthorhombic | \n
Titania optical properties.
Titania used a photosensitizer for photovoltaic cells and when used as an solid state coating electrode in photo-electrolysis cells, can improve the efficiency of electrolytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
\nIn 1972, Fujishima and Honda discovered the photocatalytic water division in TiO2 electrodes. This incident developed the foundations of a new era inheterogeneity. photo-catalysis. Titania is a promising photocatalyst chemical. Two different crystal structures of TiO2, rutile and anatase, are normally used in photo-catalysis activity. Photo-catalysis is a photon energy (from the UV in sunlight) used to the medium (catalyst) to support chemical reaction to continue. TiO2 is a semiconductor in which, the valence band is filled with electrons. Since the band gap of TiO2 is 3.20 eV and can use only UV light below 400 nm, numerous efforts have been made to sensitize larger band gap semiconductors or to use slight band gap semiconductors that can absorb visible light. Photon or UV light which is below the wavelength of violet (400 nm) has a high destructive energy. When the photon is familiarized to titania, it becomes unstable thus the electron escapes. This electron can break chemical bond since it has a high energy. This reaction can be very useful to decompose organic material, impurities and bacteria in the air.
\nSynthesis methods play very important part of research to control the size and surface area of nanomaterials. There is numerous synthesis methods, some of them are described below:
Hydrothermal synthesis
Sol-gel method
Aerosol methods
Low temperature combustion methods
The hydrothermal synthesis is a process which uses single heterogeneous phase reactions in aqueous medium at higher temperature and pressure to crystallize and produce ceramic materials hydrated directly from the solutions [7]. This synthesis offers a low temperature direct route to the oxide powder with a small size distribution that prevents the passage of calcination. The hydrothermal reaction mechanism monitors a liquid nucleation model. Normally, in the hydrothermal process temperature falls between the boiling point of the water and the critical temperature (Tc = 374°C), while the pressure is higher than 100 kPa. The product is washed with deionized water to remove ions from the solvent and other impurities. After drying in the air, very well dispersed ceramic nanoparticles are obtained.
\nFirst, a solution of the appropriate precursors (metal salts of organic metal compounds) is formed, followed by conversion into homogeneous oxide (gel) after hydrolysis and condensation [8]. The drying and subsequent calcination of the gel produce an oxide product. Usually, for the preparation of multicomponent oxides, the alkoxides are mixed in alcohol. The components for which alkoxides are not available are introduced as salts, such as acetates. The hydrolysis is carried out at a controlled temperature, pH and alkoxide concentration, addition of water and alcohol.
\nThis method is also defined as a gas phase method. It is considered to be convenient and convenient in the large-scale industrial production of multicomponent materials [9]. Aerosols are suspensions of small solid or liquid particles in a gas. There are two ways of preparing ultrafine particles by aerosol processes. The first concerns the generation of a supersaturated vapor from a reagent followed by a homogeneous nucleation (conversion of gas into particles). The second concerns the generation of liquid droplets, which are subjected to a heat treatment in solid particles (conversion of liquid into particles). The latter is used to prepare multi-component materials.
\nSpray drying and spray pyrolysis are the most common methods for converting liquid into solid. A metal precursor (sol) solution is produced, followed by drop atomization, which are conducted to an oven. Therefore, spray drying can be a suitable process for consolidating the nanoparticles into submicronic spherical granules that can be compacted into microscopic shapes.
\nThe low-temperature combustion synthesis technique (LCS, for its acronym in English) has proven to be an innovative, extremely easy path, which saves time and saves energy for the synthesis of ultrafine powders [10, 11, 12, 13]. This is based on the gelling and subsequent combustion of an aqueous solution containing salts of the desired metals and some organic fuels, which provides a voluminous and fluffy product with a large surface area. As starting materials, oxidizing metals salts, such as metal nitrates and a combination agent (fuel), such as citric acid, polycyclic acid or urea are used. Citrate acid is used more widely, since it does not function only as a reducing/fueling agent, but also as a chelating agent.
\nA gas sensor is a device that produces an electrical signal in response to a chemical interaction with the vapors because the information obtained from this process is advantageous. Gas sensors have generated extensive applications in both domestic and industrial environments. However, despite its value, there are many difficulties in making a reliable sensor before it can be used safely. Ideally, gas sensors should exhibit a high sensitivity to steam that are designed to detect. Furthermore, the sensor should produce only an electrical response when exposed to the gas of interest. The sensors must also have stable and reproducible electrical signals to reduce the time required for calibration. There are other practical concerns, such as minimizing size, weight and energy consumption, as well as the ability to position the sensor close to where measurements are to be made.
\nAccording to the definition of gas sensor, provided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), “a chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information, ranging from the concentration of a specific component of the sample to the analysis of the composition total, in an analytically useful signal. The above chemical information can derive from a chemical reaction of the analyte or from a physical property of the system under examination” [14]. Normally, chemical sensors consist of two main parts, a receiver and a transducer. A sensor is an instrument that responds to a physical stimulus (such as heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism or movement). Collects and measures data related to some properties of a phenomenon, object or material. Sensors are an important part for any measurement and automation application. The sensor is responsible for converting a certain type of physical phenomenon into an amount that can be measured by a data acquisition system (DAQ). The receiver transforms the chemical information into a form of energy, which can be measured by the transducer. The transducer converts this energy into a useful analytical signal, typically electric. Chemical sensors are classified in different ways. One of the classifications uses the operating principle of the receiver [14].Using this principle, one can distinguish between.
Physical sensors,
Chemical sensors, and
Biochemical sensors.
In physical sensors a chemical reaction does not take place in the receiver and the signal is the result of a physical process, such as mass, absorbance, refractive index, temperature or conductivity change. Chemical sensors are based on chemical reactions between the analyte molecules and the receptor. Biochemical sensors are a subclass of chemical sensors, in which the reaction is biochemical. Typical examples of such sensors are microbial potentiometric sensors or immune sensors. It is not always possible to discriminate between physical and chemical sensors. A good example is a gas sensor, in which the signal is the result of gas adsorption.
\nGas loss is a major concern in residential, commercial and gas transportation vehicles. One of the precautionary measures to avoid the danger associated with gas leaks is to install a gas leak detector in vulnerable locations. The purpose of this document is to present the design of an automatic economic alarm system, capable of detecting liquefied petroleum gas leaks in different locations. In particular, the designed alarm system has a high sensitivity, especially for butane, which is also sold individually bottled as fuel for cooking and camping. The proposed system is designed to meet UK occupational health and safety standards. Test results are proven for a USB powered gas leak detection system and provide early warning signals in less severe conditions and trigger an acute alarm in case of emergency to protect users. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is commonly used in homes for central heating, hot water, gas ovens, kitchens and mobile heaters for recreational activities such as boats, caravans and grills. This energy source is mainly composed of propane and butane, which are highly flammable chemical compounds. LPG leaks can occur, though rarely, in a home, commercial facility, or gasoline vehicle. Loss of this gas can be dangerous as it increases the risk of fire or explosion. The victims of this danger are still common news in the media. Since LPG as such has no odor, gas/refinery companies add an odor, such as ethanediol, thiophene or mercaptan, so that most people can detect losses [15]. However, it is possible that some people with reduced sense of smell cannot rely on this intrinsic safety mechanism. In such cases, a gas leak detector becomes vital and helps protect people against the dangers of gas leaks. Several research papers on gas leak detection techniques have been published [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. In [16] a home wireless security gas leakage system [16] was proposed in which the alarm device provides mobility within the house’s premises. Detection of losses and identification of their position is the most important task of pipeline operators in the gas industry. Flow monitoring and methods based on linear parameter variation models (LPV) are widely used in the gas industry to detect gas leaks. Both methods continuously measure pressure at different sections of the tube, usually at the ends [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. However, the disadvantage of these techniques is that they rely heavily on the noise of pressure/temperature measurements. The reliability problems of gas leak detectors were addressed in [23]. The gas leak sounds generated by the cracks in the tubes were analyzed in [24] to locate the leak.
\nUse of nanotechnology in engineering materials for sensor applications may improve the working detection limit of gas sensors to lower temperatures. This will be achieved predominantly by alterations of the space charge layers for each grain and enhancing other electronic properties of the material. The science of nanomaterials deals with new phenomena and new sensor devices that exploit these phenomena are being built. Sensitivity may increase due to better conduction properties, detection limits may be lower and very small amounts of samples may be analyzed, direct detection is possible without the use of labels and some reagents may be removed [25].
\nInorganic nanomaterials with controllable sizes and shapes have a wide range of unique physical, chemical, electrical, surface and optical properties. Nanometric sensors are essential for many interesting developments in nanotechnology research. Several “bottom-up” techniques widely reported in parallel offer the potential for the integration of high-density nanosensors beyond the capacity of conventional technologies with a small fraction of the current manufacturing cost. The field of nanosensors requires the identification of several self-organized nanostructures with structural characteristics and special physical properties to have devices with the appropriate integration of the circuit [26].
\nThe large surface-to-volume ratio of nanomaterials can be used as an advantage for the development of the gas sensor. The large surface to volume ratio of nanocrystalline structures increases the opportunity for this surface reaction. This in turn will increase the sensitivity of the gas sensor. Engineering materials with selective chemistry to modify and manipulate the structure is the key to the improvement in gas sensor sensitivity and selectivity. Nanomaterials have been highlighted for gas sensor applications due to their enhanced abilities over their conventional entering material counterparts. The surface of nanomaterials can comprise much of the actual material making them ideal for gas sensors. Ability to synthesize one dimensional nanostructure with extremely high aspect ratios makes them attractive in gas sensor fabrication as well. The space charge layer control of nanostructures makes them particularly interesting since conduction can change drastically with expansion and contraction of the layer in the presence of different gases. Despite these observations at the nano-scale, many of the mechanisms responsible for conduction at the nano-scale are still poorly understood. The oxygen vacancies also need to not be “pinned” to any impurities and need as little resistance as possible at the grain boundaries when the appropriate reducing gas is present. Second, increasing the number of surface sites for gas interaction will help achieve this goal; so that even low concentrations of gas can be detected at room temperature. The use of nanomaterials is important because of their high surface/volume ratio. This can be increased by changing the nanoparticle shape from spherical to unidimensional, creating hollow tubes or tubes. The third modification that can be made to the sensor material is the modification of the space-loading layer. This is done to obtain the maximum signal change in the presence of the target gas. Modification of the space charge layer can be done by: (1) reducing the size of the crystallite, (2) changing the chemistry of the defects within the space charge layer and the surface of the material, and (3) changes in the charge layer space. The shape of the particle may play a factor. Another interesting aspect of nanomaterials that make them a candidate for room temperature gas sensor applications is the fact that changes in the band gap have been reported at extremely small sizes. The possibility to modify this band gap may be another way to improve room temperature gas sensing by changing the potential barrier energy required for charged species to conduct. Another enhanced feature of nanocrystallites is their conduction of electrons from the surface reaction. These conduction electrons have to overcome a potential barrier induced by the space charge layer. The magnitude of this space charge layer is dependent on the crystallite size (D) as well as the space-charge layer thickness (L). It has been shown that when D < 2 L, the sensitivity of a gas sensor is enhanced drastically. This D < 2 L limit can be reached when employing nanostructures.
\nGas sensors are very important in the industrial sector and in other areas. Although there are many difficulties in solving these problems, gas sensors still have several specific functions in theworld. For example, hydrogen sensors are needed in the rocket propulsion industry because the dispersion of the hydrogenpropellant presents significant safety risks. In addition, theautomotive industry routinely monitors the air/fuel ratio invehicles with oxygen sensors that use an electrochemical cell containing TiO2 that conducts oxygen ions at high temperatures. The automotive industry is also interested in NOx sensors because nitrogen oxides are formed when the fuel is burned at high temperatures. Nitrogen oxides are a unique hazard because they can travel long distances from their emission source and generate ozone, pollution and particles away from the actual source of contamination. Carbon dioxide sensors are an example of devices that have found multiple uses; they are required for indoor air quality operations and for food storage and processing incubators. In addition, hydrocarbon sensors are required to monitor aeronautical and automotive discharges, leak detection and fire detection. Hydrocarbons are also a precursor of tropospheric ozone, and it is known that some types of hydrocarbons are toxic. Clearly, there are many requirements for accurate and reliable sensors in the environment:
The material should sensitive in lower explosive limit (LEL) for explosive gases.
The material should have high sensitivity over a wide range of humidity and temperature.
It should quickly respond to any fast changes in the ambient.
The sensor material should have rapid response to the variation of gas concentration and good reproducibility of the electrical signal.
The sensitivity should be independent of the ambient temperature.
The material should not react with any chemical contaminants present in the application ambient.
It should show stable characteristics for a long time.
It should be less portable.
The construction of the sensor should preferably be simple using IC technology and of low cost.
The device should be operated by a battery.
The LPG gas consists of isobutene, propane, methane, etc. In 1910, LPG [27], first produced by Dr. Walter Snelling of the United States Department of Mines, studied gasoline to understand why it evaporated so quickly and found that the gases that evaporated were propane, butane and other light hydrocarbons. Both LPG and natural gas respect the environment and are easily detectable. These gases are usually stored in pressurized steel cylinders in liquid form and vaporized at normal temperatures. By comparing air with LPG, it is heavier that it flows through the ground and even installs at low points that make it difficult to disperse. LPG is a blend of commercial butane and commercial propane with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Due to the versatile nature of LPG, it is used for many requirements such as domestic fuel, industrial fuel, automotive fuel, heating, lighting, etc. And the demand for LPG increases exponentially every day. Gas leaks caused by fatal hell have become a serious problem in homes and other areas where domestic gas is handled and used. Gas leaks cause several accidents that result in financial losses, as well as human injuries and/or losses. The LP gas property is shown in Table 4. The explosion occurs when the following three conditions are satisfied:
The concentration of gas is between LEL.
A sufficient amount of oxygen exists.
There is a source of ignition [28].
Gas | \nFormula | \n%LEL | \n%UEL | \nIgnition temperature | \nFlash point in (°C) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Propane | \nC3H8 | \n2.2 | \n9.5 | \n470 | \n97 | \n
Butane | \nC4H10 | \n1.8 | \n8.4 | \n365 | \n152 | \n
Properties of LPG.
Coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are combustible gases. They are potentially dangerous because explosions may occur when accidental or accidental spills occur. Therefore, detecting it in household appliances is very important for safety. One of the most common types of domestic energy source is propane, which contains liquefied gas. Although safety issues are considered by the company, gas leaks have become a very common incident that can cause damage to human lives and property. The system has two main devices: the gas detector and the centralized alarm unit. Alarms are missing during cooking, which requires the equipment to detect LPG.
\nThere may be more than one detector in the systems, which can be identified separately in the system. The centralized alarm unit detects alarms sent by the detectors and releases the alarm. It has an indication of which detector has released the notice. The alarm unit has AC power and has a battery backup to solve power problems. The components of the device were chosen taking into account the energy consumption and the time intervals were calculated in relation to the current consumption of each component. Liquefied petroleum gas is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gas used as fuel in heating appliances and vehicles. The varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixtures that are mainly propane (C3H8), mainly butane (C4H10) and, more commonly, include propane and butane, depending on the application [29].
\nUnlike natural gas, LPG is heavier than air, unlike natural gas, so it will flow through floors and will tend to settle in lower locations such as basements. There are two main dangers of this [29].
Possible explosion if mixture of LPG & air is right & if there is an ignition source.
Suffocation due to LPG displacing air, causing a decrease in oxygen concentration.
The basic principle of solid state gas sensors is schematically illustrated in Figure 4. Solid state gas sensors are based on adsorption/desorption or chemical reactions of target gases on the surface or grain boundaries of sensing material and lead to physical changes like in temperature, mass, conductivity, refractive index, etc.
\nGeneral principle of solid state gas sensors.
Although the basic principle behind solid state sensors seem to be similar, multitude of sensor technologies have been developed. Conducting polymers are under the category of resistive sensors and its conductance changes with the interaction of sensing gas molecules. Although polymer sensors are operated at room temperature but drift in their response with time and sensitivity to ambient conditions are of major concern. The semiconductor metal oxide gas sensors are in the form of thin ceramics or films and operate at high temperatures. The resistance of these sensors changes in the presence of sensitive gas (oxidant or reducer). However, the energy consumption of these sensors is high and could be reduced to some extent by using MEM-based structures. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique was also used for gas detection, based on the principle that when a target gas interacts with a metal film, the optical property (refractive index) changes. The change of the refractive index before and after the interaction of the chemical species with a metal layer gives the concentration of the target gas. The main disadvantage of SPR is complicated optics and the system is not easy to use. The problem of selectivity is another critical problem. The gas sensors based on the field effect transistors depend on the change in the working function of the metal gate with the interaction of the target gas. However, the design is complicated, and the characteristics are very sensitive to environmental conditions. Table 5 lists several types of solid-state gas sensors and the respective expected physical variations due to the interaction of the target gas.
\nPhysical changes | \nType of sensor devices | \n
---|---|
Conductivity | \nSemiconducting metal oxide conducting polymer. | \n
Optical | \nFibre optic, thin film: SPR, reflection interferometry, adsorption, fluorescence. | \n
Work function | \nField effect device: diode, capacitor, transistor, Kelvin probe. | \n
Heat generation | \nPt-wire, thermopile, thin film resistor. | \n
Dielectric permittivity | \nCapacitor. | \n
Mass | \nQuartz crystal microbalance. Surface acoustic wave. | \n
Various types of solid state sensors and the respective physical changes.
It is very much important to understand the sensing parameters of a good sensor. These are defined as:
Sensing response,
Operating temperature,
Response time and
Recovery time
There are some of the salient parameters that are associated with measurement of response characteristics of a gas sensor.
c. Sensing response:
The response (S) of a gas sensor to a target gas at a given temperature T is determined from the measured value of resistance of the sensing element (SnO2 thin film) in the absence (Ra) and presence of the sensing gas (Rg). The sensor response S is defined as:
\n
where Rg> > Ra for oxidizing gases, and therefore to a good approximation
\n\n
Response time (Tres):
The response time is defined as the time taken by the sensor to acquire 90% of its maximum resistance value in the presence of target oxidizing gas.
Recovery time (Trec):
The recovery time is defined as time taken by the sensor to reacquire about 10% higher value of its initial resistance in the presence of atmospheric air.
The typical variation in the response (S) of a gas sensor with temperature for a specific concentration of target gas is shown in Figure 5. A maximum in the response (Smax) at a certain critical temperature (Topt) is referred to as the operating temperature of the sensor.
\nVariation of sensor response with temperature for a typical sensor.
Response (tres) and recovery (trec) time characterization of a typical sensor are shown in Figure 6 which gives a clear picture about the increase in resistance value as soon as any oxidizing gas comes in contact with n-type semiconducting sensing layer. The sample regains its original resistance value (Ra) as soon as the sensing gas is expelled out from its vicinity.
\nSensor response as a function of time, defining response time and recovery time of a typical sensor in response to an oxidizing gas.
The gas sensing mechanism of LPG sensor is a surface-controlled phenomenon, i.e., it is based on the surface area of the thin film. Initially, oxygen from the atmosphere gets adsorbed on the surface of the film and pick up electrons from its conduction band. In the present investigation, an exertion has been built up LPG detection with metal oxide (TiO2) thin film arranged by the chemical route method which recognizes a leakage of LPG at operable RT. The surface mechanism of thin film-based sensor is governed by surface reaction. The change in resistance of thin film sensor in the presence of LPG molecule is prescribed by the oxygen species on the surface. However, the LPG sensing reaction mechanism is given [30]. The oxygen atoms were adsorbed the surface of metal oxide thin film when subjected to air. Various ionic species such as \n
\n
\n
The adsorption of \n
Proposed model of sensing stabilization of metal oxide thin film.
\n
where, CnH2n+2 represent the various hydrocarbons. Due to the release of electrons, the resistance of the sensitive film decreases dramatically at first due to rapid absorption, after which it slowly decreases and eventually becomes saturated. When the flow of LPG stops for the study of the recovery characteristics, the oxygen molecules in the air will be absorbed on the surface of the film and the capture of electrons through the process indicated in the equations will increase the resistance of the sensor. Because the detection mechanism is based on the reaction of the chemisorption that occur on the surface of the film, the increase in the specific area of the sensitive material leads to multiple sites for the adsorption of the target gas. The function of the receiver is a capacity of the sensitive surface to receive the target gas that is directly related to the surface capacity of the adsorbed \n
LPG is a combustible gas and it is widely used as a fuel for domestic heating and industrial use. Although it is one of the extensively used gases, it is hazardous. Hence, it is crucial to detect it in its early stages of the leakage and to perform the active suppression. For designing a robust gas sensor, the sensor material should possess following qualities given as under:
The material should sensitive in lower explosive limit (LEL) for explosive gases.
The material should have high sensitivity over a wide range of humidity and temperature.
It should quickly respond to any fast changes in the ambient.
The sensor material should have rapid response to the variation of gas concentration and good reproducibility of the electrical signal.
The sensitivity should be independent of the ambient temperature.
The material should not react with any chemical contaminants present in the application ambient.
It should show stable characteristics for a long time.
It should be less portable.
The construction of the sensor should preferably be simple using IC technology and of low cost.
The device should be operated by a battery.
Nanostructured semiconducting materials are the most promising materials for study of sensors because of their much surface to volume ratio. We have been interested in carrying out our investigations with a new material that possess good sensitivity for the LPG concentration at the LEL level, with properties that are stable over time and thermal cycling after exposure to the various species likely to be present in the ambient. Titania show very good surface reactivity and they have temperature dependent surface morphology. In this chapter, thorough experimental investigation was carried out in order to develop electrical type LPG sensor using thin films of nanosized Titania with some other additives material.
\nDr. R.K. Sonker acknowledges the financial support provided by the SERB-National Post-Doctoral Fellow, under the DST funded project, government of India (File No. PDF/2016/002827).
\nThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5319},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:4828},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1471},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:9370},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:837},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:14788}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108345},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8696",title:"Pulmonary Insufficiency",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0dfed0b2495fdf08ebf2f5779db08135",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8696.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7982",title:"ACTH",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"03a7769d9449c11ba409f019d7de7e6e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7982.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8615",title:"Perception in Motor Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"824d83663c080630d0a9a830b4292f1c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8615.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7886",title:"Photodynamic Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eae80b20d0afc385dbc2b8e798a4bf66",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7886.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8438",title:"Blood Purification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"312e4644a05f0554cabf741f9a6511be",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99c408d20813ec62ec65467c3597d63f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7972",title:"Bilirubin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ff758a04d66cc8a5ed13a1011517a50f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7972.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8541",title:"Cyberpsychology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"81c1e21a393f06be5f9955f4d315f6b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8541.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7134",title:"Syphilis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fff77c1e77772f2f9affe655a80cdf52",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7134.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8161",title:"Peanut Consumption",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cbcb4edfad609f55fbd90ce0fe15726d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8161.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7916",title:"Syncope",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ec1cc652454dd39df331418b4b7108c7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7916.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8082",title:"Histiocytosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5ea406c53e9520c0a967c5aa0a44f438",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8082.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:34},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:71},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:136},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Genesiology",value:300,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:521,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Intelligent System",value:535,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:266},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",slug:"antioxidants",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4398},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7698",title:"Educational Psychology",subtitle:"Between Certitudes and Uncertainties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"740943e2d029253e777150e98ebe2f0d",slug:"educational-psychology-between-certitudes-and-uncertainties",bookSignature:"Victori?a Trif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7698.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201656",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Victorița",middleName:null,surname:"Trif",slug:"victorita-trif",fullName:"Victorița Trif"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8747",title:"Asphalt and Asphalt Mixtures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6083f7c9881029f1e033a1e512af7e20",slug:"asphalt-and-asphalt-mixtures",bookSignature:"Haitao Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8747.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"260604",title:"Prof.",name:"Haitao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"haitao-zhang",fullName:"Haitao Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8516",title:"Metacognition in Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fa6eaad7b509b8b7ec5124d79e5f605",slug:"metacognition-in-learning",bookSignature:"Nosisi Feza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8516.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261665",title:"Prof.",name:"Nosisi",middleName:"N.",surname:"Feza",slug:"nosisi-feza",fullName:"Nosisi Feza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7000",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d0f73bf883bbb984cc2feef1259a9a7",slug:"legume-crops-characterization-and-breeding-for-improved-food-security",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7000.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8292",title:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327e750e83634800ace02fe62607c21e",slug:"oral-health-by-using-probiotic-products",bookSignature:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8292.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245925",title:"Dr.",name:"Razzagh",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"razzagh-mahmoudi",fullName:"Razzagh Mahmoudi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8323",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60eadb1783d9bba245687adf284d4871",slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8347",title:"Computer Architecture in Industrial, Biomechanical and Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d7024a8d7d8afed093c9c79ec31f15a",slug:"computer-architecture-in-industrial-biomechanical-and-biomedical-engineering",bookSignature:"Lulu Wang and Liandong Yu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Dr.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7583",title:"Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics for Emerging Engineering Processes",subtitle:"Eulerian vs. Lagrangian",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896509fa2e7e659811bffd0f9779ca9d",slug:"advanced-computational-fluid-dynamics-for-emerging-engineering-processes-eulerian-vs-lagrangian",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7583.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",slug:"malaria",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7093",title:"Pneumothorax",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b1fdb8bb0448f48c2f234753898f3f8",slug:"pneumothorax",bookSignature:"Khalid Amer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7093.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",slug:"khalid-amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"769",title:"Power Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-power-engineering",parent:{title:"Energy Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering"},numberOfBooks:31,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:809,numberOfWosCitations:342,numberOfCrossrefCitations:380,numberOfDimensionsCitations:723,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-energy-engineering-power-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6224",title:"Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c58d0f05b175d36166262514a5a82e10",slug:"advancements-in-energy-storage-technologies",bookSignature:"Xiangping Chen and Wenping Cao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6224.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"205852",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiangping",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"xiangping-chen",fullName:"Xiangping Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5413",title:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation",subtitle:"A Look at Trends in the Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d81a819e53a5ff35501b9876d5f6b1ab",slug:"thermoelectrics-for-power-generation-a-look-at-trends-in-the-technology",bookSignature:"Sergey Skipidarov and Mikhail Nikitin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16374",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Nikitin",slug:"mikhail-nikitin",fullName:"Mikhail Nikitin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4791",title:"Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6a5af4c285e95291db0e96e4850883e",slug:"power-quality-issues-in-distributed-generation",bookSignature:"Jaroslaw Luszcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4791.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24994",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Luszcz",slug:"jaroslaw-luszcz",fullName:"Jaroslaw Luszcz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4482",title:"Energy Efficiency Improvements in Smart Grid Components",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30ee18b230d980b48fd65ba23a76d374",slug:"energy-efficiency-improvements-in-smart-grid-components",bookSignature:"Moustafa M. Eissa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4482.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35245",title:"Prof.",name:"Moustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Eissa",slug:"moustafa-eissa",fullName:"Moustafa Eissa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3589",title:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero",subtitle:"Power Information and Communication Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52d111bb721e0d749c1cee6c8b6d8ab8",slug:"ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology",bookSignature:"Giorgos Fagas, Luca Gammaitoni, Douglas Paul and Gabriel Abadal Berini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"168209",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgos",middleName:null,surname:"Fagas",slug:"giorgos-fagas",fullName:"Giorgos Fagas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3073",title:"Power Quality Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41be446d0a7e208798819a2e31c44960",slug:"power-quality-issues",bookSignature:"Ahmed Zobaa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed Faheem",middleName:"F",surname:"Zobaa",slug:"ahmed-faheem-zobaa",fullName:"Ahmed Faheem Zobaa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3555",title:"An Update on Power Quality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eeac1269f25912493dbdfdf2e5d80a33",slug:"an-update-on-power-quality",bookSignature:"Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3555.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25089",title:"Dr.",name:"Dylan",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"dylan-lu",fullName:"Dylan Lu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3221",title:"Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics and Other Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"73122a4210f5479276c4cd6d0458e2c8",slug:"nuclear-reactor-thermal-hydraulics-and-other-applications",bookSignature:"Donna Post Guillen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3221.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29199",title:"Dr.",name:"Donna",middleName:null,surname:"Guillen",slug:"donna-guillen",fullName:"Donna Guillen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3414",title:"Current Research in Nuclear Reactor Technology in Brazil and Worldwide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02d499e611b8372d0ed1fbeb88cf66fe",slug:"current-research-in-nuclear-reactor-technology-in-brazil-and-worldwide",bookSignature:"Amir Zacarias Mesquita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3414.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40620",title:"Prof.",name:"Amir",middleName:"Zacarias",surname:"Mesquita",slug:"amir-mesquita",fullName:"Amir Mesquita"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3076",title:"Advances in Wind Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7fd7c5d70cbc111f7a84a512c2189d48",slug:"advances-in-wind-power",bookSignature:"Rupp Carriveau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22234",title:"Dr.",name:"Rupp",middleName:null,surname:"Carriveau",slug:"rupp-carriveau",fullName:"Rupp Carriveau"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2187",title:"Nuclear Power",subtitle:"Practical Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d1dd542ff5cd5c2b788aac5553050b9b",slug:"nuclear-power-practical-aspects",bookSignature:"Wael Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2187.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29906",title:"Dr.",name:"Wael",middleName:"H.",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"wael-ahmed",fullName:"Wael Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3181",title:"Energy Transmission and Grid Integration of AC Offshore Wind Farms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b38be953b13c31a0f2e6b0da2f426aa0",slug:"energy-transmission-and-grid-integration-of-ac-offshore-wind-farms",bookSignature:"M. Zubiaga, G. Abad, J. A. Barrena, S. Aurtenetxea and A. Carcar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3181.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"29440",title:"MSc",name:"Markel",middleName:null,surname:"Zubiaga",slug:"markel-zubiaga",fullName:"Markel Zubiaga"}],productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:31,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"11572",doi:"10.5772/9912",title:"Biofouling and its Control in Seawater Cooled Power Plant Cooling Water System - A Review",slug:"biofouling-and-its-control-in-seawater-cooled-power-plant-cooling-water-system-a-review-",totalDownloads:9833,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,book:{slug:"nuclear-power",title:"Nuclear Power",fullTitle:"Nuclear Power"},signatures:"Kamala Kanta Satpathy, Ajit Kumar Mohanty, Gouri Sahu, Sudipta Biswas and Selvanayagam M.",authors:null},{id:"26752",doi:"10.5772/25281",title:"Network Methods for Analysis and Design of Resonant Wireless Power Transfer Systems",slug:"networks-methods-for-the-analysis-and-design-of-wireless-power-transfer-systems",totalDownloads:4025,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"wireless-power-transfer-principles-and-engineering-explorations",title:"Wireless Power Transfer",fullTitle:"Wireless Power Transfer - Principles and Engineering Explorations"},signatures:"Marco Dionigi, Alessandra Costanzo and Mauro Mongiardo",authors:[{id:"62841",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Mongiardo",slug:"mauro-mongiardo",fullName:"Mauro Mongiardo"},{id:"119981",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Dionigi",slug:"marco-dionigi",fullName:"Marco Dionigi"},{id:"119982",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Costanzo",slug:"alessandra-costanzo",fullName:"Alessandra Costanzo"}]},{id:"45946",doi:"10.5772/57201",title:"Power consumption Assessment in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"power-consumption-assessment-in-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:3302,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology",title:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero",fullTitle:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero - Power Information and Communication Technology"},signatures:"Antonio Moschitta and Igor Neri",authors:[{id:"168252",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Neri",slug:"igor-neri",fullName:"Igor Neri"},{id:"168283",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Moschitta",slug:"antonio-moschitta",fullName:"Antonio Moschitta"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48982",title:"A Comprehensive Modeling and Simulation of Power Quality Disturbances Using MATLAB/SIMULINK",slug:"a-comprehensive-modeling-and-simulation-of-power-quality-disturbances-using-matlab-simulink",totalDownloads:8427,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"power-quality-issues-in-distributed-generation",title:"Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation",fullTitle:"Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation"},signatures:"Rodney H.G. Tan and Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy",authors:[{id:"152137",title:"Dr.",name:"Vigna",middleName:null,surname:"Ramachandaramurthy",slug:"vigna-ramachandaramurthy",fullName:"Vigna Ramachandaramurthy"},{id:"175327",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodney",middleName:"H.G.",surname:"Tan",slug:"rodney-tan",fullName:"Rodney Tan"}]},{id:"38933",title:"Wind Turbine Generator Technologies",slug:"wind-turbine-generator-technologies",totalDownloads:10317,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"advances-in-wind-power",title:"Advances in Wind Power",fullTitle:"Advances in Wind Power"},signatures:"Wenping Cao, Ying Xie and Zheng Tan",authors:[{id:"154063",title:"Prof.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"ying-xie",fullName:"Ying Xie"},{id:"154064",title:"Mr.",name:"Zheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",slug:"zheng-tan",fullName:"Zheng Tan"},{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}]},{id:"40439",title:"Low Speed Wind Turbine Design",slug:"low-speed-wind-turbine-design",totalDownloads:6101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-wind-power",title:"Advances in Wind Power",fullTitle:"Advances in Wind Power"},signatures:"Horizon Gitano-Briggs",authors:[{id:"9153",title:"Professor",name:"Horizon",middleName:null,surname:"Gitano",slug:"horizon-gitano",fullName:"Horizon Gitano"}]},{id:"66462",title:"Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Electrochemical Engineering",slug:"vanadium-redox-flow-batteries-electrochemical-engineering",totalDownloads:1196,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:null,title:"Energy Storage Devices",fullTitle:"Energy Storage Devices"},signatures:"Sangwon Kim",authors:[{id:"205906",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangwon",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"sangwon-kim",fullName:"Sangwon Kim"}]},{id:"52605",title:"Calculation Methods for Thermoelectric Generator Performance",slug:"calculation-methods-for-thermoelectric-generator-performance",totalDownloads:2e3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"thermoelectrics-for-power-generation-a-look-at-trends-in-the-technology",title:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation",fullTitle:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation - A Look at Trends in the Technology"},signatures:"Fuqiang Cheng",authors:[{id:"187892",title:"Dr.",name:"Fuqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"fuqiang-cheng",fullName:"Fuqiang Cheng"}]},{id:"19667",title:"Nuclear Naval Propulsion",slug:"nuclear-naval-propulsion",totalDownloads:8419,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"nuclear-power-deployment-operation-and-sustainability",title:"Nuclear Power",fullTitle:"Nuclear Power - Deployment, Operation and Sustainability"},signatures:"Magdi Ragheb",authors:[{id:"33227",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdi",middleName:null,surname:"Ragheb",slug:"magdi-ragheb",fullName:"Magdi Ragheb"}]},{id:"28072",title:"Experimental Investigation of Thermal Hydraulics in the IPR-R1 TRIGA Nuclear Reactor",slug:"experimental-investigation-of-thermal-hydraulics-in-the-ipr-r1-triga-nuclear-reactor",totalDownloads:4181,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"nuclear-reactors",title:"Nuclear Reactors",fullTitle:"Nuclear Reactors"},signatures:"Amir Zacarias Mesquita, Daniel Artur P. Palma, Antonella Lombardi Costa, Cláubia Pereira, Maria Auxiliadora F. Veloso and Patrícia Amélia L. Reis",authors:[{id:"28284",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Lombardi Costa",slug:"antonella-lombardi-costa",fullName:"Antonella Lombardi Costa"},{id:"28296",title:"Prof.",name:"Claubia",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"claubia-pereira",fullName:"Claubia Pereira"},{id:"28298",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"A. L. Reis",slug:"patricia-a.-l.-reis",fullName:"Patricia A. L. Reis"},{id:"28299",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Auxiliadora",middleName:null,surname:"Fortini",slug:"maria-auxiliadora-fortini",fullName:"Maria Auxiliadora Fortini"},{id:"40620",title:"Prof.",name:"Amir",middleName:"Zacarias",surname:"Mesquita",slug:"amir-mesquita",fullName:"Amir Mesquita"},{id:"123659",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel Artur",middleName:null,surname:"Palma",slug:"daniel-artur-palma",fullName:"Daniel Artur Palma"}]},{id:"52858",title:"Modeling of a Thermoelectric Generator Device",slug:"modeling-of-a-thermoelectric-generator-device",totalDownloads:1975,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"thermoelectrics-for-power-generation-a-look-at-trends-in-the-technology",title:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation",fullTitle:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation - A Look at Trends in the Technology"},signatures:"Eurydice Kanimba and Zhiting Tian",authors:[{id:"189755",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiting",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"zhiting-tian",fullName:"Zhiting Tian"},{id:"192280",title:"Ms.",name:"Eurydice",middleName:null,surname:"Kanimba",slug:"eurydice-kanimba",fullName:"Eurydice Kanimba"}]},{id:"45904",title:"Electromagnetic Radiation Energy Harvesting – The Rectenna Based Approach",slug:"electromagnetic-radiation-energy-harvesting-the-rectenna-based-approach",totalDownloads:5764,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology",title:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero",fullTitle:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero - Power Information and Communication Technology"},signatures:"Gabriel Abadal, Javier Alda and Jordi Agustí",authors:[{id:"168251",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Abadal",slug:"gabriel-abadal",fullName:"Gabriel Abadal"},{id:"168373",title:"Prof.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Alda",slug:"javier-alda",fullName:"Javier Alda"},{id:"168374",title:"MSc.",name:"Jordi",middleName:null,surname:"Agustí",slug:"jordi-agusti",fullName:"Jordi Agustí"}]},{id:"45742",title:"Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting",slug:"thermoelectric-energy-harvesting",totalDownloads:3647,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology",title:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero",fullTitle:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero - Power Information and Communication Technology"},signatures:"Douglas Paul",authors:[{id:"168459",title:"Prof.",name:"Douglas",middleName:"J.",surname:"Paul",slug:"douglas-paul",fullName:"Douglas Paul"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-energy-engineering-power-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"69878",title:"Progress on Free-Standing Graphene Hybrid: Advantages and Future Scenario",slug:"progress-on-free-standing-graphene-hybrid-advantages-and-future-scenario",totalDownloads:29,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84275",book:{title:"Energy Storage Devices"},signatures:"Karthick Ramalingam and Fuming Chen"},{id:"69781",title:"Modeling of a Contact-Less Electric-Vehicle Battery-Charging Station Fed from On-Grid Photovoltic Arrays",slug:"modeling-of-a-contact-less-electric-vehicle-battery-charging-station-fed-from-on-grid-photovoltic-ar",totalDownloads:35,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89530",book:{title:"Energy Storage Devices"},signatures:"Essamudin Ali Ebrahim"},{id:"66589",title:"New Design Methodologies for Sizing Electrochemical Storage in Renewable Energy Systems (Case Study: Wind Turbine System)",slug:"new-design-methodologies-for-sizing-electrochemical-storage-in-renewable-energy-systems-case-study-w",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85613",book:{title:"Energy Storage Devices"},signatures:"Malek Belouda"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10080",title:"Vortex Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea97962e99b3e0ebc9b46b48ba5bea14",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zambri Harun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10080.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli and Dr. Marco Frediani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8771",title:"Raman Scattering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1354b3097eaa5b27d9d4bd29d3150b27",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Samir Kumar and Dr. Prabhat Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8771.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"296661",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"samir-kumar",fullName:"Samir Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10073",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics-Fundamentals and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aceca7dfc807140870a89d42c5537d7c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mojtaba Kahrizi and Ms. Parsoua Abedini Sohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10073.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"113045",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Kahrizi",slug:"mojtaba-kahrizi",fullName:"Mojtaba Kahrizi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10132",title:"Applied Computational Near-surface Geophysics - From Integral and Derivative Formulas to MATLAB Codes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38cdbbb671df620b36ee96af1d9a3a90",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afshin Aghayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10132.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311030",title:"Dr.",name:"Afshin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghayan",slug:"afshin-aghayan",fullName:"Afshin Aghayan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10110",title:"Advances and Technologies in Building Construction and Structural Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df2ad14bc5588577e8bf0b7ebcdafd9d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Kaboli and Dr. Sara Shirowzhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10110.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"309192",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Kaboli",slug:"ali-kaboli",fullName:"Ali Kaboli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10175",title:"Ethics in Emerging Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c92da249676e35e2f7476182aa94e84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ali Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10175.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-hessami",fullName:"Ali Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9284",title:"Computational Aeroacoustics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7019c5e5985faef7dc384c87dca5c8ef",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ramesh K. Agarwal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9284.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"38519",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramesh K.",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",slug:"ramesh-k.-agarwal",fullName:"Ramesh K. Agarwal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:16},humansInSpaceProgram:{},teamHumansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/public-health-methodology-environmental-and-systems-issues/new-challenges-in-public-health-practice-the-ethics-of-industry-alliance-with-health-promoting-c",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"public-health-methodology-environmental-and-systems-issues",chapter:"new-challenges-in-public-health-practice-the-ethics-of-industry-alliance-with-health-promoting-c"},fullPath:"/books/public-health-methodology-environmental-and-systems-issues/new-challenges-in-public-health-practice-the-ethics-of-industry-alliance-with-health-promoting-c",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()