Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6391",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Intelligent System",title:"Intelligent System",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Intelligent system is an advanced machine that can perceive, learn, and solve the problems with a great accuracy. Technologies with intelligent system are currently available in the market and used in real-world applications, i.e., self-driving cars, Siri, Alexa, Facebook, and so on. To exceed human cognitive capabilities, the important keys rely on the development of sensors and algorithms. Therefore, the insight into artificial intelligence (AI) methods becomes a fundamental building block for design and construction of intelligent system with particular applications. This book aims to describe the AI systems ranging from the basic knowledge, i.e., algorithm and mathematical models of AI techniques, fundamentals of machine learning, genetic algorithm, and fuzzy logic, to the current state-of-the-art applications, such as smart road and biomedical applications.",isbn:"978-1-78923-607-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-606-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-448-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70018",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"intelligent-system",numberOfPages:218,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"e66e8d52ef62125a9f741ce0610d6899",bookSignature:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",publishedDate:"August 29th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6391.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5165,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:16,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 30th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 21st 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 17th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 16th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",middleName:null,surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/34521/images/system/34521.jpeg",biography:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk received the PhD and MSc degrees from Mahidol University and the BSc degree with first class honors in Physics from Prince of Songkla University, Thailand in 2011, 2007, and 2005, respectively. Currently, he is a faculty member of Kasetsart University. He is a specialist in development of smart sensors and intelligent systems for food, agricultural and environmental applications. He has received over 25 research awards. He has served as a reviewer for several scientific journals. He has published several dozens of articles in reputed journals and proceedings as well as four book chapters with patents & copyright. His research interests cover the topics of modern Nanoscience and Nanotechnology researches ranging from theoretical modeling of nanomaterials to fabrication of intelligent nanodevices such as hybrid gas sensors, electronic nose, printed electronics, flexible electronics and 3D-nanostructures devices.",institutionString:"Kasetsart University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Kasetsart University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Thailand"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"519",title:"Intelligent System",slug:"computer-and-information-science-artificial-intelligence-intelligent-system"}],chapters:[{id:"58179",title:"Intelligent Embedded Software: New Perspectives and Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72417",slug:"intelligent-embedded-software-new-perspectives-and-challenges",totalDownloads:601,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Fateh Boutekkouk, Ridha Mahalaine, Zina Mecibah, Saliha Lakhdari,\nRamissa Djouani and Djalila Belkebir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58179",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58179",authors:[{id:"216218",title:"Dr.",name:"Fateh",surname:"Boutekkouk",slug:"fateh-boutekkouk",fullName:"Fateh Boutekkouk"}],corrections:null},{id:"58975",title:"Cognitive Artificial Intelligence: Concept and Applications for Humankind",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72764",slug:"cognitive-artificial-intelligence-concept-and-applications-for-humankind",totalDownloads:1170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Arwin Datumaya Wahyudi Sumari and Adang Suwandi Ahmad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58975",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58975",authors:[{id:"22530",title:"Dr.",name:"Arwin",surname:"Sumari",slug:"arwin-sumari",fullName:"Arwin Sumari"},{id:"217344",title:"Prof.",name:"Adang Suwandi",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"adang-suwandi-ahmad",fullName:"Adang Suwandi Ahmad"}],corrections:null},{id:"58698",title:"Predicate Calculus as a Tool for AI Problems Solution: Algorithms and Their Complexity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72765",slug:"predicate-calculus-as-a-tool-for-ai-problems-solution-algorithms-and-their-complexity",totalDownloads:572,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Tatiana Kosovskaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58698",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58698",authors:[{id:"217409",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatiana",surname:"Kosovskaya",slug:"tatiana-kosovskaya",fullName:"Tatiana Kosovskaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"60666",title:"On the Computational Analysis of the Genetic Algorithm for Attitude Control of a Carrier System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74121",slug:"on-the-computational-analysis-of-the-genetic-algorithm-for-attitude-control-of-a-carrier-system",totalDownloads:401,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hadi Jahanshahi and Naeimeh Najafizadeh Sari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60666",authors:[{id:"225571",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hadi",surname:"Jahanshahi",slug:"hadi-jahanshahi",fullName:"Hadi Jahanshahi"},{id:"225574",title:"MSc.",name:"Naeimeh",surname:"Najafizadeh Sari",slug:"naeimeh-najafizadeh-sari",fullName:"Naeimeh Najafizadeh Sari"}],corrections:null},{id:"59308",title:"Multiagent Intelligent System of Convergent Sensor Data Processing for the Smart&Safe Road",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73610",slug:"multiagent-intelligent-system-of-convergent-sensor-data-processing-for-the-smart-safe-road",totalDownloads:410,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Alexey Finogeev, Alexandr Bershadsky, Anton Finogeev, Ludmila\nFionova and Michael Deev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59308",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59308",authors:[{id:"216108",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexey",surname:"Finogeev",slug:"alexey-finogeev",fullName:"Alexey Finogeev"},{id:"217922",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Finogeev",slug:"anton-finogeev",fullName:"Anton Finogeev"},{id:"234398",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludmila",surname:"Fionova",slug:"ludmila-fionova",fullName:"Ludmila Fionova"},{id:"234630",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",surname:"Deev",slug:"mikhail-deev",fullName:"Mikhail Deev"}],corrections:null},{id:"58867",title:"An Expert System Based on Computer Vision and Statistical Modelling to Support the Analysis of Collagen Degradation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72982",slug:"an-expert-system-based-on-computer-vision-and-statistical-modelling-to-support-the-analysis-of-colla",totalDownloads:456,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev, Salvador Naya, Silvia Díaz Prado, Daniel\nCalle-López, Vladimir Robles-Bykbaev, Luis Garzón-Muñóz, Clara\nSanjurjo Rodríguez and Javier Tarrío Saavedra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58867",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58867",authors:[{id:"24011",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Díaz Prado",slug:"silvia-diaz-prado",fullName:"Silvia Díaz Prado"},{id:"62869",title:"Mr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Tarrío-Saavedra",slug:"javier-tarrio-saavedra",fullName:"Javier Tarrío-Saavedra"},{id:"69196",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",surname:"Naya",slug:"salvador-naya",fullName:"Salvador Naya"},{id:"211521",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"vladimir-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Vladimir Robles-Bykbaev"},{id:"217824",title:"MSc.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"},{id:"217825",title:"BSc.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Calle-López",slug:"daniel-calle-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Calle-López"},{id:"217827",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Garzón-Muñoz",slug:"luis-garzon-munoz",fullName:"Luis Garzón-Muñoz"},{id:"217828",title:"Dr.",name:"Clara",surname:"Sanjurjo Rodríguez",slug:"clara-sanjurjo-rodriguez",fullName:"Clara Sanjurjo Rodríguez"}],corrections:null},{id:"58403",title:"Neural Network Configurations Analysis for Multilevel Speech Pattern Recognition System with Mixture of Experts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72575",slug:"neural-network-configurations-analysis-for-multilevel-speech-pattern-recognition-system-with-mixture",totalDownloads:449,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Washington Luis Santos Silva, Priscila Lima Rocha and Allan Kardec\nDuailibe Barros Filho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58403",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58403",authors:[{id:"40603",title:"Dr.",name:"Allan Kardec",surname:"Barros",slug:"allan-kardec-barros",fullName:"Allan Kardec Barros"},{id:"217078",title:"Dr.",name:"Washington",surname:"Silva",slug:"washington-silva",fullName:"Washington Silva"},{id:"217152",title:"Ms.",name:"Priscila",surname:"Rocha",slug:"priscila-rocha",fullName:"Priscila Rocha"}],corrections:null},{id:"58672",title:"Hybrid Intelligent System for Diagnosing Breast Pre-Cancerous and Cancerous Conditions Based on Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72576",slug:"hybrid-intelligent-system-for-diagnosing-breast-pre-cancerous-and-cancerous-conditions-based-on-imag",totalDownloads:441,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Oleh M. Berezsky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58672",authors:[{id:"15210",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleh",surname:"Berezsky",slug:"oleh-berezsky",fullName:"Oleh Berezsky"}],corrections:null},{id:"59194",title:"New Trends in Artificial Intelligence: Applications of Particle Swarm Optimization in Biomedical Problems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73606",slug:"new-trends-in-artificial-intelligence-applications-of-particle-swarm-optimization-in-biomedical-prob",totalDownloads:673,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Aman Chandra Kaushik, Shiv Bharadwaj, Ajay Kumar, Avinash Dhar\nand Dongqing Wei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59194",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59194",authors:[{id:"212221",title:"Dr.",name:"Aman Chandra",surname:"Kaushik",slug:"aman-chandra-kaushik",fullName:"Aman Chandra Kaushik"},{id:"213909",title:"Mr.",name:"Ajay",surname:"Kumar",slug:"ajay-kumar",fullName:"Ajay Kumar"},{id:"221456",title:"Mr.",name:"Avinash",surname:"Dhar",slug:"avinash-dhar",fullName:"Avinash Dhar"},{id:"236718",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiv",surname:"Bharadwaj",slug:"shiv-bharadwaj",fullName:"Shiv Bharadwaj"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8398",title:"2D Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"974977d9d7e76f2f4c93470c844f4cd5",slug:"2d-materials",bookSignature:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk and Yotsarayuth Seekaew",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8398.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3794",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Focus on Ant and Particle Swarm Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5332a71035a274ecbf1c308df633a8ed",slug:"swarm_intelligence_focus_on_ant_and_particle_swarm_optimization",bookSignature:"Felix T.S. Chan and Manoj Kumar Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252210",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Chan",slug:"felix-chan",fullName:"Felix Chan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"173",title:"Expert Systems for Human, Materials and Automation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00cfbf1f4ec20211e33264642361190",slug:"expert-systems-for-human-materials-and-automation",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/173.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3779",title:"Autonomous Agents",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2de8f35c0784b403c61442c900cf2e93",slug:"autonomous-agents",bookSignature:"Vedran Kordic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3779.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9401",title:"Application of Expert Systems",subtitle:"Theoretical and Practical Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"081802ad77d0fdab3e8085762d9a15d2",slug:"application-of-expert-systems-theoretical-and-practical-aspects",bookSignature:"Ivan Nunes da Silva and Rogério Andrade Flauzino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9401.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Nunes da Silva",slug:"ivan-nunes-da-silva",fullName:"Ivan Nunes da Silva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67322",slug:"corrigendum-to-sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",title:"Corrigendum to: Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67322.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67322",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67322",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67322",chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8504",leadTitle:null,title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deepens the study and knowledge on pectins, especially in the processes of extraction, purification, and characterization, in short its many and wide applications. Among the most prominent applications are the food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. The development of pectins has a very promising future with a marked annual increase and with a wide range of sources. As written above, this book will help its readers to expand their knowledge on this biopolymer with vast application in the industry worldwide.",isbn:"978-1-78984-072-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-071-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-550-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78880",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6205,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:23,numberOfTotalCitations:38,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 26th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 25th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 14th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.jpg",biography:"Martin Masuelli is an Inv. Adj. of Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP) – CONICET – UNSL and Associate Professor at the National University of San Luis (UNSL), Argentina. He holds a Master’s degree and a Ph.D. and Master's thesis in Membrane Technology from the National University of San Luis. He is the Director of Physics Chemistry Service Laboratory at UNSL. He is an expert in polysaccharides and physics chemistry of macromolecules. He is an author or co-author of more than 30 peer-reviewed international publications, 8 book chapters, 75 communications in national and international congresses and editor of 8 books. He is a member of the Sociedad Argentina de Ciencia y Tecnología Ambiental, Asociación Argentina de Fisicoquímica y Química Inorgánica and Asociación Argentina de Tecnólogos Alimentarios. Since July 2013, he is the Editor in Chief and Founder of the Journal of Polymer and Biopolymers Physics Chemistry, Science and Education Publishing. He is on the Editorial Board of numerous journals.",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"333",title:"Food Chemistry",slug:"food-science-food-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"69850",title:"Extraction and Characterization of Pectins From Peels of Criolla Oranges (Citrus sinensis): Experimental Reviews",slug:"extraction-and-characterization-of-pectins-from-peels-of-criolla-oranges-em-citrus-sinensis-em-exper",totalDownloads:771,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli"}]},{id:"66671",title:"Extraction and Purification of Pectin from Agro-Industrial Wastes",slug:"extraction-and-purification-of-pectin-from-agro-industrial-wastes",totalDownloads:1560,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"66458",title:"Pectin - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",slug:"pectin-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:556,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"65793",title:"Role of Pectin in Food Processing and Food Packaging",slug:"role-of-pectin-in-food-processing-and-food-packaging",totalDownloads:1878,totalCrossrefCites:5,authors:[null]},{id:"65638",title:"Pectins as Emulsifying Agent on the Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalysis of Nano-LaCrO3",slug:"pectins-as-emulsifying-agent-on-the-preparation-characterization-and-photocatalysis-of-nano-lacro-su",totalDownloads:350,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"66396",title:"Properties of Wine Polysaccharides",slug:"properties-of-wine-polysaccharides",totalDownloads:598,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"207851",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",surname:"Guadalupe",slug:"zenaida-guadalupe",fullName:"Zenaida Guadalupe"},{id:"207853",title:"Dr.",name:"Belén",surname:"Ayestarán",slug:"belen-ayestaran",fullName:"Belén Ayestarán"},{id:"207854",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia",surname:"Martínez-Lapuente",slug:"leticia-martinez-lapuente",fullName:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente"}]},{id:"65895",title:"Flavonoids and Pectins",slug:"flavonoids-and-pectins",totalDownloads:497,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2828",title:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers",subtitle:"The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4922c593466cc822b281fe7cc7d7fef6",slug:"fiber-reinforced-polymers-the-technology-applied-for-concrete-repair",bookSignature:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1408",title:"Scientific, Health and Social Aspects of the Food Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e683dc398eabec0db3a88e891209a406",slug:"scientific-health-and-social-aspects-of-the-food-industry",bookSignature:"Benjamin Valdez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65522",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Valdez",slug:"benjamin-valdez",fullName:"Benjamin Valdez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5060",title:"Milk Proteins",subtitle:"From Structure to Biological Properties and Health Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a7d2e5f38e97aaea90bb3fec55b3751",slug:"milk-proteins-from-structure-to-biological-properties-and-health-aspects",bookSignature:"Isabel Gigli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175679",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Gigli",slug:"isabel-gigli",fullName:"Isabel Gigli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6761",title:"Generation of Aromas and Flavours",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32cb87c823ee53fcbff7ecb2e944d4b9",slug:"generation-of-aromas-and-flavours",bookSignature:"Alice Vilela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6761.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181011",title:"Prof.",name:"Alice",surname:"Vilela",slug:"alice-vilela",fullName:"Alice Vilela"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8311",title:"Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51994c7d3887b9ecd6926b4967a4fdfb",slug:"nutraceuticals-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"María Chávarri Hueda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8625",title:"Whey",subtitle:"Biological Properties and Alternative Uses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"449a36f43c9a30ae4d43f9775599e8ac",slug:"whey-biological-properties-and-alternative-uses",bookSignature:"Isabel Gigli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175679",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Gigli",slug:"isabel-gigli",fullName:"Isabel Gigli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7332",title:"Some New Aspects of Colloidal Systems in Foods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0dd822267e027684bd3ff53da4f2ef41",slug:"some-new-aspects-of-colloidal-systems-in-foods",bookSignature:"Jafar M. Milani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91158",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jafar",surname:"Milani",slug:"jafar-milani",fullName:"Jafar Milani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6878",title:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aaeaec7ab2b300434df9061448772e57",slug:"frontiers-and-new-trends-in-the-science-of-fermented-food-and-beverages",bookSignature:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo and Ángel de la Cruz Pech-Canul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"227052",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Lidia",surname:"Solís-Oviedo",slug:"rosa-lidia-solis-oviedo",fullName:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"68165",title:"Amaranth: An Ancient and High-Quality Wholesome Crop",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88093",slug:"amaranth-an-ancient-and-high-quality-wholesome-crop",body:'
1. Introduction
1.1 Amaranthus sp. taxonomy and distribution
Amaranthus L. is a eudicot genus in the Amaranthaceae family of the order Caryophyllales and is commonly known as the pigweeds or amaranths. The genus comprises about 75 species, which are generally annuals, and are distributed throughout the world’s temperate and tropical regions [1, 2]. The genus Amaranthus is further divided into three subgenera, Acnida, Albersia, and Amaranthus [3], with Acnida being dioecious and subgenera Albersia and Amaranthus being monoecious but with distinctive floral morphology. The three main domesticated species of Amaranthus (Amaranthus caudatus L., A. cruentus L., and A. hypochondriacus L.) originated in the Americas and are primarily cultivated for grain, as potherbs and ornamentals [2, 4].
Amaranth is an ancient crop in which scientific and commercial interest has recently been renewed. The grain amaranths (A. hypochondriacus, A. caudatus, A. cruentus) have many favorable agronomic properties and are highly adaptable to various ecological zones, with better resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses than many conventional other food crops [2]. These species also have advantages of being protein-rich C4 pseudo-cereals that can be adapted to cultivation in a wide range of environments, with good tolerance of drought and salinity [2, 5]. Amaranths also exhibit superior water use efficiency compared to many other C3 and C4 crops [6].
1.2 Amaranth use in the ancient times
The grain amaranth was an important crop for the Aztecs and the Incas [1, 2]. In the pre-Columbian period, it was one of the major crops like beans and corn in the New World and carried religious importance [1]. During the various dates of the religious calendar, Aztec people ground amaranth seeds mixed with honey or human blood and make different shapes of animals, birds, mountains, and gods, and they were eaten during the ceremonies [1, 2].
Prior to the conquest by Spaniards, Mexicans had a culture where a ceremonial paste called Zoale was prepared from amaranth grains and was fed to the slaves before they were sacrificed to the gods [1, 7]. From the Christian viewpoint, the use of grain amaranth was the very symbol of heathen idolatry [1], and therefore Spaniards discouraged the cultivation of Amaranthus [1, 7]. Although the cultivation was highly suppressed by the Spanish conquistadors, small patches of A. hypochondriacus were still grown inside maize fields [1, 2].
Along with the widespread use in food products, grain amaranths also gained religious significance in India and Nepal. In Uttar Pradesh, India, the crop amaranth is recognized as Ramdana (seed given by Lord Ram) [7]. In the states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, India, amaranth is recognized as Rajgira (Rajgira, a seed given by King, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu). In Hindu culture, popped amaranth grain is soaked in milk and is one of the food items permitted to be eaten during religious festivals after a long fasting [2, 7]. In different parts of Nepal, India, and Pakistan, popped amaranth seed is used to make laddoos and confections like alegria in Mexico. Laddoos carries an important religious significance. It is considered a pure food and can be offered to Hindu gods. Around the Nilgiri Hills in India, Badagas peoples have a ritual that they offer a basket of puffed amaranths on Badagas funeral pyre [7, 8]. Looking at those cultural instances, grain amaranths may have been migrated from the Americas to the Old World only about 500 years ago; but it is quite astonishing to get strong evidences on the connection of amaranth grain to Hindu culture in the Old World.
2. Nutritional facts of amaranths
2.1 Amaranth proteins
Based on the solubility and extractability, there are four major seed storage proteins in plants: albumins, globulins, prolamins, and glutelins. In pseudo-cereals, including amaranth, the major seed storage proteins are composed of albumin, globulin, and glutelin [9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. However, there are some reports showing traces of prolamins in some of the amaranth species [10, 12]. Storage proteins accumulate in developing seeds and store nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur [14]. These proteins are hydrolyzed and mobilized during seed germination and early seedling growth [14, 15]. They do not carry any enzymatic functions and are found only in seeds. However, some storage proteins may also be involved in defense or metabolism. These proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. As seeds mature, they are collected in the protein bodies that are derived from vacuole [15]. They may also act as a sink for excess nitrogen.
Chief distinction between the major proteins is outlined as follows: albumin storage proteins are water soluble with low molecular weight 10–18 kDa and low isoelectric point between pH 4.0 and 5.0 [16]. Based on the sedimentation coefficients (S20w), albumin has the coefficient of approximately 2S; therefore it is defined as 2S albumin [17]. However, in the case of pseudo-cereals, the sedimentation coefficients of 1.7S comprised of polypeptides with Mr. ranging from 4000 to 20,000, and they are high in sulfur-containing amino acids, including cysteine and methionine [17]. Majority of albumins consists of two polypeptide chains linked by four disulfide bonds [18]. They are found in dicot plants and account for 20–60% of the total proteins in seed [16]. Globulin storage proteins are soluble in salt with their molecular weights in the range of 150–190 kDa [16]. They have an isoelectric point of pH 5–10 [19]. Based on the sedimentation coefficients, (S20w), globulin has the coefficients ranging from 7S to 12S [16]. They lack cysteine residues and lack disulfide bonds [16]. Glutelin storage proteins are soluble in borate buffer but poorly soluble in water. They have molecular weights in the range of 45–150 kDa and an isoelectric point range between the pH range of 4.8 and 8.7 and are highly hydrophobic in nature [16]. They are high in proline and glutamine content [16]. One of the distinctive signal peptides that is distinguished from other storage proteins is the 37 amino acid sequence at the NH2 terminus that is followed by 269 amino acid acidic subunit (Mr = 32,489) and a 193 amino acid basic unit (Mr = 19,587) [20].
2.2 Lysine content
Amaranth grain and leaves are popular for their nutritional value. Protein content is about 15% in grains [21], and it has a well-balanced amino acid composition with high lysine content [22]. Lysine is the limiting amino acid in most of the cereal crops including wheat, sorghum, and rice, but it is abundant in amaranth; only the first limiting amino acid in amaranth is leucine [21], and it is also abundant in most of our staple food sources. Therefore, amaranth is considered as a complete protein supplier when it is consumed with another cereal.
2.3 Seed properties and nutrient content
Grain amaranth plant produces millions of seeds that are small (≈1 mm) in diameter and has not been analyzed for detailed morphological features [23, 24]. The color of the seeds is highly variable from white, gold, brown, and pink to black [24]. Coons [25] reported that black color is dominant over white and a single gene controls the inheritance. It is possible that the seed coat colors, perisperm type, and seed shape in Amaranthus species are controlled by different gene loci. Seed shape changes based on angle of view; in lateral view seeds appear lenticular in shape, and in front view seeds appear circular or obovate [23]. Adhikary [24] reported white-vitreous and white-opaque type of seeds. Although seed shape and size may not have a significant impact in the nutrient content of a seed, some pigmented seeds have been reported to contain different amounts of nutrient components. For instance, [21] reported that pale-colored seeds of A. caudatus contain about 14% of protein, 10% of fat, 64% of starch, and 8% of dietary fiber, while black-pigmented seeds were reported to contain 16% of dietary fiber, with lysine concentration ranged between 5.2 and 6.0 g/16 g N in the grains [21]. Moreover, protein digestibility was found to be higher in pale seeds than in the black seeds [21].
Starch is formed by two glucan polymers, amylose and amylopectin [26], and is stored in the perisperm of amaranth seed [27]. Like the grasses, amaranth starch can be classified as either glutinous (waxy) or non-glutinous (starchy) [27]. Non-glutinous (starchy) seeds contain both amylose and amylopectin, and glutinous (waxy) seeds lack amylose [24, 26]. Both perisperm forms are found in all three species of the grain Amaranthus [26]. Amaranth seeds contain 65–75% of starch [28], and the digestibility of cooked amaranth seeds resulted in a similar response to white bread; however, flaked and roasted seeds responded with a slightly increased glycemic response [29, 29].
2.4 Squalene content
Squalene is a unique triterpene compound that has a biological and pharmacological importance. Although squalene is an intermediate product in the cholesterol biosynthesis process [30], earlier work has predicted that daily consumption can decrease cholesterol levels [31]. It can inhibit chemically induced breast and colon cancer [32]. There are also evidences of a lower frequency of heart diseases in the Mediterranean region [33], as people in this region consume more olive oil, which is rich in squalene [34]; thus it is believed that squalene consumption in the diet has a positive impact on human health. It originates partly from cholesterol synthesis process and partly from dietary sources such as plant oils or shark liver. Among the different types of plant oils, oil extracted from olive and amaranth has a higher concentration of squalene [34, 35]. Especially, grain amaranths have been suggested as an alternative natural source of squalene. The chemical content in five different accessions of A. cruentus was reported in the range of 2.26–5.67% [36]. Furthermore, in other domesticated species, [37] reported 3.6% in A. hypochondriacus and 6.1% in A. tricolor.
2.5 Gluten-free grain
Amaranthus is a gluten-free grain [38], and hence it is a suitable diet for a person with celiac disease (CD) [39, 40]. CD is an autoimmune condition or inflammatory disease, which affects the small intestine triggered by the gluten protein [41, 42] and can lead to weight loss, fatigue, malabsorption, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea [43]. The main sources of gluten protein are wheat, barley, and rye [42]. CD patients must follow a strict gluten-free diet, and this can potentially lead to nutrient deficiency [43]. Generally, gluten-free products are made with refined flours and starch and require specific packaging material and frequent use of chemical preservatives [44, 45]. This makes a challenge for both producer and consumer. One of the biggest challenges for food technologist is to enrich the nutritional value of gluten-free products with balanced dietary fibers and proteins [44, 46]. Hence, amaranths can be an alternative to address the challenge. In fact, amaranth has become one of the greatest supplements in gluten-free food commodities to enhance nutritional values [47]. Amaranth contains similar macronutrients as wheat and 2–3 times higher than other gluten free crops [42]. Seed protein of amaranth is greater than cereals and legumes [22]. Besides, amaranth has higher lysine and starch than in other cereals [40]. Monosaccharide composition of dietary fiber present in amaranth is well known [48, 24], and amaranth could serve as a significant source of dietary fiber [48]. Moreover, amaranth has higher fiber and mineral content than other gluten-free grains [21]. In today’s context, amaranth is one of the few gluten-free pseudo-cereals that has been used in a wide variety of gluten-free food commodities. Amaranth is usually combined with other gluten-free cereals such as rice, corn, and cassava in a variety of food products. For example, blending of amaranth with other flours such as cassava [46] and rice [47] in pasta formulation and rice and maize in bakery items [49, 42] has been introduced to enhance the nutritional value of the pasta and bakery items [46]. Because of its higher nutritional profile, genetic diversity, and high adaptability, amaranth can be considered as an excellent supplement to produce gluten-free food products.
One of the most common and costly problems affecting bakery products is fungal contamination. Rizzello et al. [45] reported that the use of amaranth in bakery products can enhance antifungal activity in bread. Amaranth seeds contain some antifungal peptides, which can show a defensive response toward pathogenic fungi [50]. It is noteworthy to mention that amaranth is rich in betalain pigment, which has also been shown to exhibit antimicrobial activities. Thus, betalain is a high demand in the food coloring industry. These pigments with a strong hue not only color the food products but also provide strong antimicrobial response. Thus, amaranth can be an excellent natural additive in the food industry.
2.6 Antioxidant properties of amaranth
To date, 75 different betalains have been reported from 17 of the 34 families in the Caryophyllales order [51]. Interestingly, no species outside Caryophyllales has been found to produce betalains naturally [52]. Most species in the Amaranthaceae have detectable betalains in organs including root, stem, leaves, and flowers. The ecological functions of betalains are presumed to include attracting pollinators to flowers and possibly protect vegetative cells from stresses. There is a long-standing speculation that these pigments are involved in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, but evidence in support of this idea is scant.
Red beetroot (B. vulgaris) is the only commercial betalain source [52], although amaranths have also been proposed as commercial sources of betalains [53, 54]. These betalains have some limited use in food coloring and also have several reported health benefits [55]. Chemical and biological experiments have demonstrated the antioxidant capacity of betalains [56]. Cai et al. [53] showed that the betalains from Amaranthaceae were stronger antioxidants than ascorbic acid, rutin, and catechins. Betalains have also been reported to have anticancer properties [57]. As these chemicals scavenge free radicals, it is expected that they may help prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease [55]. Sreekanth et al. [58] showed that betalain induces dose- and time-dependent cell deaths of the human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562). Moreover, betalain extract from A. spinosus has a significant antimalarial activity in mice [59]. Pigment extract from beetroot pomace also inhibited the growth of gram-negative bacteria [59, 60] and induced zones of reduced growth in Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus cereus [61]. Thus, amaranth plant is enriched with both nutritional and nutraceutical properties and is a wholesome crop for the future generation.
3. Concluding remarks
Amaranth was a staple of the Aztec diet and is described now as a “superfood” in part because of its high protein content and balanced amino acid profile. It produces a large number of seeds loaded with high-quality protein components, squalene, lysine, and many other health benefitting nutritional and nutraceutical components. Amaranth grain is gluten-free, which makes it a desirable food crop for millions of peoples all over the world. This widely distributed and protein-rich pseudo-cereal has a potential to support food security. However, this crop is still not in the mainstream cultivation practices in North America and in many parts of the world. With the increasing understanding of molecular and biological information of this crop, there is a strong basis for amaranth to be considered for our future generation. As we are witnessing the massive increase in human population in the next few decades and global climate change, we strongly believe amaranth has a huge potential to support the global food system.
Conflict of interest
All authors have read and approved the manuscript for submission. There is no competing interest.
\n',keywords:"amaranth, lysine, complete protein, gluten-free, ancient crop",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68165.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/68165.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68165",totalDownloads:249,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 28th 2019",dateReviewed:"June 17th 2019",datePrePublished:"January 7th 2020",datePublished:"March 18th 2020",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Amaranth was a staple of the Aztec diet and is described as a “superfood” in part because of its high protein content and well-balanced amino acid profile. In terms of nutrient content, amaranth surpasses many staple crops such as rice, corn, and wheat. Additionally, lysine content is twice as much than in rice and thrice as much than in corn. Along with desirable agronomic traits, this crop has been hugely applauded for its gluten-free nature. Not only can it benefit vegan and gluten allergy personals, but it also has the potential to supply high-quality proteins and at the same time provides antimicrobial activities in the packaged food items. Despite all of these properties, this crop is still not in the mainstream cultivation practices in North America and in many parts of the world. As the planet is expecting massive increase in human population and global climate change, we firmly believe that this widely distributed, ancient, protein-rich pseudo-cereal has a potential to augment our food system. In this book chapter, we aim to report the nutritional properties of grain amaranth.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68165",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68165",book:{slug:"nutritional-value-of-amaranth"},signatures:"Dinesh Adhikary, Upama Khatri-Chhetri and Jan Slaski",authors:[{id:"299993",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Adhikary",fullName:"Dinesh Adhikary",slug:"dinesh-adhikary",email:"dinesh.adhikary@ubc.ca",position:null,institution:null},{id:"300684",title:"Ms.",name:"Upama",middleName:null,surname:"Khatri-Chhetri",fullName:"Upama Khatri-Chhetri",slug:"upama-khatri-chhetri",email:"upama@ualberta.ca",position:null,institution:null},{id:"308380",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Slaski",fullName:"Jan Slaski",slug:"jan-slaski",email:"Jan.Slaski@innotechalberta.ca",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Amaranthus sp. taxonomy and distribution",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Amaranth use in the ancient times",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"2. Nutritional facts of amaranths",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.1 Amaranth proteins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.2 Lysine content",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.3 Seed properties and nutrient content",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.4 Squalene content",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.5 Gluten-free grain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.6 Antioxidant properties of amaranth",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"3. Concluding remarks",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Sauer JD. The grain amaranths: A survey of their history and classification. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1950;37:561-632'},{id:"B2",body:'Sauer JD. Revision of the dioecious amaranths. Madrono. 1955;13:5-46'},{id:"B3",body:'Mosyakin SL, Robertson KR. New infragenic taxa, and combinations in Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae). Annales Botanici Fennici. 1996;33:275-281'},{id:"B4",body:'Fritz GJ. New dates and data on early agriculture: The legacy of complex hunter-gatherers. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1995;82:3-15'},{id:"B5",body:'Teng XL, Chen N, Xiao XG. Identification of a catalase-phenol oxidase in betalain biosynthesis in red Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2015;6:1228'},{id:"B6",body:'Huerta-ocampo JA, Barrera-pacheco A, Mendoza-herna CS, Espitia-rangel E, Mock H, Barba AP. Salt stress-induced alterations in the root proteome of Amaranthus cruentus L. Journal of Proteome Research. 2014;13:3607-3627'},{id:"B7",body:'Sauer JD. The grain amaranths and their relatives: A revised taxonomic and geographic survey. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1967;54:103'},{id:"B8",body:'Noble AW, Nobel BL. Badaga funeral customs. Anthropos. 1965;60:262-272'},{id:"B9",body:'Konishi Y, Fumita Y, Ikeda K, Okuno K, Fuwa H. Isolation and characterization of globulin from seeds of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 1965;49:1453-1459'},{id:"B10",body:'Gorinstein S, Moshe R, Greene LJ, Paulo A. Evaluation of four Amaranthus species through protein electrophoretic patterns and their amino acid composition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1991;39:851-854'},{id:"B11",body:'Barba de la Rosa AP, Gueguen J, Paredos-Lopez O, Viroben G. Fractionation procedures, electrophoretic characterization, and amino acid composition of amaranth seed proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1992;40:931-936'},{id:"B12",body:'Leyva-Lopez NE, Vasco N, Barba de la Rosa AP, Paredes-Lopez O. Amaranth seed proteins: Effect of defatting on extraction yield and on electrophoretic patterns. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1995;47:49-53'},{id:"B13",body:'Shewry PR, Pandya MJ. The 2S albumin storage proteins. In: Shewry PR, Casey R, editors. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1999. pp. 563-586'},{id:"B14",body:'Fujiwara T, Nambara E, Yamagishi K, Goto DB, Naito S. Storage proteins. The Arabidopsis book. American Society of Plant Biologists. 2002. pp. 1-12'},{id:"B15",body:'Higgins TJV. Synthesis and regulation of major proteins in seeds. Annual Review in Plant Physiology. 1984;35:191-221'},{id:"B16",body:'Gonzalez-Perez S, Arellano B. In: Phillips GO, Williams PA, editors. Handbook of Hydrocolloids. 2nd ed. Sawston, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition; 2009. pp. 0-27'},{id:"B17",body:'Youle RJ, Huang AHC. Albumin storage proteins in the protein bodies of Castor bean. Plant Physiology. 1978;61:13-16'},{id:"B18",body:'Mylne JS, Hara-Nishimura I, Rosengren KJ. Seed storage albumins: Biosynthesis, trafficking and structures. Functional Plant Biology. 2014;41:671-677'},{id:"B19",body:'Quiroga AV, Martınez EN, Anon MC. Amaranth globulin polypeptide heterogeneity. The Protein Journal. 2007;26:327'},{id:"B20",body:'Takaiwa F, Kikuchi S, Oono K. The structure of rice storage protein glutelin precursor deduced from cDNA. Federation of European Biochemical Societies. 1986;206:33-35'},{id:"B21",body:'Pedersen B, Hallgren L, Hansen I, Eggum BO. The nutritive value of amaranth grain (Amaranthus caudatus). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1987;36:325-334'},{id:"B22",body:'Segura-Nieto M, Vazquez-Sanchez N, Rubio-Velazquez H, Olguin-Martinez LE, Rodriguez-Nester CE, Herrera-Estrella L. Characterization of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) seed proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1992;40:1553-1558'},{id:"B23",body:'Costea M, DeMason D. Stem morphology and anatomy in Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae), taxonomic significance. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 2001;128:254-281'},{id:"B24",body:'Adhikary D. Morphological Studies in the Amaranthus hybridus Species Complex (Amaranthaceae: Caryophyllales)2013. p. 109'},{id:"B25",body:'Coons MP. Relationships of Amaranthus caudatus. Economic Botany. 1982;36:129-146'},{id:"B26",body:'Park YJ, Nemoto K, Nishikawa T, Matsushima K, Minami M, Kawase M. Waxy strains of three amaranth grains raised by different mutations in the coding region. Molecular Breeding. 2010;25:623-635'},{id:"B27",body:'Okuno K, Sakaguchi S. Inheritance of starch characteristics in perisperm of Amaranthus hypochondriacus. Journal of Heredity. 1982;73:467-467'},{id:"B28",body:'Venskutonis PR, Kraujalis P. Nutritional components of amaranth seeds and vegetables: A review on composition, properties, and uses: Nutritional components of amaranth seeds and vegetable. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2013;12:381-412'},{id:"B29",body:'Capriles VD, Almeida EL, Ferreira RE, Arêas JAG, Steel CJ, Chang YK. Physical and sensory properties of regular and reduced-fat pound cakes with added amaranth flour. Cereal Chemistry. 2008;85:614-618'},{id:"B30",body:'Popa O, Elena N, Popa I, Nit S, Dinu-pârvu CE. Methods for obtaining and determination of squalene from natural sources. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:1-16'},{id:"B31",body:'Chan P, Tomlinson B, Lee CB, Lee YS. Effectiveness and safety of low-dose pravastatin and squalene, alone and in combination, in elderly patients with hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996;36:422-427'},{id:"B32",body:'Trichopoulou A, Katsouyanni K, Stuver S, Tzala L, Gnardellis C, Rimm E, et al. Consumption of olive oil and specific food groups in relation to breast cancer risk in Greece. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1995;87:110-116'},{id:"B33",body:'Keys A. Mediterranean diet and public health: Personal reflections. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995;61:1321-1323'},{id:"B34",body:'Owen RW, Mier W, Giacosa A, Hull WE, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H. Phenolic compounds and squalene in olive oils: The concentration and antioxidant potential of total phenols, simple phenols, secoiridoids, lignans and squalene. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2000;38:647-659'},{id:"B35",body:'León-Camacho M, García-González DL, Aparicio R. A detailed and comprehensive study of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) oil fatty profile. European Food Research and Technology. 2014;213:349-355'},{id:"B36",body:'Berganza BE, Moran AW, Rodríguez MG, Coto NM, Santamaría M, Bressani R. Effect of variety and location on the total fat, fatty acids and squalene content of amaranth. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 2003;58:1-6'},{id:"B37",body:'He HP, Corke H. Oil and squalene in amaranthus grain and leaf. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003;51:7913-7920'},{id:"B38",body:'Peter K, Gandhi P. Rediscovering the therapeutic potential of Amaranthus species: A review. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2017;4:196-205'},{id:"B39",body:'Jimoh MO, Afolayan AJ, Lewu FB. Suitability of Amaranthus species for alleviating human dietary deficiencies. South African Journal of Botany. 2018;115:65-73'},{id:"B40",body:'Repo-Carrasco-Valencia R, Hellström JK, Pihlava J-M, Mattila PH. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in Andean indigenous grains: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) and kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus). Food Chemistry. 2010;120:128-133'},{id:"B41",body:'Fasano A, Catassi C. Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease: An evolving spectrum. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:636-651'},{id:"B42",body:'De La Barca AMC, Rojas-Martínez ME, Islas-Rubio AR, Cabrera-Chávez F. Gluten-free breads and cookies of raw and popped amaranth flours with attractive technological and nutritional qualities. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 2010;65:241-246'},{id:"B43",body:'Shewry PR, Hey SJ. Do we need to worry about eating wheat? Nutrition Bulletin. 2016;41:6-13'},{id:"B44",body:'Gallagher E, Kunkel A, Gormley TR, Arendt EK. The effect of dairy and rice powder addition on loaf and crumb characteristics, and on shelf life (intermediate and long-term) of gluten-free breads stored in a modified atmosphere. European Food Research and Technology. 2003;218:44-48'},{id:"B45",body:'Rizzello CG, Coda R, De Angelis M, Di Cagno R, Carnevali P, Gobbetti M. Long-term fungal inhibitory activity of water-soluble extract from Amaranthus spp. seeds during storage of gluten-free and wheat flour breads. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2009;131:189-196'},{id:"B46",body:'Fiorda FA, Soares MS, da Silva FA, Grosmann MVE, Souto LRF.Microstructure, texture and colour of gluten-free pasta made with amaranth flour, cassava starch and cassava bagasse. Food Science and Technology. 2013;54:132-138'},{id:"B47",body:'Cabrera-Chávez F, Calderón de la Barca AM, Islas-Rubio AR, Marti A, Marengo M, Pagani MA, et al. Molecular rearrangements in extrusion processes for the production of amaranth-enriched, gluten-free rice pasta. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2012;47:421-426'},{id:"B48",body:'Kurek MA, Karp S, Wyrwisz J, Niu Y. Physicochemical properties of dietary fibers extracted from gluten-free sources: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) and millet (Panicum miliaceum). Food Hydrocolloids. 2018;85:321-330'},{id:"B49",body:'Salcedo-Chávez B, Osuna-Castro JA, Guevara-Lara F, Domínguez-Domínguez J, Paredes-López O. Optimization of the isoelectric precipitation method to obtain protein isolates from amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50:6515-6520'},{id:"B50",body:'Lyapkova NS, Loskutova NA, Maisuryan AN, Mazin VV, Korableva NP, Platonova TA, et al. Transformed potato plants carrying the gene of the antifungal peptide of Amaranthus caudatus. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. 2001;37:349-354'},{id:"B51",body:'Khan MI, Giridhar P. Plant betalains: Chemistry and biochemistry. Phytochemistry. 2015;117:267-295'},{id:"B52",body:'Strack D, Vogt T, Schliemann W. Recent advances in betalain research. Phytochemistry. 2003;62:247-269'},{id:"B53",body:'Cai Y, Sun M, Corke H. Antioxidant activity of betalains from plants of the Amaranthaceae. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003;51:2288-2294'},{id:"B54",body:'Cai Y-Z, Sun M, Corke H. Characterization and application of betalain pigments from plants of the Amaranthaceae. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2005;16:370-376'},{id:"B55",body:'Gengatharan A, Dykes GA, Choo WS. Betalains: Natural plant pigments with potential application in functional foods. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2015;64:645-649'},{id:"B56",body:'Borkowski T, Szymusiak H, Gliszczyńska-Rwigło A, Rietjens IMCM, Tyrakowska B. Radical scavenging capacity of wine anthocyanins is strongly pH-dependent. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53:5526-5534'},{id:"B57",body:'Esatbeyoglu T, Wagner AE, Motafakkerazad R, Nakajima Y, Matsugo S, Rimbach G. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of betanin: Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies and studies in cultured cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2014;73:119-126'},{id:"B58",body:'Sreekanth D, Arunasree MK, Roy KR, Chandramohan Reddy T, Reddy GV, Reddanna P. Betanin a betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus indica induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line-K562. Phytomedicine. 2007;14:739-746'},{id:"B59",body:'Hilou A, Nacoulma OG, Guiguemde TR. In vivo antimalarial activities of extracts from Amaranthus spinosus L. and Boerhaavia erecta L. in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;103:236-240'},{id:"B60",body:'Čanadanović-Brunet JM, Savatović SS, Gordana S. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of beet root pomace extracts. Science. 2011;29:575-585'},{id:"B61",body:'Velićanski AS, Cvetković DD, Markov SL, Vulić JJ, Djilas SM. Antibacterial activity of Beta vulgaris L. pomace extract. Acta Periodica Technologica. 2011;42:263-269'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Dinesh Adhikary",address:"dinesh.adhikary@ubc.ca",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8949",title:"Nutritional Value of Amaranth",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nutritional Value of Amaranth",slug:"nutritional-value-of-amaranth",publishedDate:"March 18th 2020",bookSignature:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8949.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Yashasvi",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-yashasvi-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Yashasvi Waisundara"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"70805",title:"Amaranth as a Pseudocereal in Modern Times: Nutrients, Taxonomy, Morphology and Cultivation",slug:"amaranth-as-a-pseudocereal-in-modern-times-nutrients-taxonomy-morphology-and-cultivation",totalDownloads:259,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Asel C. Weerasekara and Viduranga Y. Waisundara",authors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Yashasvi",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Yashasvi Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-yashasvi-waisundara"},{id:"309844",title:"Dr.",name:"Asel C.",middleName:null,surname:"Weerasekara",fullName:"Asel C. Weerasekara",slug:"asel-c.-weerasekara"}]},{id:"69525",title:"Adaptation Strategies and Microwave Drying of Amaranth Species with a High Nutritional Value to the Ecuadorian Andean Region",slug:"adaptation-strategies-and-microwave-drying-of-amaranth-species-with-a-high-nutritional-value-to-the-",totalDownloads:192,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carlos J. Torres-Miño, Rafael Hernández Maqueda and Ángel H. Moreno",authors:[{id:"305161",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ángel",middleName:null,surname:"H. Moreno",fullName:"Ángel H. Moreno",slug:"angel-h.-moreno"},{id:"305164",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández Maqueda",fullName:"Rafael Hernández Maqueda",slug:"rafael-hernandez-maqueda"},{id:"305189",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos J.",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Miño",fullName:"Carlos J. Torres-Miño",slug:"carlos-j.-torres-mino"}]},{id:"69904",title:"Value of Amaranthus [L.] Species in Nigeria",slug:"value-of-em-amaranthus-em-l-species-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:301,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Matthew Chidozie Ogwu",authors:[{id:"301124",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew Chidozie",middleName:null,surname:"Ogwu",fullName:"Matthew Chidozie Ogwu",slug:"matthew-chidozie-ogwu"}]},{id:"68165",title:"Amaranth: An Ancient and High-Quality Wholesome Crop",slug:"amaranth-an-ancient-and-high-quality-wholesome-crop",totalDownloads:249,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dinesh Adhikary, Upama Khatri-Chhetri and Jan Slaski",authors:[{id:"299993",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Adhikary",fullName:"Dinesh Adhikary",slug:"dinesh-adhikary"},{id:"300684",title:"Ms.",name:"Upama",middleName:null,surname:"Khatri-Chhetri",fullName:"Upama Khatri-Chhetri",slug:"upama-khatri-chhetri"},{id:"308380",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Slaski",fullName:"Jan Slaski",slug:"jan-slaski"}]},{id:"70999",title:"Potential of Amaranth in Alleviating Malnutrition in Indonesia",slug:"potential-of-amaranth-in-alleviating-malnutrition-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:223,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Muhammad Ikhsan Sulaiman and Rita Andini",authors:[{id:"304411",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Andini",fullName:"Rita Andini",slug:"rita-andini"},{id:"304416",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Ikhsan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulaiman",fullName:"Muhammad Ikhsan Sulaiman",slug:"muhammad-ikhsan-sulaiman"}]},{id:"68895",title:"Functional Value of Amaranth as Applied to Sports Nutrition",slug:"functional-value-of-amaranth-as-applied-to-sports-nutrition",totalDownloads:290,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Torregrosa-García Antonio and López-Román F. Javier",authors:[{id:"304203",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Torregrosa-García",fullName:"Antonio Torregrosa-García",slug:"antonio-torregrosa-garcia"},{id:"304206",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier F.",middleName:null,surname:"López-Román",fullName:"Javier F. López-Román",slug:"javier-f.-lopez-roman"}]},{id:"67741",title:"Nutritional Functional Value and Therapeutic Utilization of Amaranth",slug:"nutritional-functional-value-and-therapeutic-utilization-of-amaranth",totalDownloads:471,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Manuel Soriano-García and Isabel Saraid Aguirre-Díaz",authors:[{id:"300752",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Soriano-García",fullName:"Manuel Soriano-García",slug:"manuel-soriano-garcia"},{id:"317538",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel Saraid",middleName:null,surname:"Aguirre-Díaz",fullName:"Isabel Saraid Aguirre-Díaz",slug:"isabel-saraid-aguirre-diaz"}]},{id:"68642",title:"Effect of Various Process Conditions on the Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds of Amaranth",slug:"effect-of-various-process-conditions-on-the-nutritional-and-bioactive-compounds-of-amaranth",totalDownloads:307,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ofelia Marquez-Molina and Leticia Xochitl Lopez-Martinez",authors:[{id:"301437",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia Xochitl",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Martinez",fullName:"Leticia Xochitl Lopez-Martinez",slug:"leticia-xochitl-lopez-martinez"},{id:"308486",title:"Dr.",name:"Ofelia",middleName:null,surname:"Marquez-Molina",fullName:"Ofelia Marquez-Molina",slug:"ofelia-marquez-molina"}]},{id:"71167",title:"Amaranth Seed Oil Composition",slug:"amaranth-seed-oil-composition",totalDownloads:295,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Parisa Nasirpour-Tabrizi, Sodeif Azadmard-Damirchi, Javad Hesari and Zahra Piravi-Vanak",authors:[{id:"279804",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Piravi-Vanak",fullName:"Zahra Piravi-Vanak",slug:"zahra-piravi-vanak"},{id:"312225",title:"Prof.",name:"Sodeif",middleName:null,surname:"Azadmard-Damirchi",fullName:"Sodeif Azadmard-Damirchi",slug:"sodeif-azadmard-damirchi"},{id:"318844",title:"Dr.",name:"Parisa",middleName:null,surname:"Nasirpour-Tabrizi",fullName:"Parisa Nasirpour-Tabrizi",slug:"parisa-nasirpour-tabrizi"},{id:"318845",title:"Dr.",name:"Javad",middleName:null,surname:"Hesari",fullName:"Javad Hesari",slug:"javad-hesari"}]},{id:"68401",title:"Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Oil Extracted from Amaranth",slug:"kinetics-and-thermodynamics-of-oil-extracted-from-amaranth",totalDownloads:327,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Chinedu M. Agu and Albert C. Agulanna",authors:[{id:"299277",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chinedu M.",middleName:null,surname:"Agu",fullName:"Chinedu M. Agu",slug:"chinedu-m.-agu"},{id:"308966",title:"MSc.",name:"Albert C.",middleName:null,surname:"Agulanna",fullName:"Albert C. Agulanna",slug:"albert-c.-agulanna"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6155",title:"Diabetes Food Plan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b826ff12304ae270954a41210f4e1582",slug:"diabetes-food-plan",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6155.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Yashasvi",surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-yashasvi-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Yashasvi Waisundara"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"58954",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Need for Dietary Interventions for Diabetes",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-need-for-dietary-interventions-for-diabetes",signatures:"Viduranga Yashasvi Waisundara",authors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Yashasvi",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Yashasvi Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-yashasvi-waisundara"}]},{id:"61271",title:"The Microbiome and the Epigenetics of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"the-microbiome-and-the-epigenetics-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Lissé Angarita Dávila, Valmore Bermúdez Pirela, Waldo Díaz, Nadia\nReyna Villasmil, Silvana Cisternas León, Ma Cristina Escobar\nContreras, Kristian Buhring Bonacich, Samuel Durán Agüero, Paula\nCarrasco Vergara, Rodrigo Buhring Bonacich, Constanza Bugman,\nVirginia Céspedes, Marcell Gatica, Marion Guerrero Wyss,\nJorge González Casanova and Francisco Valdebenito",authors:[{id:"41236",title:"Dr.",name:"Valmore",middleName:null,surname:"Bermúdez",fullName:"Valmore Bermúdez",slug:"valmore-bermudez"},{id:"217192",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lissé",middleName:null,surname:"Angarita Dávila",fullName:"Lissé Angarita Dávila",slug:"lisse-angarita-davila"},{id:"218793",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadia Reyna",middleName:null,surname:"Reyna Villasmil",fullName:"Nadia Reyna Reyna Villasmil",slug:"nadia-reyna-reyna-villasmil"},{id:"218794",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Durán Agüero",fullName:"Samuel Durán Agüero",slug:"samuel-duran-aguero"},{id:"218795",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldo",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz",fullName:"Waldo Díaz",slug:"waldo-diaz"},{id:"218796",title:"MSc.",name:"Ma Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Contreras",fullName:"Ma Cristina Escobar Contreras",slug:"ma-cristina-escobar-contreras"},{id:"218800",title:"MSc.",name:"Kristian",middleName:null,surname:"Bühring Bonacich",fullName:"Kristian Bühring Bonacich",slug:"kristian-buhring-bonacich"},{id:"218801",title:"MSc.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco Vergara",fullName:"Paula Carrasco Vergara",slug:"paula-carrasco-vergara"},{id:"223462",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvana",middleName:null,surname:"Cisternas",fullName:"Silvana Cisternas",slug:"silvana-cisternas"},{id:"223468",title:"MSc.",name:"Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Wyss",fullName:"Marion Guerrero Wyss",slug:"marion-guerrero-wyss"},{id:"223473",title:"MSc.",name:"Virginia",middleName:null,surname:"Cespedes",fullName:"Virginia Cespedes",slug:"virginia-cespedes"},{id:"223477",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcell",middleName:null,surname:"Gatica",fullName:"Marcell Gatica",slug:"marcell-gatica"},{id:"223478",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Buhring",fullName:"Rodrigo Buhring",slug:"rodrigo-buhring"},{id:"223970",title:"MSc.",name:"Constanza",middleName:null,surname:"Bugmann",fullName:"Constanza Bugmann",slug:"constanza-bugmann"},{id:"239591",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Valdebenito",fullName:"Francisco Valdebenito",slug:"francisco-valdebenito"}]},{id:"57473",title:"Dietary Recommendations for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes",slug:"dietary-recommendations-for-patients-with-cardiovascular-disease-and-diabetes",signatures:"Vlad Cristina",authors:[{id:"210388",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vlad",middleName:"I",surname:"Cristina",fullName:"Vlad Cristina",slug:"vlad-cristina"}]},{id:"58514",title:"Antidiabetic and Safety Properties of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Corchorus olitorius in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats",slug:"antidiabetic-and-safety-properties-of-ethanolic-leaf-extract-of-corchorus-olitorius-in-alloxan-induc",signatures:"Arise Rotimi Olusanya, Bankole S. Ifeoluwa, Aboyewa Jumoke A.\nand Bobbo Khadijat",authors:[{id:"217205",title:"Dr.",name:"Rotimi",middleName:null,surname:"Arise",fullName:"Rotimi Arise",slug:"rotimi-arise"},{id:"220514",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoluwa",middleName:null,surname:"Bankole",fullName:"Ifeoluwa Bankole",slug:"ifeoluwa-bankole"},{id:"221006",title:"Ms.",name:"Jumoke",middleName:null,surname:"Aboyewa",fullName:"Jumoke Aboyewa",slug:"jumoke-aboyewa"},{id:"221007",title:"Ms.",name:"Khadijat",middleName:null,surname:"Bobbo",fullName:"Khadijat Bobbo",slug:"khadijat-bobbo"}]},{id:"62023",title:"Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat (LCHF) Diet: Evidence of Its Benefits",slug:"low-carbohydrate-high-fat-lchf-diet-evidence-of-its-benefits",signatures:"Parijat De and Sagnik Mukhopadhyay",authors:[{id:"210442",title:"Dr.",name:"Parijat",middleName:null,surname:"De",fullName:"Parijat De",slug:"parijat-de"}]},{id:"57204",title:"Trace Elements Modulates Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"trace-elements-modulates-oxidative-stress-in-type-2-diabetes",signatures:"Ines Gouaref and Elhadj-Ahmed Koceir",authors:[{id:"217216",title:"Prof.",name:"Elhadj-Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Koceir",fullName:"Elhadj-Ahmed Koceir",slug:"elhadj-ahmed-koceir"},{id:"221212",title:"Dr.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Gouaref",fullName:"Ines Gouaref",slug:"ines-gouaref"}]},{id:"61758",title:"Savior of Diabetes: Antioxidants",slug:"savior-of-diabetes-antioxidants",signatures:"Zar Chi Thent and Azian Abd Latiff",authors:[{id:"217365",title:"Dr.",name:"Zar Chi",middleName:null,surname:"Thent",fullName:"Zar Chi Thent",slug:"zar-chi-thent"},{id:"219580",title:"Prof.",name:"Azian Abd",middleName:null,surname:"Latiff",fullName:"Azian Abd Latiff",slug:"azian-abd-latiff"}]},{id:"60464",title:"Influence of Glycaemic Control on Cognitive Function in Diabetic Children and Adolescents",slug:"influence-of-glycaemic-control-on-cognitive-function-in-diabetic-children-and-adolescents",signatures:"Estefanía Diéguez Castillo, Ana Nieto-Ruíz, Mireia Escudero-Marín\nand Cristina Campoy",authors:[{id:"90805",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Campoy",fullName:"Cristina Campoy",slug:"cristina-campoy"},{id:"211059",title:"BSc.",name:"Estefanía",middleName:null,surname:"Diéguez Castillo",fullName:"Estefanía Diéguez Castillo",slug:"estefania-dieguez-castillo"},{id:"233102",title:"BSc.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Nieto",fullName:"Ana Nieto",slug:"ana-nieto"},{id:"233103",title:"BSc.",name:"Mireia",middleName:null,surname:"Escudero",fullName:"Mireia Escudero",slug:"mireia-escudero"}]},{id:"57565",title:"Medical Nutrition Therapy for Special Groups with Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"medical-nutrition-therapy-for-special-groups-with-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Muhammed Kizilgul, Meltem Mermer and Bekir Ucan",authors:[{id:"210376",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammed",middleName:null,surname:"Kizilgul",fullName:"Muhammed Kizilgul",slug:"muhammed-kizilgul"},{id:"211906",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Meltem",middleName:null,surname:"Mermer",fullName:"Meltem Mermer",slug:"meltem-mermer"},{id:"223836",title:"Dr.",name:"Bekir",middleName:null,surname:"Ucan",fullName:"Bekir Ucan",slug:"bekir-ucan"}]},{id:"57442",title:"Exercise and Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"exercise-and-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Asmare Yitayeh Gelaw",authors:[{id:"210348",title:"Mr.",name:"Asmare Yitayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Gelaw",fullName:"Asmare Yitayeh Gelaw",slug:"asmare-yitayeh-gelaw"}]},{id:"61320",title:"New Insights into Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Gut Microbiota and a Nutrigenomic Approach",slug:"new-insights-into-alleviating-diabetes-mellitus-role-of-gut-microbiota-and-a-nutrigenomic-approach",signatures:"Lissé Angarita Dávila, Valmore Bermúdez Pirela, Nadia Reyna\nVillasmil, Silvana Cisternas, Waldo Díaz, Ma Cristina Escobar, Paula\nCarrasco, Samuel Durán, Kristian Buhring, Rodrigo Buhring,\nConstanza Bugman, Virginia Céspedes, Marcell Gatica, Diana Rojas,\nMarion Guerrero Wyss and Francisco Valdebenito",authors:[{id:"41236",title:"Dr.",name:"Valmore",middleName:null,surname:"Bermúdez",fullName:"Valmore Bermúdez",slug:"valmore-bermudez"},{id:"217192",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lissé",middleName:null,surname:"Angarita Dávila",fullName:"Lissé Angarita Dávila",slug:"lisse-angarita-davila"},{id:"218793",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadia Reyna",middleName:null,surname:"Reyna Villasmil",fullName:"Nadia Reyna Reyna Villasmil",slug:"nadia-reyna-reyna-villasmil"},{id:"218794",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Durán Agüero",fullName:"Samuel Durán Agüero",slug:"samuel-duran-aguero"},{id:"218795",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldo",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz",fullName:"Waldo Díaz",slug:"waldo-diaz"},{id:"218796",title:"MSc.",name:"Ma Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Contreras",fullName:"Ma Cristina Escobar Contreras",slug:"ma-cristina-escobar-contreras"},{id:"218800",title:"MSc.",name:"Kristian",middleName:null,surname:"Bühring Bonacich",fullName:"Kristian Bühring Bonacich",slug:"kristian-buhring-bonacich"},{id:"218801",title:"MSc.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco Vergara",fullName:"Paula Carrasco Vergara",slug:"paula-carrasco-vergara"},{id:"223462",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvana",middleName:null,surname:"Cisternas",fullName:"Silvana Cisternas",slug:"silvana-cisternas"},{id:"223468",title:"MSc.",name:"Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Wyss",fullName:"Marion Guerrero Wyss",slug:"marion-guerrero-wyss"},{id:"223473",title:"MSc.",name:"Virginia",middleName:null,surname:"Cespedes",fullName:"Virginia Cespedes",slug:"virginia-cespedes"},{id:"223477",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcell",middleName:null,surname:"Gatica",fullName:"Marcell Gatica",slug:"marcell-gatica"},{id:"223478",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Buhring",fullName:"Rodrigo Buhring",slug:"rodrigo-buhring"},{id:"223970",title:"MSc.",name:"Constanza",middleName:null,surname:"Bugmann",fullName:"Constanza Bugmann",slug:"constanza-bugmann"},{id:"239591",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Valdebenito",fullName:"Francisco Valdebenito",slug:"francisco-valdebenito"},{id:"248969",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas",fullName:"Diana Rojas",slug:"diana-rojas"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"68165",title:"Amaranth: An Ancient and High-Quality Wholesome Crop",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88093",slug:"amaranth-an-ancient-and-high-quality-wholesome-crop",body:'
1. Introduction
1.1 Amaranthus sp. taxonomy and distribution
Amaranthus L. is a eudicot genus in the Amaranthaceae family of the order Caryophyllales and is commonly known as the pigweeds or amaranths. The genus comprises about 75 species, which are generally annuals, and are distributed throughout the world’s temperate and tropical regions [1, 2]. The genus Amaranthus is further divided into three subgenera, Acnida, Albersia, and Amaranthus [3], with Acnida being dioecious and subgenera Albersia and Amaranthus being monoecious but with distinctive floral morphology. The three main domesticated species of Amaranthus (Amaranthus caudatus L., A. cruentus L., and A. hypochondriacus L.) originated in the Americas and are primarily cultivated for grain, as potherbs and ornamentals [2, 4].
Amaranth is an ancient crop in which scientific and commercial interest has recently been renewed. The grain amaranths (A. hypochondriacus, A. caudatus, A. cruentus) have many favorable agronomic properties and are highly adaptable to various ecological zones, with better resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses than many conventional other food crops [2]. These species also have advantages of being protein-rich C4 pseudo-cereals that can be adapted to cultivation in a wide range of environments, with good tolerance of drought and salinity [2, 5]. Amaranths also exhibit superior water use efficiency compared to many other C3 and C4 crops [6].
1.2 Amaranth use in the ancient times
The grain amaranth was an important crop for the Aztecs and the Incas [1, 2]. In the pre-Columbian period, it was one of the major crops like beans and corn in the New World and carried religious importance [1]. During the various dates of the religious calendar, Aztec people ground amaranth seeds mixed with honey or human blood and make different shapes of animals, birds, mountains, and gods, and they were eaten during the ceremonies [1, 2].
Prior to the conquest by Spaniards, Mexicans had a culture where a ceremonial paste called Zoale was prepared from amaranth grains and was fed to the slaves before they were sacrificed to the gods [1, 7]. From the Christian viewpoint, the use of grain amaranth was the very symbol of heathen idolatry [1], and therefore Spaniards discouraged the cultivation of Amaranthus [1, 7]. Although the cultivation was highly suppressed by the Spanish conquistadors, small patches of A. hypochondriacus were still grown inside maize fields [1, 2].
Along with the widespread use in food products, grain amaranths also gained religious significance in India and Nepal. In Uttar Pradesh, India, the crop amaranth is recognized as Ramdana (seed given by Lord Ram) [7]. In the states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, India, amaranth is recognized as Rajgira (Rajgira, a seed given by King, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu). In Hindu culture, popped amaranth grain is soaked in milk and is one of the food items permitted to be eaten during religious festivals after a long fasting [2, 7]. In different parts of Nepal, India, and Pakistan, popped amaranth seed is used to make laddoos and confections like alegria in Mexico. Laddoos carries an important religious significance. It is considered a pure food and can be offered to Hindu gods. Around the Nilgiri Hills in India, Badagas peoples have a ritual that they offer a basket of puffed amaranths on Badagas funeral pyre [7, 8]. Looking at those cultural instances, grain amaranths may have been migrated from the Americas to the Old World only about 500 years ago; but it is quite astonishing to get strong evidences on the connection of amaranth grain to Hindu culture in the Old World.
2. Nutritional facts of amaranths
2.1 Amaranth proteins
Based on the solubility and extractability, there are four major seed storage proteins in plants: albumins, globulins, prolamins, and glutelins. In pseudo-cereals, including amaranth, the major seed storage proteins are composed of albumin, globulin, and glutelin [9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. However, there are some reports showing traces of prolamins in some of the amaranth species [10, 12]. Storage proteins accumulate in developing seeds and store nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur [14]. These proteins are hydrolyzed and mobilized during seed germination and early seedling growth [14, 15]. They do not carry any enzymatic functions and are found only in seeds. However, some storage proteins may also be involved in defense or metabolism. These proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. As seeds mature, they are collected in the protein bodies that are derived from vacuole [15]. They may also act as a sink for excess nitrogen.
Chief distinction between the major proteins is outlined as follows: albumin storage proteins are water soluble with low molecular weight 10–18 kDa and low isoelectric point between pH 4.0 and 5.0 [16]. Based on the sedimentation coefficients (S20w), albumin has the coefficient of approximately 2S; therefore it is defined as 2S albumin [17]. However, in the case of pseudo-cereals, the sedimentation coefficients of 1.7S comprised of polypeptides with Mr. ranging from 4000 to 20,000, and they are high in sulfur-containing amino acids, including cysteine and methionine [17]. Majority of albumins consists of two polypeptide chains linked by four disulfide bonds [18]. They are found in dicot plants and account for 20–60% of the total proteins in seed [16]. Globulin storage proteins are soluble in salt with their molecular weights in the range of 150–190 kDa [16]. They have an isoelectric point of pH 5–10 [19]. Based on the sedimentation coefficients, (S20w), globulin has the coefficients ranging from 7S to 12S [16]. They lack cysteine residues and lack disulfide bonds [16]. Glutelin storage proteins are soluble in borate buffer but poorly soluble in water. They have molecular weights in the range of 45–150 kDa and an isoelectric point range between the pH range of 4.8 and 8.7 and are highly hydrophobic in nature [16]. They are high in proline and glutamine content [16]. One of the distinctive signal peptides that is distinguished from other storage proteins is the 37 amino acid sequence at the NH2 terminus that is followed by 269 amino acid acidic subunit (Mr = 32,489) and a 193 amino acid basic unit (Mr = 19,587) [20].
2.2 Lysine content
Amaranth grain and leaves are popular for their nutritional value. Protein content is about 15% in grains [21], and it has a well-balanced amino acid composition with high lysine content [22]. Lysine is the limiting amino acid in most of the cereal crops including wheat, sorghum, and rice, but it is abundant in amaranth; only the first limiting amino acid in amaranth is leucine [21], and it is also abundant in most of our staple food sources. Therefore, amaranth is considered as a complete protein supplier when it is consumed with another cereal.
2.3 Seed properties and nutrient content
Grain amaranth plant produces millions of seeds that are small (≈1 mm) in diameter and has not been analyzed for detailed morphological features [23, 24]. The color of the seeds is highly variable from white, gold, brown, and pink to black [24]. Coons [25] reported that black color is dominant over white and a single gene controls the inheritance. It is possible that the seed coat colors, perisperm type, and seed shape in Amaranthus species are controlled by different gene loci. Seed shape changes based on angle of view; in lateral view seeds appear lenticular in shape, and in front view seeds appear circular or obovate [23]. Adhikary [24] reported white-vitreous and white-opaque type of seeds. Although seed shape and size may not have a significant impact in the nutrient content of a seed, some pigmented seeds have been reported to contain different amounts of nutrient components. For instance, [21] reported that pale-colored seeds of A. caudatus contain about 14% of protein, 10% of fat, 64% of starch, and 8% of dietary fiber, while black-pigmented seeds were reported to contain 16% of dietary fiber, with lysine concentration ranged between 5.2 and 6.0 g/16 g N in the grains [21]. Moreover, protein digestibility was found to be higher in pale seeds than in the black seeds [21].
Starch is formed by two glucan polymers, amylose and amylopectin [26], and is stored in the perisperm of amaranth seed [27]. Like the grasses, amaranth starch can be classified as either glutinous (waxy) or non-glutinous (starchy) [27]. Non-glutinous (starchy) seeds contain both amylose and amylopectin, and glutinous (waxy) seeds lack amylose [24, 26]. Both perisperm forms are found in all three species of the grain Amaranthus [26]. Amaranth seeds contain 65–75% of starch [28], and the digestibility of cooked amaranth seeds resulted in a similar response to white bread; however, flaked and roasted seeds responded with a slightly increased glycemic response [29, 29].
2.4 Squalene content
Squalene is a unique triterpene compound that has a biological and pharmacological importance. Although squalene is an intermediate product in the cholesterol biosynthesis process [30], earlier work has predicted that daily consumption can decrease cholesterol levels [31]. It can inhibit chemically induced breast and colon cancer [32]. There are also evidences of a lower frequency of heart diseases in the Mediterranean region [33], as people in this region consume more olive oil, which is rich in squalene [34]; thus it is believed that squalene consumption in the diet has a positive impact on human health. It originates partly from cholesterol synthesis process and partly from dietary sources such as plant oils or shark liver. Among the different types of plant oils, oil extracted from olive and amaranth has a higher concentration of squalene [34, 35]. Especially, grain amaranths have been suggested as an alternative natural source of squalene. The chemical content in five different accessions of A. cruentus was reported in the range of 2.26–5.67% [36]. Furthermore, in other domesticated species, [37] reported 3.6% in A. hypochondriacus and 6.1% in A. tricolor.
2.5 Gluten-free grain
Amaranthus is a gluten-free grain [38], and hence it is a suitable diet for a person with celiac disease (CD) [39, 40]. CD is an autoimmune condition or inflammatory disease, which affects the small intestine triggered by the gluten protein [41, 42] and can lead to weight loss, fatigue, malabsorption, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea [43]. The main sources of gluten protein are wheat, barley, and rye [42]. CD patients must follow a strict gluten-free diet, and this can potentially lead to nutrient deficiency [43]. Generally, gluten-free products are made with refined flours and starch and require specific packaging material and frequent use of chemical preservatives [44, 45]. This makes a challenge for both producer and consumer. One of the biggest challenges for food technologist is to enrich the nutritional value of gluten-free products with balanced dietary fibers and proteins [44, 46]. Hence, amaranths can be an alternative to address the challenge. In fact, amaranth has become one of the greatest supplements in gluten-free food commodities to enhance nutritional values [47]. Amaranth contains similar macronutrients as wheat and 2–3 times higher than other gluten free crops [42]. Seed protein of amaranth is greater than cereals and legumes [22]. Besides, amaranth has higher lysine and starch than in other cereals [40]. Monosaccharide composition of dietary fiber present in amaranth is well known [48, 24], and amaranth could serve as a significant source of dietary fiber [48]. Moreover, amaranth has higher fiber and mineral content than other gluten-free grains [21]. In today’s context, amaranth is one of the few gluten-free pseudo-cereals that has been used in a wide variety of gluten-free food commodities. Amaranth is usually combined with other gluten-free cereals such as rice, corn, and cassava in a variety of food products. For example, blending of amaranth with other flours such as cassava [46] and rice [47] in pasta formulation and rice and maize in bakery items [49, 42] has been introduced to enhance the nutritional value of the pasta and bakery items [46]. Because of its higher nutritional profile, genetic diversity, and high adaptability, amaranth can be considered as an excellent supplement to produce gluten-free food products.
One of the most common and costly problems affecting bakery products is fungal contamination. Rizzello et al. [45] reported that the use of amaranth in bakery products can enhance antifungal activity in bread. Amaranth seeds contain some antifungal peptides, which can show a defensive response toward pathogenic fungi [50]. It is noteworthy to mention that amaranth is rich in betalain pigment, which has also been shown to exhibit antimicrobial activities. Thus, betalain is a high demand in the food coloring industry. These pigments with a strong hue not only color the food products but also provide strong antimicrobial response. Thus, amaranth can be an excellent natural additive in the food industry.
2.6 Antioxidant properties of amaranth
To date, 75 different betalains have been reported from 17 of the 34 families in the Caryophyllales order [51]. Interestingly, no species outside Caryophyllales has been found to produce betalains naturally [52]. Most species in the Amaranthaceae have detectable betalains in organs including root, stem, leaves, and flowers. The ecological functions of betalains are presumed to include attracting pollinators to flowers and possibly protect vegetative cells from stresses. There is a long-standing speculation that these pigments are involved in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, but evidence in support of this idea is scant.
Red beetroot (B. vulgaris) is the only commercial betalain source [52], although amaranths have also been proposed as commercial sources of betalains [53, 54]. These betalains have some limited use in food coloring and also have several reported health benefits [55]. Chemical and biological experiments have demonstrated the antioxidant capacity of betalains [56]. Cai et al. [53] showed that the betalains from Amaranthaceae were stronger antioxidants than ascorbic acid, rutin, and catechins. Betalains have also been reported to have anticancer properties [57]. As these chemicals scavenge free radicals, it is expected that they may help prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease [55]. Sreekanth et al. [58] showed that betalain induces dose- and time-dependent cell deaths of the human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562). Moreover, betalain extract from A. spinosus has a significant antimalarial activity in mice [59]. Pigment extract from beetroot pomace also inhibited the growth of gram-negative bacteria [59, 60] and induced zones of reduced growth in Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus cereus [61]. Thus, amaranth plant is enriched with both nutritional and nutraceutical properties and is a wholesome crop for the future generation.
3. Concluding remarks
Amaranth was a staple of the Aztec diet and is described now as a “superfood” in part because of its high protein content and balanced amino acid profile. It produces a large number of seeds loaded with high-quality protein components, squalene, lysine, and many other health benefitting nutritional and nutraceutical components. Amaranth grain is gluten-free, which makes it a desirable food crop for millions of peoples all over the world. This widely distributed and protein-rich pseudo-cereal has a potential to support food security. However, this crop is still not in the mainstream cultivation practices in North America and in many parts of the world. With the increasing understanding of molecular and biological information of this crop, there is a strong basis for amaranth to be considered for our future generation. As we are witnessing the massive increase in human population in the next few decades and global climate change, we strongly believe amaranth has a huge potential to support the global food system.
Conflict of interest
All authors have read and approved the manuscript for submission. There is no competing interest.
\n',keywords:"amaranth, lysine, complete protein, gluten-free, ancient crop",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68165.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/68165.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68165",totalDownloads:249,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"March 28th 2019",dateReviewed:"June 17th 2019",datePrePublished:"January 7th 2020",datePublished:"March 18th 2020",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Amaranth was a staple of the Aztec diet and is described as a “superfood” in part because of its high protein content and well-balanced amino acid profile. In terms of nutrient content, amaranth surpasses many staple crops such as rice, corn, and wheat. Additionally, lysine content is twice as much than in rice and thrice as much than in corn. Along with desirable agronomic traits, this crop has been hugely applauded for its gluten-free nature. Not only can it benefit vegan and gluten allergy personals, but it also has the potential to supply high-quality proteins and at the same time provides antimicrobial activities in the packaged food items. Despite all of these properties, this crop is still not in the mainstream cultivation practices in North America and in many parts of the world. As the planet is expecting massive increase in human population and global climate change, we firmly believe that this widely distributed, ancient, protein-rich pseudo-cereal has a potential to augment our food system. In this book chapter, we aim to report the nutritional properties of grain amaranth.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68165",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68165",signatures:"Dinesh Adhikary, Upama Khatri-Chhetri and Jan Slaski",book:{id:"8949",title:"Nutritional Value of Amaranth",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nutritional Value of Amaranth",slug:"nutritional-value-of-amaranth",publishedDate:"March 18th 2020",bookSignature:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8949.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Yashasvi",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-yashasvi-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Yashasvi Waisundara"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"299993",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Adhikary",fullName:"Dinesh Adhikary",slug:"dinesh-adhikary",email:"dinesh.adhikary@ubc.ca",position:null,institution:null},{id:"300684",title:"Ms.",name:"Upama",middleName:null,surname:"Khatri-Chhetri",fullName:"Upama Khatri-Chhetri",slug:"upama-khatri-chhetri",email:"upama@ualberta.ca",position:null,institution:null},{id:"308380",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Slaski",fullName:"Jan Slaski",slug:"jan-slaski",email:"Jan.Slaski@innotechalberta.ca",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Amaranthus sp. taxonomy and distribution",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Amaranth use in the ancient times",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"2. Nutritional facts of amaranths",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.1 Amaranth proteins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.2 Lysine content",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.3 Seed properties and nutrient content",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.4 Squalene content",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.5 Gluten-free grain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.6 Antioxidant properties of amaranth",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"3. Concluding remarks",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Sauer JD. The grain amaranths: A survey of their history and classification. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1950;37:561-632'},{id:"B2",body:'Sauer JD. Revision of the dioecious amaranths. Madrono. 1955;13:5-46'},{id:"B3",body:'Mosyakin SL, Robertson KR. New infragenic taxa, and combinations in Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae). Annales Botanici Fennici. 1996;33:275-281'},{id:"B4",body:'Fritz GJ. New dates and data on early agriculture: The legacy of complex hunter-gatherers. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1995;82:3-15'},{id:"B5",body:'Teng XL, Chen N, Xiao XG. Identification of a catalase-phenol oxidase in betalain biosynthesis in red Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2015;6:1228'},{id:"B6",body:'Huerta-ocampo JA, Barrera-pacheco A, Mendoza-herna CS, Espitia-rangel E, Mock H, Barba AP. Salt stress-induced alterations in the root proteome of Amaranthus cruentus L. Journal of Proteome Research. 2014;13:3607-3627'},{id:"B7",body:'Sauer JD. The grain amaranths and their relatives: A revised taxonomic and geographic survey. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1967;54:103'},{id:"B8",body:'Noble AW, Nobel BL. Badaga funeral customs. Anthropos. 1965;60:262-272'},{id:"B9",body:'Konishi Y, Fumita Y, Ikeda K, Okuno K, Fuwa H. Isolation and characterization of globulin from seeds of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 1965;49:1453-1459'},{id:"B10",body:'Gorinstein S, Moshe R, Greene LJ, Paulo A. Evaluation of four Amaranthus species through protein electrophoretic patterns and their amino acid composition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1991;39:851-854'},{id:"B11",body:'Barba de la Rosa AP, Gueguen J, Paredos-Lopez O, Viroben G. Fractionation procedures, electrophoretic characterization, and amino acid composition of amaranth seed proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1992;40:931-936'},{id:"B12",body:'Leyva-Lopez NE, Vasco N, Barba de la Rosa AP, Paredes-Lopez O. Amaranth seed proteins: Effect of defatting on extraction yield and on electrophoretic patterns. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1995;47:49-53'},{id:"B13",body:'Shewry PR, Pandya MJ. The 2S albumin storage proteins. In: Shewry PR, Casey R, editors. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1999. pp. 563-586'},{id:"B14",body:'Fujiwara T, Nambara E, Yamagishi K, Goto DB, Naito S. Storage proteins. The Arabidopsis book. American Society of Plant Biologists. 2002. pp. 1-12'},{id:"B15",body:'Higgins TJV. Synthesis and regulation of major proteins in seeds. Annual Review in Plant Physiology. 1984;35:191-221'},{id:"B16",body:'Gonzalez-Perez S, Arellano B. In: Phillips GO, Williams PA, editors. Handbook of Hydrocolloids. 2nd ed. Sawston, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition; 2009. pp. 0-27'},{id:"B17",body:'Youle RJ, Huang AHC. Albumin storage proteins in the protein bodies of Castor bean. Plant Physiology. 1978;61:13-16'},{id:"B18",body:'Mylne JS, Hara-Nishimura I, Rosengren KJ. Seed storage albumins: Biosynthesis, trafficking and structures. Functional Plant Biology. 2014;41:671-677'},{id:"B19",body:'Quiroga AV, Martınez EN, Anon MC. Amaranth globulin polypeptide heterogeneity. The Protein Journal. 2007;26:327'},{id:"B20",body:'Takaiwa F, Kikuchi S, Oono K. The structure of rice storage protein glutelin precursor deduced from cDNA. Federation of European Biochemical Societies. 1986;206:33-35'},{id:"B21",body:'Pedersen B, Hallgren L, Hansen I, Eggum BO. The nutritive value of amaranth grain (Amaranthus caudatus). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1987;36:325-334'},{id:"B22",body:'Segura-Nieto M, Vazquez-Sanchez N, Rubio-Velazquez H, Olguin-Martinez LE, Rodriguez-Nester CE, Herrera-Estrella L. Characterization of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) seed proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1992;40:1553-1558'},{id:"B23",body:'Costea M, DeMason D. Stem morphology and anatomy in Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae), taxonomic significance. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 2001;128:254-281'},{id:"B24",body:'Adhikary D. Morphological Studies in the Amaranthus hybridus Species Complex (Amaranthaceae: Caryophyllales)2013. p. 109'},{id:"B25",body:'Coons MP. Relationships of Amaranthus caudatus. Economic Botany. 1982;36:129-146'},{id:"B26",body:'Park YJ, Nemoto K, Nishikawa T, Matsushima K, Minami M, Kawase M. Waxy strains of three amaranth grains raised by different mutations in the coding region. Molecular Breeding. 2010;25:623-635'},{id:"B27",body:'Okuno K, Sakaguchi S. Inheritance of starch characteristics in perisperm of Amaranthus hypochondriacus. Journal of Heredity. 1982;73:467-467'},{id:"B28",body:'Venskutonis PR, Kraujalis P. Nutritional components of amaranth seeds and vegetables: A review on composition, properties, and uses: Nutritional components of amaranth seeds and vegetable. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2013;12:381-412'},{id:"B29",body:'Capriles VD, Almeida EL, Ferreira RE, Arêas JAG, Steel CJ, Chang YK. Physical and sensory properties of regular and reduced-fat pound cakes with added amaranth flour. Cereal Chemistry. 2008;85:614-618'},{id:"B30",body:'Popa O, Elena N, Popa I, Nit S, Dinu-pârvu CE. Methods for obtaining and determination of squalene from natural sources. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:1-16'},{id:"B31",body:'Chan P, Tomlinson B, Lee CB, Lee YS. Effectiveness and safety of low-dose pravastatin and squalene, alone and in combination, in elderly patients with hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996;36:422-427'},{id:"B32",body:'Trichopoulou A, Katsouyanni K, Stuver S, Tzala L, Gnardellis C, Rimm E, et al. Consumption of olive oil and specific food groups in relation to breast cancer risk in Greece. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1995;87:110-116'},{id:"B33",body:'Keys A. Mediterranean diet and public health: Personal reflections. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995;61:1321-1323'},{id:"B34",body:'Owen RW, Mier W, Giacosa A, Hull WE, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H. Phenolic compounds and squalene in olive oils: The concentration and antioxidant potential of total phenols, simple phenols, secoiridoids, lignans and squalene. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2000;38:647-659'},{id:"B35",body:'León-Camacho M, García-González DL, Aparicio R. A detailed and comprehensive study of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) oil fatty profile. European Food Research and Technology. 2014;213:349-355'},{id:"B36",body:'Berganza BE, Moran AW, Rodríguez MG, Coto NM, Santamaría M, Bressani R. Effect of variety and location on the total fat, fatty acids and squalene content of amaranth. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 2003;58:1-6'},{id:"B37",body:'He HP, Corke H. Oil and squalene in amaranthus grain and leaf. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003;51:7913-7920'},{id:"B38",body:'Peter K, Gandhi P. Rediscovering the therapeutic potential of Amaranthus species: A review. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2017;4:196-205'},{id:"B39",body:'Jimoh MO, Afolayan AJ, Lewu FB. Suitability of Amaranthus species for alleviating human dietary deficiencies. South African Journal of Botany. 2018;115:65-73'},{id:"B40",body:'Repo-Carrasco-Valencia R, Hellström JK, Pihlava J-M, Mattila PH. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in Andean indigenous grains: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) and kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus). Food Chemistry. 2010;120:128-133'},{id:"B41",body:'Fasano A, Catassi C. Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease: An evolving spectrum. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:636-651'},{id:"B42",body:'De La Barca AMC, Rojas-Martínez ME, Islas-Rubio AR, Cabrera-Chávez F. Gluten-free breads and cookies of raw and popped amaranth flours with attractive technological and nutritional qualities. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 2010;65:241-246'},{id:"B43",body:'Shewry PR, Hey SJ. Do we need to worry about eating wheat? Nutrition Bulletin. 2016;41:6-13'},{id:"B44",body:'Gallagher E, Kunkel A, Gormley TR, Arendt EK. The effect of dairy and rice powder addition on loaf and crumb characteristics, and on shelf life (intermediate and long-term) of gluten-free breads stored in a modified atmosphere. European Food Research and Technology. 2003;218:44-48'},{id:"B45",body:'Rizzello CG, Coda R, De Angelis M, Di Cagno R, Carnevali P, Gobbetti M. Long-term fungal inhibitory activity of water-soluble extract from Amaranthus spp. seeds during storage of gluten-free and wheat flour breads. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2009;131:189-196'},{id:"B46",body:'Fiorda FA, Soares MS, da Silva FA, Grosmann MVE, Souto LRF.Microstructure, texture and colour of gluten-free pasta made with amaranth flour, cassava starch and cassava bagasse. Food Science and Technology. 2013;54:132-138'},{id:"B47",body:'Cabrera-Chávez F, Calderón de la Barca AM, Islas-Rubio AR, Marti A, Marengo M, Pagani MA, et al. Molecular rearrangements in extrusion processes for the production of amaranth-enriched, gluten-free rice pasta. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2012;47:421-426'},{id:"B48",body:'Kurek MA, Karp S, Wyrwisz J, Niu Y. Physicochemical properties of dietary fibers extracted from gluten-free sources: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) and millet (Panicum miliaceum). Food Hydrocolloids. 2018;85:321-330'},{id:"B49",body:'Salcedo-Chávez B, Osuna-Castro JA, Guevara-Lara F, Domínguez-Domínguez J, Paredes-López O. Optimization of the isoelectric precipitation method to obtain protein isolates from amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50:6515-6520'},{id:"B50",body:'Lyapkova NS, Loskutova NA, Maisuryan AN, Mazin VV, Korableva NP, Platonova TA, et al. Transformed potato plants carrying the gene of the antifungal peptide of Amaranthus caudatus. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. 2001;37:349-354'},{id:"B51",body:'Khan MI, Giridhar P. Plant betalains: Chemistry and biochemistry. Phytochemistry. 2015;117:267-295'},{id:"B52",body:'Strack D, Vogt T, Schliemann W. Recent advances in betalain research. Phytochemistry. 2003;62:247-269'},{id:"B53",body:'Cai Y, Sun M, Corke H. Antioxidant activity of betalains from plants of the Amaranthaceae. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003;51:2288-2294'},{id:"B54",body:'Cai Y-Z, Sun M, Corke H. Characterization and application of betalain pigments from plants of the Amaranthaceae. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2005;16:370-376'},{id:"B55",body:'Gengatharan A, Dykes GA, Choo WS. Betalains: Natural plant pigments with potential application in functional foods. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2015;64:645-649'},{id:"B56",body:'Borkowski T, Szymusiak H, Gliszczyńska-Rwigło A, Rietjens IMCM, Tyrakowska B. Radical scavenging capacity of wine anthocyanins is strongly pH-dependent. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53:5526-5534'},{id:"B57",body:'Esatbeyoglu T, Wagner AE, Motafakkerazad R, Nakajima Y, Matsugo S, Rimbach G. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of betanin: Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies and studies in cultured cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2014;73:119-126'},{id:"B58",body:'Sreekanth D, Arunasree MK, Roy KR, Chandramohan Reddy T, Reddy GV, Reddanna P. Betanin a betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus indica induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line-K562. Phytomedicine. 2007;14:739-746'},{id:"B59",body:'Hilou A, Nacoulma OG, Guiguemde TR. In vivo antimalarial activities of extracts from Amaranthus spinosus L. and Boerhaavia erecta L. in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;103:236-240'},{id:"B60",body:'Čanadanović-Brunet JM, Savatović SS, Gordana S. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of beet root pomace extracts. Science. 2011;29:575-585'},{id:"B61",body:'Velićanski AS, Cvetković DD, Markov SL, Vulić JJ, Djilas SM. Antibacterial activity of Beta vulgaris L. pomace extract. Acta Periodica Technologica. 2011;42:263-269'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Dinesh Adhikary",address:"dinesh.adhikary@ubc.ca",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8949",title:"Nutritional Value of Amaranth",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nutritional Value of Amaranth",slug:"nutritional-value-of-amaranth",publishedDate:"March 18th 2020",bookSignature:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8949.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Yashasvi",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-yashasvi-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Yashasvi Waisundara"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"23753",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Masson",email:"eric.masson@cribois.net",fullName:"Eric Masson",slug:"eric-masson",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Biopolymer as Reinforcement into Natural Matrices: a New Route to Bio-Composite Materials",slug:"biopolymer-as-reinforcement-into-natural-matrices-a-new-route-to-bio-composite-materials",abstract:null,signatures:"Marion Noel, Emmanuel Fredon and Eric Mougel",authors:[{id:"19544",title:"Dr.",name:"Marion",surname:"Noël",fullName:"Marion Noël",slug:"marion-noel",email:"marion.noel@bfh.ch"},{id:"19546",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Fredon",fullName:"Emmanuel Fredon",slug:"emmanuel-fredon",email:"emmanuel.fredon@enstib.uhp-nancy.fr"},{id:"19547",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Mougel",fullName:"Eric Mougel",slug:"eric-mougel",email:"eric.mougel@enstib.uhp-nancy.fr"},{id:"23753",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Masson",fullName:"Eric Masson",slug:"eric-masson",email:"eric.masson@cribois.net"},{id:"23754",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Masson",fullName:"Daniel Masson",slug:"daniel-masson",email:"daniel.masson@enstib.uhp-nancy.fr"}],book:{title:"Advances in Composite Materials",slug:"advances-in-composite-materials-ecodesign-and-analysis",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"15332",title:"Dr.",name:"Brahim",surname:"Attaf",slug:"brahim-attaf",fullName:"Brahim Attaf",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/15332/images/814_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Brahim Attaf works as an independent Expert/Researcher in the field of composite materials and structures. He obtained his Engineering degree from the Ecole Polytechnique of Algiers, Algeria, in 1985, and then his PhD degree from the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, in 1990. He has previously worked as a Lecturer/Researcher (Maitre de Conferences) within the Departments of Aeronautics, Mechanics and Civil Engineering at the University of Blida in Algeria (1990–2000), and he was responsible for design office and quality assurance with composite firms in France (2000–2003). Since 2003 he has been independently involved in sustainability research actions leading to ecodesign of composite materials and structures through the integration of environmental and health aspects into product lifecycle. His main research and teaching interests focus on vibration and stability analyses of composite structures subjected to hygrothermomechanical loading using finite-element approach and experimental investigations. Dr. Attaf has published many scientific papers, edited five books, and successfully trained/supervised many engineers and postgraduate students (Master’s and PhD’s).",institutionString:"CMS Ecotechnology",institution:null},{id:"17293",title:"Prof.",name:"Boqin",surname:"Gu",slug:"boqin-gu",fullName:"Boqin Gu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nanjing University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"17627",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Bhat",slug:"aamir-bhat",fullName:"Aamir Bhat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/17627/images/511_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"17735",title:"Prof.",name:"Ye",surname:"Chen",slug:"ye-chen",fullName:"Ye Chen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"17736",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianfeng",surname:"Zhou",slug:"jianfeng-zhou",fullName:"Jianfeng Zhou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"19098",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajit Kumar",surname:"Banthia",slug:"ajit-kumar-banthia",fullName:"Ajit Kumar Banthia",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"19544",title:"Dr.",name:"Marion",surname:"Noël",slug:"marion-noel",fullName:"Marion Noël",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"19546",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Fredon",slug:"emmanuel-fredon",fullName:"Emmanuel Fredon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"19547",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Mougel",slug:"eric-mougel",fullName:"Eric Mougel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"23708",title:"Prof.",name:"H.P.S. Abdul",surname:"Khalil",slug:"h.p.s.-abdul-khalil",fullName:"H.P.S. Abdul Khalil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+4,800 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 130 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 118,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+4,800 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 130 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118377},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:81},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"277",title:"Social Policy",slug:"social-policy",parent:{title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:37,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"social-policy",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8090",title:"Who Wants to Retire and Who Can Afford to Retire?",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90fe30d224594414bb156e42afa47f5e",slug:"who-wants-to-retire-and-who-can-afford-to-retire-",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8090.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6682",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6bce9af9756cd41e5d336fa8945b2ea",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",bookSignature:"Natasha Potgieter and Afsatou Ndama Traore Hoffman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6682.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55305",title:"Prof.",name:"Natasha",middleName:null,surname:"Potgieter",slug:"natasha-potgieter",fullName:"Natasha Potgieter"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6938",title:"Elections",subtitle:"A Global Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a122ebf3b961d2c46bbfc8def2916fe",slug:"elections-a-global-perspective",bookSignature:"Ryan M. Yonk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5392",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a9795772c4001a5a648421ebf11cee7",slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",bookSignature:"Rosario Laratta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118227",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Laratta",slug:"rosario-laratta",fullName:"Rosario Laratta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"63707",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80780",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:2757,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]},{id:"63322",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80355",title:"Challenges to Hygiene Improvement in Developing Countries",slug:"challenges-to-hygiene-improvement-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:1621,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Save Kumwenda",authors:[{id:"233913",title:"Mr.",name:"Save",middleName:null,surname:"Kumwenda",slug:"save-kumwenda",fullName:"Save Kumwenda"}]},{id:"52475",doi:"10.5772/65462",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:5893,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52475",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:5902,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]},{id:"63707",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:2761,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]},{id:"63322",title:"Challenges to Hygiene Improvement in Developing Countries",slug:"challenges-to-hygiene-improvement-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:1625,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Save Kumwenda",authors:[{id:"233913",title:"Mr.",name:"Save",middleName:null,surname:"Kumwenda",slug:"save-kumwenda",fullName:"Save Kumwenda"}]},{id:"52455",title:"Introductory Chapter: An Overview of the Book",slug:"introductory-chapter-an-overview-of-the-book",totalDownloads:1034,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Rosario Laratta",authors:[{id:"118227",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Laratta",slug:"rosario-laratta",fullName:"Rosario Laratta"}]},{id:"63851",title:"Electoral Behavior and Politics of Stomach Infrastructure in Ekiti State (Nigeria)",slug:"electoral-behavior-and-politics-of-stomach-infrastructure-in-ekiti-state-nigeria-",totalDownloads:577,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"elections-a-global-perspective",title:"Elections",fullTitle:"Elections - A Global Perspective"},signatures:"Mike Omilusi",authors:[{id:"256067",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Omilusi",slug:"mike-omilusi",fullName:"Mike Omilusi"}]},{id:"63923",title:"The Electoral Cycle and Grassroots Realities in Cameroon: The Omnipresent, Overbearing and Contested Political Elite",slug:"the-electoral-cycle-and-grassroots-realities-in-cameroon-the-omnipresent-overbearing-and-contested-p",totalDownloads:457,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"elections-a-global-perspective",title:"Elections",fullTitle:"Elections - A Global Perspective"},signatures:"Numvi Gwaibi",authors:[{id:"256697",title:"Dr.",name:"Wallace",middleName:null,surname:"Numvi Gwaibi",slug:"wallace-numvi-gwaibi",fullName:"Wallace Numvi Gwaibi"}]},{id:"64192",title:"Who Does Not Vote and Why? Implication for New Democracies",slug:"who-does-not-vote-and-why-implication-for-new-democracies",totalDownloads:505,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"elections-a-global-perspective",title:"Elections",fullTitle:"Elections - A Global Perspective"},signatures:"Elvis Bisong Tambe",authors:[{id:"255692",title:"Dr.",name:"Elvis Bisong",middleName:null,surname:"Tambe",slug:"elvis-bisong-tambe",fullName:"Elvis Bisong Tambe"}]},{id:"61814",title:"Inequalities in Households’ Environmental Sanitation Practices in a Developing Nation’s City: The Example of Ile-Ife, Nigeria",slug:"inequalities-in-households-environmental-sanitation-practices-in-a-developing-nation-s-city-the-exam",totalDownloads:490,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Faniran Gbemiga and Ojo Deborah",authors:[{id:"232193",title:"Dr.",name:"Gbemiga",middleName:null,surname:"Faniran",slug:"gbemiga-faniran",fullName:"Gbemiga Faniran"},{id:"233650",title:"Mrs.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Ojo",slug:"deborah-ojo",fullName:"Deborah Ojo"}]},{id:"52198",title:"Unemployment and Causes of Hospital Admission Considering Different Analytical Approaches",slug:"unemployment-and-causes-of-hospital-admission-considering-different-analytical-approaches",totalDownloads:929,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff, Gabriel Gulis, Carsten Kronborg Bak and\nPernille Tanggaard Andersen",authors:[{id:"188461",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriele",middleName:null,surname:"Berg-Beckhoff",slug:"gabriele-berg-beckhoff",fullName:"Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff"},{id:"188463",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Gulis",slug:"gabriel-gulis",fullName:"Gabriel Gulis"},{id:"188465",title:"Dr.",name:"Carsten",middleName:null,surname:"Kronborg Bak",slug:"carsten-kronborg-bak",fullName:"Carsten Kronborg Bak"},{id:"188466",title:"Dr.",name:"Pernille",middleName:null,surname:"Tangaard Andersen",slug:"pernille-tangaard-andersen",fullName:"Pernille Tangaard Andersen"}]},{id:"63191",title:"Household Water Handling Practices in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Kenya",slug:"household-water-handling-practices-in-the-arid-and-semi-arid-lands-in-kenya",totalDownloads:438,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Edith J. Kurui, George M. Ogendi, Wilkister N. Moturi\nand Dishon O. Nyawanga",authors:[{id:"78236",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilkister",middleName:null,surname:"Moturi",slug:"wilkister-moturi",fullName:"Wilkister Moturi"},{id:"234029",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Edith",middleName:null,surname:"Kurui",slug:"edith-kurui",fullName:"Edith Kurui"},{id:"247927",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Ogendi",slug:"george-ogendi",fullName:"George Ogendi"},{id:"247930",title:"Mr.",name:"Dishon",middleName:null,surname:"Nyawanga",slug:"dishon-nyawanga",fullName:"Dishon Nyawanga"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"social-policy",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/nutritional-value-of-amaranth/amaranth-an-ancient-and-high-quality-wholesome-crop",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"nutritional-value-of-amaranth",chapter:"amaranth-an-ancient-and-high-quality-wholesome-crop"},fullPath:"/books/nutritional-value-of-amaranth/amaranth-an-ancient-and-high-quality-wholesome-crop",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()