Material parameter of aluminum.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4787",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Physiology of Action and Safety",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Herbicides are one of the most widely used groups of pesticides worldwide for controlling weedy species in agricultural and non-crop settings. Due to the extensive use of herbicides and their value in weed management, herbicide research remains crucial for ensuring continued effective use of herbicides while minimizing detrimental effects to ecosystems. Presently, a wide range of research continues to focus on the physiology of herbicide action, the environmental impact of herbicides, and safety. The authors of Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety cover multiple topics concerning current valuable herbicide research.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2217-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5416-7",doi:"10.5772/59891",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"herbicides-physiology-of-action-and-safety",numberOfPages:344,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"128eb14988dc3e20fd3f402e8eb413a6",bookSignature:"Andrew Price, Jessica Kelton and Lina Sarunaite",publishedDate:"December 2nd 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4787.jpg",numberOfDownloads:28999,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitations:37,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:69,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 17th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 8th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 21st 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 12th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 12th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13747/images/2218_n.jpg",biography:"Andrew Price is a weed scientist at USDA-ARS National Soil Dynamics Laboratory as well as an affiliate associate professor at Agronomy and Soils Department, Auburn University. Dr. Price is a native of East Tennessee, USA, and has received both B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Tennessee majoring in plant and soil sciences and a Ph.D. from North Carolina State University majoring in crop science. Dr. Price’s primary responsibilities in the Conservation Systems Research Group are to conduct research addressing the impact of integrated weed management strategies on weed populations/competitiveness in conservation systems as well as to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly weed management systems integrating conservation tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, and weed management systems.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Agricultural Research Service",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"13748",title:"Prof.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Kelton",slug:"jessica-kelton",fullName:"Jessica Kelton",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13748/images/5418_n.jpg",biography:"Jessica Kelton is a Research Associate with Auburn University at the Wiregrass Research and Extension Center in Headland, Alabama, U.S.A. Mrs. Kelton earned her M.S. degree from Auburn University in Agronomy and Soils with a concentration in Weed Science. As a Research Associate, she primarily works in conservation systems, particularly focused on implementation of high residue cover crops for management of problematic weed species such as glyphosate resistant Palmer amaranth. Mrs. Kelton resides in Alabama with her husband and two children.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Auburn University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"175799",title:"Dr.",name:"Lina",middleName:null,surname:"Sarunaite",slug:"lina-sarunaite",fullName:"Lina Sarunaite",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175799/images/system/175799.jpg",biography:"Lina Sarunaite is a senior researcher at the Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. Dr. Sarunaite received both B.S. and M.S. degrees from Aleksandras Stulginskis University majoring in agrobusiness and organic agriculture at the Faculty of Agronomy. The topic of her Ph.D. study was “Investigation of ecologically sustainable multifunctional legume-grass swards.” After Dr. Sarunaite received a doctoral degree in 2007 at the Institute of Agriculture, LRCAAF, she extended her research to the plant intercrops of various plant combinations in crop rotation, sole crop and its alternative cultivation technologies directed toward effective N utilization, enhancement of crops’ competitive power and quality improvement of product, and weed management in sustainable and organic agriculture.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"368",title:"Pestology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-pestology"}],chapters:[{id:"48890",title:"Reducing Herbicide Residues from Agricultural Runoff and Seepage Water",doi:"10.5772/60870",slug:"reducing-herbicide-residues-from-agricultural-runoff-and-seepage-water",totalDownloads:1484,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"George F. Antonious",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48890",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48890",authors:[{id:"174916",title:"Dr.",name:"George",surname:"Antonious",slug:"george-antonious",fullName:"George Antonious"}],corrections:null},{id:"49355",title:"Potato Production near Glyphosate-resistant Crops — Injury Potential",doi:"10.5772/61636",slug:"potato-production-near-glyphosate-resistant-crops-injury-potential",totalDownloads:1169,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Harlene Hatterman-Valenti and Andrew P. Robinson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49355",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49355",authors:[{id:"86271",title:"Dr.",name:"Harlene",surname:"Hatterman-Valenti",slug:"harlene-hatterman-valenti",fullName:"Harlene Hatterman-Valenti"},{id:"175260",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Robinson",slug:"andrew-robinson",fullName:"Andrew Robinson"}],corrections:null},{id:"48683",title:"Urban Impact on Selected Pre-Emergence Herbicides in Sediment cores",doi:"10.5772/61054",slug:"urban-impact-on-selected-pre-emergence-herbicides-in-sediment-cores",totalDownloads:1051,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Damien A. Devault , Georges Merlina, Hélène Pascaline, Lim Puy\nand Eric Pinelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48683",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48683",authors:[{id:"175247",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Damien",surname:"Devault",slug:"damien-devault",fullName:"Damien Devault"}],corrections:null},{id:"48620",title:"Triazine Herbicides in the Environment",doi:"10.5772/60858",slug:"triazine-herbicides-in-the-environment",totalDownloads:1604,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Sarka Klementova and Lucie Keltnerova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48620",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48620",authors:[{id:"92049",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarka",surname:"Klementova",slug:"sarka-klementova",fullName:"Sarka Klementova"},{id:"175188",title:"BSc.",name:"Lucie",surname:"Keltnerová",slug:"lucie-keltnerova",fullName:"Lucie Keltnerová"}],corrections:null},{id:"49319",title:"Biomonitoring the Environmental Quality by Bees",doi:"10.5772/61616",slug:"biomonitoring-the-environmental-quality-by-bees",totalDownloads:1271,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Maria Claudia C. Ruvolo-Takasusuki, Ludimilla Ronqui, Ana Lúcia P.\nBarateiro-Stuchi, Mayra C. Araujo, Fábio Fermino, Pedro R. Santos\nand Vagner de Alencar de Toledo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49319",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49319",authors:[{id:"92329",title:"Dr.",name:"Vagner",surname:"Arnaut De Toledo",slug:"vagner-arnaut-de-toledo",fullName:"Vagner Arnaut De Toledo"},{id:"94059",title:"Dr.",name:"Emerson",surname:"Dechechi Chambó",slug:"emerson-dechechi-chambo",fullName:"Emerson Dechechi Chambó"},{id:"119608",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Claudia",surname:"Ruvolo-Takasusuki",slug:"maria-claudia-ruvolo-takasusuki",fullName:"Maria Claudia Ruvolo-Takasusuki"},{id:"175251",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludimilla",surname:"Ronqui",slug:"ludimilla-ronqui",fullName:"Ludimilla Ronqui"},{id:"175252",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Lúcia",surname:"Barateiro-Stuchi",slug:"ana-lucia-barateiro-stuchi",fullName:"Ana Lúcia Barateiro-Stuchi"},{id:"175253",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábio",surname:"Fermino",slug:"fabio-fermino",fullName:"Fábio Fermino"},{id:"175254",title:"Mr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"da Rosa Santos",slug:"pedro-da-rosa-santos",fullName:"Pedro da Rosa Santos"},{id:"175264",title:"Dr.",name:"Simone",surname:"Santos",slug:"simone-santos",fullName:"Simone Santos"},{id:"175996",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mayra",surname:"Araújo",slug:"mayra-araujo",fullName:"Mayra Araújo"}],corrections:null},{id:"48607",title:"Herbicides and Adjuvants",doi:"10.5772/60842",slug:"herbicides-and-adjuvants",totalDownloads:2295,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Zvonko Pacanoski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48607",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48607",authors:[{id:"175043",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zvonko",surname:"Pacanoski",slug:"zvonko-pacanoski",fullName:"Zvonko Pacanoski"}],corrections:null},{id:"48692",title:"Binding Mode Identification for 7-keto-8-Aminopelargonic Acid Synthase (AtKAPAS) Inhibitors",doi:"10.5772/60966",slug:"binding-mode-identification-for-7-keto-8-aminopelargonic-acid-synthase-atkapas-inhibitors",totalDownloads:816,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Nam Sook Kang, Jung-Sup Choi and In-Taek Hwang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48692",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48692",authors:[{id:"14070",title:"Dr.",name:"In-Taek",surname:"Hwang",slug:"in-taek-hwang",fullName:"In-Taek Hwang"}],corrections:null},{id:"49524",title:"Modes of Action of Different Classes of Herbicides",doi:"10.5772/61779",slug:"modes-of-action-of-different-classes-of-herbicides",totalDownloads:9179,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,signatures:"Shariq I. Sherwani, Ibrahim A. Arif and Haseeb A. Khan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49524",authors:[{id:"175207",title:"Prof.",name:"Haseeb",surname:"Khan",slug:"haseeb-khan",fullName:"Haseeb Khan"},{id:"175222",title:"Mr.",name:"Shariq",surname:"Sherwani",slug:"shariq-sherwani",fullName:"Shariq Sherwani"},{id:"175223",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",surname:"Arif",slug:"ibrahim-arif",fullName:"Ibrahim Arif"}],corrections:null},{id:"49303",title:"The Role of White-rot Fungi in Herbicide Transformation",doi:"10.5772/61623",slug:"the-role-of-white-rot-fungi-in-herbicide-transformation",totalDownloads:1455,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Olga V. Koroleva, Anatoly V. Zherdev and Natalia A. Kulikova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49303",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49303",authors:[{id:"175025",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",surname:"Koroleva",slug:"olga-koroleva",fullName:"Olga Koroleva"},{id:"175228",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Kulikova",slug:"natalia-kulikova",fullName:"Natalia Kulikova"},{id:"175229",title:"Dr.",name:"Anatoly",surname:"Zherdev",slug:"anatoly-zherdev",fullName:"Anatoly Zherdev"}],corrections:null},{id:"49345",title:"Herbicide Metabolism in Weeds — Selectivity and Herbicide Resistance",doi:"10.5772/61674",slug:"herbicide-metabolism-in-weeds-selectivity-and-herbicide-resistance",totalDownloads:1747,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"István Jablonkai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49345",authors:[{id:"86229",title:"Dr.",name:"Istvan",surname:"Jablonkai",slug:"istvan-jablonkai",fullName:"Istvan Jablonkai"}],corrections:null},{id:"49228",title:"Bioherbicides",doi:"10.5772/61528",slug:"bioherbicides",totalDownloads:2926,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Zvonko Pacanoski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49228",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49228",authors:[{id:"175043",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zvonko",surname:"Pacanoski",slug:"zvonko-pacanoski",fullName:"Zvonko Pacanoski"}],corrections:null},{id:"49402",title:"Determining the Selectivity of Herbicides and Assessing Their Effect on Plant Roots - A Case Study with Indaziflam and Glyphosate Herbicides",doi:"10.5772/61721",slug:"determining-the-selectivity-of-herbicides-and-assessing-their-effect-on-plant-roots-a-case-study-wit",totalDownloads:1767,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Flavio Martins Garcia Blanco, Yuri Guerreiro Ramos, Murilo\nFrancischinelli Scarso and Lúcio André de Castro Jorge",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49402",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49402",authors:[{id:"90516",title:"Dr.",name:"Flavio",surname:"Blanco",slug:"flavio-blanco",fullName:"Flavio Blanco"},{id:"176544",title:"BSc.",name:"Yuri",surname:"Ramos",slug:"yuri-ramos",fullName:"Yuri Ramos"},{id:"176545",title:"BSc.",name:"Murilo",surname:"Scarso",slug:"murilo-scarso",fullName:"Murilo Scarso"},{id:"176546",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucio",surname:"Jorge",slug:"lucio-jorge",fullName:"Lucio Jorge"}],corrections:null},{id:"49307",title:"Safety Measures for Handlers/Workers against Herbicide Intoxication Risk",doi:"10.5772/61464",slug:"safety-measures-for-handlers-workers-against-herbicide-intoxication-risk",totalDownloads:1316,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Joaquim G. Machado-Neto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49307",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49307",authors:[{id:"175233",title:"Dr.",name:"Joaquim Gonçalves",surname:"Machado-Neto",slug:"joaquim-goncalves-machado-neto",fullName:"Joaquim Gonçalves Machado-Neto"}],corrections:null},{id:"49344",title:"Assessment of Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) Resistance to ALS-inhibiting Herbicides",doi:"10.5772/61550",slug:"assessment-of-wild-mustard-sinapis-arvensis-l-resistance-to-als-inhibiting-herbicides",totalDownloads:929,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Anna M. Szmigielski, Jeff J. Schoenau and Hugh J. Beckie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49344",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49344",authors:[{id:"13554",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeff",surname:"Schoenau",slug:"jeff-schoenau",fullName:"Jeff Schoenau"},{id:"13557",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Szmigielski",slug:"anna-szmigielski",fullName:"Anna Szmigielski"},{id:"175221",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugh J.",surname:"Beckie",slug:"hugh-j.-beckie",fullName:"Hugh J. Beckie"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3477",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Current Research and Case Studies in Use",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"793817029a616fa096c3ffb2d68d04ff",slug:"herbicides-current-research-and-case-studies-in-use",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Price and Jessica A. Kelton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3477.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3557",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Advances in Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"013e7d01b6a7b47e35eef2648972a558",slug:"herbicides-advances-in-research",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Price and Jessica A. Kelton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3557.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5298",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Agronomic Crops and Weed Biology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64ccebc6b029c1349c7d8e882a5341f2",slug:"herbicides-agronomic-crops-and-weed-biology",bookSignature:"Andrew Price, Jessica Kelton and Lina Sarunaite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5298.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1521",title:"Weed Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f40548ae96805712a2367c7acab0fff",slug:"weed-control",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Price",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9bb193803d54978099900e0645e2637",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"493",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:"Formulations, Effects, Fate",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"35f00fd282698d3ff83bd9759c5c7a9c",slug:"pesticides-formulations-effects-fate",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/493.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6375",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"432",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",subtitle:"Pesticides Use and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e62e9089d0ab78c0379f16d18494a6d",slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-pesticides-use-and-management",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6375",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"431",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",subtitle:"Risks and Benefits",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0244c500e5044b9fb7e20ba348845230",slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-risks-and-benefits",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/431.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6375",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"430",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",subtitle:"Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9ac0f193fefb3556d429c90f3f467beb",slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-pests-control-and-pesticides-exposure-and-toxicity-assessment",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/430.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6375",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2106",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82ba2e3ac63cdbe36375b3b9d3215a1d",slug:"herbicides-properties-synthesis-and-control-of-weeds",bookSignature:"Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2106.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"121899",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed Nagib",surname:"Hasaneen",slug:"mohammed-nagib-hasaneen",fullName:"Mohammed Nagib Hasaneen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66065",slug:"corrigendum-to-eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",title:"Corrigendum to: Eating Disorders as New Forms of Addiction",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66065.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66065",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66065",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66065",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66065",chapter:{id:"52200",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"April 9th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55769",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",email:"fjvazleal@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez Mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",email:"cristinaalvarezmateos@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",email:"laura@unex.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",email:"miramos@unex.es",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"52200",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"April 9th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55769",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",email:"fjvazleal@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez Mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",email:"cristinaalvarezmateos@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",email:"laura@unex.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",email:"miramos@unex.es",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55769",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"1562",leadTitle:null,title:"Current Topics in Ionizing Radiation Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Since the discovery of X rays by Roentgen in 1895, the ionizing radiation has been extensively utilized in a variety of medical and industrial applications. However people have shortly recognized its harmful aspects through inadvertent uses. Subsequently people experienced nuclear power plant accidents in Chernobyl and Fukushima, which taught us that the risk of ionizing radiation is closely and seriously involved in the modern society. In this circumstance, it becomes increasingly important that more scientists, engineers and students get familiar with ionizing radiation research regardless of the research field they are working. Based on this idea, the book "Current Topics in Ionizing Radiation Research" was designed to overview the recent achievements in ionizing radiation research including biological effects, medical uses and principles of radiation measurement.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0196-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4330-7",doi:"10.5772/2027",price:169,priceEur:185,priceUsd:219,slug:"current-topics-in-ionizing-radiation-research",numberOfPages:856,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1443bb4589a4088326076be6ff30f13",bookSignature:"Mitsuru Nenoi",publishedDate:"March 9th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1562.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:101831,numberOfWosCitations:103,numberOfCrossrefCitations:25,numberOfDimensionsCitations:86,numberOfTotalCitations:214,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 11th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 9th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 13th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 13th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 12th 2012",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"35416",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuru",middleName:null,surname:"Nenoi",slug:"mitsuru-nenoi",fullName:"Mitsuru Nenoi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35416/images/2328_n.jpg",biography:"Mitsuru Nenoi graduated from Kyoto University, Graduate School of Sciences, Japan in 1983, and started his career as a scientist at National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Japan. He received a Ph.D from Kyoto University in 1992 for the study on induced accumulation of polyubiquitin gene transcripts after exposure to ultraviolet light and treatment with 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. In 1991, he stayed at University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA as a visiting scientist, and was involved in the study of mechanisms for transcriptional regulation of small heat shock genes of Drosophila. Dr. Nenoi is now a Director, Radiation Risk Reduction Research Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection of NIRS. His research interest is radiation biology, especially on the mechanism for gene regulation after exposure to ionizing radiation.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"National Institute of Radiological Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1213",title:"Radiobiology",slug:"radiobiology"}],chapters:[{id:"32084",title:"Measurement of H2AX Phosphorylation as a Marker of Ionizing Radiation Induced Cell Damage",slug:"measurement-of-h2ax-phosphorylation-as-a-marker-of-ionizing-radiation-induced-cell-damage",totalDownloads:8337,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"94660",title:"Dr.",name:"Ola",surname:"Hammarsten",slug:"ola-hammarsten",fullName:"Ola Hammarsten"},{id:"106943",title:"Dr.",name:"Aida",surname:"Muslimovic",slug:"aida-muslimovic",fullName:"Aida Muslimovic"},{id:"108167",title:"Dr.",name:"Pegah",surname:"Johansson",slug:"pegah-johansson",fullName:"Pegah Johansson"}]},{id:"32085",title:"Suitability of the γ-H2AX Assay for Human Radiation Biodosimetry",slug:"suitability-of-the-gamma-h2ax-assay-for-human-radiation-biodosimetry",totalDownloads:2794,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"105483",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Voisin",slug:"philippe-voisin",fullName:"Philippe Voisin"},{id:"108826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandrine",surname:"Roch-Lefèvre",slug:"sandrine-roch-lefevre",fullName:"Sandrine Roch-Lefèvre"},{id:"135999",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Valente",slug:"marco-valente",fullName:"Marco Valente"},{id:"136000",title:"Dr.",name:"Joan-Francesc",surname:"Barquinero",slug:"joan-francesc-barquinero",fullName:"Joan-Francesc Barquinero"}]},{id:"32086",title:"Biological Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation",slug:"biological-dosimetry-of-ionizing-radiation",totalDownloads:3775,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"105483",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Voisin",slug:"philippe-voisin",fullName:"Philippe Voisin"},{id:"105473",title:"Ms.",name:"Aurelie",surname:"Vaurijoux",slug:"aurelie-vaurijoux",fullName:"Aurelie Vaurijoux"},{id:"105482",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaetan",surname:"Gruel",slug:"gaetan-gruel",fullName:"Gaetan Gruel"}]},{id:"32087",title:"Limited Repair of Critical DNA Damage in Cells Exposed to Low Dose Radiation",slug:"limited-repair-of-critical-dna-damage-in-cells-exposed-by-low-doses-of-radiation-",totalDownloads:2006,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"96336",title:"Prof.",name:"Azhub",surname:"Gaziev",slug:"azhub-gaziev",fullName:"Azhub Gaziev"}]},{id:"32088",title:"Genome Integrity and Organization in the Context of Radiobiology",slug:"genome-integrity-and-organization-in-the-context-of-radiobiology",totalDownloads:1524,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"91707",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladan",surname:"Ondrej",slug:"vladan-ondrej",fullName:"Vladan Ondrej"}]},{id:"32089",title:"Mealybug as a Model for Studying Responses to High Doses of Ionizing Radiation",slug:"mealybug-as-a-model-for-studying-responses-to-high-doses-of-ionizing-radiation-",totalDownloads:2144,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"60668",title:"Prof.",name:"Kommu Naga",surname:"Mohan",slug:"kommu-naga-mohan",fullName:"Kommu Naga Mohan"},{id:"102480",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",surname:"Ge",slug:"jun-ge",fullName:"Jun Ge"}]},{id:"32090",title:"Radiation-Sensitivity and Transcription Profiles in Various Mutant p53 Cells",slug:"radiation-sensitivity-and-transcription-profile-in-various-mutant-p53-cells",totalDownloads:1745,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"96733",title:"Dr.",name:"Kumio",surname:"Okaichi",slug:"kumio-okaichi",fullName:"Kumio Okaichi"}]},{id:"32091",title:"Modulation of Gene Expression After Exposure to Ionizing Radiation",slug:"modulation-of-gene-expression-after-exposure-to-ionizing-radiation",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"35416",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuru",surname:"Nenoi",slug:"mitsuru-nenoi",fullName:"Mitsuru Nenoi"},{id:"50597",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",surname:"Vares",slug:"guillaume-vares",fullName:"Guillaume Vares"}]},{id:"32092",title:"The Role of MicroRNAs in the Cellular Response to Ionizing Radiations",slug:"the-role-of-micrornas-in-the-cellular-response-to-ionizing-radiations",totalDownloads:2619,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"101931",title:"Prof.",name:"Jérôme",surname:"Lamartine",slug:"jerome-lamartine",fullName:"Jérôme Lamartine"},{id:"103071",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",surname:"Joly-Tonetti",slug:"nicolas-joly-tonetti",fullName:"Nicolas Joly-Tonetti"}]},{id:"32093",title:"Protein Ubiquitination in IR-Induced DNA Damage Response",slug:"protein-ubiquitination-in-ir-induced-dna-damage-response",totalDownloads:2342,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"101577",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",surname:"Wang",slug:"yi-wang",fullName:"Yi Wang"},{id:"102809",title:"Ms.",name:"Nur",surname:"Yucer",slug:"nur-yucer",fullName:"Nur Yucer"},{id:"135289",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",surname:"Shi",slug:"yi-shi",fullName:"Yi Shi"}]},{id:"32094",title:"X-Ray-Induced Radioresistance Against High-LET Radiations from Accelerated Neon-Ion Beams in Mice",slug:"x-ray-induced-radioresistance-against-high-let-radiations-from-accelerated-neon-ion-beams-in-mice",totalDownloads:1938,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"35416",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuru",surname:"Nenoi",slug:"mitsuru-nenoi",fullName:"Mitsuru Nenoi"},{id:"50597",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",surname:"Vares",slug:"guillaume-vares",fullName:"Guillaume Vares"},{id:"91936",title:"Dr.",name:"Bing",surname:"Wang",slug:"bing-wang",fullName:"Bing Wang"},{id:"103129",title:"Ms.",name:"Kaoru",surname:"Tanaka",slug:"kaoru-tanaka",fullName:"Kaoru Tanaka"},{id:"103130",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuharu",surname:"Ninomiya",slug:"yasuharu-ninomiya",fullName:"Yasuharu Ninomiya"},{id:"103131",title:"Dr.",name:"Kouichi",surname:"Maruyama",slug:"kouichi-maruyama",fullName:"Kouichi Maruyama"},{id:"103133",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",surname:"Shang",slug:"yi-shang",fullName:"Yi Shang"},{id:"103134",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiyomi",surname:"Eguchi-Kasai",slug:"kiyomi-eguchi-kasai",fullName:"Kiyomi Eguchi-Kasai"}]},{id:"32095",title:"Radiation Toxins - Effects of Radiation Toxicity, Molecular Mechanisms of Action, Radiomimetic Properties and Possible Countermeasures for Radiation Injury",slug:"radiation-toxins-molecular-mechanisms-of-toxicity-and-radiomimetic-properties-",totalDownloads:3833,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"97189",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Dmitri",surname:"Popov",slug:"dmitri-popov",fullName:"Dmitri Popov"},{id:"97190",title:"Prof.",name:"Slava",surname:"Maliev",slug:"slava-maliev",fullName:"Slava Maliev"},{id:"99949",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Jones",slug:"jeffrey-jones",fullName:"Jeffrey Jones"}]},{id:"32096",title:"Dynamical Aspects of Apoptosis",slug:"dynamical-aspects-of-apoptosis",totalDownloads:1810,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"91955",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"Díaz",slug:"jose-diaz",fullName:"José Díaz"},{id:"94775",title:"BSc.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Bensussen",slug:"antonio-bensussen",fullName:"Antonio Bensussen"}]},{id:"32097",title:"Modelling Radiation Health Effects",slug:"modelling-radiation-health-effects",totalDownloads:2287,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"96736",title:"Dr.",name:"Noriyuki",surname:"Ouchi",slug:"noriyuki-ouchi",fullName:"Noriyuki Ouchi"}]},{id:"32098",title:"Ionizing Radiation Carcinogenesis",slug:"ionizing-radiation-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:3009,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"92323",title:"Prof.",name:"Otto",surname:"Raabe",slug:"otto-raabe",fullName:"Otto Raabe"}]},{id:"32099",title:"Molecular Spectroscopy Study of Human Tooth Tissues Affected by High Dose of External Ionizing Radiation (Caused by Nuclear Catastrophe of Chernobyl Plant)",slug:"molecular-spectroscopy-study-of-human-tooth-tissues-affected-by-high-dose-of-external-ionizing-radia",totalDownloads:2914,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"101463",title:"Dr.",name:"Larysa",surname:"Darchuk",slug:"larysa-darchuk",fullName:"Larysa Darchuk"}]},{id:"32100",title:"Ionizing Radiation in Medical Imaging and Efforts in Dose Optimization",slug:"ionizing-radiation-in-medical-imaging-and-efforts-in-dose-optimization",totalDownloads:4549,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"95548",title:"Prof.",name:"Carl",surname:"Roobottom",slug:"carl-roobottom",fullName:"Carl Roobottom"},{id:"102622",title:"Dr.",name:"Varut",surname:"Vardhanabhuti",slug:"varut-vardhanabhuti",fullName:"Varut Vardhanabhuti"}]},{id:"32101",title:"Ultrasound Image Fusion: A New Strategy to Reduce X-Ray Exposure During Image Guided Pain Therapies",slug:"ultrasound-image-fusion-a-new-strategy-to-reduce-x-ray-exposure-during-image-guided-pain-therapies-",totalDownloads:3569,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"103976",title:"Dr.",name:"Michela",surname:"Zacchino",slug:"michela-zacchino",fullName:"Michela Zacchino"},{id:"104316",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",surname:"Calliada",slug:"fabrizio-calliada",fullName:"Fabrizio Calliada"}]},{id:"32102",title:"Ionizing Radiation Profile of the Hydrocarbon Belt of Nigeria",slug:"ionizing-radiation-profile-of-the-hydrocarbon-belt-of-nigeria",totalDownloads:2904,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"91826",title:"Dr.",name:"Yehuwdah",surname:"Chad-Umoren",slug:"yehuwdah-chad-umoren",fullName:"Yehuwdah Chad-Umoren"}]},{id:"32103",title:"The Effects of Antioxidants on Radiation-Induced Chromosomal Damage in Cancer and Normal Cells Under Radiation Therapy Conditions",slug:"the-effects-of-antioxidants-on-radiation-induced-chromosomal-damage-in-cancer-and-normal-cells-under",totalDownloads:2705,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"98111",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Konopacka",slug:"maria-konopacka",fullName:"Maria Konopacka"},{id:"98114",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacek",surname:"Rogolinski",slug:"jacek-rogolinski",fullName:"Jacek Rogolinski"},{id:"98115",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Ślosarek",slug:"krzysztof-slosarek",fullName:"Krzysztof Ślosarek"}]},{id:"32104",title:"Melatonin for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation",slug:"melatonin-for-protection-against-ionizing-radiation",totalDownloads:3276,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"97135",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed Amr",surname:"El-Missiry",slug:"mohammed-amr-el-missiry",fullName:"Mohammed Amr El-Missiry"},{id:"99858",title:"Prof.",name:"Azza",surname:"Othman",slug:"azza-othman",fullName:"Azza Othman"},{id:"135328",title:"Prof.",name:"Monera",surname:"Alabdan",slug:"monera-alabdan",fullName:"Monera Alabdan"}]},{id:"32105",title:"Radiosensitization with Hyperthermia and Chemotherapeutic Agents: Effects on Linear-Quadratic Parameters of Radiation Cell Survival Curves",slug:"radiosensitization-with-hyperthermia-and-chemotherapeutic-agents-effects-on-linear-quadratic-paramet",totalDownloads:2599,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"102298",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolaas",surname:"Franken",slug:"nicolaas-franken",fullName:"Nicolaas Franken"},{id:"125530",title:"MSc.",name:"Suzanne",surname:"Hovingh",slug:"suzanne-hovingh",fullName:"Suzanne Hovingh"},{id:"125531",title:"MSc.",name:"Arlene",surname:"Oei",slug:"arlene-oei",fullName:"Arlene Oei"},{id:"125532",title:"MSc.",name:"Paul",surname:"Cobussen",slug:"paul-cobussen",fullName:"Paul Cobussen"},{id:"125533",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukas",surname:"Stalpers",slug:"lukas-stalpers",fullName:"Lukas Stalpers"},{id:"125534",title:"Dr.",name:"Petra",surname:"Kok",slug:"petra-kok",fullName:"Petra Kok"},{id:"125535",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerrit Willem",surname:"Barendsen",slug:"gerrit-willem-barendsen",fullName:"Gerrit Willem Barendsen"},{id:"125536",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",surname:"Crezee",slug:"johannes-crezee",fullName:"Johannes Crezee"},{id:"125537",title:"BSc.",name:"Hans",surname:"Rodermond",slug:"hans-rodermond",fullName:"Hans Rodermond"},{id:"125538",title:"Dr.",name:"Judith",surname:"Bergs",slug:"judith-bergs",fullName:"Judith Bergs"},{id:"125539",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",surname:"Van Bree",slug:"chris-van-bree",fullName:"Chris Van Bree"}]},{id:"32106",title:"Phage-Displayed Recombinant Peptides for Non-Invasive Imaging Assessment of Tumor Responsiveness to Ionizing Radiation and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors",slug:"phage-displayed-recombinant-peptides-for-non-invasive-imaging-assessment-of-tumor-responsiveness-to-",totalDownloads:2573,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"97426",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhaozhong",surname:"Han",slug:"zhaozhong-han",fullName:"Zhaozhong Han"},{id:"260517",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailun",surname:"Wang",slug:"hailun-wang",fullName:"Hailun Wang"}]},{id:"32107",title:"Biosafety in the Use of Radiation: Biological Effects Comparison Between Laser Radiation, Intense Pulsed Light and Infrared and Ultraviolet Lamps in an Experimental Model in Chicken Embryos",slug:"biosafety-in-the-use-of-radiation-biological-effects-comparison-between-laser-radiation-intense-puls",totalDownloads:3662,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94678",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodolfo",surname:"Avila",slug:"rodolfo-avila",fullName:"Rodolfo Avila"},{id:"101586",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Elena",surname:"Samar",slug:"maria-elena-samar",fullName:"Maria Elena Samar"},{id:"101590",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Ferrero",slug:"juan-carlos-ferrero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Ferrero"},{id:"101596",title:"Prof.",name:"Hugo",surname:"Juri",slug:"hugo-juri",fullName:"Hugo Juri"},{id:"101857",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Juri",slug:"gustavo-juri",fullName:"Gustavo Juri"}]},{id:"32108",title:"Alternatives to Radiation Investigations in Orthodontics",slug:"alternatives-to-radiation-investigations-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:2918,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"98704",title:"Dr.",name:"Shazia",surname:"Naser-Ud-Din",slug:"shazia-naser-ud-din",fullName:"Shazia Naser-Ud-Din"}]},{id:"32109",title:"Nanoscale Methods to Enhance the Detection of Ionizing Radiation",slug:"the-detection-of-ionizing-radiation-principles-and-practice",totalDownloads:3041,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"103978",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Hammig",slug:"mark-hammig",fullName:"Mark Hammig"}]},{id:"32110",title:"Glass as Radiation Sensor",slug:"glass-as-radiation-sensor",totalDownloads:3638,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"100924",title:"Prof.",name:"Amany",surname:"ElKheshen",slug:"amany-elkheshen",fullName:"Amany ElKheshen"}]},{id:"32111",title:"Formation and Decay of Colour Centres in a Silicate Glasses Exposed to Gamma Radiation: Application to High-Dose Dosimetry",slug:"formation-and-decay-of-colour-centres-in-a-silicate-glass-exposed-to-gamma-radiation-application-to-",totalDownloads:2668,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"92592",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",surname:"Farah",slug:"khaled-farah",fullName:"Khaled Farah"}]},{id:"32112",title:"Optical Storage Phosphors and Materials for Ionizing Radiation",slug:"optical-storage-phosphors-and-materials-for-ionizing-radiation",totalDownloads:2777,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"98138",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans",surname:"Riesen",slug:"hans-riesen",fullName:"Hans Riesen"},{id:"138656",title:"Ms.",name:"Zhiqiang",surname:"Liu",slug:"zhiqiang-liu",fullName:"Zhiqiang Liu"}]},{id:"32113",title:"Ionizing Radiation Induced Radicals",slug:"ionizing-radiation-induced-radicals",totalDownloads:4929,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby"}]},{id:"32114",title:"Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation from Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays",slug:"atmospheric-ionizing-radiation-from-galactic-and-solar-cosmic-rays",totalDownloads:3683,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"92275",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Mertens",slug:"christopher-mertens",fullName:"Christopher Mertens"}]},{id:"32115",title:"Total Dose and Dose Rate Effects on Some Current Semiconducting Devices",slug:"total-dose-and-dose-rate-effects-on-some-current-semiconducting-devices-",totalDownloads:3144,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94867",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",surname:"Fourches",slug:"nicolas-fourches",fullName:"Nicolas Fourches"}]},{id:"32116",title:"Influence of Ionizing Radiation and Hot Carrier Injection on Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistors",slug:"influence-of-ionizing-radiation-and-hot-carrier-injection-on-metal-oxide-semiconductor-transistors",totalDownloads:2069,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[{id:"147994",title:"Dr.",name:"Momčilo",surname:"Pejović",slug:"momcilo-pejovic",fullName:"Momčilo Pejović"}]},{id:"32117",title:"New Developments in the Field of Radiochemical Ageing of Aromatic Polymers",slug:"new-developments-in-the-field-of-radiochemical-ageing-of-aromatic-polymers",totalDownloads:2237,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"101689",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Richaud",slug:"emmanuel-richaud",fullName:"Emmanuel Richaud"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"24375",firstName:"Sandra",lastName:"Bakic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"sandra.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at InTech, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Editorial Advisory Board members on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible book editors for each book project. Once a book editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join InTech\\'s Editorial Advisory Board. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4604",title:"Evolution of Ionizing Radiation Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eba92f773b60df7b8d34361670fad600",slug:"evolution-of-ionizing-radiation-research",bookSignature:"Mitsuru Nenoi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4604.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35416",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuru",surname:"Nenoi",slug:"mitsuru-nenoi",fullName:"Mitsuru Nenoi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7668",title:"Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8569365b35dd693c9979360bb34550c",slug:"ionizing-and-non-ionizing-radiation",bookSignature:"Otolorin Adelaja Osibote",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7668.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245068",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Adelaja",surname:"Osibote",slug:"adelaja-osibote",fullName:"Adelaja Osibote"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7373",title:"Nuclear Medicine Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4aaee2e9fd29a290d04e9041b003462b",slug:"nuclear-medicine-physics",bookSignature:"Aamir Shahzad and Sajid Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57823",title:"Application of Finite Element Analysis in Multiscale Metal Forming Process",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71880",slug:"application-of-finite-element-analysis-in-multiscale-metal-forming-process",body:'\n
Process modeling for the investigation and understanding of deformation mechanics has become a major concern in research, and the application of the finite element method (FEM) has been tremendously increased, particularly in the modeling of forming processes. There are many research studies on the principles and fundamentals of the simulation of metal forming, but only a few studies describe the application of FEM to the analysis and simulation of multiscale forming processes. The main objective of this chapter is to present the applications of FEM in metal forming analysis from macroscale to microscale.
\nFriction at the strip-roll interface is an important consideration in the metal-forming process. Traditionally, the frictional force is assumed to be proportional to the normal force, and the friction coefficient keeps the same in the roll bite. This assumption conflicts with the research results where the friction is changeable in the roll bite [1], and the rolling pressure and model control accuracy will be influenced significantly. The deformation mechanics of thin foil [2] and the foil rolling with constant friction during cold rolling [3] have been investigated. The finite element method has been proposed in special-shaped strip rolling [4, 5, 6], particularly with variable friction models [5, 6]. Considering modeling accuracy, a friction variation model should be introduced in the cold rolling simulation of thin strip.
\nThe application of crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) has been introduced in the simulation of surface asperity flattening in cold quasistatic uniaxial planar compression process. Rate-dependent crystal plasticity constitutive models have been established on the basis of experimental conditions [7], and the influences of the reduction and strain rate on the surface roughness are investigated using the 3D crystal plasticity finite element method [8]. The experimental results are also employed in the 3D CPFEM model and compared with the simulation results.
\nMicroforming differs from the conventional forming technology in terms of materials, processes, tools, and machines and equipment due to the miniaturization nature of the whole microforming system [9]. It is impossible to scale down all parameters in the microforming process according to the theory of similarity due to the existence of size effects in microforming processes. A number of unexpected problems in key aspects of mechanical behavior, tribology, and scatter of material behavior are encountered [10, 11]. Challenges remain in the high efficiency manufacturing of high-quality microproducts due to the common problem of microscale size effects [9, 11], complexity of processes for making microproducts, and the ever increasing requirement to improve product quality and performance.
\nIn Section 4, novel material model with grained heterogeneity in 3D Voronoi tessellation has been developed in the simulation of micro cross wedge rolling, springback analysis in micro flexible rolling and the micro V-bending processes considering grain boundary and generation process of grains in the workpiece [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. The modified FE model in microforming has been applied with the consideration of size effects including material characterization, friction/contact characterization, and other size-related factors presented in Section 5. Open and closed lubricate pocket (OCLP) theory and size-dependent friction coefficient are proposed in micro deep drawing (MDD) and micro hydromechanical deep drawing (MHDD) [17, 18, 19]. Real microstructures and Voronoi structures are applied in microstructural models through the image-based modeling method [20, 21].
\nThe three-dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM) has been used in the analysis of strip rolling, shape rolling, and slab rolling, and Jiang et al. [4, 5, 6, 22] used this finite element method to solve special-shaped strip rolling. This is a major drawback to producing accurate and reliable models for the cold rolling of thin strip due to the lack of well-defined friction boundary conditions. The 3D rigid plastic FEM has been proposed to solve the thin strip rolling considering friction variation in the deformation zone, and the comparison between the computed results and measured values has also been made.
\nIn the friction variation model, the friction varies along the contact length of the deformation zone. The frictional shear stress model is modified as [5]:
\nwhere \n
where \n
Frictional shear stress models.
As shown in Figure 2, a quarter of the strip was studied. Isoparametric hexahedral elements were applied with eight Gauss points throughout the deformed workpiece. The element number in \n
One-quarter of the deforming workpiece.
From the simulation with low carbon steel, Figures 3 and 4 show the effect of reduction on rolling pressure and spread of strip for different \n
Effect of K2 on rolling pressure.
Effect of K2 on spread.
Effect of K1 on rolling pressure.
Effect of K1 on spread.
Effect of reduction on spread.
The rolling of copper strip is simulated with work roll diameter 158.76 mm, width of strip 76.2 mm, rolling speed 0.16 m/s, and friction factor \n
Effect of reduction on forward slip.
Little research has been done on the surface development of constraint surface (surface asperity flattening process) with CPFEM. Most current CPFEM research focus on the development of free surface (surface roughening) by uniaxial and biaxial tensile deformation. In particular, there are almost no reports that mention the relationship between the orientation of surface grains and surface roughness. The texture development of the constraint surface is also a very interesting topic. In metal forming, the strain rate contributes significantly to the workpiece work hardening, but there is little research on how the strain influences the surface roughness. A physical simulation has been conducted on an INSTRON servo-hydraulic testing machine by using a channel die. The relationship between the surface roughness and related parameters such as gauged reduction, friction, texture (grain orientation), and grain size and strain rate has been identified.
\nThe methodology of crystal plasticity finite element modeling (Figure 9) follows the rules as: rate-dependent crystal plasticity constitutive models will be written into the UMAT and then used in the ABAQUS main program (geometric model). The geometric model is established based on experimental conditions (reduction, strain rate, friction, original surface roughness, and original texture information). The modeling results will be compared with the experimental results. Furthermore, the relationship between the surface asperity flattening process (surface roughness) and the above-mentioned parameters will be investigated. The mechanism of surface asperity flattening will be analyzed.
\nMethodology of crystal plasticity finite element modeling.
Flow rule of plastic deformation gradient \n
where \n
The relationship between the shear rate \n
For cubic metal, the hardening equation of the slip system can be simplified as [7]:
\nwhere \n
A three-dimensional model based on crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) is proposed according to the atomic force microscopy (AFM) experimental values where the results are sorted and applied in MATLAB for modeling the surface morphology. Every four neighboring elements at the top surface have one orientation for keeping the weight function of orientation in the model. Some elements on the top surface are refined. There are 840 C3D8R integration elements; among them 280 elements are with 70 Euler angle triplets and the others are featured by one element with one orientation. Both the tool and mold have 460 discrete rigid elements. A spatial orientation distribution has been assigned for the workpiece based on the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) experimental results.
\nThe relationship between the AFM measured results, the MATLAB calculated results, and 3D CPFE model is shown in Figure 10. Direction 1 corresponds to the rolling direction, direction 2 to the normal, and direction 3 to the transverse direction. The three-dimensional model is 100 μm × 100 μm × 100 μm in size. Due to the small size of the sample, only a quarter of practical samples were chosen for simulation. It is considered that during the modeling, the combined slip system includes 12 {110} <111> slip systems (slip planes and slip directions). A total of 630 Euler angle triplets from the experimental results were input into ABAQUS as the initial crystallographic condition of the 3D model [7, 8]. All the parameters of simulation are taken from Table 1 as a reference.
\nRelationship between AFM, MATLAB, and the 3D CPFE model.
Parameter | \nValue | \nParameter | \nValue | \n
---|---|---|---|
\n\n | \n106,750 MPa | \n\n\n | \n12.5 MPa | \n
\n\n | \n60,410 MPa | \n\n\n | \n60 MPa | \n
\n\n | \n28,340 MPa | \n\n\n | \n75 MPa | \n
\n\n | \n0.001 | \n\n\n | \n2.25 | \n
\n\n | \n0.02 | \n\n\n | \n1.0 (coplanar) | \n
1.4 (no coplanar) | \n
Material parameter of aluminum.
Figure 11 shows that the surface asperity of the samples tends to be flattened with an increase of reduction. With an increase in reduction, the sample with a higher strain rate has a higher flattened rate of surface asperity than the sample with a lower strain rate. Increasing the applied macroscopic strain rate will increase the shear rate of lip systems in the surface area. Then under the same reduction, the sample deformed at a higher strain rate will activate more slip systems in the surface area. When the reduction is 40%, the surface roughness Ra of the sample with a higher strain rate is 0.16 μm, while the sample with a lower strain rate is only 0.09 μm.
\nInfluence of strain rate on surface roughness.
Figure 12 shows the influence of the strain rate on the hardness of the sample, and the influence is nonlinear. There are different stages in the evolution of hardness because when the reduction is lower (less than 60%), increasing the strain rate generally increases the hardness. At a larger reduction, increasing the strain rate will decrease the hardness under the same reduction [23]. When the reduction is lower, increasing the strain rate can increase the shearing rate of slip systems and also increase the density of dislocation. However, when reduction exceeds a certain value, the dislocation motion will overcome the barrier of grain boundary. In some areas, the density of dislocation decreases.
\nInfluence of the strain rate on hardness (a) valley and (b) ridge.
In Figure 13, both the experimental and simulation results show the same tendency that increasing the strain rate can lead to a decrease in surface roughness under the same reduction. When reduction is less than 10%, the effect of the strain rate on surface roughness is insignificant, where mostly elastic deformation influences the flattening behavior of surface asperity. In this case, the increase of strain rate affects insignificantly the elastic deformation surface roughness. Plastic deformation plays an important role on surface area when the reduction exceeds 10%. When slip is the only deformation mode, the increased strain rate can result in more slip through the increased slip shear rate. Therefore, the surface roughness will decrease greatly with an increase in the strain rate.
\nEffect of the strain rate on surface roughness Ra: (a) experimental and (b) simulation.
Figure 14 shows that the influence of strain rate on the pole figures with at strain rate of 0.001 s−1 and 0.01 s−1 is not significant. In this case, every experiment has been carried out at room temperature, and the two applied strain rates are quite small. Deformation under the two strain rates belongs to the quasistatic deformation, and the difference between the two applied strain rates is small compared to the other dynamic deformation.
\nEffect of the strain rate on texture (reduction 60% without lubrication).
Normally, the close-packed plane in FCC metal is {111}. In this case, the pole figure {111} is used for the analysis. Before compression, the sample has a cubic texture {111}<001> as shown in Figure 16. The predicted result has been compared to the experimental result; both of them show the same texture development. In the pole figure {111}, with an increased reduction, the brass orientation {110}<112> of silk texture becomes obvious while the cubic texture {001}<100> gets weaker. When the reduction reaches 60%, the brass orientation {110}<112> of silk texture shows extreme strong around a and d areas shown in Figure 15. Additionally, some S orientations {123}<634> can be seen in b and c areas. These results are basically in the agreement with the Sarma and Dawson’s results [7, 8], which show a consistent development in hardness and grain size.
\nComparison of the experimental pole figures with the simulation results.
Size effects in microforming cannot be conveyed by the classical theory of continuum plastic mechanics, which is scale-independent. The specimen size effects on the flow stress of polycrystalline Cu-Al alloy have been investigated, and the fact that the flow stress decreases with the dimensional reduction of specimen has been explained by the proposed affect zone model [24]. A flow stress model, a function of the ratio of the sheet thickness to grain size, has been established based on Hall-Petch relationship, dislocation pile-up theory, and affect zone model [25]. A mixed material model based on modified Hall-Petch relationship, surface layer model, and grained heterogeneity is proposed, and the 3D aggregate of polycrystalline is represented by a Voronoi tessellation. The effect of grain size on flow stress is an important aspect of polycrystalline metal plastic deformation. The simulation of microforming processes (micro cross wedge rolling (MCWR), micro flexible rolling and micro V-bending) have been conducted with the consideration of size effects from grain size and feature size. The validation of the proposed material model will be conducted by physical experiments through the comparison between experimental results and simulation ones.
\nFundamentals have been developed to build up a FE model considering the occurrence of size effects at microscale by using the ANSYS/LS-DYNA program. The newly developed material model is implemented considering grained heterogeneity. As shown in Figure 16, two forming tools and a cylindrical workpiece of 0.831.2 mm2 are meshed in solid element 164 with an 8-noded structure. In order to reduce computational time and ensure stability in large deformation, viscous hourglass control and one-point integration were applied for all elements. For each grain size, 10 different polycrystalline aggregates of workpiece were generated stochastically by the algorithm of 3D Voronoi tessellation. The simulation was performed by applying equal and opposite velocities to forming tools in the horizontal (x) direction. In whole process, the workpiece is left unconstrained, and the tools are held in the vertical (y) direction and in the out-of-plane (z) direction [12]. Figure 17 shows the process of forging shape during micro cross wedge rolling.
\nFE model in grained heterogeneities of workpiece in MCWR.
Process of forging shape during MCWR.
Laminar cricoid distribution of strain is typical in conventional CWR with homogeneous material properties and also exists in MCWR where billet material is homogeneous (Figure 18a). However, the grained heterogeneity effects on the metal deformability and strain distribution should be considered in microscale forming. It is shown in Figure 18b–d that the continuous laminar distribution of strain in the workpiece has been disturbed due to the inhomogeneous mechanical properties [12, 13, 14]. The location of the maximum strain and stress cannot be determined easily as that in the conventional CWR process.
\nDistribution of effective strain of the medial section in axial direction (a) uniform material properties and (b, c, d) inhomogeneous material properties with grain sizes of 6, 40, and 120 μm, respectively.
The stress and strain distribution on the profile for the halved 250 μm thick workpiece consisting of grains with the average grain size of 250 μm is illustrated in Figure 19. The stress-strain distribution is inhomogeneous because only some grains are in plastic regime while others still undergo elastic strain regime during the flexible rolling process [15].
\nStress-strain distribution on the profile after springback in micro flexible rolling: (a) von Mises stress distribution and (b) equivalent plastic strain distribution.
Figure 20 shows the tension effect on the average springback from the proposed models. Regardless of the initial thickness and pass reduction, the springback decreases moderately when the front and back tensions increase in increments of 25 MPa from 0 to 100 MPa. For thicker workpiece, front and back tensions have a significant influence on eliminating the springback due to that front and back tensions are able to improve metal flow and relax residual stresses and then increase the thickness precision of rolled workpiece.
\nRelationship between average springback in thickness direction and front and back tensions for initial workpiece thickness of 100, 250, and 500 μm: (a) 20% reduction and (b) 50% reduction.
In Figure 21, it can be seen that the thickness springback increases as the initial workpiece thickness decreases. For a certain grain size, the grain number decreases in thickness direction for less thick workpiece. Therefore, the effect of each single grain plays a very significant role on the springback resulting in larger springback value. For each thickness, the curves are in similar trends under different reductions, and the springback difference is below 10.5% for each grain size, which is close to the simulation result.
\nSpringback in thickness direction versus gain size for initial workpiece thickness of 100 μm: (a) 20% reduction and (b) 50% reduction.
Micro V-bending process is simulated with an implicit FEM package: ABAQUS/Standard. The processing parameters in the simulation are the same as those in physical experiments, and the value of coefficient of friction is set to be 0.02. The FE model of micro V-bending with Voronoized specimen is shown in Figure 22a. Figure 22b illustrates the grain heterogeneity in Voronoized specimen, among which different colors represent different mechanical properties of grains. It is shown in Figure 23 that the upper bound grain plastic property is illustrated by dark blue (six grains), while light blue (six grains) is for the lower bound grain plastic property [16]. The FE model is close to real physical test condition as the right and the left sides of the sample are not equal in terms of grain size and the scatter of mechanical properties of grains, rather than set up as a traditional asymmetrical one.
\nFEM simulation of micro V-bending with (a) Voronoi tessellations and (b) grain heterogeneity.
Grain properties randomly assigned on a Voronoized bending sample.
Figure 24 shows the simulation result of micro V-bending. The inhomogeneous deformation occurs significantly during bending process. The different colors in middle deformation zone represent that different grains have undergone different deformation because of grain heterogeneity. In the bending process, some grains first reach their yield stress and undergo plastic deformation prior to other grains. Even the workpiece has started the plastic deformation, some grains with higher yield stress may still be under elastic stress condition. This sort of grain heterogeneous deformation could influence the springback significantly and should be taken into account in numerical simulation of microforming [16].
\n(a) Final angle after springback and (b) von Mises stress distribution.
Seven plastic properties are obtained by experiment and calculation, and they are randomly distributed in bending specimens. Specimens with different random grain heterogeneity distributions are exhibited in Figure 25, which are called models “1,” “2,” “3,” “4,” “5,” “6,” and “7,” respectively. Seven groups of micro V-bending FE simulations have been conducted with above-mentioned seven specimens individually. Springback angles of seven simulations and an average value are measured and calculated, as shown in Table 2.
\nBending specimens with different gain heterogeneity distributions.
Distribution group | \n1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n5 | \n6 | \n7 | \nAverage | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Springback angle | \n30.52 | \n27.37 | \n32.09 | \n31.78 | \n33.44 | \n28.65 | \n34.12 | \n31.14 | \n
Springback angles from FE simulation (degree).
Figure 26 represents a typical EBSD microstructure. First, the EBSD image was input into the MATLAB software, and the binary image was obtained with black grain boundaries and white grains. Noise and small holes were eliminated in the transformation. Then, the Moore-Neighbor tracing algorithm modified by Jacob’s stopping criteria was applied in the binary image treatment. As shown in Figure 26b, the information of grains and individual closed subareas, including single grain’s area, geometrical center and geometrical orientation, was detected and sorted in MATLAB. The blue ports in Figure 26b are the grain’s geometrical centers [9, 20, 21].
\n(a) Microstructure of a sample from EBSD, (b) its corresponding geometry detected by MATLAB and (c) corresponding simulation model.
Figure 27 displays the Voronoi structures and their corresponding FE models with average grain sizes of 10, 20, and 40 μm, respectively.
\nVoronoi structures (in the first line) and their corresponding FE models (in the second line): average grain sizes of (a) 10, (b) 20, and (c) 40 μm.
After annealed at 1100°C, the 50 μm thick blanks, with equiaxed crystals microstructure and average grain size of 40 μm, were drawn into micro cups. The drawn cup mouth is shown in Figure 28a, and the maximum thickness distributions of drawn cups are illustrated in Figure 28b–d, which represented the new developed model, a Voronoi model without the consideration of grain boundaries and a normal model in homogeneous material properties, respectively. The comparison of the maximum wall thickness between the simulation and the experimental results has been conducted. The localized deformation is ignored, and the maximum thickness was averaged with the lowest peak thickness values for all the simulation cases. It can be seen that the new model and the Voronoi model considered microscopic heterogeneity have higher maximum thickness than that in the normal model [9], where the largest thickness is obtained from the Voronoi model without grain boundaries buffer.
\n(a) Drawn cup with 1100°C annealed blank and maximum thickness distribution from the simulation with (b) the developed new model, (c) the Voronoi model, and (d) the normal model.
The material surface consists of lots of peaks and valleys called roughness in microforming. The roughness and the extent of the valleys get larger compared to the scaled down workpiece size. As shown in Figure 29, the lubricant cannot be retained in the valleys connected to the edge of the blank, and this area is called open lubricant pockets (OLPs) [9, 18, 19]. The fraction of OLPs increases with the decrease in specimen size. The friction force increases because the lubricant cannot be kept during microscale forming process. Therefore, the OLPs must be taken into account when studying the tribological behavior of microforming.
\nThe change of fraction of OLPs in flange area with the decrease of blank size.
Figure 30 shows schematic of evaluation test for OLPs utilizing liquid where the blank is compressed by the tools under approximately 20 MPa contact pressure. During experiment, the liquid is filled into the tool first, and the liquid intruded area is colored. Then the blank with visualized, and liquid intruded area is taken out when the liquid dries out. After this, the blank surface is observed under a digital microscope, and the pictures are digitized [9, 17].
\nSchematic of evaluation test for OLPs utilizing liquid.
Figure 31 illustrates the effects of scale factor on the normalized punch force-stroke curves at MDD with lubrication and MHDD with radial pressure. The shape of punch force-stroke curves in λ = 1, 2 is as similar as that with λ = 50 at MDD and MHDD. In these conditions, only the inner or outer pockets exist in the flange area. Therefore, the coefficient of friction in the flange area is almost uniform. On the other hand, in λ = 5, the inner and outer pockets are mixed in the flange area. In the initial process, the inner pockets mainly exist at die shoulder and flange area and affect the tribological behavior significantly. Therefore, the punch force-stroke curves are as similar with that in macroscale. However, in the middle process, the ratio of outer pockets increases. As a result, the tribological behavior shifts to that in microscale. This behavior appears at both MDD and MHDD. This causes the maximum punch force shifts as shown in Figure 31a. These results indicate the ratio of the outer pockets to the flange area during the forming process influences the tribological behavior of the MHDD as shown in Figure 31b.
\nEffects of scale factor λ on normalized punch force-stroke curve at different lubrication conditions (a) MDD with lubrication, and (b) MHDD with radial pressure.
Figure 32a shows the tribological size effects in MDD and MHDD. With the decrease in the size, the friction force increases in case of MDD with lubrication because the ratio of outer pockets increases. When λ = 1, 2, the maximum effective punch forces in MDD with the dry friction and lubrication become the same because only the outer pockets exist at flange area. On the other hand, with the decrease in the size, the friction force in MHDD decreases. It can be seen the tribological size effects in MHDD have an opposite behavior with MDD. In MHDD, the fluid medium is provided to the outer pockets whose ratio is high in microscale. This caused the decrease in friction force in MHDD. Figure 32b shows the effect of the lubrication type on friction force in MHDD. The decrease of friction force in radial pressure condition is much larger than that in leakage condition. Also in radial pressure condition, the friction force significant decreases from λ = 5–1. It is because the contact pressure between the blank and die at die shoulder is higher than that between the blank and blank holder in the small Dp/t. Therefore, the decrease in coefficient of friction at die shoulder is especially important to decrease the friction force in MHDD. According to the above-mentioned results, the friction force can decrease with the decrease in size in MHDD, while it only increases in MDD. The friction force can be reduced by filling the fluid medium in the outer pockets in MHDD [19].
\nTribological size effects at different lubrication conditions in MDD and MHDD.
This chapter presents the applications of FEM in metal-forming analysis from macroscale to microscale, including FEA software programs used, simulation approach and results obtained, and their validation for metal-forming processes. A 3D rigid plastic FEM is used with the consideration of friction variation models in the case of work roll kiss occurrence during cold rolling of thin strip. The modeling of the friction variation can produce a more accurate model that can improve the accuracy of simulation results. In the CPFEM, the simulation results show that with an increase in reduction, the cubic texture {001}<100> is weak, while the brass orientation {110}<112> becomes strong. The simulation result agrees with the experimental one. When reduction exceeds 60%, most grains have plastic slips. With an increase in reduction, both the grain size and surface roughness decrease while the flow stress increases. Novel material model with grained heterogeneity in 3D Voronoi tessellation has been developed in the simulation of micro cross wedge rolling, springback analysis in thickness direction during micro flexible rolling process and the micro V-bending process considering grain boundary and generation process of grains in the workpiece. Real microstructures and Voronoi structures are applied in microstructural models through image-based modeling method and modified FE with the consideration of size effects including material characterization, friction/contact characterization, and other size-related factors. Open and closed lubricate pocket theory and size-dependent coefficient of friction are also proposed in micro deep drawing and micro hydromechanical deep drawing.
\nChina has been suffering severe air pollution in recent years, characterized as high levels of fine particles (PM2.5) and ozone [1, 2, 3, 4]. As part of atmospheric composition, air pollutants play important role in climate change. For example, ozone is one of major greenhouse gases, which causes atmospheric warming [5]. Atmospheric aerosol is one of the most important and uncertain factors in both climate change and weather activities. It influences climate by its direct radiative forcing and induced cloud adjustments and weather by the interactions of aerosol-radiation, aerosol-cloud, etc. [5]. Air pollution also leads to adverse effects on health [6, 7], including increasing of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, excess mortality, and decreasing of life expectancy [8, 9, 10, 11]. High particulate matter (PM) concentration under relatively high relative humidity (RH) conditions often induces haze events and causes high risk on public activities such as surface transportation, aircraft take-off and landing. Therefore, the characteristics, formation mechanisms, and influence factors of air pollution and related issues were seriously focused in recent years (e.g. in [4, 12, 13, 14, 15]).
\nIn policy decision aspect, the Chinese government therefore has issued series of actions to reduce air pollution in the last few years. The new Chinese national ambient air quality standards (CNAAQS2012) [16] was jointly released by Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) of the People’s Republic of China and General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China in 2012. At the first time, standards for PM2.5 and daily maximum 8-hour averaged (DM8H) ozone (O3-8h) were established in China. The State Council then issued a stringent action plan to combat air pollution on September, 2013 [17]. China sponsored tens of projects and funded several billions since 2016 in a special fund named Study on Formation Mechanism of Atmospheric pollution and Control Technology. In the support of the Premier Fund, “2 + 26” cities were chosen and one scientific team was organized for each city in 2017 to deal with the air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding region. Accordingly, China Meteorological Administration (CMA) established operational centers in three populated regions (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta) to provide air quality forecasting and warning. Provincial governments took many kinds of actions to try to improve ambient air quality.
\nEastern China, which covers the Yangtze River Delta, is one of the most polluted regions [1, 3]. The air quality in this region is also influenced by Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region by the northwesterly. Study on air pollution as well as its secondarily produced haze in this region was thus widely carried out and numerical modeling played an important role. For example, Tie et al. studied ozone [18] and Zhou et al. studied particulate matter and haze [19] over Shanghai by using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) [20]; the severe PM pollution and haze episodes over eastern China in January 2013 were modeled by using the nested air quality prediction model system (NAQPMS) [21] and revised Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model [22, 23], etc. In the previous studies, increase of secondary aerosols was certified to take important role in heavy PM pollution events (e.g. in [19, 23, 24]) and some new sources through heterogeneous processes were found to promote rapid increase of PM in extreme pollution episodes [14, 25]. These works proved that the usage of air quality models is one valid solution to air pollution studies.
\nIn this chapter, the numerical forecast of air quality over eastern China is presented. This work is one of the important applications of numerical meteorological prediction and supports air quality and relevant service including temporary emission control and study of air pollution on health, etc. In the next sections, the brief history of development of numerical modeling for air pollution will be reviewed. Then the operational forecast will be emphasized, including the construction of modeling system and forecast performance. Analysis and discussion on the uncertainty and shortage in current work will be presented to help improving the forecast in the future. Brief conclusion will be given in the end.
\nAir quality models are tools that describe the physical and chemical processes which influence air pollutants, including chemical reactions, transport, diffusion, scavenging, etc. in the atmosphere. They are built based on the understanding of atmospheric physics and chemistry and computation technology. The models are used in many air quality and related issues, such as analyzing the characteristics of tempo-spatial patterns and changes of air pollutants, discovering the mechanisms of formation of air pollution, and estimating the influence of the change of factors (e.g. anthropogenic emission, volcanic explosion) on air quality, etc. Usually, air quality models are more or less driven by meteorological variables and therefore are connected with meteorological models or model outputs.
\nSince the 1970s, three generations of air quality models have been developed sponsored by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and other organizations. In the first-generation models, atmospheric physical processes are highly parameterized and chemical processes are ignored or just simply treated. These models introduce the dispersion profiles in different levels of discretized stability and are specialized in calculating the long-term average concentration of inert air pollutant. The second-generation models include more complicated meteorological models and nonlinear chemical reactions and the simulation domain is three-dimensionally (3-D) gridded. The chemical and physical processes are individually calculated in each grid and influence between neighbor grids is considered. This generation is used generally to treat one type of air pollution, such as photochemical smog and acid rain. In the end of the 1990s, US EPA presented the concept of “one atmosphere” and developed the third-generation air quality modeling system—Medels-3/CMAQ [26]. It is an integrated system and consists of serial modules to process emissions, meteorology inputs, chemical reaction and transport, production making, etc. The third-generation models involve relatively detailed atmospheric chemistry and physics as well as the influence and inter-conversion among air pollutants of different types or phases. In fact, the divide of different generations is not distinct and some models are still in continuous development. For example, the CALPIFF (one Lagrangian model of the first-generation) introduced much research results in the 1990s and was often implemented in the 2000s. The second version regional acid model (RADM2) increased chemical species and reactions [27] and was introduced in the very newly developed third-generation model of WRF-Chem [20].
\nIn recent years, 3-D chemical transport models (CTMs) has been widely used in studying and forecasting air quality combined with numerical meteorological models benefited from the rapid development of models and computing technology. For example, global ozone was simulated by using the model for ozone and related chemical tracers (MOZART) and the model performance was evaluated [28, 29]. Gu et al. studied summertime ozone and nitrate aerosol in upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) over the Tibetan Plateau and the south Asian monsoon region using the Goddard Earth Observing System chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) [30, 31]. The CMAQ model had a great number of applications around the world, e.g. in [32, 33]. Tie et al. studied the characterizations of chemical oxidants in Mexico City using WRF-Chem [34]. Zhou et al. developed an operational mesoscale sand and dust storm forecasting system for East Asia by coupling a dust model within the CMA unified atmospheric chemistry environment (CUACE) [35]. Zhou et al. developed the CUACE for aerosols (CUACE/Aero) to study chemical and optical properties of aerosol in China [36]. Over eastern China, there were also numerous applications of CTMs. Gao et al. studied regional haze events in the North China Plain (NCP) using WRF-Chem [37]. Zhou et al. built an operational system to forecast air quality over eastern China region and resulted good performance in forecasting the major air pollutants of PM2.5 and ozone over this region [38]. Wu et al. analyzed the source contribution of primary and secondary sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (S-N-A) during a representative winter period in Shanghai using online source-tagged NAQPMS [39]. Li et al. investigated ozone source by using the ozone source apportionment technology (OSAT) with tagged tracers coupled within Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) [40].
\nAir quality modeling in current generation can be switched “offline” or “online” depending on the treatment of meteorology and chemistry. The offline chemical processes are treated independently from the meteorological modeling, while those in online approach are dependent. The modeling systems implemented in recent years are mostly offline, such as AIRPACT [32]. The chemical transport in this approach is driven by outputs from a separate meteorological model, typically available once per hour. This approach is computationally attractive since only one meteorological dataset can be used to produce many chemical simulations for different scientific questions. On the other hand, the “online” treatment (e.g. WRF-Chem) was newly developed to solve the loss of information in offline approach about atmospheric processes that have a time scale of less than the output time interval of meteorological models, including wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, etc. The lost information may be very important in high resolution air quality modeling. The online approach also benefits to investigate the interactions between meteorology and chemistry [21], which are out of the purpose of offline treatments. Previous studies (e.g. in [19, 21, 37, 38, 41]) on air pollution and related issues over eastern China region had proved the applicability and advantage of the online model of WRF-Chem.
\nShanghai Meteorological Service (SMS), as well as the East China Meteorological Center of CMA, shares the responsibility to provide air quality forecast and air pollution warning for Shanghai and guidance for East China region. Therefore, SMS initialized numerical modeling of air quality in 2006. This work got scientific and technological supports from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) through Shanghai WMO global atmosphere watch (GAW) urban research and meteorological environment (GURME) Pilot Project. Based on the thinking of the applicability and advantage of WRF-Chem and the extendibility on calculation of the inter-feedback between meteorological variables and air pollutants, WRF-Chem was chosen as the core model in developing our numerical air quality forecast system. An experimental forecasting system was established in 2008, in which nested domains of 16 × 16-km and 4 × 4-km was implemented. The outer domain covered eastern China region and the inner one covered the main YRD region. The evaluation showed that the results from two domains had comparable performance and further study in [34] showed that the 6 × 6-km resolution performed best under the conditions of the model and emission data at that time. Therefore, a real time forecast system covering the YRD region with a horizontal resolution of 6-km was built in 2009 to support the air pollution (including three variables of PM10, SO2 and NO2) forecast for Shanghai. This application showed that the forecasts from this version had acceptable performance under relatively stable conditions but poorer performance for transport cases, because there are much more air pollutants transported from areas outside the model region such as the NCP. With updates in high performance computational resource, one forecast system covering eastern China region was established in 2012, which was named as Regional Atmospheric Environmental Modeling System for eastern China (RAEMS). This system was certificated as an official operational forecast system by CMA in March, 2013. More details about the operational system will be introduced in the next section and the brief history of its development was shown in Figure 1.
\nThe brief history of development of numerical air quality forecast in SMS.
The core model in RAEMS is WRF-Chem, which was developed through the collaboration of several institutes (e.g. NOAA, NCAR, etc.). Chemistry and meteorology is fully coupled in this model, in other words, the same advection, convection, and diffusion scheme, model grids, physical schemes, and time step is used and there is no interpolation in time for meteorological fields. The modeling performance of WRF-Chem has been extensively validated [20, 42]. Several real-time prediction systems were built based on the WRF-Chem model to provide air quality forecasts around the world (e.g. China, the United States, and Brazil), as listed in [43]. In RAEMS, several improvements were made based on WRF-Chem version 3.2 by Tie et al. [44], including the introduction of aerosol effects on photolysis, adjustments of nocturnal ozone losing, and introduction of ISORROPIA II secondary inorganic aerosol scheme [45]. This modified version has been validated, showing good performance in ozone and PM2.5 prediction for Shanghai [18, 19].
\nAs shown in Figure 2, the domain encompasses the eastern China Region. Centered at (32.5°N, 118°E), it consists of 360 un-staggered grids in west-east and 400 in south-north with a 6-km grid resolution. There are 28 layers vertically, with the top pressure of 50 hPa. The time step for integration is 30-s for meteorology and 60-s for chemistry, and these for radiation, biogenic emission, and photolysis are 10, 30, and 15 min, respectively. Physical options are listed in Table 1. Specially, the Noah-modified 20-category IGBP-MODIS instead of 24-category USGS land-use was used. The RADM2 [27] was used for gas-phase chemistry. ISORROPIA II secondary inorganic [45] and the Secondary ORGanic Aerosol Model (SORGAM) [46] schemes were used to treat aerosol chemistry. Madronich scheme [47, 48] was applied for photolysis.
\nComponents of RAEMS. Domain coverage was shown in the central component.
Parameterization scheme | \nOption | \n
---|---|
Micro-physics (mp_physics) | \nWSM 6-class | \n
Cumulus parameterization (cu_phy) | \nNot used | \n
Long-wave radiation (ra_lw) | \nRRTM | \n
Short-wave radiation (ra_sw) | \nDudhia | \n
Surface layer (sf_sfclay) | \nMonin_Obukhov | \n
Land surface (sf_surface) | \nUnified Noah | \n
Boundary layer (bl_pbl) | \nYSU | \n
Gas-phase chemistry | \nRADM2 | \n
Inorganic aerosol chemistry | \nISORROPIA II | \n
Organic aerosol chemistry | \nSORGAM | \n
Physical and chemical configuration in RAEMS.
The global forecast from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (NCEP GFS) was used for meteorological initial and boundary conditions. NCEP GFS data was used widely for weather forecast, analysis, and as the initial and lateral boundary conditions of regional modeling. 0.5-degree GFS forecast was used, and 1-degree data was also applied if higher resolution forecasts were not available. Previous forecast was used for chemical initial conditions. The gaseous chemical lateral boundary conditions were based on estimations from a global chemical transport model (MOZART-4) [28, 29]. Boundary conditions were extracted from the MOZART-4 by matching the RAEMS boundary with the MOZART cells. While maintaining diurnal variations in species concentrations, monthly averaged MOZART-4 values of the year 2009 were applied.
\nBiogenic emissions were calculated online using model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature (MEGAN2, in [49, 50]). Global land cover maps including isoprene emission factor, plant functional type, and leaf area index were applied.
\nThe multi-resolution emission inventory for China (MEIC [51, 52]) for the year 2010 was applied as the anthropogenic inventory. MEIC inventory was developed by Tsinghua University, including emissions of 10 major atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases (SO2, NOX, CO, NMVOC, NH3, CO2, PM2.5, PM10, BC, and OC) over mainland China. MEIC supplied gridded monthly emissions from five sectors (industry, power, residential, transport, and agriculture) with a 0.25-degree resolution. Asian emission inventory for the NASA INTEX-B Mission [53] was applied for regions outside mainland China and before August, 2014. It has a resolution of 0.5-degree for the year 2008.
\nWhile being used in RAEMS system, the emissions were spatially regridded to the model grids. Emissions were also hourly allocated with the diurnal profile (in [38]) provided by Shanghai Academy of Environmental Science. NO emission took a proportion of 90% of the amount of NOx in mole number and NO2 took the rest 10% (as in [41]). Information of spatial distribution and total amount can be found in [38].
\nThe RAEMS was authorized as an official operational forecasting system by CMA on Mar. 23, 2013 and has been producing forecast since then. The operational system runs once per day, initialized at 12Z UTC (20Z LST). It is started at about 2 am at local time every day and completes entire simulation and post-processing within 5 h. The predictable time length is more than 78 h and the forecast system provides forecast products for 3 local days.
\nOperational products are displayed on a website [54]. The link to this site is also accessible from the official NOAA WRF-Chem website [43]. The products include hourly spatial distributions of major pollutants and air quality related meteorological conditions. Temporal variations of both meteorological elements and pollutant species at more than 500 stations as well as real-time evaluation results are also provided online.
\nThe anthropogenic emission used in RAEMS was yearly updated since 2016 to fit the change of emission as well as the adaptability of the modeling system. The emission was updated monthly based on that used in the same month of previous year. These adjustments were majorly depended on the results of monthly evaluation of previous year and information of emission regulation and control implementing in that month as well as the feedback from the forecasters in operational agencies who use the products every day. In the treatment, the ratio of bias median to observational average for each city was taken as the key indicator for adjusting. At the same time, performance of NO2 and SO2 and primary PM emission was most focused because of the importance of S-N-A in secondary aerosol [55, 56] and that of primary aerosol. For example, the evaluation showed that NO2 was obviously underestimated in the northern and southern parts of East China region with bias ratios of over −25% in December, 2015 (Figure 3). SO2 forecasts showed more serious underestimation for most cities in these two areas. But the RAEMS overestimated NO2 and SO2 for many cities in the middle region, especially for the cities along the Yangtze River. Therefore, the emitting intensities of NO2 and SO2 in December, 2016 were increased or decreased in different amounts separately for different areas. Accordingly, other emitting species were adjusted in the similar way. The amounts were estimated experientially based on ratios and control information.
\nThe distribution of the ratio of forecast bias median to the observational average in December, 2015 for NO2 (left) and SO2 (right).
A comprehensive evaluation on the performance of RAEMS was carried out in [38]. In that work, the performance in the beginning of two natural years of 2014 and 2015 was exhibited. They analyzed the series of statistical indicators for variables of PM2.5, ozone, PM10, NO2, SO2 and CO. The indicators included mean bias (MB), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (R), normalized mean bias (NMB) and error (NME), factor of 2 of measurement values (FAC2, the ratio of forecast records within between half and twice of measurement values), Fractional bias (FB) and error (FE), etc. Category performance with different exceedance limits was also evaluated for the two most important pollutants of PM2.5 and O3-8h. In spatial, the performance of PM2.5 and DM8H ozone for main cities and PM2.5 for provincial capital cities was shown. In temporal, the consistency of different forecast time length of PM2.5 and ozone and diurnal variation and the distribution of peak time of ozone was analyzed.
\nIn general, their results showed that the RAEMS has good performance in forecasting the temporal trend and spatial distribution of major air pollutants over eastern China region and the performance is consistent with the increasing forecast time length up to 3 days. All summarized statistical indicators of daily PM2.5 and DM8H ozone in different forecast time lengths were comparable with each other and no distinct disagreements were shown. About half of cities have correlation coefficients greater than 0.6 for PM2.5 and 0.7 for DM8H ozone. The forecasted PM2.5 concentrations were generally in good agreements with observed concentrations, with most cities having NMB within ±25%. Forecasted ozone diurnal variation was very similar to the observations and made small peak time error. The modeling system also exhibited acceptable performance for the other air pollutants. More detailed information can be found in [38].
\nHere more evaluation results were given for the city of Shanghai, one of the largest cities around the world, to show a glimpse on the continuity of forecast performance and how the forecast system performed after 2015. Figure 4 shows the scattering results of observed and 48-h forecasted PM2.5 and O3-8h for 4 years from 2014 to 2017. It shows that RAEMS had generally good performance in forecasting the two most important air pollutants. For PM2.5, the four-year average observed concentration was 46.9 μg/m3 and the forecasted concentration was only 0.1 μg/m3 overestimated. The correlation coefficient between observation and prediction of PM2.5 was 0.74. It also revealed relatively low RMSE and NMB, 22.3 μg/m3 and 8.1%, respectively and high FAC2 of 0.89. This result suggested that 89% forecasted PM2.5 concentrations were within between half and twice of those of observed. These indicators showed excellent performance in forecasting and modeling PM2.5. The NMB of 8.1% was much lower than the acceptable threshold value of ±20% recommended in the United Kingdom [57]. For example, Chen et al. reported a FAC2 of around 60% and NMB of 17 and 32% for polluted and clean periods [32]. Grell et al. reported a R2 of 0.38 for simulating PM2.5 over New Hampshire using WRF-Chem [20]. Foley et al. Reported a NMB of 19% [33]. Prank et al. found under-estimation of 10–60% over Europe using four chemical transport models of CMAQ, EMEP, LOTOS-EUROS and SILAM [58]. Wu et al. reported FAC2 of 70–80% [39]. For O3-8h, the forecasts showed better performance in indicators of correlation coefficient, NMB, and FAC2, but worse in MB and RMSE comparing with corresponding indicators for PM2.5. The performance for Shanghai has high scores among the cities over the eastern China [38].
\nScattering plot of 48-h forecasted and observed daily mean PM2.5 and O3-8h for shanghai during 2014–2017.
The performances for different years were generally consistent for both PM2.5 and O3-8h (Table 2). For example, the values of FAC2 were around 0.89 for PM2.5 and 0.93–0.97 for O3-8h, respectively. RMSEs were within 20.8–23.9 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 28.2–32.9 μg/m3 for O3-8h, respectively. Correlation coefficients agreed well with each other. But MBs and NMBs had some difference. MBs showed that the concentration of PM2.5 was underestimated in 2014 and 2015 while overestimated in 2016 and 2017 although the biases were not very large. O3-8h was underestimated in 2015 and overestimated in the other 3 years. NMBs for PM2.5 in 2017 and for O3-8h in 2014 were relatively larger. In general, most statistical indicators for different years were comparable with each other.
\n\n | R | \nMB | \nRMSE | \nNMB (%) | \nFAC2 | \nR | \nMB | \nRMSE | \nNMB (%) | \nFAC2 | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | \n0.74 | \n0.1 | \n22.3 | \n8.1 | \n0.89 | \n0.80 | \n3.5 | \n30.6 | \n7.2 | \n0.95 | \n
2014 | \n0.75 | \n−0.7 | \n23.9 | \n4.4 | \n0.89 | \n0.80 | \n15.8 | \n32.0 | \n21.3 | \n0.96 | \n
2015 | \n0.78 | \n−5.6 | \n22.5 | \n−2.3 | \n0.89 | \n0.81 | \n−6.5 | \n30.0 | \n−1.4 | \n0.94 | \n
2016 | \n0.73 | \n1.3 | \n22.1 | \n13.3 | \n0.89 | \n0.76 | \n2.1 | \n32.9 | \n5.9 | \n0.93 | \n
2017 | \n0.75 | \n5.3 | \n20.8 | \n17.2 | \n0.88 | \n0.86 | \n2.8 | \n28.2 | \n3.2 | \n0.97 | \n
Summarized statistics of forecast performance of daily PM2.5 (left panel) and O3-8h (right) for different forecast length (units: μg/m3 for MB and RMSE).
To evaluate the capability of RAEMS on forecasting pollution, the categorical performance was calculated using the definition referenced in [20, 38] and the results are listed in Table 3. Only one heavy pollution for O3-8h (>265) occurred and therefore it was not included in the analysis. The exceedance limits were set using the criterion values for lightly, moderately, and heavily (PM2.5 only) polluted level in the technical regulation of CNAAQS2012. The results showed that the forecast performance decreases with increased exceedance limits for both PM2.5 and O3-8h. The values probability of detection and critical success index decrease with higher exceedance limit, while those of missed detection rate and false alarm rate increase. The biases are relatively steady and show slight over-estimation for PM2.5 and some for O3-8h. An interesting result is found for accuracy that it tends to increase with higher exceedance limits. Further analysis showed that this result is ascribed to the big percentage of the records under limits.
\nExceedance limit (μg/m3) | \n75 | \n115 | \n150 | \n160 | \n215 | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accuracy (%) | \n87.2 | \n95.0 | \n98.5 | \n91.5 | \n97.0 | \n
Probability of detection (%) | \n63.5 | \n44.1 | \n40.0 | \n75.3 | \n67.5 | \n
Missed detection rate (%) | \n36.5 | \n55.9 | \n60.0 | \n24.7 | \n32.5 | \n
False alarm rate (%) | \n43.5 | \n60.6 | \n68.4 | \n42.3 | \n52.6 | \n
Critical success index (CSI) | \n0.43 | \n0.26 | \n0.21 | \n0.49 | \n0.39 | \n
Bias | \n1.12 | \n1.12 | \n1.3 | \n1.31 | \n1.43 | \n
Categorical performance evaluated with different exceedance limits for PM2.5 (left panel) and O3-8h (right).
In general, RAEMS makes good performance on forecasting the major air pollutants over eastern China region. It also provides reliable products to support and promote the work on environmental meteorology and positive effects on increasing the ability to serve the decision-making and the public.
\nThe previous studies also showed shortage and uncertainty in several aspects in simulating and forecasting air quality using numerical models, although great improvements were achieved. The outputs of air pollutant concentrations from numerical models are more or less different from the observations in most cases. In other words, the bias of prediction and observation is usually more than 10%. If the forecast performances well, the bias could be even less than 10% (e.g. in [20, 32, 38]). For the ratio modeled value within between half and twice of observation, good performance could be around 90% in this work, while 70–80% [38, 39] or lower [58] were more recorded. Moreover, the temporal variation of model always varies from that of observation. This can be represented in correlation coefficient or ozone peak time as one often focused issue. High correlation coefficients could be greater than 0.7 or even 0.8 (in this work and [32, 38]), usually 0.5 or 0.6 (in [20, 32, 38, 39]) or lower (in [36]). A certain percentage of forecasted ozone peak time was several hours different from observed [32, 38]. The third aspect is that model performance is generally inconsistent in space, in other words, it may perform very well over some areas but poorly over some other areas in the same simulation using the same model. This phenomenon of inconsistency existed in results of all work. The models are not as satisfied in polluted situations as in usual or clean conditions while pollution always takes more attention in many regions. For example, RAEMS did not provide enough satisfied forecast for air pollution, especially heavy pollution for Shanghai shown in former sections as well as in [20, 38] which showed unsatisfied results for high ozone in US. The performance on predicting aerosol components was worse than that on the integrated mass concentration (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) (e.g. in [19, 20, 32]). This concerns to visibility and haze related forecast, which leads to lower capability of models in forecasting visibility and haze events.
\nMajor components which caused the uncertainty on numerical air quality modeling and forecasting could be classified into the several following issues. First of all, emission inventories are important as they were always mentioned in many previous studies [21, 32, 38, 41]. Emissions can be classified into natural emissions and anthropogenic emissions. Natural emissions are from respiration and photosynthesis of plants, sea spray, forest fire, volcano explosion, etc. Many sources of deviation could be included in the model calculation because it’s impossible for modelers to know all of the details that can influence emission. For example, it is hard to obtain the fully accurate information on the growing states and types of plants, ambient conditions such as temperature, humidity, radiance, etc. in the region and duration to be forecasted or modeled. In forecasting, it is also difficult to know exactly when, where or even whether a forest fire or volcano explosion will occur or not. There are also many kinds of uncertainties in calculating the anthropogenic emissions. The inventory is always 2 or 3 years delayed and supplies the total amount of emission for 1 month or 1 year. In most situations, the diurnal variations used in the modeling are solid in time and space and cannot describe the tempo-spatial change due to actual activities of industry, traffic, etc. Another gap is that basic monitoring data is not sufficient enough for producing anthropogenic emission inventory in chemical species and spatial resolution, and therefore many approaches are implemented in developing inventories. At the same time, inventories are also sufficient enough for modeling, e.g. the number and types of chemical species and the height of each power plant.
\nThe second uncertainty came from model representation. While developing a model, scientists always endeavored to balance the scientific understanding and the goal of extremely “perfect” performance. But in fact, a perfect model is always idealized and being sought. The understanding of the chemical processes formatting or depleting air pollutants, the physical processes that transport or disperse air pollutants, the ambient conditions that influence chemical reactions is advancing. Forecast models usually introduce relatively mature technologies and keep them suitable for most situations. New technology is always developing to study or solve problems and be implemented into forecast model when it is validated. So, air quality models were in progress in the past and there is still some shortage or uncertainty in “current” model. Concerning RAEMS, its core model was developed several years ago and some elements were not included which were confirmed to influence the performance. For example, aerosol direct forcing in solar radiation was not considered in the model, which leads to more solar radiative flux to the air near ground and to ground surface. This deficiency results in higher near surface wind speed, PBL height and stronger vertical diffusion and thus lower primary pollutants and PM2.5 [21, 41]. This model missed some heterogeneous uptake of sulfate under high relative humidity conditions. For example, Wang et al. [14] and Cheng et al. [25] found a new source from reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water, which explained the missing of sulfate and particle matter in extreme pollution conditions in northern China region.
\nBias may come from the treatments and inputs of initial and lateral boundary conditions. Usually, input data for initial and boundary conditions includes biases comparing with “real” atmosphere and is coarser than regional air quality model. More on this issue in meteorological predictions can be found in the other chapters and chemical aspects are analyzed here. Specific to RAEMS, the inputted meteorological data is 0.5 degree and much coarser than the model resolution of 6-km. The interval of 6-h may also involve bias in calculating the tendency of meteorological variables. The treatment of lateral boundary conditions in chemistry using historic mean field may make them far from reality. The missing of assimilation on both meteorological and chemical variables produced initial bias. The impact of such missing on air pollutants may exist in several hours since the model start over strong emitting regions but last for a long time over downwind regions, as the effect of chemical assimilation can be kept within 12–24 h [59]. Better initial chemical conditions are strongly needed for nowcasting of air quality.
\nThe uncertainty in meteorological variables could be another important source. It is known that meteorological variables are drivers of CTMs. Some of them drive the processes of advection, convection, dispersion, turbulent mixing, etc. Some of them participate in chemical reactions such as vapor or decide the reactivity rate. This chapter will not focus on this for much discussion, however, this uncertainty can be found in other chapters which concern meteorology prediction. But one point we should emphasize is that the uncertainty in forecast of weak weather conditions will be paid more attention to because heavy air pollution often occurs under such conditions, although weak conditions are not so focused in meteorology for less extreme weather occurring.
\nTo improve the performance of numerical air quality forecast, several types of work are taken into consideration in the future. As one important application of numerical meteorological prediction and the role of meteorological variables driving CTMs, introduction of better numerical forecast of weather is always one economical and effective way to improve air quality forecast. This way should be carried out indubitably if it is feasible in technology.
\nUpdate in emission inventory and its implementation in CTMs is another core action. It includes several aspects: (1) reduction of time delay; (2) increase in horizontal and vertical resolution; (3) improving the accuracy of emission inventory itself; and (4) improving the applicability in models. The former three aspects mainly require efforts of inventory community and the last one needs efforts of modelers. Specifically, one job is to improve on-line calculated emissions, such as biogenic volatile organic compounds. For example, biogenic emissions can be calculated using model meteorological variables and some inputted static data in many current CTMs (e.g. WRF-Chem and CMAQ). Better vegetation data (classification, leaf area, etc.) will benefit improvements of biogenic emissions and they can be retrieved from satellite data nearly real time. The other is to build one fast technology to adjust the emission data inputted into forecast system. The determination of indicators which may be used to adjust the emission data will be the first step and then develop a relatively fast evaluation system or technology to supply the result how the forecast performed in previous duration. Based on the evaluation results, a fast adjustment technology is to be implemented to update emissions used in the coming forecasts. Besides the regular treatments, fast response to emergency or temporary emission control needs to be prepared based on relatively less detailed information.
\nTo fit the extending needs, numerical air quality forecast is increasing its capability on longer predictable period, finer resolution, and better service for other interests. Long time length and fine scale is the two main aims or requirements of coming air quality prediction besides higher accuracy. Long prediction of over 1 week has been urgently needed and required by decision-making agencies during recent years. Under the strong requirements on improving air quality, environment protection agencies over eastern China often carry out or be demanded to carry out temporary emission control to reduce air pollution. This action usually needs a few days ahead of predicted pollution episode. Another important need is on macro-management of industrial production, electric power, etc. for long-term objectives such as the level of annual mean air pollutant concentrations and the level of days of pollution. It requires climate scale prediction of air quality, such as monthly or seasonally. The other aim is finer forecast in space and time. For example, tasks of air quality forecast for a specific community or a specific time point were required, which were far beyond the capability of current forecast service 3 times a day for the entire Shanghai. Many other interests, such as human health service, also need the support of numerical air quality forecast. These needs require supporting information beyond forecast results to promote their own goals.
\nComparing with that in meteorological prediction, treatment and approach in initial and boundary layer conditions is rough and ongoing. Assimilation on air quality related variables or chemical assimilation is needed to improve initial conditions and forecast performance, especially in nowcasting of air quality. Of course, chemical assimilation is more difficult than meteorological assimilation due to insufficient monitoring data. Implementation of real time global forecast in boundary is another way to reduce bias from lateral input out of the model domain. This treatment will greatly benefit the forecasts near model lateral boundary and of long-term period.
\nImprovement in representation of CTMs such as involving the feedback and interaction between meteorological variables and air pollutants is one persistent work. This work will provide better models for numerical air quality forecast and is essential for improving model performance. But it depends on scientific understanding and technological maturity. Some nowaday jobs could focus on increasing model performance on near-surface wind, vertical diffusion of particles, aerosol species, and diurnal variation in operational forecast. We should show more desire to involve new technology into forecast system in the future.
\nAir pollution is focused because of its adverse effects, e.g. on human health. Numerous works were taken into action including scientific study, policy making, and emission control, etc. over eastern China due to the severe situation as one of the most polluted areas. This chapter illustrated the numerical forecast of air quality over the eastern China region, especially what has been done in Shanghai Meteorological Service.
\nNumerical air quality forecast has become truly profiting from the achievements on air quality models and computation technology during past decades. Three-dimensional chemical transport models were the major choice in studying and predicting air quality in both global and regional scale after entering the twenty-first century. In very recent years, online approach CTMs, which calculate meteorological and chemical variables in one model, prevent from the loss of information between two meteorological outputs, and benefit involving the interaction between meteorology and air pollution. The fully online coupled WRF-Chem was chosen to develop the Regional Atmospheric Environmental Modeling System for eastern China by SMS for its good performance in modeling the air quality/pollution over this region.
\nThe operational RAEMS was certified by China Meteorological Administration in March 2013 and has been providing numerical forecast data and products from then on. This forecasts greatly promoted the air quality prediction, air pollution warning, and decision-making service in meteorological agencies as well as environmental protection agencies. A previous detailed evaluation validated the performance on forecasting the spatial distribution and temporal variation of major air pollutants over eastern China region during the 2 years of 2014–2015 [38]. For the two most important air pollutants of PM2.5 and O3-8h for the city of Shanghai, RAEMS had excellent performance during 2014–2017 as analyzed in this chapter. At the same time, RAEMS showed relatively lower accuracy under polluted conditions than unpolluted conditions, and it even performed worse under heavier polluted conditions.
\nFurther analysis showed that shortage or uncertainty in current numerical air quality forecast mainly came from four aspects of emission inventory or emission related inputs, model capability in chemical representation, biases in initial and lateral boundary layer conditions, and uncertainty in meteorological variables. These suggested ideas for improving performance of forecasts in the future. Longer predictable period and finer temporal and spatial resolution is also important goal and challenge for fitting the extending needs from application communities.
\nThe development of RAEMS was a joint work in Shanghai Meteorological Service and collaborated with many colleagues such as Jianming Xu, Fuhai Geng, Li Peng, Ying Xie, etc. and guided by many experts e.g. Xuexi Tie, Greg Carmichael, and Georg Grell, etc. This work was sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant nos. 2016YFC0201900 and 2016YFC0203400).
\nThe authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5703},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5174},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1690},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10246},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:889},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15653}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117316},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5806b4efae3bd91c3f56e64e0442df35",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10660",title:"Heritage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"14096773aa1e3635ec6ceec6dd5b47a4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:55},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:280},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5150},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1002",title:"Dermatoepidemiology",slug:"dermatoepidemiology",parent:{title:"Dermatology",slug:"dermatology"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:298,numberOfWosCitations:104,numberOfCrossrefCitations:68,numberOfDimensionsCitations:194,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"dermatoepidemiology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5760",title:"Psoriasis",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach to",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09af1a26c579a93550352ef6b8540351",slug:"an-interdisciplinary-approach-to-psoriasis",bookSignature:"Anca Chiriac",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193329",title:"Prof.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Chiriac",slug:"anca-chiriac",fullName:"Anca Chiriac"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5433",title:"Acne and Acneiform Eruptions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f276857bcfbedc160e03ef07fe4068fe",slug:"acne-and-acneiform-eruptions",bookSignature:"Selda Pelin Kartal and Muzeyyen Gonul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5433.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72686",title:"Prof.",name:"Selda Pelin",middleName:null,surname:"Kartal",slug:"selda-pelin-kartal",fullName:"Selda Pelin Kartal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3305",title:"Skin Biopsy",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"948465769bcbc65b02bc2b8e91cc7083",slug:"skin-biopsy-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Suran L. Fernando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3305.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"56562",title:"Prof.",name:"Suran",middleName:null,surname:"Fernando",slug:"suran-fernando",fullName:"Suran Fernando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3447",title:"Psoriasis",subtitle:"Types, Causes and Medication",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66be685d4a4ccc8ebe160d8ca579a4d9",slug:"psoriasis-types-causes-and-medication",bookSignature:"Hermenio Lima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64733",title:"Dr.",name:"Hermenio",middleName:"C",surname:"Lima",slug:"hermenio-lima",fullName:"Hermenio Lima"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2063",title:"Psoriasis",subtitle:"A Systemic Disease",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a3e2d88c4fe2620f1c6fabf12c8d3a5",slug:"psoriasis-a-systemic-disease",bookSignature:"Jose O'Daly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64556",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Antonio",surname:"O' Daly",slug:"jose-o'-daly",fullName:"Jose O' Daly"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"941",title:"Atopic Dermatitis",subtitle:"Disease Etiology and Clinical Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f671d417bb039062e15c3f0f9e89061c",slug:"atopic-dermatitis-disease-etiology-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Jorge Esparza-Gordillo and Itaru Dekio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65301",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Esparza-Gordillo",slug:"jorge-esparza-gordillo",fullName:"Jorge Esparza-Gordillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"986",title:"Psoriasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58eb38a9c38ca3147540eea11410ec58",slug:"psoriasis",bookSignature:"Jennifer Soung and Bonnie Koo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/986.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63932",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",middleName:null,surname:"Soung",slug:"jennifer-soung",fullName:"Jennifer Soung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"659",title:"Contact Dermatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75dee39a68ef792be26da7d232072682",slug:"contact-dermatitis",bookSignature:"Young Suck Ro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/659.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120447",title:"Dr.",name:"Young Suck",middleName:null,surname:"Ro",slug:"young-suck-ro",fullName:"Young Suck Ro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1005",title:"Vitiligo",subtitle:"Management and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8d0f695013488bf14666c1aa573f6bf",slug:"vitiligo-management-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Kelly KyungHwa Park and Jenny Eileen Murase",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1005.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70157",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"kelly-park",fullName:"Kelly Park"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"310",title:"Skin Biopsy",subtitle:"Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19f98de4d84d0f7a8bd62d61de5510eb",slug:"skin-biopsy-perspectives",bookSignature:"Uday Khopkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/310.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83801",title:"Dr.",name:"Uday",middleName:null,surname:"Khopkar",slug:"uday-khopkar",fullName:"Uday Khopkar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"22584",doi:"10.5772/22335",title:"Severe Drug-Induced Skin Reactions: Clinical Pattern, Diagnostics and Therapy",slug:"severe-drug-induced-skin-reactions-clinical-pattern-diagnostics-and-therapy",totalDownloads:6814,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"skin-biopsy-perspectives",title:"Skin Biopsy",fullTitle:"Skin Biopsy - Perspectives"},signatures:"Mirjana Ziemer and Maja Mockenhaupt",authors:[{id:"47304",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Mockenhaupt",slug:"maja-mockenhaupt",fullName:"Maja Mockenhaupt"},{id:"47333",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirjana",middleName:null,surname:"Ziemer",slug:"mirjana-ziemer",fullName:"Mirjana Ziemer"}]},{id:"28300",doi:"10.5772/26163",title:"Pathogenesis of Psoriasis: The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Produced by Keratinocytes",slug:"pathogenesis-of-psoriasis-the-role-of-pro-inflammatory-cytokines-produced-by-keratinocytes",totalDownloads:6248,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"psoriasis",title:"Psoriasis",fullTitle:"Psoriasis"},signatures:"Anna Balato, Nicola Balato, Matteo Megna, Maria Schiattarella, Serena Lembo and Fabio Ayala",authors:[{id:"63371",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Balato",slug:"nicola-balato",fullName:"Nicola Balato"},{id:"65725",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Balato",slug:"anna-balato",fullName:"Anna Balato"},{id:"71045",title:"Dr.",name:"Serena",middleName:null,surname:"Lembo",slug:"serena-lembo",fullName:"Serena Lembo"},{id:"71150",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Megna",slug:"matteo-megna",fullName:"Matteo Megna"},{id:"71153",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Ayala",slug:"fabio-ayala",fullName:"Fabio Ayala"},{id:"119081",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Schiattarella",slug:"maria-schiattarella",fullName:"Maria Schiattarella"}]},{id:"28307",doi:"10.5772/25688",title:"Nail Psoriasis",slug:"nail-psoriasis",totalDownloads:5074,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"psoriasis",title:"Psoriasis",fullTitle:"Psoriasis"},signatures:"Eckart Haneke",authors:[{id:"64183",title:"Prof.",name:"Eckart",middleName:null,surname:"Haneke",slug:"eckart-haneke",fullName:"Eckart Haneke"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53171",title:"Drug-Induced Acneiform Eruptions",slug:"drug-induced-acneiform-eruptions",totalDownloads:3139,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"acne-and-acneiform-eruptions",title:"Acne and Acneiform Eruptions",fullTitle:"Acne and Acneiform Eruptions"},signatures:"Emin Özlü and Ayşe Serap Karadağ",authors:[{id:"188975",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ayse Serap",middleName:null,surname:"Karadag",slug:"ayse-serap-karadag",fullName:"Ayse Serap Karadag"},{id:"189961",title:"Dr.",name:"Emin",middleName:null,surname:"Ozlu",slug:"emin-ozlu",fullName:"Emin Ozlu"}]},{id:"54485",title:"Ultrasonography as a New, Non-Invasive Imagistic Technique Used for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Psoriasis",slug:"ultrasonography-as-a-new-non-invasive-imagistic-technique-used-for-the-diagnosis-and-monitoring-of-p",totalDownloads:990,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"an-interdisciplinary-approach-to-psoriasis",title:"Psoriasis",fullTitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach to Psoriasis"},signatures:"Maria Crisan, Radu Badea, Diana Crisan, Artur Bezugly, Horatiu\nColosi, Stefan Strilciuc, Amalia Ciobanu and Carmen Bianca Crivii",authors:[{id:"73086",title:"Dr.",name:"Horatiu",middleName:null,surname:"Colosi",slug:"horatiu-colosi",fullName:"Horatiu Colosi"},{id:"94766",title:"Dr",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Crisan",slug:"maria-crisan",fullName:"Maria Crisan"},{id:"138682",title:"Ms.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Crisan",slug:"diana-crisan",fullName:"Diana Crisan"},{id:"205216",title:"Prof.",name:"Sorin Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Dudea",slug:"sorin-marian-dudea",fullName:"Sorin Marian Dudea"},{id:"205217",title:"Prof.",name:"Radu",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",slug:"radu-badea",fullName:"Radu Badea"},{id:"205218",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Strilciuc",slug:"stefan-strilciuc",fullName:"Stefan Strilciuc"}]},{id:"22579",title:"Skin Biopsy Procedures: How and Where to Perform a Proper Biopsy",slug:"skin-biopsy-procedures-how-and-where-to-perform-a-proper-biopsy",totalDownloads:21982,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"skin-biopsy-perspectives",title:"Skin Biopsy",fullTitle:"Skin Biopsy - Perspectives"},signatures:"Z. Seia, L. Musso, Stefania Palazzini and M. Bertero",authors:[{id:"62817",title:"Dr.",name:"Zelda",middleName:null,surname:"Seia",slug:"zelda-seia",fullName:"Zelda Seia"},{id:"101115",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Musso",slug:"luca-musso",fullName:"Luca Musso"},{id:"101116",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Bertero",slug:"michele-bertero",fullName:"Michele Bertero"},{id:"129618",title:"Dr.",name:"Steania",middleName:null,surname:"Palazzini",slug:"steania-palazzini",fullName:"Steania Palazzini"}]},{id:"24967",title:"Genetic Epidemiology and Heritability of Vitiligo",slug:"genetic-epidemiology-and-heritability-of-vitiligo",totalDownloads:7436,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"vitiligo-management-and-therapy",title:"Vitiligo",fullTitle:"Vitiligo - Management and Therapy"},signatures:"Abdullateef A. Alzolibani, Ahmad Al Robaee and Khaled Zedan",authors:[{id:"63532",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullateef",middleName:"A.",surname:"Alzolibani",slug:"abdullateef-alzolibani",fullName:"Abdullateef Alzolibani"},{id:"63729",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:"Hashim",surname:"Zedan",slug:"khaled-zedan",fullName:"Khaled Zedan"},{id:"117858",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Al Robaee",slug:"ahmad-al-robaee",fullName:"Ahmad Al Robaee"}]},{id:"45065",title:"Skin Biopsy Diagnosis of Langerhans Cell Neoplasms",slug:"skin-biopsy-diagnosis-of-langerhans-cell-neoplasms",totalDownloads:2187,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"skin-biopsy-diagnosis-and-treatment",title:"Skin Biopsy",fullTitle:"Skin Biopsy - Diagnosis and Treatment"},signatures:"Olga L. Bohn, Julie Teruya-Feldstein and Sergio Sanchez-Sosa",authors:[{id:"53348",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Sosa",slug:"sergio-sanchez-sosa",fullName:"Sergio Sanchez-Sosa"},{id:"158320",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:"L.",surname:"Bohn",slug:"olga-bohn",fullName:"Olga Bohn"},{id:"167496",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",middleName:null,surname:"Teruya-Feldstein",slug:"julie-teruya-feldstein",fullName:"Julie Teruya-Feldstein"}]},{id:"54988",title:"Pathogenic Role of Cytokines and Effect of Their Inhibition in Psoriasis",slug:"pathogenic-role-of-cytokines-and-effect-of-their-inhibition-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:1405,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"an-interdisciplinary-approach-to-psoriasis",title:"Psoriasis",fullTitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach to Psoriasis"},signatures:"Jitlada Meephansan, Urairack Subpayasarn, Mayumi Komine and\nMamitaro Ohtsuki",authors:[{id:"201220",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayumi",middleName:null,surname:"Komine",slug:"mayumi-komine",fullName:"Mayumi Komine"},{id:"205398",title:"Dr.",name:"Jitlada",middleName:null,surname:"Meephansan",slug:"jitlada-meephansan",fullName:"Jitlada Meephansan"},{id:"205400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mamitaro",middleName:null,surname:"Ohtsuki",slug:"mamitaro-ohtsuki",fullName:"Mamitaro Ohtsuki"},{id:"205403",title:"Dr.",name:"Urairack",middleName:null,surname:"Subpayasarn",slug:"urairack-subpayasarn",fullName:"Urairack Subpayasarn"}]},{id:"54915",title:"Pharmacogenetics of Psoriasis Treatment",slug:"pharmacogenetics-of-psoriasis-treatment",totalDownloads:906,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"an-interdisciplinary-approach-to-psoriasis",title:"Psoriasis",fullTitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach to Psoriasis"},signatures:"Sara Redenšek and Vita Dolžan",authors:[{id:"60449",title:"Prof.",name:"Vita",middleName:null,surname:"Dolžan",slug:"vita-dolzan",fullName:"Vita Dolžan"},{id:"201284",title:"MSc.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Redenšek",slug:"sara-redensek",fullName:"Sara Redenšek"}]},{id:"22584",title:"Severe Drug-Induced Skin Reactions: Clinical Pattern, Diagnostics and Therapy",slug:"severe-drug-induced-skin-reactions-clinical-pattern-diagnostics-and-therapy",totalDownloads:6804,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"skin-biopsy-perspectives",title:"Skin Biopsy",fullTitle:"Skin Biopsy - Perspectives"},signatures:"Mirjana Ziemer and Maja Mockenhaupt",authors:[{id:"47304",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Mockenhaupt",slug:"maja-mockenhaupt",fullName:"Maja Mockenhaupt"},{id:"47333",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirjana",middleName:null,surname:"Ziemer",slug:"mirjana-ziemer",fullName:"Mirjana Ziemer"}]},{id:"25241",title:"Epidemiology of Contact Dermatitis",slug:"epidemiology-of-contact-dermatitis",totalDownloads:4914,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"contact-dermatitis",title:"Contact Dermatitis",fullTitle:"Contact Dermatitis"},signatures:"Jesús Jurado-Palomo, Álvaro Moreno-Ancillo, Irina Diana Bobolea, Carmen Panizo Bravo and Iván Cervigón González",authors:[{id:"67960",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Palomo",slug:"jesus-jurado-palomo",fullName:"Jesús Jurado-Palomo"},{id:"77021",title:"Prof.",name:"Álvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-Ancillo",slug:"alvaro-moreno-ancillo",fullName:"Álvaro Moreno-Ancillo"},{id:"119367",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Bobolea",slug:"irina-diana-bobolea",fullName:"Irina Diana Bobolea"},{id:"119369",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Panizo Bravo",slug:"carmen-panizo-bravo",fullName:"Carmen Panizo Bravo"},{id:"119370",title:"Prof.",name:"Iván",middleName:null,surname:"Cervigón González",slug:"ivan-cervigon-gonzalez",fullName:"Iván Cervigón González"}]},{id:"28315",title:"Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy in Psoriasis",slug:"food-nutrition-and-diet-therapy-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:6507,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"psoriasis",title:"Psoriasis",fullTitle:"Psoriasis"},signatures:"Maria Lucia Diniz Araujo, Paulla Suylane Santos Fernandes Costa and Maria Goretti Pessoa de Araujo Burgos",authors:[{id:"69462",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Diniz Araujo",slug:"maria-lucia-diniz-araujo",fullName:"Maria Lucia Diniz Araujo"},{id:"116886",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Goretti",middleName:null,surname:"Pessoa De Araújo Burgos",slug:"maria-goretti-pessoa-de-araujo-burgos",fullName:"Maria Goretti Pessoa De Araújo Burgos"},{id:"116887",title:"Ms.",name:"Paulla Suylane",middleName:"Santos",surname:"Fernandes Costa",slug:"paulla-suylane-fernandes-costa",fullName:"Paulla Suylane Fernandes Costa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"dermatoepidemiology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/finite-element-method-simulation-numerical-analysis-and-solution-techniques/application-of-finite-element-analysis-in-multiscale-metal-forming-process",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"finite-element-method-simulation-numerical-analysis-and-solution-techniques",chapter:"application-of-finite-element-analysis-in-multiscale-metal-forming-process"},fullPath:"/books/finite-element-method-simulation-numerical-analysis-and-solution-techniques/application-of-finite-element-analysis-in-multiscale-metal-forming-process",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()