Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"213",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Environmental Management in Practice",title:"Environmental Management in Practice",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In recent years the topic of environmental management has become very common. In sustainable development conditions, central and local governments much more often notice the need of acting in ways that diminish negative impact on environment. Environmental management may take place on many different levels - starting from global level, e.g. climate changes, through national and regional level (environmental policy) and ending on micro level. This publication shows many examples of environmental management. The diversity of presented aspects within environmental management and approaching the subject from the perspective of various countries contributes greatly to the development of environmental management field of research.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-358-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6018-2",doi:"10.5772/738",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"environmental-management-in-practice",numberOfPages:460,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"a3a1aedd300eee04cacc8743f6fb60d0",bookSignature:"Elzbieta Broniewicz",publishedDate:"July 5th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/213.jpg",numberOfDownloads:106508,numberOfWosCitations:59,numberOfCrossrefCitations:30,numberOfDimensionsCitations:85,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:174,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 19th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 16th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 23rd 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 22nd 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 21st 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"30436",title:"Dr.",name:"Elzbieta",middleName:null,surname:"Broniewicz",slug:"elzbieta-broniewicz",fullName:"Elzbieta Broniewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30436/images/1814_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Elzbieta Broniewicz is a graduate of environmental engineering on Technical University in Bialystok, Poland. In 1998 she received her PhD in the field of economics. In her teaching and scientific work she combines engineering with economics. The main fields of her interest are: environmental expenditure accounts, environmental goods and services sector, environmental management system and environmental impact assessment.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"782",title:"Environmental Management",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-environmental-management"}],chapters:[{id:"16280",title:"Curbing Climate Change through a National Development of Climate Change Policy",doi:"10.5772/18444",slug:"curbing-climate-change-through-a-national-development-of-climate-change-policy",totalDownloads:2650,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Sumiani Yusoff",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16280",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16280",authors:[{id:"31519",title:"Prof.",name:"Sumiani",surname:"Yusoff",slug:"sumiani-yusoff",fullName:"Sumiani Yusoff"}],corrections:null},{id:"16281",title:"Environmental Protection Expenditure in European Union",doi:"10.5772/18110",slug:"environmental-protection-expenditure-in-european-union",totalDownloads:2631,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Elzbieta Broniewicz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16281",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16281",authors:[{id:"30436",title:"Dr.",name:"Elzbieta",surname:"Broniewicz",slug:"elzbieta-broniewicz",fullName:"Elzbieta Broniewicz"},{id:"128341",title:"Dr.",name:"Elzbieta",surname:"Broniewicz",slug:"elzbieta-broniewicz",fullName:"Elzbieta Broniewicz"}],corrections:null},{id:"16282",title:"Community Ecology and Capacity: Advancing Environmental Communication Strategies among Diverse Stakeholders",doi:"10.5772/17240",slug:"community-ecology-and-capacity-advancing-environmental-communication-strategies-among-diverse-stakeh",totalDownloads:1602,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Rosemary M. Caron, Michael E. Rezaee and Danielle Dionne",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16282",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16282",authors:[{id:"27731",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosemary",surname:"Caron",slug:"rosemary-caron",fullName:"Rosemary Caron"},{id:"62766",title:"MSc",name:"Michael",surname:"Rezaee",slug:"michael-rezaee",fullName:"Michael Rezaee"},{id:"62767",title:"BSc",name:"Danielle",surname:"Dionne",slug:"danielle-dionne",fullName:"Danielle Dionne"}],corrections:null},{id:"16283",title:"Regional Issues in Environmental Management",doi:"10.5772/17267",slug:"regional-issues-in-environmental-management",totalDownloads:2248,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hiroyuki Taguchi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16283",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16283",authors:[{id:"27814",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Taguchi",slug:"hiroyuki-taguchi",fullName:"Hiroyuki Taguchi"}],corrections:null},{id:"16284",title:"Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control",doi:"10.5772/24487",slug:"geo-environmental-terrain-assessments-based-on-remote-sensing-tools-a-review-of-applications-to-haza",totalDownloads:3404,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Paulo Cesar Fernandes da Silva and John Canning Cripps",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16284",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16284",authors:[{id:"57700",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Fernandes-Da-Silva",slug:"paulo-fernandes-da-silva",fullName:"Paulo Fernandes-Da-Silva"},{id:"57702",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Cripps",slug:"john-cripps",fullName:"John Cripps"}],corrections:null},{id:"16285",title:"The Implementation of IPPC Directive in the Mediterranean Area",doi:"10.5772/17894",slug:"the-implementation-of-ippc-directive-in-the-mediterranean-area",totalDownloads:2227,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Tiberio Daddi, Maria Rosa De Giacomo, Marco Frey, Francesco Testa and Fabio Iraldo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16285",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16285",authors:[{id:"22437",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Frey",slug:"marco-frey",fullName:"Marco Frey"},{id:"29753",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiberio",surname:"Daddi",slug:"tiberio-daddi",fullName:"Tiberio Daddi"},{id:"43318",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Rosa",surname:"De Giacomo",slug:"maria-rosa-de-giacomo",fullName:"Maria Rosa De Giacomo"},{id:"43319",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Testa",slug:"francesco-testa",fullName:"Francesco Testa"},{id:"43320",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Iraldo",slug:"fabio-iraldo",fullName:"Fabio Iraldo"}],corrections:null},{id:"16286",title:"Contaminated Sites and Public Policies in Sao Paulo State, Brazil",doi:"10.5772/21748",slug:"contaminated-sites-and-public-policies-in-sao-paulo-state-brazil",totalDownloads:2306,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ana Luiza Silva Spínola and Arlindo Philippi Jr.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16286",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16286",authors:[{id:"44596",title:"MSc",name:"Ana Luiza",surname:"Spínola",slug:"ana-luiza-spinola",fullName:"Ana Luiza Spínola"},{id:"128360",title:"Prof.",name:"Arlindo",surname:"Philippi",slug:"arlindo-philippi",fullName:"Arlindo Philippi"}],corrections:null},{id:"16287",title:"Sustainable Management of Muddy Coastlines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84013",slug:"sustainable-management-of-muddy-coastlines",totalDownloads:2575,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Steven Odi-Owei and Itolima Ologhadien",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16287",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16287",authors:[{id:"46130",title:"Prof.",name:"Steven",surname:"Odi-Owei",slug:"steven-odi-owei",fullName:"Steven Odi-Owei"},{id:"46154",title:"Mr.",name:"Itolima",surname:"Ologhadien",slug:"itolima-ologhadien",fullName:"Itolima Ologhadien"}],corrections:null},{id:"16288",title:"Indicators of Sustainable Business Practices",doi:"10.5772/17254",slug:"indicators-of-sustainable-business-practices",totalDownloads:4326,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Hyunkee Bae and Richard S. Smardon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16288",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16288",authors:[{id:"27772",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyunkee",surname:"Bae",slug:"hyunkee-bae",fullName:"Hyunkee Bae"},{id:"76107",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",surname:"Smardon",slug:"richard-smardon",fullName:"Richard Smardon"}],corrections:null},{id:"16289",title:"Assessment of Industrial Pollution Load in Lagos, Nigeria by Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) versus Effluent Analysis",doi:"10.5772/23353",slug:"assessment-of-industrial-pollution-load-in-lagos-nigeria-by-industrial-pollution-projection-system-i",totalDownloads:5630,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Adebola Oketola and Oladele Osibanjo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16289",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16289",authors:[{id:"51675",title:"Dr.",name:"Adebola",surname:"Adeyi",slug:"adebola-adeyi",fullName:"Adebola Adeyi"},{id:"58376",title:"Prof.",name:"Oladele",surname:"Osibanjo",slug:"oladele-osibanjo",fullName:"Oladele Osibanjo"}],corrections:null},{id:"16290",title:"Pollution Prevention in the Pulp and Paper Industries",doi:"10.5772/23709",slug:"pollution-prevention-in-the-pulp-and-paper-industries",totalDownloads:29748,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:28,signatures:"Bahar K. Ince, Zeynep Cetecioglu and Orhan Ince",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16290",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16290",authors:[{id:"48845",title:"Prof.",name:"Orhan",surname:"Ince",slug:"orhan-ince",fullName:"Orhan Ince"},{id:"53263",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynep",surname:"Cetecioglu",slug:"zeynep-cetecioglu",fullName:"Zeynep Cetecioglu"},{id:"56506",title:"Prof.",name:"Bahar",surname:"Ince",slug:"bahar-ince",fullName:"Bahar Ince"}],corrections:null},{id:"16291",title:"Retrofit Approach for the Reduction of Water and Energy Consumption in Pulp and Paper Production Processes",doi:"10.5772/20882",slug:"retrofit-approach-for-the-reduction-of-water-and-energy-consumption-in-pulp-and-paper-production-pro",totalDownloads:3573,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Jesus Martinez Patino and Martin Picon Nunez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16291",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16291",authors:[{id:"40882",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",surname:"Martinez-Patino",slug:"jesus-martinez-patino",fullName:"Jesús Martinez-Patino"},{id:"46888",title:"Dr.",name:"Martín",surname:"Picon-Nunez",slug:"martin-picon-nunez",fullName:"Martín Picon-Nunez"}],corrections:null},{id:"16292",title:"An Application Model for Sustainability in the Construction Industry",doi:"10.5772/22500",slug:"an-application-model-for-sustainability-in-the-construction-industry",totalDownloads:2244,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Fernando Beiriz and Assed Haddad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16292",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16292",authors:[{id:"27454",title:"Prof.",name:"Assed",surname:"Haddad",slug:"assed-haddad",fullName:"Assed Haddad"},{id:"47945",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Beiriz",slug:"fernando-beiriz",fullName:"Fernando Beiriz"}],corrections:null},{id:"16293",title:"Assessing the SMEs’ Competitive Strategies on the Impact of Environmental Factors: A Quantitative SWOT Analysis Application",doi:"10.5772/21472",slug:"assessing-the-smes-competitive-strategies-on-the-impact-of-environmental-factors-a-quantitative-swot",totalDownloads:3201,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Hui-Lin Hai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16293",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16293",authors:[{id:"43205",title:"Prof.",name:"Hui Lin",surname:"Hai",slug:"hui-lin-hai",fullName:"Hui Lin Hai"}],corrections:null},{id:"16294",title:"Implementation of ISO 14000 in Luggage Manufacturing Industry: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/17278",slug:"implementation-of-iso-14000-in-luggage-manufacturing-industry-a-case-study",totalDownloads:4943,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"S. B. Jaju",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16294",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16294",authors:[{id:"27839",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",surname:"Jaju",slug:"santosh-jaju",fullName:"Santosh Jaju"}],corrections:null},{id:"16295",title:"The Statistical Distributions of Industrial Wastes: an Analysis of the Japanese Establishment Linked Input-output Data",doi:"10.5772/18177",slug:"the-statistical-distributions-of-industrial-wastes-an-analysis-of-the-japanese-establishment-linked-",totalDownloads:1761,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hitoshi Hayami and Masao Nakamura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16295",authors:[{id:"30662",title:"Prof.",name:"Masao",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"masao-nakamura",fullName:"Masao Nakamura"},{id:"37239",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",surname:"Hayami",slug:"hitoshi-hayami",fullName:"Hitoshi Hayami"}],corrections:null},{id:"16296",title:"The Effects of Paper Recycling and its Environmental Impact",doi:"10.5772/23110",slug:"the-effects-of-paper-recycling-and-its-environmental-impact",totalDownloads:11324,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:19,signatures:"Iveta Cabalova, Frantisek Kacik, Anton Geffert and Danica Kacikova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16296",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16296",authors:[{id:"50631",title:"Dr.",name:"Iveta",surname:"Čabalová",slug:"iveta-cabalova",fullName:"Iveta Čabalová"},{id:"50672",title:"Prof.",name:"František",surname:"Kačík",slug:"frantisek-kacik",fullName:"František Kačík"},{id:"50673",title:"Dr.",name:"Danica",surname:"Kačíková",slug:"danica-kacikova",fullName:"Danica Kačíková"},{id:"50674",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Geffert",slug:"anton-geffert",fullName:"Anton Geffert"}],corrections:null},{id:"16297",title:"Overview Management Chemical Residues of Laboratories in Academic Institutions in Brazil",doi:"10.5772/17181",slug:"overview-management-chemical-residues-of-laboratories-in-academic-institutions-in-brazil",totalDownloads:2780,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Patrícia Carla Giloni-Lima, Vanderlei Aparecido de Lima and Adriana Massaê Kataoka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16297",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16297",authors:[{id:"27508",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia Carla",surname:"Giloni",slug:"patricia-carla-giloni",fullName:"Patricia Carla Giloni"},{id:"45416",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana Massaê",surname:"Kataoka",slug:"adriana-massae-kataoka",fullName:"Adriana Massaê Kataoka"},{id:"45427",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanderlei Aparecido de",surname:"Lima",slug:"vanderlei-aparecido-de-lima",fullName:"Vanderlei Aparecido de Lima"},{id:"128370",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanderlei Aparecido De",surname:"Lima",slug:"vanderlei-aparecido-de-lima",fullName:"Vanderlei Aparecido De Lima"}],corrections:null},{id:"16298",title:"Lengthening Biolubricants' Lifetime by Using Porous Materials",doi:"10.5772/22302",slug:"lengthening-biolubricants-lifetime-by-using-porous-materials",totalDownloads:3102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Estibaliz Aranzabe, Arrate Marcaide, Marta Hernaiz and Nerea Uranga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16298",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16298",authors:[{id:"47154",title:"Mrs",name:"Estibaliz",surname:"Aranzabe",slug:"estibaliz-aranzabe",fullName:"Estibaliz Aranzabe"},{id:"47163",title:"Mrs.",name:"Arrate",surname:"Marcaide",slug:"arrate-marcaide",fullName:"Arrate Marcaide"},{id:"47164",title:"Mrs",name:"Marta",surname:"Hernaiz",slug:"marta-hernaiz",fullName:"Marta Hernaiz"},{id:"47165",title:"Mrs",name:"Nerea",surname:"Uranga",slug:"nerea-uranga",fullName:"Nerea Uranga"}],corrections:null},{id:"16299",title:"A Fuzzy Water Quality Index for Watershed Quality Analysis and Management",doi:"10.5772/20316",slug:"a-fuzzy-water-quality-index-for-watershed-quality-analysis-and-management",totalDownloads:3924,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,signatures:"André Lermontov, Lidia Yokoyama, Mihail Lermontov and Maria Augusta Soares Machado",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16299",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16299",authors:[{id:"38386",title:"Dr",name:"André",surname:"Lermontov",slug:"andre-lermontov",fullName:"André Lermontov"},{id:"44333",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidia",surname:"Yokoyama",slug:"lidia-yokoyama",fullName:"Lidia Yokoyama"},{id:"44334",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihail",surname:"Lermontov",slug:"mihail-lermontov",fullName:"Mihail Lermontov"},{id:"44335",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Augusta",surname:"Soares Machado",slug:"maria-augusta-soares-machado",fullName:"Maria Augusta Soares Machado"}],corrections:null},{id:"16300",title:"Environmental Management of Wastewater Treatment Plants – the Added Value of the Ecotoxicological Approach",doi:"10.5772/18389",slug:"environmental-management-of-wastewater-treatment-plants-the-added-value-of-the-ecotoxicological-appr",totalDownloads:5589,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Elsa Mendonça, Ana Picado,\nMaria Ana Cunha and Justina Catarino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16300",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16300",authors:[{id:"31349",title:"Dr.",name:"Elsa",surname:"Mendonça",slug:"elsa-mendonca",fullName:"Elsa Mendonça"},{id:"44246",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Picado",slug:"ana-picado",fullName:"Ana Picado"},{id:"44247",title:"Mr.",name:"Maria Ana",surname:"Cunha",slug:"maria-ana-cunha",fullName:"Maria Ana Cunha"},{id:"44266",title:"Dr.",name:"Justina",surname:"Catarino",slug:"justina-catarino",fullName:"Justina Catarino"}],corrections:null},{id:"16301",title:"Technology Roadmap for Wastewater Reuse in Petroleum Refineries in Brazil",doi:"10.5772/20297",slug:"technology-roadmap-for-wastewater-reuse-in-petroleum-refineries-in-brazil",totalDownloads:4746,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Felipe Pombo, Alessandra Magrini and Alexandre Szklo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16301",authors:[{id:"38305",title:"MSc",name:"Felipe",surname:"Pombo",slug:"felipe-pombo",fullName:"Felipe Pombo"},{id:"43382",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",surname:"Magrini",slug:"alessandra-magrini",fullName:"Alessandra Magrini"},{id:"43383",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"Szklo",slug:"alexandre-szklo",fullName:"Alexandre Szklo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"403",title:"Planet Earth 2011",subtitle:"Global Warming Challenges and Opportunities for Policy and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52a6385d63c583025b22d5e45871d054",slug:"planet-earth-2011-global-warming-challenges-and-opportunities-for-policy-and-practice",bookSignature:"Elias G. Carayannis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62806",title:"Prof.",name:"Elias",surname:"Carayannis",slug:"elias-carayannis",fullName:"Elias Carayannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"610",title:"Environmental Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d969c446da0e9fd096144fc7260725e4",slug:"environmental-monitoring",bookSignature:"Ema O. Ekundayo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/610.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72005",title:"Dr",name:"Ema",surname:"Ekundayo",slug:"ema-ekundayo",fullName:"Ema Ekundayo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"72604",slug:"erratum-faecal-incontinence-and-autoimmune-diseases",title:"Erratum - Faecal Incontinence and Autoimmune Diseases",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72604.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72604",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72604",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72604",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72604",chapter:{id:"69125",slug:"faecal-incontinence-and-autoimmune-diseases",signatures:"Batool Mutar Mahdi",dateSubmitted:"November 26th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 21st 2019",datePrePublished:"October 2nd 2019",datePublished:"April 29th 2020",book:{id:"7861",title:"Current Topics in Faecal Incontinence",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Faecal Incontinence",slug:"current-topics-in-faecal-incontinence",publishedDate:"April 29th 2020",bookSignature:"John Camilleri-Brennan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7861.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169437",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Camilleri-Brennan",slug:"john-camilleri-brennan",fullName:"John Camilleri-Brennan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"77656",title:"Dr.",name:"Batool Mutar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahdi",fullName:"Batool Mutar Mahdi",slug:"batool-mutar-mahdi",email:"abas_susan@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Baghdad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"69125",slug:"faecal-incontinence-and-autoimmune-diseases",signatures:"Batool Mutar Mahdi",dateSubmitted:"November 26th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 21st 2019",datePrePublished:"October 2nd 2019",datePublished:"April 29th 2020",book:{id:"7861",title:"Current Topics in Faecal Incontinence",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Faecal Incontinence",slug:"current-topics-in-faecal-incontinence",publishedDate:"April 29th 2020",bookSignature:"John Camilleri-Brennan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7861.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169437",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Camilleri-Brennan",slug:"john-camilleri-brennan",fullName:"John Camilleri-Brennan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"77656",title:"Dr.",name:"Batool Mutar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahdi",fullName:"Batool Mutar Mahdi",slug:"batool-mutar-mahdi",email:"abas_susan@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Baghdad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}]},book:{id:"7861",title:"Current Topics in Faecal Incontinence",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Faecal Incontinence",slug:"current-topics-in-faecal-incontinence",publishedDate:"April 29th 2020",bookSignature:"John Camilleri-Brennan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7861.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169437",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Camilleri-Brennan",slug:"john-camilleri-brennan",fullName:"John Camilleri-Brennan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10656",leadTitle:null,title:"Intellectual Property",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tIn this book, Intellectual Property Rights will be considered and we will show their continuous growth. Intellectual Property Rights are an important tool to demonstrate the economy of any developing countries. For a few years Intellectual Property professionals have been in constant demand as there has been an increased emphasis towards the protection of Intellectual property. The number of applications filed in the field of Biotechnological invention, plant varieties and traditional medicines continues to grow throughout the world. So with the advancement of technology and communication, it is becoming a big and complex task for the proprietor to protect their intellectual property.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe book chapters will be written by leading experts in the field, each chapter will guide the readers to understand its basics and concepts thoroughly.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-921-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-920-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-922-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"135df9b403b125a6458eba971faab3f6",bookSignature:"Dr. Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Dr. Suriyaprakash TNK",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10656.jpg",keywords:"Paris Convention, Patent Cooperation Treaty, Berne Convention, Madrid Agreement, Biotechnological Invention, IPR concepts for Biotechnological Products, Geographical Indications, Plant, Ayurveda, Patent, Phytosomes, NDDS",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 3rd 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 3rd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 21st 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 19th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"44 minutes",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A Pioneering Researcher in Pharmaceutical Science from Anna University and honored Research Fellow from Antiviral Research Society. Dr. Prabu authored 102 research /review articles, 22 book chapters, and edited 4 books.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A Researcher from Al Shifa College of Pharmacy and a Holder of 2 Patents. He published more than 50 original research and review papers in reputed journals, authored 4 books, edited 3 books, and wrote 12 book chapters.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/91590/images/system/91590.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu has been working at Anna University Chennai, BIT Campus, Trichy, India since 2009. He is a GATE qualified personality and secured 110th rank at all India level. He has more than 20 years’ experience including both in reputed pharmaceutical industries and academic institutions. Dr Prabu obtained his Ph.D from Manipal University and Post Graduate Diploma in Intellectual Property Rights Law from National Law School of India University, Bangalore. From his research contribution he published 102 peer-reviewed publications in reputed international and national journals, authored 22 book chapters in various publication like Elsevier, Springer, IGI etc. and edited 4 books. Dr. Prabu has been the Editor of books Intellectual Property Rights, Intellectual Property Rights-Patents with InTech, Croatia. He also has 4 patents to his name (3 international Patents and 1 Indian Patent). He serves as reviewer for eight reputed journals and is an editorial board member for five journals. He has organized various national and international conferences, hands on training, workshops and symposium and added to his credit Dr. Prabu is a Principal investigator in government funded project sponsored by DBT, New Delhi.",institutionString:"Anna University, Chennai",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Anna University, Chennai",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"295389",title:"Dr.",name:"Suriyaprakash",middleName:null,surname:"TNK",slug:"suriyaprakash-tnk",fullName:"Suriyaprakash TNK",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/295389/images/system/295389.jpg",biography:"TNK Suriyaprakash is a proud alumnus of Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, for BPharm, and Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, (BITS Pilani), Rajasthan, for MPharm. He was awarded his PhD in Pharmaceutical Technology by the Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai. He has published nearly 50 original research and review papers in reputed journals and authored 2 books, edited 3 books and has written 12 book chapters published in Elsevier, IGI Global, and IntechOpen publishers. Two of his research works have been published by the Indian Patent Office, Chennai. Book chapters entitled 'Extraction of Drug from the Biological Matrix: A Review,” and 'Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics”, of Intech Publication, have been downloaded more than 25,000 times worldwide. To his credit he has received the equivalent of 50,000 USD in research grants from various funding agencies. During his tenure as principal, the Al Shifa College of Pharmacy was recognized as a top-ranked college for the past three years in Kerala State by Ministry of Human Resource Department, New Delhi, under National Institutional Ranking Network (NIRF).",institutionString:"Kerala University of Health Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Kerala University of Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"345821",firstName:"Darko",lastName:"Hrvojic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"darko@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6927",title:"Intellectual Property Rights",subtitle:"Patent",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd5884b3bce2ec6f77a8356ea384a37",slug:"intellectual-property-rights-patent",bookSignature:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu, Suriyaprakash Tnk, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6927.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5753",title:"Intellectual Property Rights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c482cb3d02459eedcb10e874c078f272",slug:"intellectual-property-rights",bookSignature:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Timmadonu Narasimman Kuppusami Suriyaprakasha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5753.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6942",title:"Global Social Work",subtitle:"Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222c8a66edfc7a4a6537af7565bcb3de",slug:"global-social-work-cutting-edge-issues-and-critical-reflections",bookSignature:"Bala Raju Nikku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263576",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",surname:"Nikku",slug:"bala-nikku",fullName:"Bala Nikku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"73616",title:"Assessment Methods of Cognitive Ability of Human Brains for Inborn Intelligence Potential Using Pattern Recognitions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93268",slug:"assessment-methods-of-cognitive-ability-of-human-brains-for-inborn-intelligence-potential-using-patt",body:'
1. Introduction
Clinical specialists, through tracking, recording, comparison, induction, and also professional trials showed that fingerprints deliver the exact evaluation of a character’s innate talents. The evaluation gadget opinions the distribution of mind’s understanding ability and also allotment of cerebral characteristic of a selected and additionally elements suitable statistical document of person’s innate intelligence. Thus, it permits increase of the man or woman in international of leading information.
This can help the guide/mentor to recognize the inherent qualities and powerful conversation mode of the man or woman. It will provide the maximum right discovering behaviors from the young age, which would be over and above to finding out capabilities. It can likewise help the guide/mentor to recognize the development of more than one intelligence and also uncover the opportunity of the man or woman. Therefore, it will be very easy to decorate their vulnerable factor through the proposed method in a good way to accomplish ordinary development.
Last but not least we would really like to carry the message to all guides/mentors in addition to people that the aim of this test is to permit you to absolutely recognize and also appreciate precise differences of anyone and additionally provide education and mastering and/or schooling for this reason.
Our thoughts are separated into hemispheres, left and right. Each hemisphere of the mind has its very own resilience. Fingers of right hand constitute the features of left mind as well as arms of left hand represent the features of right brain. Each intelligence has its very own weight age. Overall distribution of intelligences’ portion can be 100%.
In this chapter, authors applied bifurcation, termination, and neural network for feature extraction and got 90.06% accuracy for identifying an authorized person with the help of a proposed figureprint recognition method [1]. For human face recognition from side view of face, authors used Manhattan distance and support vector machine of artificial neural network, along with front view analysis and achieved up to 95.3528% accuracy in their work [2]. In the chapter, authors compared the performance of different biometric technologies like fingerprint, hand geometry, key stroke, etc. on the basis of EER, FAR, and FRP. The chapter is based on standardized fingerprint model for fingerprint matching. The author used mean images and genetic algorithm. Transformation is also used for synthesizing a fingerprint [3].
In this chapter, authors had thrown the light on the many preexisting methods and techniques of fingerprint recognition system. All four stages of fingerprint recognition system were elaborated briefly. Database related to fingerprint recognition had shown with characteristics [4]. For fingerprint recognition, the popular technique is “Euclidean distance” and “neural network classifier”, whereas for preprocessing of images, “histogram equalization” and “fast Fourier transformation” are used. The result of this work was significantly better than the previous work [5].
In the chapter, authors first developed a CNN framework for more hygiene and accurate contactless fingerprint recognition and this work also helped to alleviate spoofing of fingerprint and shown much greater security than the preexisting methods [6]. In the chapter, authors used color coding scheme, Sobel and Canny method, HSV histogram, edge detector method, and Corel-1 K dataset for detection of color object [7]. In this chapter, authors gave a thorough knowledge of fingerprint recognition and also proposed a secured fingerprint recognition payment system [8].
This chapter defined many aspects, methods, and techniques like Gabor filter, FFT, minimum distance classifier, histogram equalization, fusion and context switching framework, etc. for fingerprint-based identification system [9].
In this chapter, authors applied LGXP and ANN techniques for face recognition to handle variation in human face due to change in pose, illumination condition, viewing direction, and expression of different ages [10]. In this fingerprint-based biometric review paper, authors briefly discussed different attacks, and compared different existing methods of biometric cryptosystem, cancellable biometrics, etc. for fingerprint template protection [11]. The most widely used biometrics is fingerprint technology. The fingerprint is a pattern of ridges and valleys present on the surface of a fingertip [12]. The finger ridge configurations do not change throughout the life of an individual, except in case of accidents such as burns or cuts on the fingertips. The fingerprints are so unique that two identical twins have different fingerprints [13]. Matching accuracy using fingerprint is very high as compared to other biometrical traits. Initially the fingerprint technology of biometric identification is used for forensics and criminal investigation (Figure 1) [14].
Figure 1.
Examples of body traits that can be used for biometric recognition (courtesy: http://images.google.co.in).
2. Proposed methodology
Various pattern kinds will definitely display the flow of different worth. In ordinary situations for the general public of people, the worth will truly range from 8 to 30. If the worth is high, it indicates that the function of the thoughts cortex assignment stage is high. Everybody has the capability for selected natural pinnacle traits. With boosting and locating out, it is easy to turn out to be being a better human. Support the thought that every of us can absolutely stimulate our viable and might accomplish first-rate future (Figures 2–4).
Figure 2.
Left and right part of brain (https://www.google.com/).
Figure 3.
Fingerprint of left and right hand of 5 years child.
Figure 4.
Workflow diagram.
Inborn intelligence potential:
Low potential
Average potential
Good potential
Very good potential
Excellent potential
Hyper active
2.1 Left brain
Analytical mind is more likely to exhibit self-awareness, logical thinking, language & grammar, curiosity, and love [15]. They individuals are usually desirable in teachers. They have convergent reasoning and can deliver their power and also emphasis at one factor. They prefer to respond to Spoken guidelines. They want to fix the issues by searching at the parts of points [16]. They are in a position situate the difference transgression comparable points speedy. They are an awful lot more supposed and also based. Prefer more than one option checks. They have the functionality to manipulate their feeling sand emotions. They like foundation, problems, word developing, problem resolving, crosswords, and so forth [17].
They include coping with the problems via checking out the problem usual. They are able draw the whole image in their thoughts quick. They are extra intuitive and paintings upon sensations. Their feelings and emotions do not have any limitations, and that they typically seem [18].
2.2 Right brain
Creative mind is tons more inclined toward social talents, creativity, gross electric powered motor competencies obligations, tune, sun shades, photos, dance, art, rhythms, appearing, paint, modeling, style, outside sporting sports, and so on. They are generally brilliant in extracurricular sports, generally creative ones. They have a tendency to throw the dismiss of window [19]. They have specific reasoning that incorporates creativeness and also thoughts. As properly as they are commonly misplaced in their personal ideas, thoughts and global. They may be actually present, psychologically lacking. Right mind individuals choose to answer to proven path (Figure 5) [20].
Figure 5.
Feature extraction from fingerprint.
3. Functions of brain of different sections
The brain is responsible for personality and characteristics. Impulse control, capability to evaluate social situations, socializations, spontaneity, capacity to override as well as subdue unwanted social practices, movements. Cognitive features (Exec Features) [21]: judgment, thinking, problem addressing, planning, social capabilities, control, abstract reasoning, imagination, and initiative responsibilities that need the assimilation of data in time, capability to decide similarities and differences between matters or activities, and mental features [22].
The brain is responsible for creative thinking and visualization. Abstract concept, hassle solving, summary thinking, language tasks of math, thinking, coping with phrases as well as grammar syntax, visualization, creativeness, and ideas in addition to principles formation [23].
The brain is responsible for processing auditory information. They differentiate differences in sound, pitch, and also quantity and set up their importance. The proper temporal lobe is in rate of musical appreciation, even as the left temporal lobe is liable for the expertise of speech. Left temporal lesions lead to damaged reminiscence for verbal product. Right aspect lesions lead to impaired recall of nonverbal product, consisting of track [24].
The brain is responsible for processing visual information. They process information about objects, colors, motion distance, words, signs identification of objects, and symbols [25]. Responsible for spatial awareness and for processing and analyzing sensory stimuli. They play vital roles in incorporating sensory info from several detects in addition to within the manager of things. Portions of the parietal lobes are covered with visible-spatial potential [26].
Rational thinking, planning, coordinating, controlling, executing achievement, self-motivation, and self-awareness.
Leadership, interpersonal skill, creativity, and goal visualization.
Self-esteem, intuition, and the ability to understand others point of view.
Logical reasoning, computation process, analytical skills, and conceptual understanding.
Numeric, grammar syntax, and cause and effect relationships.
Imagination, idea formation, visualization, 3D recognition, visual spatial ability, and hand-eye co-ordination.
Fine motor skills, action identification and understanding, finger control, and control of body movements.
Gross motor skills, body movement and sensory information, and eyes body co-ordination.
Language ability, language understanding, and audio identification.
Ability and syntax of language.
Tone understanding, sound and voice understanding, music, emotions, and feelings.
Visual identification, interpretation, reading, observation, image appreciation, and recognition of shapes and colors.
Visualization, visual appreciation, art, and esthetic.
Sense understanding of maps, visuals, graphical, and communications [27].
Further mind is cut up into two components, left brain in addition to right brain. Left brain controls a great aspect of the body and vice-versa. Science has showed that within the very identical wattle, left and right brain do different precise obligations. So, mind has 10 booths, 5 left and 5 proper; every compartment has info and pre-detailed feature [28]. Additionally, our brain has approximately one hundred billion Neuron cells, which are separated in arbitrary order into those 10 areas. It is hard that two people have very identical nerve cellular distribution [29]. One could sincerely want to do that place’s paintings, in which the nerve cell count number is a lot greater. He will in reality revel in that paintings and will simply discover it clean. It will actually be longevity region. One could despise to try this compartment’s work, in which nerve mobile dependency is a lot less. He will now not adore it and will without a doubt locate it difficult to do. It will in reality be a susceptible region [30].
3.1 Verbal intelligence
Preferences: write, read, tell stories, talk, memorize, work at solving puzzles, etc. Learns through: hearing and seeing words, speaking, reading, writing, discussing, debating, etc. Needs: books, tapes, papers, diaries, writing tools, dialog, discussion, debates, stories, etc. [31].
Activity involve in
Most in all likelihood to concerts or musicals.
Establish a collection of preferred musical recordings in addition to pay attention to them on an everyday foundation.
Join a community choir.
Take legit music training in a specific tool.
Work with a song’s specialist.
Spend 1 h every week taking note of an ordinary design of songs (jazz, the United States of America; western, classical, people, international; or other categories).
Establish an ordinary household sing-alongside time.
Purchase an electronic keyboard and also find out honest tunes in addition to chords.
Purchase percussion contraptions at a plaything shop and play them in rhythm to historical past track.
Take a course in song appreciation or songs concept at a local institute.
Read songs objection in papers and courses.
Purchase contemporary gadgets (MIDI interface, computer machine software program) with a purpose to definitely (Figures 6 and 7; Table 1) [32].
Figure 6.
Graphical representation of EQ , IQ , AQ , CQ .
Figure 7.
Graphical representation.
EQ
IQ
AQ
CQ
1 Year
16.34
13.34
12.21
21.94
2 Year
18.34
16.98
16.21
22.03
3 Year
21.21
19.2
19.21
22.94
4 Year
25.08
22.45
21.21
23.94
5 Year
26.78
25.08
24.21
23.94
Table 1.
Values of EQ , IQ , AQ , and CQ from fingerprint of children from 1 to 5 years.
4. Conclusion
Cognitive science, cognitive informatics, and computer modeling with pattern recognition of finger require some basic fundamentals for their implementation as cognitive concept in various applications of science and engineering, and the chapter has introduced and has bright future perspectives. It can be used as a useful adjunct to aid in preliminary study of field and behavior of child. Such measures can also help the couple to seek appropriate medical care and services for affected children. It will help the parents to be better equipped with management of such children. Also, the early detection of inborn errors is crucial because it can used as a vital tool to counsel the couple about avoiding conception of further affected fetuses. Historical background of cognitive science, cognitive map, and perception to conception were introduced in addition to cognitive network, modeling, and architecture for brain mapping with human fingerprint.
\n',keywords:"Galtian characteristic, pattern recognition, neural network, cognitive cell, intelligence",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73616.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73616.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73616",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73616",totalDownloads:51,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 30th 2020",dateReviewed:"June 25th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 15th 2020",datePublished:"February 10th 2021",dateFinished:"October 15th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This research aims to examine the scientific study related to fingerprint patterns and brains lobes. Generally, this method is used to find and develop the inborn potential and personality especially of children. Every person is having inborn potential and personality, which will help us to analyze strength and weakness. The present work is based only on the analysis and used as a reference for scientific research in the field of Galtian and statistical study conducted based on the fingerprint processing. Human brain is divided into two parts, left hemispheres and right hemispheres. Fingers of right hand represent the functions of left brain and fingers of left hand represent the functions of right brain. Human brain is divided into 10 lobes and each lobe is related with each finger. Each lobe represents different intelligences. A detailed analysis of the fingerprint would help the researchers to find the inborn talents. It will provide them the most appropriate learning habits from young age and improve learning ability effectively. The vital factor of an individual’s intelligence is determined by neural network connection of brain cells. Cognitive science is the scientific study that will help you to know about yourself.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73616",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73616",book:{slug:"biometric-systems"},signatures:"Rohit Raja, Hiral Raja, RajKumar Patra, Kamal Mehta, Akanksha Gupta and Kunta Ramya Laxmi",authors:[{id:"151959",title:"Mr.",name:"Rajkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Patra",fullName:"Rajkumar Patra",slug:"rajkumar-patra",email:"patra.rajkumar@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",email:"drrohitraja1982@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"323068",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiral",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",fullName:"Hiral Raja",slug:"hiral-raja",email:"rohit.raja@sreyas.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"323069",title:"Ms.",name:"Akanksha",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",fullName:"Akanksha Gupta",slug:"akanksha-gupta",email:"akanksha.me2011@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"323070",title:"Ms.",name:"K. Ramya",middleName:null,surname:"Laxmi",fullName:"K. Ramya Laxmi",slug:"k.-ramya-laxmi",email:"kunta.ramya@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"324734",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Mehta",fullName:"Kamal Mehta",slug:"kamal-mehta",email:"drkamalmehta123@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Proposed methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Left brain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Right brain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Functions of brain of different sections",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Verbal intelligence",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Siddiqui AMN, Telgad R, Lothe S, Deshmukh PD. Fingerprint recognition system for person identification using termination and bifurcation minutiae. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE):33-38. 2015. e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727. Available from: www.iosrjournals.org'},{id:"B2",body:'Raja R, Sinha TS, Dubey RP. Recognition of human-face from side-view using progressive switching pattern and soft-computing technique. AMSE Journals—2015-Series: Advances B. 2015;58(1):14-34'},{id:"B3",body:'Ravi Subban and Dattatreya P. Mankame, A study of biometric approach using fingerprint recognition, Lecture Notes on Software Engineering. May 2013;1(2):209-213'},{id:"B4",body:'Hoang Thai and Ha Nhat Tam, Fingerprint recognition using standardized fingerprint model. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, May 2010 , Vol. 7, Issue 3, No 7. ISSN (Online): 1694-0784 ISSN (Print): 1694-0814'},{id:"B5",body:'Ali MMH, Mahale VH, Yannawar P, Gaikwad AT. Overview of fingerprint recognition system. In: International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT). Chennai. 2016. pp. 1334-1338. DOI: 10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7754900'},{id:"B6",body:'Martin Sagayam K, Narain Ponraj D, Jenkin Winston YJC, Esther Jeba D, Clara A. Authentication of biometric system using fingerprint recognition with Euclidean distance and neural network classifier. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE). 2019;8(4):766-771. ISSN: 2278-3075'},{id:"B7",body:'Nirmal SB, Kinage KS. Contactless fingerprint recognition and fingerprint spoof mitigation using CNN. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE). 2019;8(4): 9271-9275. ISSN: 2277-3878'},{id:"B8",body:'Raja R, Kumar S, Mahmood RM. Color object detection based image retrieval using ROI segmentation with multi-feature method. Wireless Personal Communications. 2020;112:169-192. DOI: 10.1007/s11277-019-07021-6'},{id:"B9",body:'Jadhav VV, Patil RR, Jadhav RC, Magikar AN. Efficient biometric authentication technique using fingerprint. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies. 2016;7(3):1132-1135. ISSN: 0975-9646'},{id:"B10",body:'Rani P, Sharma IIP. A review paper on fingerprint identification system. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJARCST 2014). 2014;2(3):58-60. ISSN: 2347-8446 (Online) ISSN: 2347-9817 (Print)'},{id:"B11",body:'Raja R. Physiological trait-based biometrical authentication of human-face using LGXP and ANN techniques. Int. J. Information and Computer Security. 2018;10(2/3):303-320'},{id:"B12",body:'Yang W, Wang S, Hu J, Zheng G, Valli C. Security and accuracy of fingerprint-based biometrics: A review. Symmetry. 2019;11:141. DOI: 10.3390/sym11020141'},{id:"B13",body:'Jain AK, Prabhakar S, Pankanti S. On the similarity of identical twin fingerprints. Pattern Recognition. 2002;35(11):2653-2663'},{id:"B14",body:'Jain AK, Maltoni D, Maio D, Prabhakar S. Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition. New York: Springer; 2003. ISBN: 9781848822535'},{id:"B15",body:'S. Chikkerur, C. Wu and V. Govindaraju, “A systematic approach for feature extraction in fingerprint images,” in First International Conference, ICBA, Hong Kong, 2004'},{id:"B16",body:'Bartunek JS, Nilsson M, Sallberg B, Claesson I. Adaptive fingerprint image enhancement with emphasis on preprocessing of data. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 2013;22(2):644-656'},{id:"B17",body:'Pieter P. Historical cognitive science—Analysis and examples [Dissertation of PG Diploma in Logic, History and Philosophy of Science]. Belgium: Ghent University; 2015'},{id:"B18",body:'Shih JJ, Krusienski DJ, Wolpaw JR. Brain-computer interfaces in medicine. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2012;87(3):268-279. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.12.008'},{id:"B19",body:'Basar E, Basar-Eroglu C, Karakas S, Schurmann M. Are cognitive processes manifested in event-related gamma, alpha, theta and delta oscillations in the EEG? Neuroscience Letters. 1999;259(3):165168'},{id:"B20",body:'Wiggins GA, Bhattacharya J. Mind the gap: An attempt to bridge computational and neuroscientific approaches to study creativity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2014;8:540555'},{id:"B21",body:'Hasson U, Nusbam HC. Emerging opportunities for advancing cognitive neuroscience. Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience. 2019;1898:13'},{id:"B22",body:'Grillner S, Ip N, Koch C, Koroshetz W, Okano H, Polachek M, et al. Worldwide initiatives to advance brain research. Nature Neuroscience. 2019;19:11181122'},{id:"B23",body:'Robert NM, Harvey W. Introduction: New frontiers in the cognitive science of religion. Journal of Cognition and Culture. 2005;5:113'},{id:"B24",body:'Stefanie M. Selective deployment of attention to time and modality and its impact upon behavior and brain oscillations [PhD thesis in Department of Experimental and Health Sciences]. Salvador: University of Barcelona; 2016. p. 242'},{id:"B25",body:'David GS. Models of memory: Wittgenstein and cognitive science. Philosophical Psychology. 1991;4(2):203218'},{id:"B26",body:'Silvia C. The multisensory visual cortex: Cross-modal shaping of visual cortical responses and perception [PhD thesis for Doctoral Program in Experimental Psychology, Linguistics and Cognitive Neuroscience]. Bicocca: University of Milano; 2014'},{id:"B27",body:'Iris VR. The tractable cognition thesis. Cognitive Science. 2008;32:939984'},{id:"B28",body:'Pulin A, Stan F, Javier S. Sensory memory for grounded representations in a cognitive architecture. ACS Poster Collect. 2018;1:118'},{id:"B29",body:'Włodzisław D. Neurocognitive informatics manifesto. Series of information and management sciences. In: 8th International Conference on Information and Management Sciences (IMS 2009). Kunming-Banna, Yunnan, China: California Polytechnic State University; 2009. p. 264282'},{id:"B30",body:'Adam CJ. On the use of cognitive maps [PhD dissertation]. Faculty of the Graduate School, University of Minnesota; 2008'},{id:"B31",body:'Elyana S. Interaction between visual perception and mental representations of imagery and memory in the early visual areas [PhD thesis]. Finland: Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki; 2005'},{id:"B32",body:'Salvador SF, Charles S, Donna L, Alan K. Moving multisensory research along: motion perception across sensory modalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2001;13(1):2932'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Rohit Raja",address:"drrohitraja1982@gmail.com",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"74784",title:"Introductory Chapter: On Fingerprint Recognition",slug:"introductory-chapter-on-fingerprint-recognition",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Muhammad Sarfraz",authors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz"}]},{id:"71697",title:"Biometric Authentication Based on Electrocardiogram",slug:"biometric-authentication-based-on-electrocardiogram",totalDownloads:178,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M.R. Bogdanov, A.S. Filippova, G.R. Shakhmametova and Nikolai N. Oskin",authors:[{id:"313506",title:"Dr.",name:"Marat",middleName:"Robert",surname:"Bogdanov",fullName:"Marat Bogdanov",slug:"marat-bogdanov"},{id:"317500",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Filippova",fullName:"Anna Filippova",slug:"anna-filippova"},{id:"317501",title:"Prof.",name:"Guzel",middleName:null,surname:"Shakhmametova",fullName:"Guzel Shakhmametova",slug:"guzel-shakhmametova"}]},{id:"74423",title:"Face Identification Using LBP-Based Improved Directional Wavelet Transform",slug:"face-identification-using-lbp-based-improved-directional-wavelet-transform",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohd. Abdul Muqeet and Qazi Mateenuddin Hameeduddin",authors:[{id:"319790",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd. Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Muqeet",fullName:"Mohd. Abdul Muqeet",slug:"mohd.-abdul-muqeet"}]},{id:"72813",title:"Region of Interest Localization Methods for Publicly Available Palmprint Databases",slug:"region-of-interest-localization-methods-for-publicly-available-palmprint-databases",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xu Liang, Dandan Fan, Zhaoqun Li and David Zhang",authors:[{id:"319699",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",fullName:"Xu Liang",slug:"xu-liang"},{id:"319722",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"David Zhang",slug:"david-zhang"},{id:"321174",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhaoqun",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Zhaoqun Li",slug:"zhaoqun-li"},{id:"322617",title:"Dr.",name:"Dandan",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",fullName:"Dandan Fan",slug:"dandan-fan"}]},{id:"72616",title:"Image Sharpness-Based System Design for Touchless Palmprint Recognition",slug:"image-sharpness-based-system-design-for-touchless-palmprint-recognition",totalDownloads:208,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xu Liang, Zhaoqun Li, Jinyang Yang and David Zhang",authors:[{id:"319722",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"David Zhang",slug:"david-zhang"},{id:"321174",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhaoqun",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Zhaoqun Li",slug:"zhaoqun-li"},{id:"319723",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",fullName:"Xu Liang",slug:"xu-liang"},{id:"321175",title:"BSc.",name:"Jinyang",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jinyang Yang",slug:"jinyang-yang"}]},{id:"72993",title:"Transfer Learning of Pre-Trained CNN Models for Fingerprint Liveness Detection",slug:"transfer-learning-of-pre-trained-cnn-models-for-fingerprint-liveness-detection",totalDownloads:175,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hussein Samma and Shahrel Azmin Suandi",authors:[{id:"286407",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahrel Azmin",middleName:null,surname:"Suandi",fullName:"Shahrel Azmin Suandi",slug:"shahrel-azmin-suandi"},{id:"319193",title:"Dr.",name:"Samma",middleName:null,surname:"Hussein",fullName:"Samma Hussein",slug:"samma-hussein"}]},{id:"73616",title:"Assessment Methods of Cognitive Ability of Human Brains for Inborn Intelligence Potential Using Pattern Recognitions",slug:"assessment-methods-of-cognitive-ability-of-human-brains-for-inborn-intelligence-potential-using-patt",totalDownloads:51,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rohit Raja, Hiral Raja, RajKumar Patra, Kamal Mehta, Akanksha Gupta and Kunta Ramya Laxmi",authors:[{id:"151959",title:"Mr.",name:"Rajkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Patra",fullName:"Rajkumar Patra",slug:"rajkumar-patra"},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",slug:"rohit-raja"},{id:"323068",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiral",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",fullName:"Hiral Raja",slug:"hiral-raja"},{id:"323069",title:"Ms.",name:"Akanksha",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",fullName:"Akanksha Gupta",slug:"akanksha-gupta"},{id:"323070",title:"Ms.",name:"K. Ramya",middleName:null,surname:"Laxmi",fullName:"K. Ramya Laxmi",slug:"k.-ramya-laxmi"},{id:"324734",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Mehta",fullName:"Kamal Mehta",slug:"kamal-mehta"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9239",title:"Digital Imaging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"656ebe9652b39a1f5dc33d004170a1c4",slug:"digital-imaging",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9239.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"71817",title:"Introductory Chapter: On Digital Image Processing",slug:"introductory-chapter-on-digital-image-processing",signatures:"Muhammad Sarfraz",authors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz"}]},{id:"67657",title:"Fast Motion Estimation’s Configuration Using Diamond Pattern and ECU, CFM, and ESD Modes for Reducing HEVC Computational Complexity",slug:"fast-motion-estimation-s-configuration-using-diamond-pattern-and-ecu-cfm-and-esd-modes-for-reducing-",signatures:"Randa Khemiri, Nejmeddine Bahri, Fatma Belghith, Soulef Bouaafia, Fatma Elzahra Sayadi, Mohamed Atri and Nouri Masmoudi",authors:[{id:"298629",title:"Dr.",name:"Randa",middleName:null,surname:"Khemiri",fullName:"Randa Khemiri",slug:"randa-khemiri"},{id:"304368",title:"Dr.",name:"Nejmeddine",middleName:null,surname:"Bahri",fullName:"Nejmeddine Bahri",slug:"nejmeddine-bahri"},{id:"304387",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Atri",fullName:"Mohamed Atri",slug:"mohamed-atri"},{id:"304388",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Belghith",fullName:"Fatma Belghith",slug:"fatma-belghith"},{id:"304390",title:"Dr.",name:"Soulef",middleName:null,surname:"Bouaafia",fullName:"Soulef Bouaafia",slug:"soulef-bouaafia"},{id:"304391",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Elzahra",middleName:null,surname:"Sayadi",fullName:"Fatma Elzahra Sayadi",slug:"fatma-elzahra-sayadi"},{id:"304392",title:"Prof.",name:"Nouri",middleName:null,surname:"Masmoudi",fullName:"Nouri Masmoudi",slug:"nouri-masmoudi"}]},{id:"68748",title:"Digital Image Processing Applied to Optical Measurements",slug:"digital-image-processing-applied-to-optical-measurements",signatures:"Alonso Saldaña-Heredia, Pedro Antonio Márquez-Aguilar, Álvaro Zamudio Lara and Arturo Molina-Ocampo",authors:[{id:"51029",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Marquez Aguilar",fullName:"Pedro Antonio Marquez Aguilar",slug:"pedro-antonio-marquez-aguilar"},{id:"299407",title:"Dr.",name:"Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Saldaña Heredia",fullName:"Alonso Saldaña Heredia",slug:"alonso-saldana-heredia"},{id:"299409",title:"Dr.",name:"Álvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Zamudio Lara",fullName:"Álvaro Zamudio Lara",slug:"alvaro-zamudio-lara"},{id:"306535",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo",middleName:null,surname:"Molina Ocampo",fullName:"Arturo Molina Ocampo",slug:"arturo-molina-ocampo"}]},{id:"67608",title:"Experimental and Theoretical Investigation on the Shear Behaviour of High Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Digital Image Correlation",slug:"experimental-and-theoretical-investigation-on-the-shear-behaviour-of-high-strength-reinforced-concre",signatures:"Touhami Tahenni and Thibaut Lecompte",authors:[{id:"299556",title:"Dr.",name:"Touhami",middleName:null,surname:"Tahenni",fullName:"Touhami Tahenni",slug:"touhami-tahenni"}]},{id:"69142",title:"Implementation of an Artificial Vision System for Welding in the Retrofitting Process of a Robotic Arm Industrial",slug:"implementation-of-an-artificial-vision-system-for-welding-in-the-retrofitting-process-of-a-robotic-a",signatures:"Yomin Estiven Jaramillo Munera, Jhon Edison Goez Mora, Juan Camilo Londoño Lopera and Edgar Mario Rico Mesa",authors:[{id:"300249",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Edgar Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Rico Mesa",fullName:"Edgar Mario Rico Mesa",slug:"edgar-mario-rico-mesa"},{id:"300795",title:"Prof.",name:"Jhon Edison",middleName:null,surname:"Goez Mora",fullName:"Jhon Edison Goez Mora",slug:"jhon-edison-goez-mora"},{id:"300796",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Camilo",surname:"Londoño Lopera",fullName:"Juan Londoño Lopera",slug:"juan-londono-lopera"},{id:"300801",title:"Prof.",name:"Yomin Estiven",middleName:null,surname:"Jaramillo Múnera",fullName:"Yomin Estiven Jaramillo Múnera",slug:"yomin-estiven-jaramillo-munera"}]},{id:"69261",title:"EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS) Usage in Israeli Academic Libraries",slug:"ebsco-discovery-service-eds-usage-in-israeli-academic-libraries",signatures:"Riki Greenberg",authors:[{id:"306624",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Riki",middleName:null,surname:"Greenberg",fullName:"Riki Greenberg",slug:"riki-greenberg"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73616",title:"Assessment Methods of Cognitive Ability of Human Brains for Inborn Intelligence Potential Using Pattern Recognitions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93268",slug:"assessment-methods-of-cognitive-ability-of-human-brains-for-inborn-intelligence-potential-using-patt",body:'
1. Introduction
Clinical specialists, through tracking, recording, comparison, induction, and also professional trials showed that fingerprints deliver the exact evaluation of a character’s innate talents. The evaluation gadget opinions the distribution of mind’s understanding ability and also allotment of cerebral characteristic of a selected and additionally elements suitable statistical document of person’s innate intelligence. Thus, it permits increase of the man or woman in international of leading information.
This can help the guide/mentor to recognize the inherent qualities and powerful conversation mode of the man or woman. It will provide the maximum right discovering behaviors from the young age, which would be over and above to finding out capabilities. It can likewise help the guide/mentor to recognize the development of more than one intelligence and also uncover the opportunity of the man or woman. Therefore, it will be very easy to decorate their vulnerable factor through the proposed method in a good way to accomplish ordinary development.
Last but not least we would really like to carry the message to all guides/mentors in addition to people that the aim of this test is to permit you to absolutely recognize and also appreciate precise differences of anyone and additionally provide education and mastering and/or schooling for this reason.
Our thoughts are separated into hemispheres, left and right. Each hemisphere of the mind has its very own resilience. Fingers of right hand constitute the features of left mind as well as arms of left hand represent the features of right brain. Each intelligence has its very own weight age. Overall distribution of intelligences’ portion can be 100%.
In this chapter, authors applied bifurcation, termination, and neural network for feature extraction and got 90.06% accuracy for identifying an authorized person with the help of a proposed figureprint recognition method [1]. For human face recognition from side view of face, authors used Manhattan distance and support vector machine of artificial neural network, along with front view analysis and achieved up to 95.3528% accuracy in their work [2]. In the chapter, authors compared the performance of different biometric technologies like fingerprint, hand geometry, key stroke, etc. on the basis of EER, FAR, and FRP. The chapter is based on standardized fingerprint model for fingerprint matching. The author used mean images and genetic algorithm. Transformation is also used for synthesizing a fingerprint [3].
In this chapter, authors had thrown the light on the many preexisting methods and techniques of fingerprint recognition system. All four stages of fingerprint recognition system were elaborated briefly. Database related to fingerprint recognition had shown with characteristics [4]. For fingerprint recognition, the popular technique is “Euclidean distance” and “neural network classifier”, whereas for preprocessing of images, “histogram equalization” and “fast Fourier transformation” are used. The result of this work was significantly better than the previous work [5].
In the chapter, authors first developed a CNN framework for more hygiene and accurate contactless fingerprint recognition and this work also helped to alleviate spoofing of fingerprint and shown much greater security than the preexisting methods [6]. In the chapter, authors used color coding scheme, Sobel and Canny method, HSV histogram, edge detector method, and Corel-1 K dataset for detection of color object [7]. In this chapter, authors gave a thorough knowledge of fingerprint recognition and also proposed a secured fingerprint recognition payment system [8].
This chapter defined many aspects, methods, and techniques like Gabor filter, FFT, minimum distance classifier, histogram equalization, fusion and context switching framework, etc. for fingerprint-based identification system [9].
In this chapter, authors applied LGXP and ANN techniques for face recognition to handle variation in human face due to change in pose, illumination condition, viewing direction, and expression of different ages [10]. In this fingerprint-based biometric review paper, authors briefly discussed different attacks, and compared different existing methods of biometric cryptosystem, cancellable biometrics, etc. for fingerprint template protection [11]. The most widely used biometrics is fingerprint technology. The fingerprint is a pattern of ridges and valleys present on the surface of a fingertip [12]. The finger ridge configurations do not change throughout the life of an individual, except in case of accidents such as burns or cuts on the fingertips. The fingerprints are so unique that two identical twins have different fingerprints [13]. Matching accuracy using fingerprint is very high as compared to other biometrical traits. Initially the fingerprint technology of biometric identification is used for forensics and criminal investigation (Figure 1) [14].
Figure 1.
Examples of body traits that can be used for biometric recognition (courtesy: http://images.google.co.in).
2. Proposed methodology
Various pattern kinds will definitely display the flow of different worth. In ordinary situations for the general public of people, the worth will truly range from 8 to 30. If the worth is high, it indicates that the function of the thoughts cortex assignment stage is high. Everybody has the capability for selected natural pinnacle traits. With boosting and locating out, it is easy to turn out to be being a better human. Support the thought that every of us can absolutely stimulate our viable and might accomplish first-rate future (Figures 2–4).
Figure 2.
Left and right part of brain (https://www.google.com/).
Figure 3.
Fingerprint of left and right hand of 5 years child.
Figure 4.
Workflow diagram.
Inborn intelligence potential:
Low potential
Average potential
Good potential
Very good potential
Excellent potential
Hyper active
2.1 Left brain
Analytical mind is more likely to exhibit self-awareness, logical thinking, language & grammar, curiosity, and love [15]. They individuals are usually desirable in teachers. They have convergent reasoning and can deliver their power and also emphasis at one factor. They prefer to respond to Spoken guidelines. They want to fix the issues by searching at the parts of points [16]. They are in a position situate the difference transgression comparable points speedy. They are an awful lot more supposed and also based. Prefer more than one option checks. They have the functionality to manipulate their feeling sand emotions. They like foundation, problems, word developing, problem resolving, crosswords, and so forth [17].
They include coping with the problems via checking out the problem usual. They are able draw the whole image in their thoughts quick. They are extra intuitive and paintings upon sensations. Their feelings and emotions do not have any limitations, and that they typically seem [18].
2.2 Right brain
Creative mind is tons more inclined toward social talents, creativity, gross electric powered motor competencies obligations, tune, sun shades, photos, dance, art, rhythms, appearing, paint, modeling, style, outside sporting sports, and so on. They are generally brilliant in extracurricular sports, generally creative ones. They have a tendency to throw the dismiss of window [19]. They have specific reasoning that incorporates creativeness and also thoughts. As properly as they are commonly misplaced in their personal ideas, thoughts and global. They may be actually present, psychologically lacking. Right mind individuals choose to answer to proven path (Figure 5) [20].
Figure 5.
Feature extraction from fingerprint.
3. Functions of brain of different sections
The brain is responsible for personality and characteristics. Impulse control, capability to evaluate social situations, socializations, spontaneity, capacity to override as well as subdue unwanted social practices, movements. Cognitive features (Exec Features) [21]: judgment, thinking, problem addressing, planning, social capabilities, control, abstract reasoning, imagination, and initiative responsibilities that need the assimilation of data in time, capability to decide similarities and differences between matters or activities, and mental features [22].
The brain is responsible for creative thinking and visualization. Abstract concept, hassle solving, summary thinking, language tasks of math, thinking, coping with phrases as well as grammar syntax, visualization, creativeness, and ideas in addition to principles formation [23].
The brain is responsible for processing auditory information. They differentiate differences in sound, pitch, and also quantity and set up their importance. The proper temporal lobe is in rate of musical appreciation, even as the left temporal lobe is liable for the expertise of speech. Left temporal lesions lead to damaged reminiscence for verbal product. Right aspect lesions lead to impaired recall of nonverbal product, consisting of track [24].
The brain is responsible for processing visual information. They process information about objects, colors, motion distance, words, signs identification of objects, and symbols [25]. Responsible for spatial awareness and for processing and analyzing sensory stimuli. They play vital roles in incorporating sensory info from several detects in addition to within the manager of things. Portions of the parietal lobes are covered with visible-spatial potential [26].
Rational thinking, planning, coordinating, controlling, executing achievement, self-motivation, and self-awareness.
Leadership, interpersonal skill, creativity, and goal visualization.
Self-esteem, intuition, and the ability to understand others point of view.
Logical reasoning, computation process, analytical skills, and conceptual understanding.
Numeric, grammar syntax, and cause and effect relationships.
Imagination, idea formation, visualization, 3D recognition, visual spatial ability, and hand-eye co-ordination.
Fine motor skills, action identification and understanding, finger control, and control of body movements.
Gross motor skills, body movement and sensory information, and eyes body co-ordination.
Language ability, language understanding, and audio identification.
Ability and syntax of language.
Tone understanding, sound and voice understanding, music, emotions, and feelings.
Visual identification, interpretation, reading, observation, image appreciation, and recognition of shapes and colors.
Visualization, visual appreciation, art, and esthetic.
Sense understanding of maps, visuals, graphical, and communications [27].
Further mind is cut up into two components, left brain in addition to right brain. Left brain controls a great aspect of the body and vice-versa. Science has showed that within the very identical wattle, left and right brain do different precise obligations. So, mind has 10 booths, 5 left and 5 proper; every compartment has info and pre-detailed feature [28]. Additionally, our brain has approximately one hundred billion Neuron cells, which are separated in arbitrary order into those 10 areas. It is hard that two people have very identical nerve cellular distribution [29]. One could sincerely want to do that place’s paintings, in which the nerve cell count number is a lot greater. He will in reality revel in that paintings and will simply discover it clean. It will actually be longevity region. One could despise to try this compartment’s work, in which nerve mobile dependency is a lot less. He will now not adore it and will without a doubt locate it difficult to do. It will in reality be a susceptible region [30].
3.1 Verbal intelligence
Preferences: write, read, tell stories, talk, memorize, work at solving puzzles, etc. Learns through: hearing and seeing words, speaking, reading, writing, discussing, debating, etc. Needs: books, tapes, papers, diaries, writing tools, dialog, discussion, debates, stories, etc. [31].
Activity involve in
Most in all likelihood to concerts or musicals.
Establish a collection of preferred musical recordings in addition to pay attention to them on an everyday foundation.
Join a community choir.
Take legit music training in a specific tool.
Work with a song’s specialist.
Spend 1 h every week taking note of an ordinary design of songs (jazz, the United States of America; western, classical, people, international; or other categories).
Establish an ordinary household sing-alongside time.
Purchase an electronic keyboard and also find out honest tunes in addition to chords.
Purchase percussion contraptions at a plaything shop and play them in rhythm to historical past track.
Take a course in song appreciation or songs concept at a local institute.
Read songs objection in papers and courses.
Purchase contemporary gadgets (MIDI interface, computer machine software program) with a purpose to definitely (Figures 6 and 7; Table 1) [32].
Figure 6.
Graphical representation of EQ , IQ , AQ , CQ .
Figure 7.
Graphical representation.
EQ
IQ
AQ
CQ
1 Year
16.34
13.34
12.21
21.94
2 Year
18.34
16.98
16.21
22.03
3 Year
21.21
19.2
19.21
22.94
4 Year
25.08
22.45
21.21
23.94
5 Year
26.78
25.08
24.21
23.94
Table 1.
Values of EQ , IQ , AQ , and CQ from fingerprint of children from 1 to 5 years.
4. Conclusion
Cognitive science, cognitive informatics, and computer modeling with pattern recognition of finger require some basic fundamentals for their implementation as cognitive concept in various applications of science and engineering, and the chapter has introduced and has bright future perspectives. It can be used as a useful adjunct to aid in preliminary study of field and behavior of child. Such measures can also help the couple to seek appropriate medical care and services for affected children. It will help the parents to be better equipped with management of such children. Also, the early detection of inborn errors is crucial because it can used as a vital tool to counsel the couple about avoiding conception of further affected fetuses. Historical background of cognitive science, cognitive map, and perception to conception were introduced in addition to cognitive network, modeling, and architecture for brain mapping with human fingerprint.
\n',keywords:"Galtian characteristic, pattern recognition, neural network, cognitive cell, intelligence",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73616.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73616.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73616",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73616",totalDownloads:51,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 30th 2020",dateReviewed:"June 25th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 15th 2020",datePublished:"February 10th 2021",dateFinished:"October 15th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This research aims to examine the scientific study related to fingerprint patterns and brains lobes. Generally, this method is used to find and develop the inborn potential and personality especially of children. Every person is having inborn potential and personality, which will help us to analyze strength and weakness. The present work is based only on the analysis and used as a reference for scientific research in the field of Galtian and statistical study conducted based on the fingerprint processing. Human brain is divided into two parts, left hemispheres and right hemispheres. Fingers of right hand represent the functions of left brain and fingers of left hand represent the functions of right brain. Human brain is divided into 10 lobes and each lobe is related with each finger. Each lobe represents different intelligences. A detailed analysis of the fingerprint would help the researchers to find the inborn talents. It will provide them the most appropriate learning habits from young age and improve learning ability effectively. The vital factor of an individual’s intelligence is determined by neural network connection of brain cells. Cognitive science is the scientific study that will help you to know about yourself.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73616",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73616",signatures:"Rohit Raja, Hiral Raja, RajKumar Patra, Kamal Mehta, Akanksha Gupta and Kunta Ramya Laxmi",book:{id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"151959",title:"Mr.",name:"Rajkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Patra",fullName:"Rajkumar Patra",slug:"rajkumar-patra",email:"patra.rajkumar@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",email:"drrohitraja1982@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"323068",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiral",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",fullName:"Hiral Raja",slug:"hiral-raja",email:"rohit.raja@sreyas.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"323069",title:"Ms.",name:"Akanksha",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",fullName:"Akanksha Gupta",slug:"akanksha-gupta",email:"akanksha.me2011@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"323070",title:"Ms.",name:"K. Ramya",middleName:null,surname:"Laxmi",fullName:"K. Ramya Laxmi",slug:"k.-ramya-laxmi",email:"kunta.ramya@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"324734",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Mehta",fullName:"Kamal Mehta",slug:"kamal-mehta",email:"drkamalmehta123@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Proposed methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Left brain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Right brain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Functions of brain of different sections",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Verbal intelligence",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Siddiqui AMN, Telgad R, Lothe S, Deshmukh PD. Fingerprint recognition system for person identification using termination and bifurcation minutiae. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE):33-38. 2015. e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727. Available from: www.iosrjournals.org'},{id:"B2",body:'Raja R, Sinha TS, Dubey RP. Recognition of human-face from side-view using progressive switching pattern and soft-computing technique. AMSE Journals—2015-Series: Advances B. 2015;58(1):14-34'},{id:"B3",body:'Ravi Subban and Dattatreya P. Mankame, A study of biometric approach using fingerprint recognition, Lecture Notes on Software Engineering. May 2013;1(2):209-213'},{id:"B4",body:'Hoang Thai and Ha Nhat Tam, Fingerprint recognition using standardized fingerprint model. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, May 2010 , Vol. 7, Issue 3, No 7. ISSN (Online): 1694-0784 ISSN (Print): 1694-0814'},{id:"B5",body:'Ali MMH, Mahale VH, Yannawar P, Gaikwad AT. Overview of fingerprint recognition system. In: International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT). Chennai. 2016. pp. 1334-1338. DOI: 10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7754900'},{id:"B6",body:'Martin Sagayam K, Narain Ponraj D, Jenkin Winston YJC, Esther Jeba D, Clara A. Authentication of biometric system using fingerprint recognition with Euclidean distance and neural network classifier. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE). 2019;8(4):766-771. ISSN: 2278-3075'},{id:"B7",body:'Nirmal SB, Kinage KS. Contactless fingerprint recognition and fingerprint spoof mitigation using CNN. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE). 2019;8(4): 9271-9275. ISSN: 2277-3878'},{id:"B8",body:'Raja R, Kumar S, Mahmood RM. Color object detection based image retrieval using ROI segmentation with multi-feature method. Wireless Personal Communications. 2020;112:169-192. DOI: 10.1007/s11277-019-07021-6'},{id:"B9",body:'Jadhav VV, Patil RR, Jadhav RC, Magikar AN. Efficient biometric authentication technique using fingerprint. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies. 2016;7(3):1132-1135. ISSN: 0975-9646'},{id:"B10",body:'Rani P, Sharma IIP. A review paper on fingerprint identification system. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJARCST 2014). 2014;2(3):58-60. ISSN: 2347-8446 (Online) ISSN: 2347-9817 (Print)'},{id:"B11",body:'Raja R. Physiological trait-based biometrical authentication of human-face using LGXP and ANN techniques. Int. J. Information and Computer Security. 2018;10(2/3):303-320'},{id:"B12",body:'Yang W, Wang S, Hu J, Zheng G, Valli C. Security and accuracy of fingerprint-based biometrics: A review. Symmetry. 2019;11:141. DOI: 10.3390/sym11020141'},{id:"B13",body:'Jain AK, Prabhakar S, Pankanti S. On the similarity of identical twin fingerprints. Pattern Recognition. 2002;35(11):2653-2663'},{id:"B14",body:'Jain AK, Maltoni D, Maio D, Prabhakar S. Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition. New York: Springer; 2003. ISBN: 9781848822535'},{id:"B15",body:'S. Chikkerur, C. Wu and V. Govindaraju, “A systematic approach for feature extraction in fingerprint images,” in First International Conference, ICBA, Hong Kong, 2004'},{id:"B16",body:'Bartunek JS, Nilsson M, Sallberg B, Claesson I. Adaptive fingerprint image enhancement with emphasis on preprocessing of data. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 2013;22(2):644-656'},{id:"B17",body:'Pieter P. Historical cognitive science—Analysis and examples [Dissertation of PG Diploma in Logic, History and Philosophy of Science]. Belgium: Ghent University; 2015'},{id:"B18",body:'Shih JJ, Krusienski DJ, Wolpaw JR. Brain-computer interfaces in medicine. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2012;87(3):268-279. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.12.008'},{id:"B19",body:'Basar E, Basar-Eroglu C, Karakas S, Schurmann M. Are cognitive processes manifested in event-related gamma, alpha, theta and delta oscillations in the EEG? Neuroscience Letters. 1999;259(3):165168'},{id:"B20",body:'Wiggins GA, Bhattacharya J. Mind the gap: An attempt to bridge computational and neuroscientific approaches to study creativity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2014;8:540555'},{id:"B21",body:'Hasson U, Nusbam HC. Emerging opportunities for advancing cognitive neuroscience. Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience. 2019;1898:13'},{id:"B22",body:'Grillner S, Ip N, Koch C, Koroshetz W, Okano H, Polachek M, et al. Worldwide initiatives to advance brain research. Nature Neuroscience. 2019;19:11181122'},{id:"B23",body:'Robert NM, Harvey W. Introduction: New frontiers in the cognitive science of religion. Journal of Cognition and Culture. 2005;5:113'},{id:"B24",body:'Stefanie M. Selective deployment of attention to time and modality and its impact upon behavior and brain oscillations [PhD thesis in Department of Experimental and Health Sciences]. Salvador: University of Barcelona; 2016. p. 242'},{id:"B25",body:'David GS. Models of memory: Wittgenstein and cognitive science. Philosophical Psychology. 1991;4(2):203218'},{id:"B26",body:'Silvia C. The multisensory visual cortex: Cross-modal shaping of visual cortical responses and perception [PhD thesis for Doctoral Program in Experimental Psychology, Linguistics and Cognitive Neuroscience]. Bicocca: University of Milano; 2014'},{id:"B27",body:'Iris VR. The tractable cognition thesis. Cognitive Science. 2008;32:939984'},{id:"B28",body:'Pulin A, Stan F, Javier S. Sensory memory for grounded representations in a cognitive architecture. ACS Poster Collect. 2018;1:118'},{id:"B29",body:'Włodzisław D. Neurocognitive informatics manifesto. Series of information and management sciences. In: 8th International Conference on Information and Management Sciences (IMS 2009). Kunming-Banna, Yunnan, China: California Polytechnic State University; 2009. p. 264282'},{id:"B30",body:'Adam CJ. On the use of cognitive maps [PhD dissertation]. Faculty of the Graduate School, University of Minnesota; 2008'},{id:"B31",body:'Elyana S. Interaction between visual perception and mental representations of imagery and memory in the early visual areas [PhD thesis]. Finland: Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki; 2005'},{id:"B32",body:'Salvador SF, Charles S, Donna L, Alan K. Moving multisensory research along: motion perception across sensory modalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2001;13(1):2932'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Rohit Raja",address:"drrohitraja1982@gmail.com",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"70477",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:null,surname:"Vlahovic",email:"aleksandarvlahovic@yahoo.com",fullName:"Aleksandar Vlahovic",slug:"aleksandar-vlahovic",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Surgical Management of Nasal Hemangiomas",slug:"surgical-management-of-nasal-hemangiomas",abstract:null,signatures:"Aleksandar Vlahovic",authors:[{id:"70477",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",surname:"Vlahovic",fullName:"Aleksandar Vlahovic",slug:"aleksandar-vlahovic",email:"aleksandarvlahovic@yahoo.com"}],book:{title:"Rhinoplasty",slug:"rhinoplasty",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"69279",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",surname:"Etoz",slug:"abdullah-etoz",fullName:"Abdullah Etoz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"69284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",surname:"Szychta",slug:"pawel-szychta",fullName:"Pawel Szychta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Lodz",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"70827",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui",surname:"Xavier",slug:"rui-xavier",fullName:"Rui Xavier",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"72560",title:"Prof.",name:"Norifumi",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"norifumi-nakamura",fullName:"Norifumi Nakamura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kagoshima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"78240",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",surname:"Rodríguez-Camps Devís",slug:"salvador-rodriguez-camps-devis",fullName:"Salvador Rodríguez-Camps Devís",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/78240/images/2208_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Casa de Salud",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"80017",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarit",surname:"Cohen",slug:"sarit-cohen",fullName:"Sarit Cohen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"85342",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"O Keeffe",slug:"paul-o-keeffe",fullName:"Paul O Keeffe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"123488",title:"Mr.",name:"Ken",surname:"Stewart",slug:"ken-stewart",fullName:"Ken Stewart",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"123489",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",surname:"Rykala",slug:"jan-rykala",fullName:"Jan Rykala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"123490",title:"Mr.",name:"Ken",surname:"Stewart",slug:"ken-stewart",fullName:"Ken Stewart",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
",metaTitle:"List of Funders by Country",metaDescription:"If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding-funders-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5228},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10370},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15790}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118192},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10656",title:"Intellectual Property",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"135df9b403b125a6458eba971faab3f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Dr. Suriyaprakash TNK",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10656.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10658",title:"Multilingualism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6bf171e05831c00f8687891ab1b10b5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xiaoming Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10658.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189844",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoming",surname:"Jiang",slug:"xiaoming-jiang",fullName:"Xiaoming Jiang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10660",title:"Heritage - New Paradigm",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d0b747909f95bd54d009ed0838c38f84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176482",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Turcanu-Carutiu",slug:"daniela-turcanu-carutiu",fullName:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10913",title:"Indigenous Populations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c5e8cd4e3ec004d0479494ca190db4cb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10913.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0737383fcc202641f59e4a5df02eb509",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:6},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5238},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1014",title:"Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility",slug:"medicine-endocrinology-reproductive-endocrinology-and-infertility",parent:{title:"Endocrinology",slug:"medicine-endocrinology"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:182,numberOfWosCitations:157,numberOfCrossrefCitations:44,numberOfDimensionsCitations:177,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine-endocrinology-reproductive-endocrinology-and-infertility",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6891",title:"Estrogen",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89b39414c7a2b95f9d25786d39e00af2",slug:"estrogen",bookSignature:"Wahid Ali Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6891.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64042",title:"Dr.",name:"Wahid Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"wahid-ali-khan",fullName:"Wahid Ali Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6762",title:"Advances in Testosterone Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7bfdea5f2e1d85ba08b6f07b8d3af5a",slug:"advances-in-testosterone-action",bookSignature:"Manuel Estrada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6762.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29615",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Estrada",slug:"manuel-estrada",fullName:"Manuel Estrada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"804",title:"Sex Hormones",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b136b00e0db35efcd27b4655045f5e1",slug:"sex-hormones",bookSignature:"Raghvendra K. Dubey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/804.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67895",title:"Prof.",name:"Raghvendra",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"raghvendra-dubey",fullName:"Raghvendra Dubey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"805",title:"Sex Steroids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69b8296a72c662d5d96bf61a1b394eda",slug:"sex-steroids",bookSignature:"Scott M. Kahn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66905",title:"Dr.",name:"Scott",middleName:null,surname:"M. Kahn",slug:"scott-m.-kahn",fullName:"Scott M. Kahn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"504",title:"Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action",subtitle:"Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f24c739037cec7a5dd8e9f89da59c6d9",slug:"update-on-mechanisms-of-hormone-action-focus-on-metabolism-growth-and-reproduction",bookSignature:"Gianluca Aimaretti with Paolo Marzullo and Flavia Prodam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/504.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42439",title:"Prof.",name:"Gianluca",middleName:null,surname:"Aimaretti",slug:"gianluca-aimaretti",fullName:"Gianluca Aimaretti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2013",title:"Steroids",subtitle:"Clinical Aspect",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31dfd32a77f71bc348d7922af48b8e62",slug:"steroids-clinical-aspect",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2013.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"S",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"27067",doi:"10.5772/25978",title:"Telocytes in Human Fallopian Tube and Uterus Express Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors",slug:"telocytes-in-human-fallopian-tube-and-uterus-express-estrogen-and-progesterone-receptors",totalDownloads:1776,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"sex-steroids",title:"Sex Steroids",fullTitle:"Sex Steroids"},signatures:"Sanda M. Cretoiu, Dragos Cretoiu Anca Simionescu and Laurentiu M. Popescu",authors:[{id:"65176",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragos",middleName:null,surname:"Cretoiu",slug:"dragos-cretoiu",fullName:"Dragos Cretoiu"},{id:"71558",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanda M.",middleName:null,surname:"Cretoiu",slug:"sanda-m.-cretoiu",fullName:"Sanda M. Cretoiu"},{id:"71561",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Simionescu",slug:"anca-simionescu",fullName:"Anca Simionescu"},{id:"71562",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurentiu M.",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"laurentiu-m.-popescu",fullName:"Laurentiu M. Popescu"}]},{id:"27068",doi:"10.5772/25611",title:"Sex Differences and the Role of Sex Steroids in Sympatho-Adrenal Medullary System and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Responses to Stress",slug:"sex-differences-and-the-role-of-sex-steroids-in-sympatho-adrenal-medullary-system-and-hypothalamo-pi",totalDownloads:1532,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"sex-steroids",title:"Sex Steroids",fullTitle:"Sex Steroids"},signatures:"Anne I. Turner, Charlotte L. Keating and Alan J. Tilbrook",authors:[{id:"63906",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Turner",slug:"anne-turner",fullName:"Anne Turner"},{id:"68259",title:"Prof.",name:"Alan",middleName:null,surname:"Tilbrook",slug:"alan-tilbrook",fullName:"Alan Tilbrook"},{id:"135282",title:"Dr.",name:"Charlotte",middleName:null,surname:"Keating",slug:"charlotte-keating",fullName:"Charlotte Keating"}]},{id:"27072",doi:"10.5772/26844",title:"Sex Steroids Modulate Fish Immune Response",slug:"sex-steroids-modulate-fish-imnune-response",totalDownloads:2756,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"sex-steroids",title:"Sex Steroids",fullTitle:"Sex Steroids"},signatures:"Elena Chaves-Pozo, Isabel Cabas and Alfonsa García-Ayala",authors:[{id:"68013",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonsa",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Ayala",slug:"alfonsa-garcia-ayala",fullName:"Alfonsa Garcia-Ayala"},{id:"68015",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Chaves-Pozo",slug:"elena-chaves-pozo",fullName:"Elena Chaves-Pozo"},{id:"68016",title:"Ms.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Cabas",slug:"isabel-cabas",fullName:"Isabel Cabas"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"27792",title:"WW Domain-Containing Oxidoreductase is a Potential Receptor for Sex Steroid Hormones",slug:"ww-domain-containing-oxidoreductase-is-a-potential-receptor-for-sex-steroid-hormones",totalDownloads:2007,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"sex-hormones",title:"Sex Hormones",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones"},signatures:"Won-Pei Su, Shu-Hui Chen, Szu-Jung Chen, Pei-Yi Chou, Chun-Cheng Huang and Nan-Shan Chang",authors:[{id:"65351",title:"Prof.",name:"Nan-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"nan-shan-chang",fullName:"Nan-Shan Chang"}]},{id:"22047",title:"Steroid Prohormones: Effects on Body Composition in Athletes",slug:"steroid-prohormones-effects-on-body-composition-in-athletes",totalDownloads:5110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"steroids-clinical-aspect",title:"Steroids",fullTitle:"Steroids - Clinical Aspect"},signatures:"Sergej M. Ostojic, Julio Calleja-Gonzalez and Marko Stojanovic",authors:[{id:"74282",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergej",middleName:null,surname:"Ostojic",slug:"sergej-ostojic",fullName:"Sergej Ostojic"},{id:"136860",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Calleja-Gonzalez",slug:"julio-calleja-gonzalez",fullName:"Julio Calleja-Gonzalez"},{id:"136861",title:"Prof.",name:"Marko",middleName:null,surname:"Stojanovic",slug:"marko-stojanovic",fullName:"Marko Stojanovic"}]},{id:"60756",title:"The Biological Role of Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Progression",slug:"the-biological-role-of-androgen-receptor-in-prostate-cancer-progression",totalDownloads:1231,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"advances-in-testosterone-action",title:"Advances in Testosterone Action",fullTitle:"Advances in Testosterone Action"},signatures:"Ken-ichi Takayama",authors:[{id:"239221",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Takayama",slug:"ken-ichi-takayama",fullName:"Ken-Ichi Takayama"}]},{id:"27786",title:"Sex Hormones and Bacterial Infections",slug:"sex-hormones-and-bacterial-infections",totalDownloads:2894,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"sex-hormones",title:"Sex Hormones",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones"},signatures:"Marc Leone, Julien Textoris, Christian Capo and Jean-Louis Mege",authors:[{id:"68080",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Louis",middleName:null,surname:"Mege",slug:"jean-louis-mege",fullName:"Jean-Louis Mege"}]},{id:"63628",title:"Estrogen for Male Function: Effect of Changes in the Sex Hormone Milieu on Erectile Function",slug:"estrogen-for-male-function-effect-of-changes-in-the-sex-hormone-milieu-on-erectile-function",totalDownloads:945,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"estrogen",title:"Estrogen",fullTitle:"Estrogen"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]},{id:"27789",title:"Acute and Chronic Testosterone Responses to Physical Exercise and Training",slug:"acute-and-chronic-testosterone-responses-to-physical-exercise-and-training",totalDownloads:7765,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"sex-hormones",title:"Sex Hormones",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones"},signatures:"Eduardo Lusa Cadore and Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel",authors:[{id:"70863",title:"MSc.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Cadore",slug:"eduardo-cadore",fullName:"Eduardo Cadore"},{id:"116726",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Kruel",slug:"luiz-fernando-kruel",fullName:"Luiz Fernando Kruel"}]},{id:"22070",title:"Estrogen Receptors in Leukocytes - Possible Impact on Inflammatory Processes in the Female Reproductive System",slug:"estrogen-receptors-in-leukocytes-possible-impact-on-inflammatory-processes-in-the-female-reproductiv",totalDownloads:2179,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"update-on-mechanisms-of-hormone-action-focus-on-metabolism-growth-and-reproduction",title:"Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action",fullTitle:"Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action - Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction"},signatures:"Chellakkan Selvanesan Blesson",authors:[{id:"28141",title:"Dr.",name:"Chellakkan",middleName:"Selvanesan",surname:"Blesson",slug:"chellakkan-blesson",fullName:"Chellakkan Blesson"}]},{id:"62286",title:"Challenges in Treating Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer",slug:"challenges-in-treating-estrogen-receptor-positive-breast-cancer",totalDownloads:835,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"estrogen",title:"Estrogen",fullTitle:"Estrogen"},signatures:"Shang-Hung Chen and Chun Hei Antonio Cheung",authors:[{id:"240982",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chun Hei Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Cheung",slug:"chun-hei-antonio-cheung",fullName:"Chun Hei Antonio Cheung"},{id:"259695",title:"Dr.",name:"Shang-Hung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"shang-hung-chen",fullName:"Shang-Hung Chen"}]},{id:"27063",title:"Evolutionary Perspectives on Sex Steroids in the Vertebrates",slug:"evolutionary-perspectives-on-sex-steroids-in-the-vertebrates",totalDownloads:1954,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"sex-steroids",title:"Sex Steroids",fullTitle:"Sex Steroids"},signatures:"Nigel C. Noriega",authors:[{id:"72556",title:"Dr.",name:"Nigel",middleName:null,surname:"Noriega",slug:"nigel-noriega",fullName:"Nigel Noriega"}]},{id:"61362",title:"Influence of Testosterone on Body and Testicular Development in Zebu Cattle in the Tropical Climate",slug:"influence-of-testosterone-on-body-and-testicular-development-in-zebu-cattle-in-the-tropical-climate",totalDownloads:558,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-testosterone-action",title:"Advances in Testosterone Action",fullTitle:"Advances in Testosterone Action"},signatures:"Marcelo Chacur, Alex Arikawa, Eunice Oba, Camila Souza and Luis\nRoberto Gabriel Filho",authors:[{id:"239524",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo George",middleName:"Mungai",surname:"Chacur",slug:"marcelo-george-chacur",fullName:"Marcelo George Chacur"},{id:"245222",title:"MSc.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Arikawa",slug:"alex-arikawa",fullName:"Alex Arikawa"},{id:"245223",title:"MSc.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",slug:"camila-souza",fullName:"Camila Souza"},{id:"245224",title:"Dr.",name:"Eunice",middleName:null,surname:"Oba",slug:"eunice-oba",fullName:"Eunice Oba"},{id:"245225",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Gabriel Filho",slug:"luis-roberto-gabriel-filho",fullName:"Luis Roberto Gabriel Filho"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine-endocrinology-reproductive-endocrinology-and-infertility",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/biometric-systems/assessment-methods-of-cognitive-ability-of-human-brains-for-inborn-intelligence-potential-using-patt",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"biometric-systems",chapter:"assessment-methods-of-cognitive-ability-of-human-brains-for-inborn-intelligence-potential-using-patt"},fullPath:"/books/biometric-systems/assessment-methods-of-cognitive-ability-of-human-brains-for-inborn-intelligence-potential-using-patt",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()