Causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia according to categories, with corresponding representative conditions [11].
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7273",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Heat Exchangers",title:"Advances in Heat Exchangers",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Heat exchangers are important devices for engineering, research, and industry. Because of this, any improvement helps to optimize the whole process. Opportunity areas may be found in design, materials, or working fluids. In this sense, the present book compiles some advances in the matter of design (three chapters) and working fluids (one chapter). An introductory chapter also is presented.",isbn:"978-1-78985-074-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-073-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-038-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74640",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"advances-in-heat-exchangers",numberOfPages:92,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"be01a6ff85cfea7f4fcac6c4fafc4c13",bookSignature:"Laura Castro Gómez and Víctor Manuel Velázquez Flores",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7273.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7083,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:26,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 5th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 26th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 27th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 16th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 14th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"179471",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Castro Gómez",slug:"laura-castro-gomez",fullName:"Laura Castro Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179471/images/system/179471.jpg",biography:"Laura Castro Gómez obtained a Ph.D. in Engineering and Applied Sciences at the Center of Research in Engineering and Applied Science (CIICAp). She is a professor and researcher in mechanical engineering at Morelos State University (UAEM), Mexico. She teaches thermodynamics, fluids mechanics, and heat transfer, among other subjects. She also has expertise in turbomachinery, fluid flows, and heat exchangers. She has published sixteen papers in scientific journals and four book chapters. She has also co-edited two books. Dr. Castro is a reviewer for journals such as the International Journal Of Energy Research and Heat and Mass Transfer. She is a member of the board of directors of the Mexican Society of Mechanical Engineering, A.C. (SOMIM).",institutionString:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"242550",title:"Dr.",name:"Víctor Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Velázquez Flores",slug:"victor-manuel-velazquez-flores",fullName:"Víctor Manuel Velázquez Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242550/images/system/242550.jpg",biography:"Víctor Velázquez Flores is a Professor of Chemical Engineering, Morelos State University (UAEM), Mexico. He received a BChE and Ph.D. in Applied Chemical Engineering from the same university. Dr. Velázquez has taught thermodynamics, applied thermodynamics, applied fluids mechanics, mass and energy balance, and heat transfer. He has published articles in refereed and indexed journals and given workshops for the training of students and teachers. He has also directed theses and served as a dissertation advisor.",institutionString:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"826",title:"Thermal Engineering",slug:"mechanical-engineering-thermal-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"65100",title:"Introductory Chapter: Heat Exchangers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83376",slug:"introductory-chapter-heat-exchangers",totalDownloads:971,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Laura L. 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To understand the storage phenomenon of solar energy in the form of latent heat in PCM, initially found under cooling at 18°C, we studied the fusion in a specific configuration corresponding to a tubular exchanger with five circular horizontal fins. In this perspective, we propose in this work a numerical investigation based on an enthalpy formulation to study the melting of a PCM in a finned heat exchanger. This numerical approach gives simultaneously the temperature distributions in the PCM storage system and temporal propagation of the melting front during the melting of the PCM when it is exposed to a hot airflow. Also, we give in this study the transient evolution of the longitudinal air temperature profiles.",signatures:"Imen Jmal and Mounir Baccar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63844",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63844",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62088",title:"Use of Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques in the Design of Heat Exchangers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78953",slug:"use-of-heat-transfer-enhancement-techniques-in-the-design-of-heat-exchangers",totalDownloads:1805,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Heat transfer enhancement refers to application of basic concepts of heat transfer processes to improve the rate of heat removal or deposition on a surface. In the flow of a clean fluid through the tube of a heat exchanger, the boundary layer theorem establishes that a laminar sublayer exists where the fluid velocity is minimal. Heat transfer through this stagnant layer is mainly dominated by thermal conduction, becoming the major resistance to heat transfer. From an engineering point of view, heat transfer can be enhanced if this stagnant layer is partially removed or eliminated. In single-phase heat transfer processes, three options are available to increase the heat transfer rate. One of them is the choice of smaller free flow sectional area for increased fluid velocity bringing about a reduction of the thickness of the laminar sublayer. A second option is the engineering of new surfaces which cause increased local turbulence, and the third option consists in the use of mechanical inserts that promote local turbulence. The application of these alternatives is limited by the pressure drop. This chapter describes the concept of heat transfer enhancement and the ways it is applied to the development of new heat exchanger technology.",signatures:"Martín Picón-Núñez, Jorge C. Melo-González and Jorge Luis García-\nCastillo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62088",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62088",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63132",title:"Potentials and Challenges of Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Heat Exchanger",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80010",slug:"potentials-and-challenges-of-additive-manufacturing-technologies-for-heat-exchanger",totalDownloads:2176,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies enables a radical paradigm shift in the construction of heat exchangers. In place of a layout limited to the use of planar or tubular starting materials, heat exchangers can now be optimized, reflecting their function and application in a particular environment. The complexity of form is no longer a restriction but a quality. Instead of brazing elements, resulting in rather inflexible standard components prone to leakages, with AM, we finally can create seamless integrated and custom solutions from monolithic material. To address AM for heat exchangers we both focus on the processes, materials, and connections as well as on the construction abilities within certain modeling and simulation tools. AM is not the total loss of restrictions. Depending on the processes used, delicate constraints have to be considered. But on the other hand, we can access materials, which can operate in a much wider heat range. It is evident that conventional modeling techniques cannot match the requirements of a flexible and adaptive form finding. Instead, we exploit biomimetic and mathematical approaches with parametric modeling. This results in unseen configurations and pushes the limits of how we should think about heat exchangers today.",signatures:"Uwe Scheithauer, Richard Kordaß, Kevin Noack, Martin F.\nEichenauer, Mathias Hartmann, Johannes Abel, Gregor Ganzer and\nDaniel Lordick",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63132",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63132",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63401",title:"Thermal Performance of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using PG/Water and Al2O3 Nanofluid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80082",slug:"thermal-performance-of-shell-and-tube-heat-exchanger-using-pg-water-and-al2o3-nanofluid",totalDownloads:1002,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study investigates experimentally the thermal performance of propylene glycol/water with a concentration of (10/90) % and Al2O3/water nanofluid with a volume concentration of (0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.5, and 2.5) percentage under turbulent flow inside a horizontal shell and tube heat exchanger. The results indicate that the convective heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid is higher than the base PG/water for the same inlet temperature and mass flow rates. The heat transfer of the nanofluid increases with the increase in mass flow rate as well as the Al2O3 nanofluid volume concentration. Results also indicate that the increase in the concentration of the particles causes an increase in the viscosity which leads to an increase in friction factor. The effect of Peclet number, Reynolds number, Nusselt number, and Stanton number has been investigated. Those dimensionless number values change with the change in the working fluid density, Prandtl number, and volume concentration of the suspended particles.",signatures:"Jaafar Albadr",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63401",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63401",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10965",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b130aa3782505e13d72bf818edff849e",slug:"heat-exchangers",bookSignature:"Laura Castro Gómez, Víctor Manuel Velázquez Flores and Miriam Navarrete Procopio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10965.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179471",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Castro Gómez",slug:"laura-castro-gomez",fullName:"Laura Castro Gómez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"296",title:"Developments in Heat Transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06bca9a8a622c1fa728dc3943bff471e",slug:"developments-in-heat-transfer",bookSignature:"Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/296.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6625",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Aurelio",surname:"Dos Santos Bernardes",slug:"marco-aurelio-dos-santos-bernardes",fullName:"Marco Aurelio Dos Santos Bernardes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2230",title:"An Overview of Heat Transfer Phenomena",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7bb8831521deb0cadc8f29532d083b50",slug:"an-overview-of-heat-transfer-phenomena",bookSignature:"Salim N. 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\r\n\tThe continuous growth in the development of electronic devices, cellular wireless communication systems, and medical electronic devices over the last twenty years resulted in most of the world’s population owning smartphones, smartwatches, tablets, and other similar devices. As a result, the number of unwanted electronic devices is growing at a rapid rate. With this huge number of devices being produced and discarded, a new environmental disaster strikes our planet. Electronic waste and discarded old electronics are filling up landfills at an alarming rate. These electric devices contain hazardous and toxic materials that endanger the environment and the health of local communities, increasing environmental pollution. Furthermore, the consumption of electrical energy is in rapid growth. Traditional energy sources such as fuel and coal significantly increase environmental pollution. Green technologies, as well as recycling electronic waste, old batteries, plastic waste, and bottles, are employed to decrease environmental pollution. Renewable energy is also a major factor in decreasing environmental pollution. This book's main objective is to present innovation in green electronic technologies and devices, enabling engineers, students, and scientists from all areas to follow and understand the topics presented in the book.
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He worked at RAFAEL as a senior researcher, group leader, and project leader, at Hitech companies as an RF specialist project leader, and acted as vice president of the colleges' lecturer organization in Israel. In 2014 he received the best lecturer award from Ort Braude college where he was the leader of the communication group.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/16889/images/system/16889.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Albert Sabban holds a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder, USA (1991), and an MBA from the Faculty of Management, Haifa University, Israel (2005). 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Anterior cervical spine surgery is commonly performed for the treatment of varieties of cervical spine pathologies that include degenerative, trauma, tumors, deformities and infections [1].
Techniques of anterior cervical spine surgery include anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF), for primary stability and fusion different type of devices are used, such as cages, plates, cylinders, as well as bone growth promoters, substitutes, and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) have been use. In selected cases, discectomy alone is also performed especially through MIS or endoscopic techniques [2].
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) was first described by Smith Robinson in 1968, when he performed discectomy and fusion was done using tricortical bone graft, during 1990s more than 500,000 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) was done in USA [3].
Anterior cervical spine surgery is safe and effective harboring a wide range of indications with a low rate of morbidity and mortality [4]. Complications following anterior cervical spine surgery include airway complications, dysphagia, dysphonia, infection, implant failure, non-union, neurological deficit, vascular injuries, implant subsidence, adjacent level disease and even death [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
Dysphagia is one of the most common complications following anterior cervical spine surgeries, dysphagia is a symptom indicative of an abnormality in the neural control of, or the structures involved in, any phase of the swallowing process, which involve both voluntary and involuntary/reflex responses. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is an impairment in the speed and/or safe delivery of food materials from entry in the mouth to the upper portion of the esophagus. If present, the patient is at an increased risk of aspiration and may be unable to swallow properly liquids, foods, or saliva. The condition is considered long standing if it is still present more than 4 weeks after surgery [11].
Dysphagia following anterior cervical surgery can occur in the three phases of swallowing process (oral & transport phase, pharyngeal & esophageal) [12].
Postoperative dysphagia is the most common complications following ACSS, the incidence ranges between 1 and 79% [1, 11, 13]. The criteria used to define and detected dysphagia may influence the reported incidence, many factors impact the exact incidence which include:
The severity of dysphagia (mild, moderate, or severe), most of the cases fortunately presents with mild dysphagia.
Timing of postoperative detection (immediate postoperative <2 weeks, 2 weeks, 4–6 weeks, 8
Measurement tools (repeated questionnaires or patients self-reported). The repeated questioning provides a higher incidence than self-reported [16, 17, 18].
Surgical Techniques & Approaches (Revision, ACSS, PCSS, Standalone cage, Cervical Plate, ACDF, ACCD, & Single vs. multilevel) Revision, ACSS, multilevel surgery, cervical plating, ACCD are associated with a higher incidence [19].
Type and design of the study & sample size (retrospective or prospective, no. of the patients in the study, and the presence of control group or not). most of the studies are no controlled retrospective in nature with an intrinsic inability to detect preoperative swallowing difficulties, with no control group [20], the higher sample size the less incidence [21].
The incidence ranges between 28 and 57% in the intermediate and long term postoperative period (1–6 weeks), [17, 22], Riley et al. on a multicentric study that enrolled 454 patient who underwent ACSS in a multicentric study between 1998 and 2001 found that the incidence of postoperative dysphagia was 28.2, 6.8 and 7.8% at 3, 6, and 24 months, respectively, and at both 6 and 24 months the prevalence rate of persistent dysphagia was 21% [21]. On another study, the average incidence varied along the post-operative time after ACSS: 53.2% at 1 month, 31.6% at 2–4 months, 19.8% at 6 months, 16.8% at 12 months and 12.9 at 24 months [11].
Lee et al. reported an overall prevalence rate of postoperative dysphagia over time as the following: 54.0% at 1 month; 33.6% at 2 months; 18.6% at 6 months; 15.2% at 1 year; and 13.6% at 2 years [19].
Later, Riley et al. in a systematic review found that the incidence of postoperative dysphagia decreased with time after surgery and reach plateau at rate of 13–21% at one year [1].
Most cases of postoperative dysphagia are mild and transient, resolving gradually within 3 months [19, 23, 24] without any specific treatment. Most of the cases of postoperative dysphagia resolve within 1 year, however, about 5–7% of cases of dysphagia after ACSS are still present 6–24 months after surgery [11].
Yue et al. reported 15% rate of dysphagia after 5 years of ACSS [24]. The predominant cause of persistent postoperative dysphagia appears to be an increase of the thickness of posterior pharyngeal wall above the upper esophageal sphincter [25].
Anterior cervical spine surgery impact both physiological and anatomical function of the swallowing, and these factors impact the neural, muscular & mucosal structures [19, 26]. However, in some cases dysphagia can occur in the absence of any noticed postoperative complication in anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS).
We can summarize the etiology of dysphagia following anterior cervical spine surgery as the following:
Prevertebral soft tissue swelling is result of hemorrhage or intraoperative soft tissue trauma which leads to oedema which may cause transient dysfunction of the esophageal movement by impairing the upper esophageal sphincters. Nevertheless, Kang et al. failed to find a significant correlation between the thickness of prevertebral soft tissue and the incidence of dysphagia [27, 28].
The presence of anterior cervical osteophyte, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis can cause dysphagia secondary to mechanical impingement of esophagus, as well as inflammation causing adhesion and fibrosis.
In ACDF with plating, the presence of a plate can contributes to the same pathophysiology cause of dysphagia. Although the concept is not yet fully established, it has been proven that a thicker cervical plate is associated with a higher incidence of dysphagia [22].
Several studies confirmed that standalone cages are associated with less incidence of dysphagia when compared with ACDF with plating. However, this conclusion is not universally accepted [29].
Retraction of esophagus during surgery to expose the anterior cervical spine is one of the possible cause of postoperative dysphagia while some studies concluded that esophageal retraction may cause ischemia of the esophageal wall which in turn compromise the motility [12], one study failed to confirm the association between the intraoperative pressure of esophageal retraction and postoperative dysphagia [30].
Intraoperative nerve traction or injury is another possible cause of postoperative dysphagia. Different nerves traction will cause different esophageal segment dysphagia. For example damage or traction to Hypoglossal nerve will impact the oral phase of swallowing, while injury or traction to the connection between the pharyngeal plexus and pharyngeal muscle will impact the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. Injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) are both operative in the development of postoperative dysphagia, reason why a sound knowledge of their anatomy and meticulous surgical technique are essential to decrease the postoperative dysphagia [11].
Anderson et al. [11] summarized the causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia as seen in Table 1.
Categories of causes | Representative conditions |
---|---|
Collagen diseases | Scleroderma, dermatomyositis |
Conditions that give rise to fixed mechanical obstruction | Previous surgical treatment, tumor, cervical rings or webs, radiation/radiotherapy (pharyngeal phase) |
Congenital neurologic/structural disorders/malformations | Dysautonomia, cleft palate, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy |
Iatrogenic | Medications (chemotherapy, neuroleptics, etc.); pill injury (intentional; oral preparatory phase) |
Infectious | Botulism, diphtheria, Lyme disease, mucositis (herpetic lesions, cytomegalovirus, Candida, aphthous ulcers); syphilis (oral preparatory phase) |
Intrinsic functional disturbances | Cricopharyngeal achalasia, Zenker diverticulum (pharyngeal phase) |
Medical | Advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, deconditioning, intubation (prolonged endotracheal), rheumatoid arthritis, some viral infections |
Metabolic | Amyloidosis, Cushing syndrome, thyrotoxicosis, Wilson disease |
Myopathic | Connective tissue disease (overlap syndrome), myotonic dystrophy, paraneoplastic syndromes, polymyositis, sarcoidosis |
Neurologic | Dementia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Huntington disease, metabolic encephalopathies, polio, postpolio syndrome, traumatic brain injury, seizure disorders, tardive dyskinesia, brainstem tumor, cerebral vascular accident |
Neuromyogenic | Myopathies (inflammatory, metabolic), parkinsonism, head trauma, stroke (oral preparatory phase and pharyngeal phase) |
Progressive neurologic disorders | Dystonia, progressive supranuclear palsy, oculopharyngeal dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease (oral preparatory phase and pharyngeal phase) |
Neurosurgical procedures | Aneurysm clippings, anterior cervical spine surgery; resection of tumor |
Structural | Extrinsic compression, cervical osteophytes, scar tissue (oral/pharyngeal), stenosis (postsurgical/radiation/idiopathic), cricopharyngeal bar, skeletal abnormalities (pharyngeal phase) |
Causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia according to categories, with corresponding representative conditions [11].
Regarding the surgical techniques, the causes of dysphagia are described in Table 2.
Approach/technique | Possible resulting condition |
---|---|
Dissection or retraction | Damage of the aerodigestive pathway; muscle and serosa injuries and edema; tissue damage with subsequent edema; bruising or laceration of tissues |
SLN injury, most at risk with surgery involving C3-C4 , which can cause laryngeal sensory impairment | |
Injuries to the pharyngeal plexus or vagus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, or hypoglossal nerve (most at risk with surgery at or above C3) | |
Dysfunction of the pharyngeal plexus, which affects the motility of the visceral wall | |
Dissection or retraction of the longus colli muscle | Muscle and subperiosteal bleeding; prevertebral soft tissue swelling |
Retraction | Denervation of the pharyngeal plexus (involving the glossopharyngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve) |
Excessive or prolonged retraction | Dysphagia |
Esophageal edema, impingement, ischemia, denervation, re-perfusion injury | |
Posterior pharyngeal wall edema, preventing a full epiglottic deflection | |
Soft tissue fibrosis; soft tissue swelling; scar tissue formation | |
Significant tension during lateralization of the larynx (RLN most at risk with surgery involving C3–C4 and C5–T1) | RLN injury, which can cause vocal fold paresis or paralysis |
RLN stretch injury and/or RLN compression injury from ET cuff compression | RLN palsy, which can cause vocal fold paresis or paralysis |
Use of rh-BMP-2 | Early local inflammatory response to rh-BMP-2 (dose-related) |
Concurrent intraoperative traction on both the RLN and pharyngeal plexus | RLN injury |
Direct esophageal injury | Impaired opening of the upper esophageal sphincter |
Localized denervation of portions of the esophagus and hypopharynx | |
Pharyngeal wall ischemia | |
Hemostatic or coagulopathy | Hematoma formation |
Use of instrumentation | Any mechanical irritation or impingement against the esophagus |
Differences in postoperative cervical kyphotic-lordotic deformity | |
Thickness or anterior profile of anterior cervical plates and instrumentation | Irritation and inflammation |
Plate on the esophagus | Mass effect |
Use of graft | Craft (implant) protrusion, graft extrusion or cord compression |
Improper halo or collar positioning | Cervical hyperextension |
Causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia according to operative approach and operative technique.
Abbreviations: ET, endotracheal; rhBMP-2, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; RLN, recurrent laryngeal nerve; SLN, superior laryngeal nerve.
Smith-Hammond et al. [20] found that older patients have an higher risk of dysphagia following ACDF, while Lee et al. [19] and Bazaz et al. [19] found the no correlation between the age and the risk of dysphagia.
Female gender harbors an increased risk of dysphagia following ACDF [13, 19], while other studies failed to find the association between sex and dysphagia [21, 31].
The longer the surgical time, which happens in complex procedures or in surgeries performed by less experienced surgeons, the higher contribution to the development of dysphagia, although some studies failed conclude it.
Some studies have shown that multiple levels surgeries represent a significant risk factor for dysphagia [19], however others did not find any correlation between the multilevel and risk of dysphagia [31].
In cases of revision surgeries, the presence of scar tissue can distort the anatomy compared to index surgery, rendering esophageal injury more likely [19].
Depending on the surgical indications related to the pathology, the level affected and the presence of deformity, different implants are used in anterior cervical surgeries. According to his/her experience and preferences, the surgeon may use stand-alone cage, hybrid cage, cervical plating, or total disc replacement [34].
The use of cervical plate in ACDF remain a controversy issue, especially in single and two levels degenerative disc disease, but many studies support its use in more than 2 levels in degenerative spine, in trauma, tumor, infections, especially if corpectomies are advocated.
Plating has the advantage of increase fusion rate, better lordotic reconstruction, enhanced primary stability of the construct, superior disc height preservation and lower subsidence rate [35]. However these benefits come at the cost of screw pullout, loosening of plate, hardware breakage, increase in the operative time and overall costs, and increased risk of dysphagia [34].
Total disc arthroplasty (TDR) become popularized in last decades as a motion preserving technique in the anterior cervical surgeries, avoiding the fusion and decrease the adverse effect of ACDF, in selected indications. However, studies found no difference in the risk of dysphagia when comparing between TDR and ACDF [36].
Bone morphogenetic protein is used during cervical surgery to increase the fusion rate especially in cases of accrued risk of pseudoarthrosis. Some studies found that BMP may constitute a risk factor for dysphagia following ACDF as it induces inflammation and oedema which will affect the surrounding soft tissue, including the esophagus [37, 38].
Studies found that a high level of cervical spine surgery, such as C3-4, is associated with more dysphagia than the lower levels. In the upper cervical spine, the risk of superior laryngeal nerve injury is amplified which entails an increased risk of dysphagia. As the retropharyngeal space in the upper cervical spine is more generous than in inferior cervical spine, the soft tissue swelling will be potentially more severe [39].
Significant blood loss impacts in the overall surgical outcome and is associated with many adverse effects that includes postoperative recovery and infection rate. In fact, some studies have shown than blood loss superior to 300 ml is associated with an enhanced risk of dysphagia following ACSS [21].
Patients present with dysphagia due to alteration in swallowing mechanisms that include [25]:
Increased aspiration.
Thickening of the pharyngeal wall.
Poorer pharyngeal constriction and peristalsis.
Prolonged transit time.
Reduced hyoid displacement.
Reduced opening of the pharyngoesophageal segment opening.
Impaired epiglottic inversion
As a result of dysphagia, patients may develop other symptoms that may include:
Reflexive coughing or wet/gurgle voice during or right after swallowing.
Extra effort or time needed to chew or swallow.
Food or liquid leaking from the mouth or getting stuck in the mouth.
Recurring pneumonia or chest congestion after eating.
Persistent & severe dysphagia may result in weight loss, dehydration, risk of aspiration pneumonia, chronic lung disease and psychological problems [40].
The presence of long-standing dysphagia should raise the suspicion of esophageal perforation and thus be adamantly investigated.
Non-validated questionaries to evaluate the severity of dysphagia following ACSS include:
Depending on liquid and/or solid food difficulty swelling, they graded the severity into none, mild, moderate, and severe, as described in Table 3 [13].
Severity of dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing liquids | Difficulty swallowing solids |
---|---|---|
None | None | None |
Mild | None | Rare |
Moderate | None or rare | Occasionally (only with specific foods) |
Severe | None or rare | Frequent (majority of solids) |
Bazaz dysphagia scoring system [2].
It is a modification of Bazaz Dysphagia Score into a ten-points scale recorded daily for four days, with dysphagia being defined as a cumulative four-day score of ≥12 [30]. As seen in Table 4.
Points | Severity of dysphagia | Definition |
---|---|---|
0 | None | No episodes of difficulty swallowing |
1–3 | Mild | Only rare episodes of difficulty swallowing |
4–6 | Moderate | Occasional swallowing difficulty with solid foods |
7–10 | Severe | Swallowing difficulty with solids and liquids |
Modified Bazaz dysphagia scoring system [15]. Assessment is undertaken on the day of operation and on the first, third and fifth post-operative days; the scores are added together, with dysphagia defined as a cumulative score of ≥ 12.
Assess the postoperative dysphagia using numeric scale [31].
Includes also physical function and emotional domains [31].
Swallowing-quality of life (SWAL-QOL) questionnaire is a validated 93-item questionnaire that quantifies dysphagia on the basis of severity and duration as well as its psychological impact [32], although it is has been shown to be valid and reliable, its length and complexity make it less practical in the clinical setting.
Videoflouroscopic swallow evaluation (VSE) is a gold standard for the assessment of swallowing impairment also referred to as a modified barium swallow study [41].
The aim of treatment in postoperative dysphagia following ACSS is to maximize the food transit, minimize or prevent respiratory aspiration and related adverse effect [42].
Currently there is no specific treatment for dysphagia, as many patients with postoperative dysphagia will resolve with time. The available treatment include behavioral, postural changes, sensory input enhancement, swallowing maneuvers, voluntary control in effort exerted during swallowing and diet modification [43].
The best form of treatment is prevention, as discussed in the next section.
For persistent dysphagia that extends for more than 12–18 months, some authors recommend surgical treatment to debride the adhesion or anterior cervical instrumentation to immobilize the spine to avoid esophagus tethering and traction [44].
Many studies evaluated the techniques and recommendation to decrease the incidence of postoperative dysphasia following ACSS.
The intra-operative local application of steroids in is regarded as a preventive measure to abort the development of postoperative dysphagia. This is based on the pathogenesis, as soft tissue swelling, and local inflammation will be decrease when the steroids are used. In this respect the use of IV Methylprednisolone is recommended [45], while the local application of triamcinolone in the retropharyngeal space may decrease the incidence of dysphagia postoperatively [46].
Excessive endotracheal tube pressure may impact locally by increasing transmural pressure translating in a putative risk of soft tissue injury and dysphagia development following ACSS, Accordingly, some authors recommend decreasing the endotracheal tube pressure to 20 mmHg during the period of cervical traction [47], or the release of the endotracheal tube pressure and reinflate it after retractor placement to minimize the pressure related damage to the RLN [48].
A plate can cause postoperative dysphagia due to mass effect or induction of inflammation, plate redesign to a low profile by decreasing its thickness will endure a minimization of postoperative dysphagia [22]. Equally, the use of a zero profile cage and plate or hybrid cage has shown a smaller incidence of postoperative dysphagia [49].
The concept behind the preoperative tracheal traction exercise is to increase the compliance of the esophagus, thereby reducing the pressure required by retraction to expose an adequate operative field, the exercises were performed twice daily (15 times each time) for three days, starting four days before the operation [50].
An effort to limit the operative time should be undertaken to decrease the postoperative dysphagia. Appropriate surgical training should focus on acquiring a sound knowledge of anatomical variation of the RLN & SLN, a meticulous plan by plan surgical dissection, control of blood loss to better identify anatomical structures, avoid excessive blade retraction to reduce mechanical transmural esophageal pressure and anchoring the blades under the dissected longus coli to avoid injury to RLN and SLN [11, 48, 51].
Dysphagia following anterior cervical spine surgery is a common complication, in most cases it is mild and resolved with time, no specific treatment is required.
There are risk factors to increase the risk that include multiple levels, smoking, cervical plating, increase the operative time, revision surgeries.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Understanding magnetic properties at the microscopic level plays an important role in the development of modern science and technology [1, 2]. For instance, writing and reading information using nanometer size magnetic bits is the heart of massive data storage indispensable in the modern information technology [1]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which is an important medical tool of imaging the inner structures of human body is also based on sensing the magnetic response of minuscule protons with respect to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves [2]. For fundamental research, on the other hand, studying magnetic phases and spin textures at the nanometer scale are one of the hottest topics in solid-state physics due to the recent discovery of exotic materials and topological phases [3, 4, 5]. Therefore, it is not too much to say that the continuous advances in modern science and technology strongly reply on the precise sensing and control of magnetism at the atomic level.
\nThe paradigm of modern science and technology seems to shift from charge-based devices to spin-based systems. Nonetheless studying spins is a lot more difficult than electric charges mainly due to the lack of sensitive measurement techniques of magnetic field. For instance, the size of magnetic bits used in MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) and STT-MRAM (Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory) are less than 10 nanometers and eventually reaches at the level of single spins requiring sensitive detection of individual spins with high spatial resolution [6, 7]. However, detecting single electron spin takes more than 13 hours even with the best magnetometer [8], while sensing single electron charge takes only 1 picosecond [9, 10]. This motivates to develop new magnetic sensors with high magnetic field sensitivity and high spatial resolution.
\nExisting magnetometers are insufficient to satisfy both requirements especially when trying to measure minute magnetic fields at the length scale of 100 nm or below. For instance, SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices), atomic vapor cell and Hall bar are very sensitive magnetometers but their spatial resolutions are typically limited to tens of micrometers [11, 12]. On the other hand, scanning probe type tools such as SP-STM (Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope) and MFM (Magnetic Force Microscope) exhibit very high spatial resolution but their sensitivity is relatively low and not quantitatively defined [13, 14]. Moreover, magnetic films coated at the tips may produce unwanted stray field affecting the magnetic samples to be measured.
\nHere, we introduce a novel magnetometer enabling non-invasive, extremely sensitive magnetic sensing and imaging at the nanometer scale. It is based on diamond NV (nitrogen-vacancy) center which is an atomic size point defect in the diamond crystal providing high spatial resolution. It is also a spin qubit (i.e. quantum bit) possessing remarkable magnetic and quantum properties satisfying high field sensitivity [15, 16]. Since it can also operate over a wide range of temperature from room temperature down to cryogenic temperatures and is chemically inert and non-toxic, the NV center already has been applied in various experiments including magnetic imaging of solid-state materials and biomedical samples [17, 18]. In this chapter, we will discuss basic working principles of diamond NV centers (Section 2) and their sensing mechanisms (Section 3). Furthermore, we will provide two examples of imaging applications; scanning probe type imaging (Section 4.1) and wide field-of-view optical imaging (Section 4.2) (\nFigure 1\n).
\nComparison of various magnetometers in terms of spatial resolution and magnetic field sensitivity. The diamond NV center is a promising candidate to realize the goal of highly sensitive sensing with nanometer-scale resolution. The data are adopted from [
The diamond NV center is a hetero-molecular defect in a diamond crystal consisting of a substitutional nitrogen defect combined with an adjacent carbon vacancy [15, 16] (\nFigure 2a\n). It is a color center as it absorbs photons in the visible range of wavelength (e.g. 532 nm) and emits photons of a broad range of wavelength (e.g. 632–800 nm). The NV center can exist in a natural diamond, but it can be created in more controllable fashion, for instance, by implanting nitrogen ions into the diamond. Subsequent high temperature annealing (e.g. at 800°C) results in the thermal migration of carbon vacancies and NV centers are formed once the vacancies meet the implanted nitrogen impurities. The density and location of NV centers in diamond are well controlled with various techniques. \nFigure 2b\n shows an example of precise positioning of NV centers less than a few hundred of nanometers uncertainty [27].
\nPhysical properties of diamond NV center. (a) Crystal structure of NV center in a diamond lattice. NV center consists of nitrogen substitutional defect and carbon vacancy. (b) Precise formation of NV centers using focused ion beam (FIB) implantation of nitrogen. Reprint with permission from [
When negatively charged, the NV center has total six electrons (i.e. three electrons from three carbons, two electrons from the substitutional nitrogen and one electron from the diamond lattice). Four of them form pairs and the remaining two unpaired electrons make spin triplet states (i.e. S = 1) in the ground energy level. The spin triplet states are split into ms = 0 and ms = \n
Electronic properties of diamond NV center. (a) Energy levels and optical transitions are illustrated. The spin triplet ground states are used to realize a spin qubit for the magnetic field sensing. (b) Photoluminescence signal as a function of microwave frequency reveals the Zeeman splitting providing information about the external magnetic field. This method is called CW-ESR measurement.
The optical response of the NV center varies depending on its spin states. When it is in the ms = 0 state, almost 100% cycling transition occurs upon optical pumping. On the other hand, for the case of ms = \n
The energy levels of NV center are located well within the bandgap of diamond (i.e. 5.3 eV) making it effectively isolated from the hosting material and enabling to preserve its intrinsic quantum properties. Thus, the NV center has exceptionally long spin coherence times even at room temperature [28] (e.g. T2 > 1 ms). In addition, the NV spin is highly sensitive to various fields, including temperature, magnetic, electric and strain fields [18]. For example, the magnetic field sensitivity for a single NV center is on the order of \n
In this section, we will discuss various sensing methods specifically designed to study magnetism in different spectral regimes from static spin distributions to high frequency magnetic excitations. Sections 3.1 and 3.2 elucidate basic mechanisms used for sensing static and dynamic magnetic fields. The section ends with a brief outlook on advanced sensing techniques (Section 3.3).
\nProbing static field from magnetic textures or current flow in transport devices is an important capability to study microscopic magnetism in condensed matter physics. The diamond NV centers already have been used to study a diverse set of magnetic systems including skyrmions [31], superconducting vortices [32, 33], domain walls [34], magnetic nanowires [35], and steady-state current distributions in graphene [36]. Various experimental methods have been implemented to detect static dc magnetic field and we will examine the two most common protocols; continuous wave electron spin resonance (CW-ESR) and Ramsey interferometry.
\nAs seen in \nFigure 3b\n, the ground spin states of NV center are subject to change by external magnetic field via the Zeeman effect. Upon continuous illumination of the pumping laser and gigahertz microwave photons, ESR transitions of ms = 0 \n
The amount of dc magnetic field is extracted from the ESR splitting of \n
where \n
Sensing dc magnetic field based on CW-ESR measurement. Continuous wave of laser and microwave photons are used. The shift in frequency gives an information about the magnitude and direction of external magnetic field.
As seen in Eq. (2), the sensitivity is limited by the ESR linewidth and in principle it can be as narrow as the inverse of NV’s inhomogeneous dephasing time, \n
The power broadening problem can be avoided by using pulsed laser and microwave photons. Ramsey interferometry is one of the basic pulse techniques used to measure the free induction decay of a spin qubit. \nFigure 5a\n shows Ramsey pulse sequences used in the NV measurement. The two laser pulses are used for optical initialization and readout while the two \n
Sensing dc magnetic field based on Ramsey interferometry. (a) Schematics of laser and microwave pulse used for the measurement. (b) A close view of the resonance peak in CW-ESR reveals three sub-features resulting from the NV’s hyperfine coupling with 14N nuclear spin. (c) Ramsey measurement with the detunings in (b) shows the beatings of three oscillations. Subset presents the FFT of the Ramsey signal showing three peaks corresponding to the detunings.
where \n
where \n
\n\nFigure 5b\n and \nc\n shows an example of the Ramsey measurement. The ESR resonance exhibits three hyperfine structures due to the dipole-dipole interaction between NV electron spin and 14N nuclear spin (I = 1). Therefore, the beatings of three oscillations appear in the Ramsey signal (\nFigure 5c\n) which is defined as,
\nwhere \n
The NV center can also detect ac magnetic field up to gigahertz. The large bandwidth sensing capability is important to study spin dynamics in solid-state systems and biological samples. For example, nuclear spin precession in biomolecules occurs at 100 kHz–MHz regime while spin excitations or charge fluctuations in solids happen at higher frequency of MHz–GHz [30]. Various sensing methods with its detection bandwidth are listed in \nFigure 6\n and, in this section, we will explain two basic dynamical decoupling methods such as spin Hahn echo and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG).
\nDetection bandwidth of various sensing methods. NV center can measure magnetic field from dc to gigahertz ac frequency. Reprint with permission from Ref. [
Spin Hahn echo measurement consists of a similar pulse sequence as Ramsey interferometry but having an extra \n
Sensing ac magnetic field based on spin Hahn echo measurement. (a) Schematics of the Hahn echo pulses. (b) Bloch representations of the spin status according to the numbers indicated in (a).
This can be better viewed with the Bloch sphere representation shown in \nFigure 7b\n. In the rotating frame at the qubit frequency, the spin rotates around the equator by an angle, \n
where \n
This difference determines the projected probability of the qubit and becomes non-zero if the sign of \n
Finally, an average probability of the qubit state after repeated Hahn echo cycles (but with random phase offset,\n
\n\nFigure 8\n shows an example of the spin Hahn echo measurement as a function of the free precession time, \n
Examples of the Hahn echo measurement as a function of ac field strength. (a–c) Hahn echo signals with various strengths of ac magnetic field at 500 kHz. (a) no field, (b) 14.1
By adding more periodic microwave pulses in the sequence, one can extend the spin coherence time and realize improved sensitivity. For example, CPMG sequence utilizes
Sensing ac magnetic field based on CPMG measurement. (a) Schematics of the CPMG pulses. (b) CPMG signals with two different ac magnetic fields at 500 kHz, i.e.
The ac field sensitivity is similar as the dc field sensitivity in Eq. (4) but now the intrinsic spin dephasing time, \n
In general, the bandwidth of dynamical decoupling methods is limited to ∼ 10 MHz (\nFigure 6\n). Higher frequency ac field (∼GHz) can be measured by \n
An example of
In terms of the field sensitivity, higher sensitivity can be realized using either ensembles of NV center or advanced sensing protocols. The former is possible since the sensitivity is proportional to \n
An example of quantum memory measurement. Spin coherence time is extended by using a neighboring nuclear spin as a memory qubit. Reprint with permission from [
In this section, we will introduce magnetic imaging techniques based on the diamond NV center. The combined properties of atomic-scale size and high field sensitivity make the NV center as a novel imaging tool to study nanoscale magnetism in the field of condensed matter physics and biology. Multiple imaging techniques have been implemented in several experiments and we will discuss two examples of the diamond imaging techniques; scanning magnetometry and wide field-of-view optics.
\nScanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a versatile tool to image sample surface with high spatial resolution. The probe tip can scan over the surface with nanometer step size while maintaining vertical distance with feedback techniques. Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) are the most common SPM methods used in various experiments. In NV-based imaging applications, different geometries of SPM are possible depending on the position of NV center either on tip or on surface. For example, magnetic molecules that are attached at the end of AFM tip are scanned over a bulk diamond surface where NV centers are located underneath the surface [37] (e.g. 5–20 nm). On the other hand, the NV center can be positioned at the apex of AFM tip and is scanned over magnetic samples [31, 32, 33, 34]. There are several benefits of the former geometry. A simple SPM design is possible and there are no needs for complicated diamond fabrication. Moreover, one can use NV centers in a bulk diamond which typically possess good coherence properties. However, this method is not suitable to image large area of sample since it is not easy to be prepared on the tip. Therefore, the geometry of NV-on-tip is more suitable to study solid-state materials.
\n\n\nFigure 12a\n shows a schematic of the NV-on-tip geometry. A fabricated diamond probe with pillar structures or a diamond nano-particle is glued at the end of an AFM tuning fork. An objective lens focuses on the NV center at the tip apex for the optical excitation and readout. A scanning stage maneuvers the sample in three dimensional directions with nanometer step size. In this way, the NV center can effectively scan over the sample and detects local magnetic fields at every scan position on the surface. \nFigure 12b\n shows examples of the scan images on various magnetic samples including superconducting vortex [32, 33], and multiferroic materials [39]. Since the NV center can operate from room temperature down to cryogenic temperatures, this novel method provides an efficient way to study temperature-dependent evolution of magnetic orders in exotic materials.
\nScanning magnetometry based on diamond NV center. (a) A schematic of diamond scanning magnetometer. A diamond probe scans over a magnetic sample while an objective lens collects NV photons and a wire produces microwave excitations. (b) Examples of magnetic imaging on various magnetic samples such as superconducting vortex, multiferroic magnetic orders (following from the top image to the bottom image). Reprint with permissions from [
The diamond SPM method provides high resolution imaging but is quite slow due to the scanning process (e.g. a few hours per image) and is not an efficient method to study dynamical features. Fast magnetic imaging can be realized by simultaneous mapping the sample with wide field-of-view optics. While confocal optics used in the SPM collects photons only from a focused spot, wide field-of-view optics records optical signals from every point within the optical field-of-view (e.g. \n
In the diamond wide field-of-view optics experiment, ensembles of NV center are typically used to enhance the field sensitivity and biological samples are placed on a bulk diamond containing NV ensembles. Simultaneous excitation of a number group of NV centers within the field-of-view requires high power of pumping laser. In order to avoid potential damage to the bio-sample due to the high power laser beam, total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) technique is typically adopted [40]. With the TIRF configuration, the excitation laser from the backside of the diamond is totally reflected at the interface between the diamond and the sample and is only illuminated onto the NV ensembles.
\n\n\nFigure 13a\n shows an example of the wide field-of-view magnetic imaging on biological samples e.g. bacteria called magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) [40]. MTB contain magnetic nano-particles in the body forming one dimensional chain that and are aligned along the external magnetic field. The diamond wide field-of-view optics successfully maps the stray field produced by a single MTB and identifies orientations of the magnetic chains from the field distribution.. Motivated by this work, scientists try to identify cancer cells among normal cells by selectively dosing magnetic nano-particles into the target cells and imaging the resulting magnetic field [43].
\nExamples of magnetic sensing and imaging on biological samples. (a) Magnetic imaging on a single magnetotactic bacterium. Reprint with permission from [
Owing to the capability of bio-imaging, the NV center gets increasing attentions in the field of neural science. Since neurons communicate each other via the motions of ions, it can be viewed as current flows in a conducting wire which produces magnetic field around it. By mapping the induced magnetic field with the NV center, therefore, one can study brain activities in the neural networks. As a first step toward this goal, recent experiment successfully demonstrates detection of magnetic field due to the action potential along an axon (\nFigure 13b\n) [41]. The NV center is also used to probe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal from a single protein [44] which opens up the possibilities of MRI at the nanometer-scale [42] (\nFigure 13c\n).
\nIn this chapter, we introduce the diamond NV center as a novel magnetometer satisfying high magnetic field sensitivity and high spatial resolution. We review the basic working principles of sensing dc and ac magnetic field and discuss two imaging applications which are based on scanning magnetometry and wide field-of-view optics techniques. The excellent properties of NV centers such as sub-nanotesla sensitivity, nanometer-scale resolution, gigahertz range of detection bandwidth, wide range of the operation temperature, non-toxic and bio-friendly host material position the NV center as a unique tool of sensing and imaging microscopic magnetic phenomena. Improving sensing protocols and imaging techniques is on-going efforts in this field. In conclusion, the novel magnetometer introduced in this chapter has a promising potential to be used in various research fields particularly solid-state physics and life science.
\nThe authors acknowledge the support from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2016R1D1A1A02937119) and the Korea University Future Research Grant (K1822781).
\nIntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
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\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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