Anti-proliferative activitiesa for compounds
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5463",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in International Rice Research",title:"Advances in International Rice Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Rice provides staple food for more than 50% of the world\'s population and is an important crop in the world. With the new technologies such as high-throughput genome sequencing and integrated "-omis" methods applied in rice researches, great advancements have been made. This book was aimed to show a glance of new advancements in the international rice researches. The first section of the book introduced rice cultivation and production. As core sections of the book, the second and third sections introduced physiological and genetic mechanisms on grain quality and biotic and abiotic stress resistance as well as breeding. In the last section, we introduced new technologies such as chromatin immunoprecipitation, integrated "-omis" methods, and bistatic interferometry technology in rice research.',isbn:"978-953-51-3010-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3009-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5478-5",doi:"10.5772/63007",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"advances-in-international-rice-research",numberOfPages:324,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"92ccc84a75f33d3dac5e3cd4b6a00474",bookSignature:"Jinquan Li",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5463.jpg",numberOfDownloads:32844,numberOfWosCitations:54,numberOfCrossrefCitations:57,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:98,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:209,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 18th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 9th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 13th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 11th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 11th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"96434",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin Quan",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"jin-quan-li",fullName:"Jin Quan Li",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/96434/images/5262_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Jinquan Li obtained his master’s and PhD degrees on Crop Science at Shenyang Agricultural University and South China Agricultural University in 2000 and 2003, respectively. During July 2003 and 2011, he worked at South China Agricultural University as an assistant professor (an associate professor since December 2008) in Plant Genetics and Breeding. During 2009 and 2011, he worked at the Max Planck Institutes for plant breeding research, Germany, as a postdoc and later as a project scientist between October 2011 and October 2014. From November 2014 to present, he works as a scientist in the German Plant Phenotyping Network (DPPN) project at the Institute of Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Research Center, Jülich, Germany.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"South China Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"350",title:"Agrology",slug:"agrology"}],chapters:[{id:"53172",title:"Soil and Water Management for Sprinkler Irrigated Rice in Southern Brazil",doi:"10.5772/66024",slug:"soil-and-water-management-for-sprinkler-irrigated-rice-in-southern-brazil",totalDownloads:1448,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice is grown in lowland paddies, which is flood irrigated. In the most undulating areas, continuous flooding is difficult and some farmers seek alternative irrigation methods. Grain yield in sprinkler irrigated rice ranges between 80 and 100% of that obtained under flooding, but for this, fertilizer and water should be properly managed. For sprinkler irrigated rice, fertilizer should be corrected by adding 10 kg/ha of P2O5 and 15 kg/ha of K2O for every expected additional ton of grains, over the standard recommendation. Regarding nitrogen fertilizer, it is recommended to be applied about 20 kg/ha of N at planting and the rest as topdressing. This can be done via soil, split into two applications: 50–60% of the topdressing dose at tillering start and the rest at panicle initiation. When N is applied by fertigation, 25% of the recommended topdressing N should be applied at tillering start; the remainder of the dose may be partitioned into four to six weekly applications through irrigation water. For water management, soil water tension should be kept below 10 kPa. At the vegetative stage, irrigation can be applied aiming to avoid water tensions in soil above 30 kPa at any moment.",signatures:"José Maria Barbat Parfitt, Germani Concenço, Walkyria Bueno\nScivittaro, André Andres, Jaqueline Trombetta da Silva and Marília\nAlves Brito Pinto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53172",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53172",authors:[{id:"13555",title:"Dr.",name:"Germani",surname:"Concenco",slug:"germani-concenco",fullName:"Germani Concenco"},{id:"160203",title:"Dr.",name:"André",surname:"Andres",slug:"andre-andres",fullName:"André Andres"},{id:"191094",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose M. B.",surname:"Parfitt",slug:"jose-m.-b.-parfitt",fullName:"Jose M. B. Parfitt"},{id:"191095",title:"Dr.",name:"Walkyria B.",surname:"Scivittaro",slug:"walkyria-b.-scivittaro",fullName:"Walkyria B. Scivittaro"},{id:"191096",title:"MSc.",name:"Jaqueline T.",surname:"Silva",slug:"jaqueline-t.-silva",fullName:"Jaqueline T. Silva"},{id:"191097",title:"Dr.",name:"Marilia A. B.",surname:"Pinto",slug:"marilia-a.-b.-pinto",fullName:"Marilia A. B. Pinto"}],corrections:null},{id:"54333",title:"Weed Management in Sprinkler-Irrigated Rice: Experiences from Southern Brazil",doi:"10.5772/67146",slug:"weed-management-in-sprinkler-irrigated-rice-experiences-from-southern-brazil",totalDownloads:1458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sprinkler rice saves water compared to paddy rice. However, in paddy fields, the water table is efficient for weed suppression. In sprinkler rice, there is no water table on soil; thus, weed management used in paddy rice may not be suitable for sprinkler rice, since herbicides and water table are expected to interact. Weed pressure in sprinkler rice is higher than in paddy rice; annual grasses are the main weeds in both paddy and sprinkler rice. Barnyardgrass, goosegrass, crabgrass and Alexandergrass show vigorous growth in sprinkler rice. A 3-year study shows that weeds in sprinkler rice reduce grain yield between 11 and 95%. Herbicides used in conventional and Clearfield® rice (clomazone, imazethapyr + imazapic, imazapyr + imazapic, pendimethalin and penoxsulam) were tested, contrasting paddy and sprinkler rice. Additionally, the technique locally called “needle-point” (glyphosate applied over the first-day emerging rice) was combined with pre- and postemergence herbicides. When using only pre- or postemergence, weeds reduced rice grain yield; a combination of products was the best option for sprinkler-irrigated rice. The Clearfield technology was efficient in controlling most weeds. However, using it combined to the needle-point promoted the best results. The main approaches for weed management in sprinkler-irrigated rice were summarized.",signatures:"André Andres, Giovani Theisen, Gustavo Mack Teló, Germani\nConcenço, José Maria Barbat Parfitt, Leandro Galon and Matheus\nBastos Martins",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54333",authors:[{id:"160203",title:"Dr.",name:"André",surname:"Andres",slug:"andre-andres",fullName:"André Andres"},{id:"191094",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose M. B.",surname:"Parfitt",slug:"jose-m.-b.-parfitt",fullName:"Jose M. B. Parfitt"},{id:"151274",title:"MSc.",name:"Gustavo Mack",surname:"Teló",slug:"gustavo-mack-telo",fullName:"Gustavo Mack Teló"},{id:"167832",title:"MSc.",name:"Giovani",surname:"Theisen",slug:"giovani-theisen",fullName:"Giovani Theisen"},{id:"191276",title:"Dr.",name:"Germani",surname:"Concenço",slug:"germani-concenco",fullName:"Germani Concenço"},{id:"194954",title:"Prof.",name:"Leandro",surname:"Galon",slug:"leandro-galon",fullName:"Leandro Galon"},{id:"199780",title:"Mr.",name:"Matheus",surname:"Martins",slug:"matheus-martins",fullName:"Matheus Martins"}],corrections:null},{id:"53361",title:"Weed Seedbank in Rice Fields",doi:"10.5772/66676",slug:"weed-seedbank-in-rice-fields",totalDownloads:1594,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The weed seedbank in the soil is the major source of weeds in rice fields. Therefore, information on ecological aspects of weeds occurring in rice, including their potential seed production, is crucial for weed management. The size of the weed seedbank in rice fields is highly variable depending on the climate, relief position, soil moisture content, depth of sampling, history of the areas and management practices used by farmers. As a survival strategy, colonization and persistence in the communities, most common weeds in rice fields produce huge number of seeds and vegetative propagules with physical and physiological dormancy mechanisms, insuring seed viability in the soil for long periods. A large proportion of weed seedbank remains generally on or close to the soil surface after seed rain. Sampling protocols involve the use soil cores at variable soil depths. Determination of the size of the weed seedbank can be made by seed direct extraction and germination methods. The latter is more precise with respect to enumeration of viable seeds in the soil. Weed management in rice fields should focus on methods suitable to decrease the weed population in the soil seedbank.",signatures:"Mário Luiz Ribeiro Mesquita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53361",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53361",authors:[{id:"190821",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Luiz",surname:"Mesquita",slug:"mario-luiz-mesquita",fullName:"Mario Luiz Mesquita"}],corrections:null},{id:"53124",title:"The Use of Rice in Brewing",doi:"10.5772/66450",slug:"the-use-of-rice-in-brewing",totalDownloads:4537,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Rice could be a useful raw material for the production of a gluten-free beer-like beverage. In today’s beer brewing industry, rice is primarily used as an adjunct in combination with barley malt. But, recently, there is some information about rice malt for brewing an all-rice malt beer. The use of rice as an adjunct in brewing is described highlighting the quality attributes of the final beer. The rice grain quality attributes of different samples are reported in order to evaluate their attitude to malting and brewing and also considering their enzymatic activity. Then, the different brewing processes to produce all-rice malt beers will be described and the final gluten-free rice beers is evaluated and compared to a barley malt beer. Finally, the levels of major aroma-active components of an all-rice malt beer and the results of the sensory analysis assessing the beer-like character of the rice beverage are reported. The obtained beer samples show a content of volatile compounds comparable with a barley malt beer. The sensory profile of the rice malt beer is similar to a barley malt beer in aroma, taste and mouthfeel.",signatures:"Ombretta Marconi, Valeria Sileoni, Dayana Ceccaroni and Giuseppe\nPerretti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53124",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53124",authors:[{id:"189703",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ombretta",surname:"Marconi",slug:"ombretta-marconi",fullName:"Ombretta Marconi"},{id:"189706",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeria",surname:"Sileoni",slug:"valeria-sileoni",fullName:"Valeria Sileoni"},{id:"189707",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Perretti",slug:"giuseppe-perretti",fullName:"Giuseppe Perretti"},{id:"190973",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayana",surname:"Ceccaroni",slug:"dayana-ceccaroni",fullName:"Dayana Ceccaroni"}],corrections:null},{id:"53681",title:"Breeding Rice for Improved Grain Quality",doi:"10.5772/66684",slug:"breeding-rice-for-improved-grain-quality",totalDownloads:2515,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice grain quality improvement has become very crucial for most breeding programs around the world. Grain quality is a complex trait which comprises milling, appearance (grain size and chalkiness), cooking and eating (starch properties including apparent amylose content (AAC), gelatinization temperature (GT), gel consistency and paste viscosity measured using rapid visco analyzer measured using rapid visco analyzer (RVA) as well as nutritional quality. Many genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the various quality traits have been identified/cloned. This has enabled the development of functional markers to facilitate the selection for this complex trait. Functional markers, especially those targeting mutations in the BADH2, waxy, alk and GS3 genes, are highly associated with aroma, AAC/RVA, GT and grain size, respectively; and thus effective for marker-assisted breeding. Different alleles can be combined through gene pyramiding to improve rice grain quality for various consumers. To be able to meet future needs, rice breeders must exploit modern marker technologies such as genomic selection (GS) to take care of the effects of both major and minor genes for grain quality as well as high yield, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance.",signatures:"Maxwell Darko Asante",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53681",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53681",authors:[{id:"190033",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxwell Darko",surname:"Asante",slug:"maxwell-darko-asante",fullName:"Maxwell Darko Asante"}],corrections:null},{id:"53218",title:"Evaluation of Palatability of Cooked Rice",doi:"10.5772/66398",slug:"evaluation-of-palatability-of-cooked-rice",totalDownloads:2273,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Quality evaluations of rice in Japan are performed by sensory testing and physicochemical measurements. The former is a basic method that requires large amounts of samples and several panelists. The latter is an indirect method that estimates the eating quality based on the chemical composition, cooking quality, gelatinization properties, and physical properties of cooked rice. Satake Co Ltd. developed a taste analyzer in the 1980s that is equipped with a palatability estimation formula that was based on the combination of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and physicochemical measurements related with sensory test. A novel method to evaluate the quality of the cooked rice is necessary to breed high‐quality rice cultivars and to select the suitable rice for each consumer and each purpose. We try to develop the novel method to evaluate the rice quality using various kinds of apparatus, such as Tensipresser, RVA, NIR, and spectrophotometer. Simple, rapid, and accurate method to evaluate the quality of rice grains is very valuable. We evaluated 16 Japanese and Chinese rice cultivars in terms of their physicochemical properties. Based on these quality evaluations, we concluded that Chinese rice cultivars are characterized by a high protein and that the grain texture after cooking has higher hardness and lower stickiness than Japanese ones reflecting the difference in consumers’ preference. The relationship between the palatability of rice and agronomical condition to preserve the bio‐diversity for Crested Ibis was investigated. Furthermore, the quality of rice grown in Sado Island, Japan, was assayed using rice grains grown in mountainous areas and in the field areas as samples.",signatures:"Ken'ichi Ohtsubo and Sumiko Nakamura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53218",authors:[{id:"190638",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken\\'Ichi",surname:"Ohtsubo",slug:"ken'ichi-ohtsubo",fullName:"Ken\\'Ichi Ohtsubo"}],corrections:null},{id:"53010",title:"Comparison on Grain Quality Between Super Hybrid and Popular Inbred Rice Cultivars Under Two Nitrogen Management Practices",doi:"10.5772/66386",slug:"comparison-on-grain-quality-between-super-hybrid-and-popular-inbred-rice-cultivars-under-two-nitroge",totalDownloads:1519,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study was conducted to determine the differences in grain quality traits between super hybrid and popular inbred rice cultivars grown under two nitrogen (N) management practices. Field experiments were done at the Experimental Farm of Guangxi University, Guangxi Province, China in early and late rice-growing seasons in 2014. Two representative super hybrid cultivars Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ) and Y-liangyou 1 (YLY1) and a popular inbred rice cultivar Huanghuazhan (HHZ) were grown under fixed-time N management (FTNM) and site-specific N management (SSNM) practices in each season. Grain quality traits and N uptake were measured for each cultivar. LYPJ and YLY1 had higher milling efficiency, poorer appearance and palatability, and equal nutritional value than HHZ. The higher milling efficiency and poorer appearance in LYPJ and YLY1 were associated with their higher rice width compared with HHZ. Total N application rate was reduced by 15–20% under SSNM than under FTNM, whereas there was nearly no significant difference in grain quality between SSNM and FTNM. Our results suggest that (1) strategies for grain quality improvement in super hybrid rice should be focused on appearance and palatability, and (2) replacing FTNM with SSNM can reduce N input without sacrificing grain quality in rice production.",signatures:"Min Huang, Shuanglü Shan, Jiana Chen, Fangbo Cao, Ligeng Jiang\nand Yingbin Zou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53010",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53010",authors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"},{id:"194670",title:"MSc.",name:"Shuanglü",surname:"Shan",slug:"shuanglu-shan",fullName:"Shuanglü Shan"},{id:"194671",title:"MSc.",name:"Jiana",surname:"Chen",slug:"jiana-chen",fullName:"Jiana Chen"},{id:"194672",title:"BSc.",name:"Fangbo",surname:"Cao",slug:"fangbo-cao",fullName:"Fangbo Cao"},{id:"194673",title:"Prof.",name:"Ligeng",surname:"Jiang",slug:"ligeng-jiang",fullName:"Ligeng Jiang"},{id:"194674",title:"Prof.",name:"Yingbin",surname:"Zou",slug:"yingbin-zou",fullName:"Yingbin Zou"}],corrections:null},{id:"54029",title:"The Deep Purple Color and the Scent are Two Great Qualities of the Black Scented Rice (Chakhao) of Manipur",doi:"10.5772/67193",slug:"the-deep-purple-color-and-the-scent-are-two-great-qualities-of-the-black-scented-rice-chakhao-of-man",totalDownloads:2471,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Specialty rice varieties with unique properties such as unique color, flavor, aroma and nutraceutical qualities are increasingly in demand other than the traditional white rice varieties. Black rice has various nutraceutical properties with high anthocyanin content and the anthocyanin antioxidants are very important in preventing various diseases. Black scented rice of Manipur, which are commonly known as Chakhao, are deep purple colored and scented, and are very glutinous, as well. Two Chakhao cultivars, Chakhao Poireiton and Chakhao Amubi, were shown to have high anthocyanin and phenolics content and strong antioxidant activity. The main anthocyanins of Chakhao Poireiton are delphinidin 3‐galactoside, delphinidin 3‐arabinoside, cyanidin 3‐galactoside and cyanidin 3‐glucoside and that of Chakhao Amubi are delphinidin 3‐galactoside, delphinidin 3‐arabinoside and cyanidin 3‐galactoside. By GC‐MS analysis, a cross mixture of 26 volatile compounds from Chakhao Poireiton and 11 volatile compounds from Chakhao Amubi were found to be responsible for emanating the aroma. Among the complex mixture of volatile oil components, n‐hexadecanoic acid and octadec‐9‐enoic acid were the most abundant in Chakhao Poireiton and 17‐pentatriacontene, l3‐octadecenal (Z) and hexadecenoic acid eicosyl ester in Chakhao Amubi.",signatures:"Ibemhal Devi Asem, Rajkumar Imotomba and Pranab B. Mazumder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54029",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54029",authors:[{id:"199924",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibemhal",surname:"Asem",slug:"ibemhal-asem",fullName:"Ibemhal Asem"}],corrections:null},{id:"53774",title:"Salt Stress Tolerance in Rice: Emerging Role of Exogenous Phytoprotectants",doi:"10.5772/67098",slug:"salt-stress-tolerance-in-rice-emerging-role-of-exogenous-phytoprotectants",totalDownloads:3293,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Excess salinity in soil is one of the major environmental factors that limit plant growth and yield of a wide variety of crops including rice. On the basis of tolerance ability toward salinity, rice is considered as salt-sensitive crop, and growth and yield of rice are greatly affected by salinity. In general, rice can tolerate a small amount of saltwater without compromising the growth and yield. However, it greatly depends on the types and species of rice and their growth stage. Salinity-induced ionic and osmotic stresses reduce rate of photosynthesis and consequently cause oxidative stress, which is also responsible for growth reduction. The negative effects of salt stress that mentioned ultimately reduced yield of most crops including rice, except some halophytes. In recent decades, researchers have developed various approaches toward making salt-tolerant rice varieties. Using phytoprotectants is found to be effective in conferring salt tolerance to rice plants. In this chapter, we reviewed the recent reports on different aspects on salt stress tolerance strategies in light of using phytoprotectants.",signatures:"Anisur Rahman, Kamrun Nahar, Jubayer Al Mahmud, Mirza\nHasanuzzaman, Md. Shahadat Hossain and Masayuki Fujita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53774",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53774",authors:[{id:"47687",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",surname:"Fujita",slug:"masayuki-fujita",fullName:"Masayuki Fujita"},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"},{id:"166818",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamrun",surname:"Nahar",slug:"kamrun-nahar",fullName:"Kamrun Nahar"},{id:"176201",title:"MSc.",name:"Jubayer-Al-",surname:"Mahmud",slug:"jubayer-al-mahmud",fullName:"Jubayer-Al- Mahmud"},{id:"189983",title:"Dr.",name:"Anisur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"anisur-rahman",fullName:"Anisur Rahman"},{id:"189984",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Shahadat",surname:"Hossain",slug:"md.-shahadat-hossain",fullName:"Md. Shahadat Hossain"}],corrections:null},{id:"54259",title:"Genetics and Genomics of Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice",doi:"10.5772/67361",slug:"genetics-and-genomics-of-bacterial-blight-resistance-in-rice",totalDownloads:2476,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice is an important food crop for half the world’s population and has been in cultivation for over 10,000 years. During the last few decades, rice has evolved intricate relationships with associated pathogens and pests, bacterial blight (BB) being one of the most important among them. Utilization of resistant varieties with agricultural management practices is a more effective way to control BB. Of the 42 different resistance (R) genes identified to confer BB resistance, 9 have been isolated and cloned, whereas a few of the avirulence genes and a large number of candidate pathogenicity genes have been isolated from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The complete genome sequences of two different rice subspecies japonica and indica and three different races of BB pathogen are available. Therefore, the interaction between rice-Xoo could be deciphered and pave a way to study the molecular aspects of bacterial pathogenesis and host counter measures like innate immunity and R gene–mediated immunity. Although several of the type III effectors of Xoo have been characterized and the host targets of a few of them identified, a relatively large number of candidate effectors remain to be studied and their functional analysis may provide key for developing broad spectrum and durable resistance to BB.",signatures:"Yogesh Vikal and Dharminder Bhatia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54259",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54259",authors:[{id:"189992",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",surname:"Vikal",slug:"yogesh-vikal",fullName:"Yogesh Vikal"},{id:"195667",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharminder",surname:"Bhatia",slug:"dharminder-bhatia",fullName:"Dharminder Bhatia"}],corrections:null},{id:"53967",title:"Upland Rice Breeding in Uganda: Initiatives and Progress",doi:"10.5772/66826",slug:"upland-rice-breeding-in-uganda-initiatives-and-progress",totalDownloads:2358,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Until recently, there was limited research on breeding upland rice varieties. Moreover, there is an increasing expansion of rice production from traditional irrigated production areas to rain‐fed environments in the East African region, where drought problem is a serious challenge. To date, several initiatives aimed at increasing rice production have been made. Of the initiatives, promotion of upland rice production has been the most important in Uganda, but yield penalty due to drought continued to be a major drawback. This article traces progress in the upland rice breeding that started with improvement of late maturing varieties that had nonpreferred cooking qualities. Initially, introduced lines were evaluated and released. These varieties are the ‘New Rice for Africa’ (NERICA) that had been generated from interspecific crosses involving Oryza glaberrima and Oryza sativa. Several studies to understand the mode of gene action and modified pedigree breeding approaches for drought tolerance were conducted and used to develop new rice varieties. Up to 11 improved upland rice varieties were released and deployed in the country from 2002 to 2011 as a result of this initiative.",signatures:"Jimmy Lamo, Pangirayi Tongoona, Moussa Sie, Mande Semon,\nGeoffrey Onaga and Patrick Okori",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53967",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53967",authors:[{id:"190784",title:"Dr.",name:"Geoffrey",surname:"Onaga",slug:"geoffrey-onaga",fullName:"Geoffrey Onaga"},{id:"191240",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",surname:"Lamo",slug:"jimmy-lamo",fullName:"Jimmy Lamo"},{id:"195608",title:"Prof.",name:"Pangirayi",surname:"Tongoona",slug:"pangirayi-tongoona",fullName:"Pangirayi Tongoona"},{id:"195609",title:"Dr.",name:"Sie",surname:"Moussa",slug:"sie-moussa",fullName:"Sie Moussa"},{id:"195610",title:"Dr.",name:"Semon",surname:"Mande",slug:"semon-mande",fullName:"Semon Mande"},{id:"195611",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Okori",slug:"patrick-okori",fullName:"Patrick Okori"}],corrections:null},{id:"53257",title:"Deciphering Histone Modifications in Rice by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP): Applications to Study the Impact of Stress Imposition",doi:"10.5772/66424",slug:"deciphering-histone-modifications-in-rice-by-chromatin-immunoprecipitation-chip-applications-to-stud",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The spatial organization of chromatin, the methylome, and histone modifications represents epigenetic layers that greatly intersect each other, influencing genome regulation and allowing high flexibility in stress response. Although changes in specific histone modification marks could be extensively associated with transcriptional regulation of stress-responsive genes, a link between specific epigenetic signatures and plant stress tolerance has not yet been established. This chapter includes some examples of the associations found between fluctuations in these marks and regulation of plant stress-responsive genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) has been widely used to uncover the landscape of histone modifications. However, ChIP involves multiple steps and requires optimizations targeting the tissue and the plant species. Here, we detail the ChIP procedure currently used in our laboratory, for leaf tissues of young rice seedlings, to decipher the dynamic feature of specific chemical modifications of histones that may influence the expression of stress-responsive genes. We show the success achieved after introducing specific optimizations and highlight the key critical steps and trouble shootings that may occur. A thorough understanding of stress-induced fluctuations of specific histone modifications may unveil new strategies to improve plant adaptation and performance in suboptimal conditions.",signatures:"Liliana J. Ferreira, Sebastião Ravasco, Duarte D. Figueiredo,\nChristoph Peterhänsel, Nelson J.M. Saibo, Ana Paula Santos and\nM. Margarida Oliveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53257",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53257",authors:[{id:"192318",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Paula",surname:"Santos",slug:"ana-paula-santos",fullName:"Ana Paula Santos"},{id:"196126",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"liliana-ferreira",fullName:"Liliana Ferreira"},{id:"196127",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sebastião",surname:"Ravasco",slug:"sebastiao-ravasco",fullName:"Sebastião Ravasco"},{id:"196128",title:"Dr.",name:"Duarte",surname:"Figueiredo",slug:"duarte-figueiredo",fullName:"Duarte Figueiredo"},{id:"196129",title:"Prof.",name:"Christoph",surname:"Peterhansel",slug:"christoph-peterhansel",fullName:"Christoph Peterhansel"},{id:"196130",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson",surname:"Saibo",slug:"nelson-saibo",fullName:"Nelson Saibo"},{id:"196131",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Margarida",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"maria-margarida-oliveira",fullName:"Maria Margarida Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"54205",title:"The Application of Genomic Approaches in Studying a Bacterial Blight-Resistant Mutant in Rice",doi:"10.5772/67331",slug:"the-application-of-genomic-approaches-in-studying-a-bacterial-blight-resistant-mutant-in-rice",totalDownloads:4066,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice bacterial blight disease (BBD), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the serious diseases in most rice production regions. In this report, we screened for resistance mutants from the mutation pool of TNG67 variety derived by sodium azide (SA) mutagenesis with phenotype investigation and assisted with fluorescent detection. SA0423 is a mutant of broad range resistance against Xoo for many years; the resistance was studied following the concept of central dogma. The inheritance of resistance was characterized, and three QTLs were mapped onto the genome of SA0423 using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and R/qtl by genomic approach. In transcriptomic approach, only one differential expression QTLs (eQTLs) were identified; two differentially expressed proteins (pQTLs) were identified and genetically characterized by proteomics after Xoo challenged in SA0423 mutant. To improve the bacterial blight resistance, makers are developed from QTLs, eQTLs and pQTLs to pyramid the resistance genes through marker-assisted breeding in our rice breeding programs.",signatures:"Chang-Sheng Wang and Da-Gin Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54205",authors:[{id:"189870",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Sheng",surname:"Wang",slug:"chang-sheng-wang",fullName:"Chang-Sheng Wang"},{id:"194983",title:"Dr.",name:"Da-Gin",surname:"Lin",slug:"da-gin-lin",fullName:"Da-Gin Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"52885",title:"Rice Plant Height Monitoring from Space with Bistatic Interferometry",doi:"10.5772/65868",slug:"rice-plant-height-monitoring-from-space-with-bistatic-interferometry",totalDownloads:1126,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides an overview of the possibility to derive paddy rice plant heights with spaceborne bistatic SAR interferometry (InSAR). By using the only available interferometer in space, TanDEM-X, an investigation of rice crops located in Turkey is performed. Before analyzing the main outcomes, an introduction to the generation of elevation models with InSAR is provided, with a special focus on the agricultural land cover. The processing chain and the modifications foreseen to properly produce plant elevations and a roadmap for the quality assessment are described. The results obtained, with a very high interferometric coherence supporting an accurate estimation due to a limited electromagnetic wave penetration into the canopy, support a temporal change analysis on a field-by-field basis. For the purpose, an automatic approach to segment the fields without external auxiliary data is also provided. The study is concluded with an analysis of the impact of the wave polarization in the results.",signatures:"Cristian Rossi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52885",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52885",authors:[{id:"189544",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",surname:"Rossi",slug:"cristian-rossi",fullName:"Cristian Rossi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5482",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"The Basis of Yield, Biomass and Productivity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b6f5b827869f467dda14e78f1c45570",slug:"soybean-the-basis-of-yield-biomass-and-productivity",bookSignature:"Minobu Kasai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5482.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29226",title:"Dr.",name:"Minobu",surname:"Kasai",slug:"minobu-kasai",fullName:"Minobu Kasai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7000",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d0f73bf883bbb984cc2feef1259a9a7",slug:"legume-crops-characterization-and-breeding-for-improved-food-security",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7000.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"72959",slug:"erratum-driving-control-technologies-of-new-high-efficient-motors",title:"Erratum - Driving Control Technologies of New High-Efficient Motors",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72959.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72959",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72959",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72959",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72959",chapter:{id:"68411",slug:"driving-control-technologies-of-new-high-efficient-motors",signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",dateSubmitted:"April 1st 2019",dateReviewed:"July 2nd 2019",datePrePublished:"August 22nd 2019",datePublished:"March 25th 2020",book:{id:"9290",title:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",slug:"applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",bookSignature:"Adel El-Shahat and Mircea Ruba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",email:"cmliaw@ee.nthu.edu.tw",position:null,institution:null},{id:"180324",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Kai-Wei Hu",slug:"kai-wei-hu",email:"kaiweihu@hotmail.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308019",title:"MSc.",name:"Jia-Hsiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Jia-Hsiang Zhuang",slug:"jia-hsiang-zhuang",email:"abc0929352983@yahoo.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308021",title:"MSc.",name:"Shih-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Shih-Wei Su",slug:"shih-wei-su",email:"nthu18356743@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"68411",slug:"driving-control-technologies-of-new-high-efficient-motors",signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",dateSubmitted:"April 1st 2019",dateReviewed:"July 2nd 2019",datePrePublished:"August 22nd 2019",datePublished:"March 25th 2020",book:{id:"9290",title:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",slug:"applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",bookSignature:"Adel El-Shahat and Mircea Ruba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",email:"cmliaw@ee.nthu.edu.tw",position:null,institution:null},{id:"180324",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Kai-Wei Hu",slug:"kai-wei-hu",email:"kaiweihu@hotmail.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308019",title:"MSc.",name:"Jia-Hsiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Jia-Hsiang Zhuang",slug:"jia-hsiang-zhuang",email:"abc0929352983@yahoo.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308021",title:"MSc.",name:"Shih-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Shih-Wei Su",slug:"shih-wei-su",email:"nthu18356743@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}]},book:{id:"9290",title:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",slug:"applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",bookSignature:"Adel El-Shahat and Mircea Ruba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11273",leadTitle:null,title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tDuring the last years, there was intense research on Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and related disorders, which were found to have a strong association with the HLA-B27 allele. Further studies showed that 92% of the population variance is due to genetic factors, and only a fraction of AS genetics can be explained by the influence of HLA-B27. Updated information on the genomic and auto-immune knowledge on AS is an important component of this book, calling attention to markers of disease activity, possible pathways, and the interaction with the gut microbiome, which are a step forward in the knowledge of the pathophysiology of AS, providing markers which are targets for the more recent biologic therapies.
\r\n\tAn update on clinical manifestations, their assessment, monitoring, and imagiology, including peripheral arthritis, enthesopathy, and extra-articular findings, and, the differential diagnosis with other diseases which evolves with axial and peripheral calcifications will be provided.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tAn important component of this book must be dedicated to the more recent treatments namely with biologic therapies but focusing also on new small molecule inhibitors and experimental therapies.
Expansion of cancer keeps going on as an important health problem in the developed, undeveloped and developing countries. Although major advances have been made in the chemotherapeutic management of some patients, the continued commitment to the laborious task of discovering new anticancer agents remains critically important, in the course of identifying various chemical substances, which may serve as leads for designing novel antitumor agents.
Currently, one of the most interesting concepts being explored in cancer research is the theory of cancer stem cells. CSCs can be defined as the subpopulations of cells within tumors that possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into the different lines of cancer cells that make up the tumor. This type of cell is proposed as the promoter of resistance against antitumor therapies, being able to maintain benign and malignant tumors, as well as causing relapses [1]. Compared to normal stem cells, CSCs are thought to have no control over their proliferation. These CSCs, present in tumors in small numbers, are characterized by their ability to remain quiescent for long periods of time, capacity for self-renewal, maintenance of growth and heterogeneity of the tumor, affinity for environment resistance to chemotherapy and development of metastases [2].
CSCs are characterized by their ability to form spherical colonies when cultivated in suspension [3]. Al-Hajj et al. managed to demonstrate that the injection of 200 tumoural cells expressing characteristic markers of CSCs was more effective in generating tumors in immunodepressed mice than the injection of 50,000 tumor cells with differentiated cell markers of the same histological lineage [4]. It has been found that multiple molecules related to the characteristic properties of stem cells such as self-renewal and pluripotency and certain enzymatic activities are largely expressed in CSCs, including c-MYC, β-CATENIN [5], SOX-2 [6] and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH1) [7]. New strategies for selective and effective cancer therapy can be provided by selectively acting on overregulated pathways or molecules in differentiated cancer cells and/or in CSC populations, but not in normal cells.
Cancer treatment currently targets its proliferation potential, and therefore most treatments target rapidly dividing cells. The presence of CSCs may explain the failure of treatments to eradicate the disease or the recurrence of cancer [1]. CSCs have to remain in a state of quiescence, a state in which the cell does not divide staying in the G0 phase of the cell cycle [8] allows them to survive most anticancer treatments. This characteristic makes relapses possible, even decades after initial treatment, such as in colon or breast cancers [1, 9]. Although current treatments may reduce the tumor size, these effects are transient and generally do not improve patients’ survival. For tumors in which CSCs play a role, there are three possibilities. First, the mutation of normal stem cells or CSC progenitor cells can lead to the development of the primary tumor. Second, during chemotherapy, most cells in the primary tumor can be destroyed, but if CSCs are not eradicated, they become refractory CSCs and can lead to the recurrence of the tumor [10]. Third, CSCs can migrate to distant sites of the primary tumor and cause metastasis [11, 12, 13]. Theoretically, the identification of CSCs can allow the development of treatment modalities that target these cells rather than rapidly dividing cells [14].
One of the therapeutic approaches currently being studied to combat CSCs is related to the signaling pathways involved in the processes of their self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. This is because the loss of regulation of pathways such as Hedgehog (Hh), Notch and Wnt/β-catenin results in the key processes involved in the characteristics of CSCs. Currently, the therapy directed against these routes represents one of the most promising mechanisms of action against these initiation cells of the tumor [15, 16].
Herein we will discuss the search and biological activity of small synthetic derivatives: racemate
Chemical structures of bezoxazepine derivatives
A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for CSC formation probably lead to the design and synthesis of new anticancer drugs which will be able to eliminate CSC or to halt tumor growth by interfering with important intracellular signaling pathways related with CSC stemness or CSC differentiation or both.
As part of an Anticancer Drug Programme, we were interested in the preparation of the heterocycles
Reagents and conditions: (a) o-O2N-C6H4-SO2Cl (1.1 equiv), TEA (1.5 equiv), CH2Cl2, reflux, 24 h, for
The synthesis of compounds
Until compounds
Reagents and conditions: (a) p-O2N-C6H4-SO2Cl (1.1 equiv), TEA (1.5 equiv) and anhydrous CH2Cl2, rt., 5 h when 0.5 equiv. of p-O2N-C6H4-SO2Cl was used, see
A reasonable explanation implied the previous ionization of the sulfonamide hydrogen atom of
We also investigated other conditions to synthesize
Reagents and conditions: (a) HOCH2CH(OMe)2 (4.3 equiv), DIAD (1.2 equiv), PPh3 (1.2 equiv) and anhydrous THF, rt., 18; h; when 1.2 equiv. of HOCH2CH(OMe)2 were used, see
The
Reagents and conditions: (a) Ph3P (1 equiv), CCl4, 110°C, 30 min [
The preparation of the
Reagents and conditions: (a)
Compounds
A better understanding of the molecular recognition of the therapeutic targets in many diseases highlights the issue of drug in the design and development of new drugs. The separation of racemates, chiral pool and asymmetric synthesis are the three most used methods for the production of a chiral drug. Since the 1980s there has been a significant increase in the development of chiral pharmaceutical drugs. When patents of racemic drugs expire, pharmaceutical companies can extend patents by developing the synthesis of enantiomers that exhibit the desired biological activity [29].
Compound
Table 1 shows the anti-proliferative activity (IC50 values) for
Compound | IC50 MCF-7 (μM) | IC50 MDA-MB-231 (μM) | IC50 MCF-10A(μM) |
---|---|---|---|
0.383 ± 0.027 | 0.280 ± 0.006 | 1.530 ± 0.198 | |
Bozepinib | 0.355 ± 0.011 | 0.166 ± 0.063 | 1.825 ± 0.503 |
5-FUc | 4.32 ± 0.020 | N.D.b | N.D.b |
Anti-proliferative activitiesa for compounds
All experiments were conducted in duplicate and gave similar results. Data are means ± SEM of three independent determinations. The treatment time was 48 h.
N.D. = not determined.
Taken from Ref. [31].
In order to determine the in vitro therapeutic index of the compounds, they were assayed against the non-cancerous human mammary epithelial cell line MCF-1oA. The TI of a drug is defined as the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose (in vitro TI = IC50 non-tumor cell line/IC50 tumor cell line) [28]. Bozepinib is more selective against both human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines (TIs = 5.14 and 11.0, respectively) in relation to the normal one (Table 2).
Compound | Therapeutic index (TI) | |
---|---|---|
MCF-7 | MDA-MB-231 | |
4.00 | 5.50 | |
Bozepinib | 5.14 | 11.0 |
Therapeutic indexes for
As bozepinib is more active and more selective and more active than its isomer
Compound | MCF-7 (μM)a | MDA-MB-231 (μM)a |
---|---|---|
Bozepinib | 0.355 ± 0.011 | 0.166 ± 0.063 |
( | 0.19 ± 0.001 | 0.11 ± 0.001 |
( | 0.10 ± 0.001 | 0.11 ± 0.001 |
Anti-proliferative activities of bozepinib and its enantiomers against the cancerous cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231.
All experiments were conducted in duplicate and gave similar results. The data are means ± SEM of three independent determinations.
The cytotoxic effect of bozepinib was determined on SKBR-3 and MDA-MB 468 breast and HCT-116 colon CSC-enriched subpopulations by growing them into low attachment plates with sphere-forming medium for 72 h. Salinomycin is a selective and potent drug used in the treatment of CSCs, but its use is limited in humans due to considerable toxicity [36]. Thus, we decided to include salinomycin in our studies as reference drug. Bozepinib displayed IC50 values in a similar range to salinomycin in SKBR-3 and MDA-MB 468 cells [30].
CSCs were separated using ALDH activity by FACS. IC50 values were determined in both ALDH positive cells (called ALDH+), ALDH negative cells (called ALDH−) and cells growing in sphere-forming medium without sorter enrichment process [30]. Since there is controversy about the efficacy of sphere-forming cultures to select CSCs [37, 38], we used ALDH activity to enrich cell cultures with clonal ability and stem-like properties. Bozepinib substantially diminished the number and size of spheres at 5 μM and abolished the formation of spheres at 20 μM [30] in subpopulations isolated by ALDH activity. High ALDH activity is associated with metastasis, resistance to chemotherapies and poor prognosis in human cancers, and it has been identified as one of the most specific markers of human CSCs [39].
Apoptosis is also an important factor in the onset of a tumor. It has been reported than CSCs are resistant to apoptosis to ensure succeeding generation [40] and may be on the causes to chemo- or radiotherapy survival. Reactivating death programmes in CSCs may increase efficacy of the treatment. Bozepinib induced a significant level of cell death by apoptosis in the resistant ALDH+ subpopulations from both SKBR-3 and HCT-116 cell lines. Higher levels of apoptosis were detected in the ALDH− subpopulations.
Bozepinib induced the downregulation of important genes involved in Notch and Wnt signaling. These genes contribute to the CSC phenotype when they are deregulated [41]. A downregulation was detected of the co-activator Mastermind-like MAML-2 protein, which decreases Notch signaling, reducing the primary tumor sphere formation and side population in MCF-7 cell line, contributing to the decrease in the number of CSC subpopulations [42]. We also found an evident downregulation of the
The modification of proteins related to the CSC phenotype such as β-catenin, GLI-3, c-MYC and SOX-2 was additionally analysed. This study was carried out in both ALDH+ and ALDH− SKBR-3 breast and HCT-116 colon cancer subpopulations.
β-Catenin is a key mediator of the Wnt signaling which has a crucial role in CSCs [45]. β-Catenin expression was detected in ALDH+ SKBR-3 but not in ALDH− SKBR-3 cells. A high level of expression in HCT-116 cell lines with an ALDH+ subpopulations in comparison with the ALDH− in HCT-116 subpopulations was also detected. After bozepinib treatment, β-catenin expression was reduced in ALDH+ HCT-116 subpopulation. Its inhibition in ALDH− HCT-116 cells was also observed.
GLI-3, a described target gene transcription repressor of Hedgehog signaling pathway [16], was detected in ALDH− HCT-116 isolated cells and was not present in the ALDH+ cells, denoting that the Hedgehog signaling pathway is involved in the CSC phenotype as previously reported [16]. Bozepinib greatly induced the expression of GLI-3 in both ALDH+ and ALDH− HCT-116 cells. However, no changes at protein level were observed in ALDH+/− subpopulations isolated from the SKBR-3 cell line. Furthermore, the activation of GLI-3 protein corresponded with an inactivation of β-catenin expression in CSC subpopulations after bozepinib treatment in accordance with the previous published studies [46]. Considering that GLI-3 overexpression decreased tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in colon CSCs [47], the GLI-3 induction by bozepinib could be one of the mechanisms by which this drug exerts its antitumor activity in colon CSCs. This hypothesis will be deeply study the future.
The c-MYC oncoprotein was observed in SKBR-3 and HCT-116 cell lines with a high level of expression in ALDH+ subpopulations in comparison with the ALDH− subpopulations. Bozepinib induced a significant decrease of c-MYC level in ALDH+ HCT-116 cells and inhibited its expression in ALDH+ SKBR-3-treated cells. It also inhibited ALDH− subpopulations of both HCT-116 and SKBR-3 cells [30]. In accordance with the high level of stem signaling proteins described for CSCs, higher levels of these proteins in the ALDH+ subpopulations in comparison with ALDH-cells were detected. The downregulation of c-MYC activates the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration [48].
The transcription factor SOX2 was detected in HCT-116 ALDH+ subpopulation. However SOX2 was not observed in breast cancer cells, and the expression of SOX2 was very weak in HCT-116 ALDH− subpopulation [30]. Its expression practically disappeared after treatment with bozepinib. SOX2 is involved in the induction and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells and has also been associated with metastases and poor prognosis in colon cancer [49].
The acute toxicity profile of bozepinib was determined in BALB/c mice. After 2 weeks, bozepinib was nontoxic to BALB/c mice even at the highest intraperitoneal bolus dose of 200 mg/kg and orally bolus dose of 50 mg/kg. Control mice were treated with vehicle alone. All 50 bozepinib-treated mice remained healthy and gained weight throughout the 15-day observation period, with no evidence of morbidity [28].
We then evaluated the subacute toxicity after 29 days of intraperitoneal treatment with 100 mg/kg twice a week. Bozepinib-treated mice presented no weight loss or unusual behaviour, and the histopathologic examination did not find any detectable toxicity in the liver or kidneys. These data indicate that, at the concentration used, bozepinib did not cause any systemic damage [30].
Although we show promising data proving the efficacy of bozepinib over CSCs, the mechanism by which bozepinib inhibits the CSC growth requires further detailed investigation. Moreover, the in vivo antitumor and anti-metastatic effect and the non-systemic toxicity of bozepinib encourage further studies on the therapeutic potential of this synthetic compound in breast and colon cancer patients.
The detection of CSCs in multiple solid tumors over the past years represents a paradigm shift in oncology and will probably change our understanding of the tumourigenic process. The impressive number of publications that have appeared in this field in recent years bears testimony to its enormous current interest.
We expect this chapter to stimulate fresh activity within the medicinal chemistry community and to result in the enlargement of chemical structures active against CSCs.
ALDH | aldehyde dehydrogenase activity |
CSCs | cancer stem cells |
DEAD | diethyl azodicarboxylate |
DIAD | diisopropyl azodicarboxylate |
FACS | fluorescence-activated cell sorter |
5-FU | 5-fluorouracil |
Hh | |
HMDS | 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane |
PKR | protein kinase R |
TBAF | tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride |
TEA | triethylamine |
THF | tetrahydrofuran |
TI | therapeutic index |
TMSCl | trimethylsilyl chloride |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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The most typical simulation and ground thermal response test models for the vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs) currently available are summarized. Also, a new GWHP using a heat exchanger with special construction, tested in laboratory, is well presented. The second objective of the chapter is to compare the main performance parameters (energy efficiency and CO2 emissions) of radiator and radiant floor heating systems connected to a GCHP. These performances were obtained with site measurements in an office room. Furthermore, the thermal comfort for these systems is compared using the ASHRAE Thermal Comfort program. Additionally, two numerical simulation models of useful thermal energy and the system coefficient of performance (COPsys) in heating mode are developed using the TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation) software. Finally, the simulations obtained in TRNSYS program are analysed and compared to experimental measurements.",book:{id:"5084",slug:"advances-in-geothermal-energy",title:"Advances in Geothermal Energy",fullTitle:"Advances in Geothermal Energy"},signatures:"Ioan Sarbu and Calin Sebarchievici",authors:[{id:"173440",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioan",middleName:null,surname:"Sarbu",slug:"ioan-sarbu",fullName:"Ioan Sarbu"},{id:"176508",title:"Dr.",name:"Calin",middleName:null,surname:"Sebarchievici",slug:"calin-sebarchievici",fullName:"Calin Sebarchievici"}]},{id:"49547",doi:"10.5772/61651",title:"Airborne Magnetic Surveys to Investigate High Temperature Geothermal Reservoirs",slug:"airborne-magnetic-surveys-to-investigate-high-temperature-geothermal-reservoirs",totalDownloads:2657,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Airborne magnetic survey is an effective geophysical exploration method in terms of coverage, resolution and cost, particularly for area with restricted or difficult ground access. Research studies in New Zealand have shown airborne magnetic surveys can indicate the regions of high reservoir permeability and thermal up-flow of active geothermal systems. However, the method has not been extensively used in the geothermal investigations, probably because the interpretation of airborne magnetic data has so far been seen as difficult and requires a complex quantitative 3D modelling of subsurface magnetisation.",book:{id:"5084",slug:"advances-in-geothermal-energy",title:"Advances in Geothermal Energy",fullTitle:"Advances in Geothermal Energy"},signatures:"Supri Soengkono",authors:[{id:"176580",title:"Dr.",name:"Supri",middleName:null,surname:"Soengkono",slug:"supri-soengkono",fullName:"Supri Soengkono"}]},{id:"64812",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81157",title:"Geothermal Explorations on the Slate Formation of Taiwan",slug:"geothermal-explorations-on-the-slate-formation-of-taiwan",totalDownloads:1318,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Currently, over 90% operated geothermal power plants are distributed in the volcanic- or magmatic intrusion-related geological systems. Only a few cases are done in metamorphic terranes, especially on the slate formation. Taiwan is located at the ring of fire and is famous for the young orogenic belt, which has wide distributions of rapid uplifting terranes with few active volcanoes. The metamorphic rocks, for example, schist and slate formations with high geothermal gradients, are occurring in the major mountain range. This chapter introduces the techniques or methods we used for geothermal exploration in the slate formation of the Chingshui geothermal field of Taiwan, where a 3-MW pilot geothermal power plant had been installed in 1983 and operated for 12 years.",book:{id:"7504",slug:"renewable-geothermal-energy-explorations",title:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations",fullTitle:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations"},signatures:"Sheng-Rong Song and Yi-Chia Lu",authors:[{id:"253615",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheng-Rong",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"sheng-rong-song",fullName:"Sheng-Rong Song"},{id:"253623",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Chia",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"yi-chia-lu",fullName:"Yi-Chia Lu"}]},{id:"63548",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81062",title:"Geothermal Potential of the Global Oil Industry",slug:"geothermal-potential-of-the-global-oil-industry",totalDownloads:1212,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"There are around 40 new geothermal power projects commissioned in each of the last few years. Growth of the market is around 5% annually and current installed capacity is about 13,300 MW with about the same in development in 24 countries. These figures are impressive, but they do not bear comparison with any of the fossil fuels. However, few will realise that the global oil industry has a cryptic geothermal power potential that is equal to the entire current output of the geothermal industry. The oil industry is ageing. Many areas still produce copious quantities of oil, but the oil comes with an unwanted by-product, water. The volume of water produced is typically is 10–20 times that of the oil; and the water is hot—in some places very hot (>100°C). In a recent study we showed that the power depleted oil production platforms of the North Sea’s North Viking Graben produce sufficient hot water to deliver around 60% of the power requirement for each field. A review of global oil and hence water production has enabled us to calculate that power production alone from waste water from producing oilfields could be at least 15,000 MW.",book:{id:"7504",slug:"renewable-geothermal-energy-explorations",title:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations",fullTitle:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations"},signatures:"Jon Gluyas, Alison Auld, Charlotte Adams, Catherine Hirst, Simon Hogg\nand Jonathan Craig",authors:[{id:"258666",title:"Dr.",name:"Jon",middleName:null,surname:"Gluyas",slug:"jon-gluyas",fullName:"Jon Gluyas"},{id:"262369",title:"Dr.",name:"Alison",middleName:null,surname:"Auld",slug:"alison-auld",fullName:"Alison Auld"},{id:"262370",title:"Dr.",name:"Charlotte",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",slug:"charlotte-adams",fullName:"Charlotte Adams"},{id:"262371",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Hirst",slug:"catherine-hirst",fullName:"Catherine Hirst"},{id:"262372",title:"Prof.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Hogg",slug:"simon-hogg",fullName:"Simon Hogg"},{id:"262373",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonthan",middleName:null,surname:"Craig",slug:"jonthan-craig",fullName:"Jonthan Craig"}]},{id:"64027",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81017",title:"Stages of a Integrated Geothermal Project",slug:"stages-of-a-integrated-geothermal-project",totalDownloads:4230,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A geothermal project constitutes two big stages: the exploration and the exploitation. Each one has a single task whose results allow defining the feasibility of a geothermal project, until achieving the construction and operation stage of the power generation plant. The first stage contains the area recognition, its limitation to the target, and elimination of external factors until defining a geothermal zone with characteristics to be commercially exploited. The main studies and analysis that can be applied during the exploration stage are listed, and the major indicator to continue with the project or suspend is the prefeasibility report. The major risks in the exploration stage are due to studies that are carried out on the surface; at this stage, the costs can be considered low. The main results of the exploration are the selection of sites to drill three or four initial wells. Each well provides a direct overview of the reservoir: depth, production thicknesses, thermodynamic parameters, and production characteristics. The drilling of three to four exploratory wells is recommended, as far as there is certainty of the feasibility of the project, and the development of the field begins with drilling of sufficient wells to feed the plant. In this stage, the cost increases, but the risks decrease.",book:{id:"7504",slug:"renewable-geothermal-energy-explorations",title:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations",fullTitle:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations"},signatures:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar, Georgina Izquierdo-Montalvo,\nDaniel Octavio Aragón-Gaspar and Denise N. Barreto-Rivera",authors:[{id:"258358",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Aragón-Aguilar",slug:"alfonso-aragon-aguilar",fullName:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64027",title:"Stages of a Integrated Geothermal Project",slug:"stages-of-a-integrated-geothermal-project",totalDownloads:4236,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A geothermal project constitutes two big stages: the exploration and the exploitation. Each one has a single task whose results allow defining the feasibility of a geothermal project, until achieving the construction and operation stage of the power generation plant. The first stage contains the area recognition, its limitation to the target, and elimination of external factors until defining a geothermal zone with characteristics to be commercially exploited. The main studies and analysis that can be applied during the exploration stage are listed, and the major indicator to continue with the project or suspend is the prefeasibility report. The major risks in the exploration stage are due to studies that are carried out on the surface; at this stage, the costs can be considered low. The main results of the exploration are the selection of sites to drill three or four initial wells. Each well provides a direct overview of the reservoir: depth, production thicknesses, thermodynamic parameters, and production characteristics. The drilling of three to four exploratory wells is recommended, as far as there is certainty of the feasibility of the project, and the development of the field begins with drilling of sufficient wells to feed the plant. In this stage, the cost increases, but the risks decrease.",book:{id:"7504",slug:"renewable-geothermal-energy-explorations",title:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations",fullTitle:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations"},signatures:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar, Georgina Izquierdo-Montalvo,\nDaniel Octavio Aragón-Gaspar and Denise N. Barreto-Rivera",authors:[{id:"258358",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Aragón-Aguilar",slug:"alfonso-aragon-aguilar",fullName:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar"}]},{id:"64812",title:"Geothermal Explorations on the Slate Formation of Taiwan",slug:"geothermal-explorations-on-the-slate-formation-of-taiwan",totalDownloads:1320,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Currently, over 90% operated geothermal power plants are distributed in the volcanic- or magmatic intrusion-related geological systems. Only a few cases are done in metamorphic terranes, especially on the slate formation. Taiwan is located at the ring of fire and is famous for the young orogenic belt, which has wide distributions of rapid uplifting terranes with few active volcanoes. The metamorphic rocks, for example, schist and slate formations with high geothermal gradients, are occurring in the major mountain range. This chapter introduces the techniques or methods we used for geothermal exploration in the slate formation of the Chingshui geothermal field of Taiwan, where a 3-MW pilot geothermal power plant had been installed in 1983 and operated for 12 years.",book:{id:"7504",slug:"renewable-geothermal-energy-explorations",title:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations",fullTitle:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations"},signatures:"Sheng-Rong Song and Yi-Chia Lu",authors:[{id:"253615",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheng-Rong",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"sheng-rong-song",fullName:"Sheng-Rong Song"},{id:"253623",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Chia",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"yi-chia-lu",fullName:"Yi-Chia Lu"}]},{id:"49252",title:"Using Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems for Heating/Cooling of Buildings",slug:"using-ground-source-heat-pump-systems-for-heating-cooling-of-buildings",totalDownloads:3857,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This chapter mainly presents a detailed theoretical study and experimental investigations of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) technology, concentrating on the ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems. A general introduction on the GSHPs and its development, and a description of the surface water (SWHP), ground-water (GWHP), and ground-coupled heat pumps are briefly performed. The most typical simulation and ground thermal response test models for the vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs) currently available are summarized. Also, a new GWHP using a heat exchanger with special construction, tested in laboratory, is well presented. The second objective of the chapter is to compare the main performance parameters (energy efficiency and CO2 emissions) of radiator and radiant floor heating systems connected to a GCHP. These performances were obtained with site measurements in an office room. Furthermore, the thermal comfort for these systems is compared using the ASHRAE Thermal Comfort program. Additionally, two numerical simulation models of useful thermal energy and the system coefficient of performance (COPsys) in heating mode are developed using the TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation) software. Finally, the simulations obtained in TRNSYS program are analysed and compared to experimental measurements.",book:{id:"5084",slug:"advances-in-geothermal-energy",title:"Advances in Geothermal Energy",fullTitle:"Advances in Geothermal Energy"},signatures:"Ioan Sarbu and Calin Sebarchievici",authors:[{id:"173440",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioan",middleName:null,surname:"Sarbu",slug:"ioan-sarbu",fullName:"Ioan Sarbu"},{id:"176508",title:"Dr.",name:"Calin",middleName:null,surname:"Sebarchievici",slug:"calin-sebarchievici",fullName:"Calin Sebarchievici"}]},{id:"49620",title:"Radiogenic Heat Generation in Western Australia — Implications for Geothermal Energy",slug:"radiogenic-heat-generation-in-western-australia-implications-for-geothermal-energy",totalDownloads:2044,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The chapter reviews heat generation in crystalline rocks and influences on overlying sedimentary basins in Western Australia (WA). Regions of elevated thorium and uranium will cause elevated heat generation, which in turn can cause elevated heat flow. Western Australia hosts several large sedimentary basins with the potential for hot sedimentary aquifers (HSAs). These include the Perth, Carnarvon, and Canning basins. Parts of these basins are underlain by crystalline rocks that contain high levels of heat-generating elements, such as uranium, thorium, and potassium. Also, the Pilbara Craton, which contains both sedimentary and crystalline rocks, that entertains a number of active mines, which may benefit from geothermal energy, is investigated. Further, the southern part of the Perth Basin (Vasse Shelf), which is underlain by crystalline rocks with elevated concentrations of thorium and uranium, is shown to possess higher than usual temperatures. From observations, and geothermal modeling, it is concluded that the Perth Basin has a high potential for medium- to low-temperature geothermal energy developments. In other parts of Western Australia, the Carnarvon Basin has elevated temperatures in artesian groundwater. Heat flow in the Canning Basin is briefly reviewed; this basin has some geothermal potential, but it is far from the major population centers.",book:{id:"5084",slug:"advances-in-geothermal-energy",title:"Advances in Geothermal Energy",fullTitle:"Advances in Geothermal Energy"},signatures:"Mike F. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:50,paginationItems:[{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab 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This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"bookSubject",path:"/subjects/649",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"649"},fullPath:"/subjects/649",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()