Categorization of example data sources for corridor development (shortened version) [14].
\r\n\tNotably, the book encourages academic scholars and researchers to contribute to the modern concepts of CSR. Fundamentally, it speaks for well-developed literature for entrepreneurs and managers, thus assisting them in the decision-making process.
\r\n\tFurthermore, this book is of great value to policymakers, practitioners, and corporations, thus contributing to various disciplines (e.g., social science and management).
\r\n\tThese proposed themes encourage future researchers and professionals to share their ideas, concepts and work concerning these subject domains. All these suggested topics had recommended under the rubrics of CSR. Perhaps, all the professionals, researchers, and scholars are welcome to submit their piece of work, in particular to the suggested topics.
\r\n\tIndeed, the recommended topics include the following but are not limited to these only.
\r\n\t• Corporate Governance and Sustainability
\r\n\t• Green Innovation and CSR
\r\n\t• Social Entrepreneurship
\r\n\t• Green Economy and Social and Environmental Sustainability
\r\n\t• Sustainable Development and Industrialization
Traditional medicine is still recognized as the preferred primary health care system in many communities, with over 60% of the world’s population and about 80% in developing countries depending directly on medicinal plants for their medical purposes [1]. This is due to a number of reasons including affordability, accessibility and low cost [2].
The use of plants to cure several kinds of human diseases has a long history. Various parts of plants such as leaf, stem, bark, root, etc. are being used to prevent, allay symptoms or revert abnormalities back to normal. Since the practice of “herbal remedies” does not adhere strictly to facts accrued using scientific approaches, orthodox medicine sees “herbal medicines” as an alternative medicine. However, most of the pharmaceutical products currently dispensed by physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies, including opium, aspirin, digitalis and quinine. Modern medicine today utilizes active compounds isolated from higher plants, and about 80% of these active ingredients indicate a positive correlation between their modern therapeutic use and the traditional uses [3].
The search for, and use of drugs and dietary supplements obtained from plants have increased in recent years. Scientist such as pharmacologists, microbiologists, botanists, and phytochemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and clues that could be developed into medicines for various diseases treatment. This study therefore reviewed electronic database (Google Scholar, SciFinder, PubMed, etc.) for medicinal plants that have potent activity in treating some prevalent and common ailments like malaria, diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia and asthma.
Malaria is one of the world’s most important parasitic disease and a leading cause of death especially in developing countries [4]. It is endemic in about 100 developing countries, leading to about 1.2 million estimated deaths each year in Africa [5], with pregnant women and children below 5 years being mostly affected [6]. A wide range of medicinal plants is employed for the treatment of malaria, since majority of the people who get infected cannot afford the existing expensive orthodox medicines [7]. The problem of resistance to existing antimalarial agents by parasite has necessitated the search for new and potent agents, and the focus of researchers is on natural products especially medicinal plants since active compounds like quinine and artemisinin were isolated from plants and have been lead compounds for antimalarial drug development [8, 9]. Various medicinal plants have been investigated for their anti-malarial activity and some with demonstrated potent
Cholera is an acute intestinal disease caused by a facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, comma-shaped rod bacterium, known as
Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease which does not only affect the lungs but also other parts of the body such as the brain and spine [52]. The main cause of TB is
Pneumonia is a respiratory tract infection characterized by the inflammation of one or both lungs as a results of the accumulation of pus in the alveoli. Pneumonia which can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi can be mild, severe or life threatening. Bacterial pneumonia can be caused by
In Ethiopian herbal medicine, members of the genus
Various species of
Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease and congestive respiratory disorder brought about by airway narrowing. It symptoms may include episodic wheezing, cough and chest tightness resulting in airflow block. It leads to changes in the levels of eosinophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, cytokines and other inflammatory cell products. There is increased prevalence worldwide especially in industrialized countries and among children with increased morbidity and mortality rate [73, 74]. Medicinal plants have been screened for properties that enhance their activity as anti-asthmatic agents, since current medications have adverse side effects. Few of such plants with demonstrated activity are reviewed below.
All the plants reviewed exhibited potent activity confirming their various traditional uses and their ability to treat prevalent diseases. There is therefore the need to subject these plants to further studies, by isolating active compounds which can be processed into new and potent medicines and the need to study their mechanisms of action.
Nowadays, Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) strategies and territorial governance arrangements are essential to use territories to use external funding opportunities to finance their vision of their community or territory’s future. However, it is not so simple to apply in practice. Although the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) has made a considerable contribution to increasing transport infrastructure and improving transport services, it still often seems that border regions have reduced accessibility compared to central regions. The Iberian border area along the border regions of Alto Alentejo (Portugal) and Badajoz (Spain) was analyzed, where border regions still appear to be less accessible compared to the central regions despite the considerable contributions of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) in terms of equipped with transport infrastructure.
\nIn order to activate all the potentials of border areas in recent decades, EU policies are aimed at increasing cross-border cooperation [1, 2, 3, 4].
\nCommon regional development strategies on Iberian territory can be a new framework for comprehensive border corridors governance and situating integrated territorial development. The present research will be presented some hypotheses and new ways “
In their discussions on cross-border planning, Peironi and Denert in [5] emphasize the importance of EU regions having their institutional policy towards border regions.
\nThese areas are very often internal peripheries, and their activation can be facilitated by various cross-border interactions that can be planned within common strategies [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8].
\nFurthermore, building a strategy should identify the issues associated with an area’s inner peripheralization and understand the triggers and drivers [9]. Here we made a summary of the data corridor and policy and recommendations measure that can be useful for corridor collaboration, territorial development, and comprehensive corridor governance.
\nA policy to enhance or modify the process of peripheralization needs a centered intervention philosophy and relevant combined implementation structures formed within the local, territorial and national governance methods, and demands to be practical, using current policy frameworks and convenient “levers” to perform influence. Besides, a particular focus should then be set on those means thriven by ineffectual connectedness of some form because this differentiates an inner periferies (IP) from other typologies of the bordering region. The difficulty then is to obtain drivers that can cause a development at an advanced stage and turn around the “spiraling-down” methods of interior boundaries. Although each of the three IP thoughts has distinguishing features, they have, in general, a focus on the requirement to improve various kinds of connectedness [9].
\nDiverse investigations have analyzed the different kinds of multi-level governance in terms of European integration [10, 11, 12]. Multi-level governance formats are necessary for vertical and horizontal coordination between decision-making bodies at different levels and sector policies to manage links between different governance processes, develop multisectoral coordination on local, regional, national, and European actors [6].
\nTerritorial management systems are consequently essential to maintain the development of regional administrations’ organizational and flexibility capabilities, both individually and collectively. So, in a period of enhanced mobilities, the above-mentioned organizations are required to produce a living space capable of handling the in-and outflows of persons - i.e., transitional economy; thus, it is possible to valorize human and financial capital of its citizens - i.e., residential economy; also, to mobilize extra-local networks to create new knowledge encouraging community growth. A relevant characteristic of territorial governance is the regions’ capacity to manage external funding possibilities to finance their perception of their society or territory’s future [13].
\nTerritorial strategies set specific indicators to check if the regional development is on track. Firstly it should operate primarily through “soft” means, such as the provision of regional analysis and collaboration.
\nAlmost all management levels influence the development of the corridor, so the planning of the growth corridor requires a comprehensive approach to data and their sources to better understand the mutual interactions. Consequently, targeted big data analysis and EGCs were designed to establish the evidence-based plan in European growth corridors joining the TEN-T transport infrastructure network [14].
\nFor a broader perception of the synergies within the growth corridor, traditional data references are sufficient, yet more comprehensive, new sources for more comprehensive corridor management [14].
\nIn this regard, the issue is seen from different perspectives for managing growth corridors, carrying into account three coinciding dimensions of development (\nFigure 1\n) [14].
\nConceptual framework for broadening the perspective of corridor functionalities [
Contextually, we should consider three dimensions: (a) the physical dimension indicating transportation progress and urbanization; (b) the digital dimension recognizing digital flows and interplays as a significant part of corridor functions; and (c) the social dimension surveying the corridor as a framework for social synergy [14].
\nSo, it is fundamental to progress from data management to data management based on perspicacity received from data and designing the basis for regional development management.
\nIn this regard, \nTable 1\n presents the categorization of critical flows and interactions, which are extremely important to corridor governance and decision-making, with models of the kinds of data sets that appeal to each type of flow and interaction.
\nDimension | \nInteractions/Flows | \n
---|---|
Physical | \nCustomer Flows | \n
Daily Commuting | \n|
Student Mobility | \n|
Tourism & Leisure Flows | \n|
Business Travel Flows | \n|
Social | \nResearch Cooperation | \n
Trade Interaction | \n|
Inter-Firm Cooperation | \n|
Family/Social Interactions | \n|
Student Interactions | \n|
Planning Cooperation | \n|
Purchase flows | \n|
Digital | \nNetwork traffic flows | \n
Monetary flows | \n|
Communication flows | \n
Categorization of example data sources for corridor development (shortened version) [14].
The Data-Based Territorial Management Strategy and the action plans are the first proposed measures through corridor cooperation, governance, and territorial development. One of the proposed models is also to establish and foster collaboration and partnerships [14].
\nMost of the cross-border region, Sparsely Populated Area (SPA), as well as Alto Alentejo (Portugal) and Extremadura-Badajoz (Spanish side of the border), are located at the margins of the administrative boundaries, small villages poorly connected by road infrastructure, weak urban network, low-density settlement, continued population losses and poor access to public transportation what isolates these settlements from the other surrounding areas.
\nIn fact, SPAs can be schematized as a disorder of inadequately related local economies and communities, physically - i.e., secondary transport infrastructure; institutionally - i.e., loss of inter-municipal cooperation; or functionally - i.e., reduction of commuting beyond municipal borders. For example, in the Spanish case, constant SPAs can be observed along the borders of NUTS2 regions. Also, SPAs could attempt to ‘reconnect’ these populations across geographical borders to properly create a decisive mass of economic and social bonds from within, developing their collective ability to solve joint difficulties and unlock shared possibilities [13].
\nContextually, \nTable 2\n represents of difficulty and obstacles in coordination and comprehensive border corridors governance based on modern studies (see: [10, 11, 12, 13]), where have been and highlighted the common regional development between Portugal and Spain.
\nCommon regional strategy | \nChallenge and obstacles in coordination and comprehensive border corridors governance: establishing integrated territorial development | \n
Transnational coordination | \nIncreasing number of new initiatives | \n
Setting up a territorial monitoring system | \n|
Better macro-regional institutional cooperation | \n|
Increasing number of regional stakeholders contributing to the implementation process | \n|
Lack of qualitative shifts of the political agendas | \n|
Marketing and advertisement strategies are not coordinated | \n|
The Euro-city is fertile to attract tourism and cultural activities | \n|
Political - Strategic Several infrastructures are duplicated in nearby areas/territories | \n|
Unemployment rates are still high in the territory | \n|
Political coordination and governance | \nPlanning cooperation | \n
Integration of Common regional strategy objectives in domestic and European documents/projects, in particular regarding sectoral policies | \n|
Number of strategic projects | \n|
Continued population losses and poor access to public transportation | \n|
Several infrastructures are duplicated in nearby areas/territories | \n|
Sharing resources should be considered to avoid duplication | \n|
Lack of political commitment towards crossborder areas goals and EU standard’s | \n|
Transparency and political commitment should be increased | \n|
Common Master-Plans and long-term objectives should be considered | \n|
Cross-sector coordination | \nGDP/ per capita values are considerable low | \n
Increasing horizontal coordination activities | \n|
Unemployment rates are still high in the territory | \n|
Data-Based Territorial Management Strategy | \n|
Viewing the corridor as a framework for social interaction. | \n|
Common activities and projects increasing number of actors, networks, meetings, projects | \n|
Better tourism and Business Travel Flows | \n|
The issue of connectivity can be related to the upgrading of communication and transport systems (CTS) to support the development of both extra-regional and intra-regional relations. | \n|
Strengthen the evidence base for evidence-based planning in European growth corridors connecting to the TEN-T transport infrastructure network | \n|
Multi-level coordination | \nParticipation of all levels | \n
Involvement of political stakeholders, e.g. the ministers meeting | \n|
Increasing citizen engagement | \n|
Increase transparency on multilevel governance structures and political governmental techniques. | \n|
Improve institutional capacity, economic efficiency, competitiveness, inclusion and sustainability principles | \n
Challenge and obstacles in coordination and comprehensive border corridors governance: establishing integrated territorial development.
In general, CBC planning reveals a loss of engagement at the local, regional, and meso-level, which need to be more actively included in the EU and macro-regional level. This is an extra obstacle to borderlands’ successful regional development [9, 10, 11, 13]. Thus, it can also be assumed that at this level of CBC planning, there is a shortage of soft, resilient forms of governance which demands a tremendous political commitment as well as the use of already learned lessons regarding coordination and management at different levels that could be applied in this particular case study. The EU funds numerous projects and strategies on the Iberian Peninsula. However, in addition to all these projects and strategies along the Portuguese-Spanish border, several obstacles should be considered for further better territorial and sustainable development [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Some of them are presented in \nTable 2\n.
\nThe development of a common regional strategy needs all members’ involvement in the decision-making process to succeed all obstacles in coordination and comprehensive border corridors governance to establish integrated territorial development [1, 2, 3, 7, 8]. A case study of the CBC project in Iberian territory was presented to understand better the barriers to well-developed joint regional growth in Iberian territory. Several studies have already been conducted, which allowed us to analyze and evaluate outcomes. Border areas, which are also sparsely populated, should certainly support the EU in terms of flexible policies to enable their sustainable development.
\nMoreover, this study also aims to be useful for policymakers in moving from traditional data sources in the formation and planning of growth corridors to new, more comprehensive data sources that will give better results in preparing joint territorial development strategies in CBC areas [14].
\nThe authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National FundsFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) by the project UIDB/05064/2020 (VALORIZA – Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization). Also, the authors wish to acknowledge funding for this research work from the VI Regional Research Plan and the Regional Government of Extremadura and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), associated with financing the research group Sustainable Development and Territorial Planning (GR18052), the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (GR18054) and Functional Study of Mediterranean Ecosystems (GR18078).
\n“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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Thus the world is expecting a great recession once again. The rapid spread of COVID-19 has had far-reaching consequences for people’s daily lives in almost all parts of the world. Climate change and biodiversity depletion have now reached global boundaries; thus, human activity has surpassed Earth’s capacities. Earth capacities can be explained in terms of extreme climate change. This chapter is intended to investigate the link between the outbreak of Covid-19 and its effect on environmental and society. The discussion reveals that environmental pollution is minimized as a result of global lockdown. 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Similarly, carefully planned vegetation around the building helps in reducing the urban heat island effect and electricity consumption. Methodology adopted for presenting this study as book chapter, first by understanding the concept of landscape with respect to typologies and components. 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The purpose of this research is to establish Low Carbon Transportation in developing countries and we choose one of major city in India, where it is Ahmedabad city of Gujarat state—west cost of India. In order to approach the target, we need to understand the current situation of traffic condition in the city. The current traffic condition in India is some chaotic because of their different driving behavior compared with the advanced countries. It is becoming the chaotic traffic condition in India by not only diving behavior during investigation of this research. The main reason of the traffic congestion comes from the unbalance between growing transportation demand and its insufficient infrastructure preparation. In this chapter, it introduces the current traffic condition based on four years monitoring of the traffic by the traffic monitoring cameras and comparison by the traffic flow theory at first. Then it introduces the new traffic analysis method especially for its traffic congestion analysis and its parameters. After the traffic congestion analysis, it summarizes conclusion and our next step from the experience.",book:{id:"9838",slug:"design-of-cities-and-buildings-sustainability-and-resilience-in-the-built-environment",title:"Design of Cities and Buildings",fullTitle:"Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment"},signatures:"Tsutomu Tsuboi",authors:[{id:"327074",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tsutomu",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuboi",slug:"tsutomu-tsuboi",fullName:"Tsutomu Tsuboi"}]},{id:"76112",title:"Introductory Chapter: Intelligence, Sustainable and Post-COVID-19 Resilience Built Environment: An Agenda for Future",slug:"introductory-chapter-intelligence-sustainable-and-post-covid-19-resilience-built-environment-an-agen",totalDownloads:364,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"9838",slug:"design-of-cities-and-buildings-sustainability-and-resilience-in-the-built-environment",title:"Design of Cities and Buildings",fullTitle:"Design of Cities and Buildings - Sustainability and Resilience in the Built Environment"},signatures:"Samad Sepasgozar, José David Bienvenido-Huertas, Sara Shirowzhan and Sharifeh Sargolzae",authors:[{id:"221172",title:"Dr.",name:"Samad M.E.",middleName:null,surname:"Sepasgozar",slug:"samad-m.e.-sepasgozar",fullName:"Samad M.E. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. 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