Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"715",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Learning disability is a classification that includes several disorders in which a person has difficulty learning in a typical manner. Depending on the type and severity of the disability, interventions may be used to help the individual learn strategies that will foster future success. Some interventions can be quite simplistic, while others are intricate and complex. This book deserves a wide audience; it will be beneficial not only for teachers and parents struggling with attachment or behavior issues, but it will also benefit health care professionals and therapists working directly with special needs such as sensory integration dysfunction.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0269-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5105-0",doi:"10.5772/1224",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"learning-disabilities",numberOfPages:376,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"7cf7910a2068cff1fdcdfd5ed3c25cc7",bookSignature:"Wichian Sittiprapaporn",publishedDate:"March 14th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/715.jpg",numberOfDownloads:61469,numberOfWosCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:49,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 14th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 11th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 15th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 13th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"73395",title:"Dr.",name:"Phakkharawat",middleName:null,surname:"Sittiprapaporn",slug:"phakkharawat-sittiprapaporn",fullName:"Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73395/images/2283_n.jpg",biography:"Assistant Professor Dr. Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn is a Thai Cognitive Neuroscientist who has published in many national and international publications. His other achievements include authoring chapters in other books and reviewing articles for reputed national and international indexed journals. Assistant Professor Dr. Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn was born in Udornthani, Thailand in 1970. He received the B.A. (Hons.) (English) and M.A. (Linguistics) from Srinakharinwirot University and Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand in 1993 and 1997, respectively. He received a Ph.D. degree in Neurosciences from Mahidol University, Thailand, in 2002 and became a postdoctoral fellow at the Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CCNC), Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, in 2006. After working as a lecturer in Neurosciences at the Neuro-Behavioural Biology Center, Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development, Mahidol University, from 2003 to 2005, he was invited to join the Music Therapy Division, College of Music, Mahidol University, Bangkok, in 2008. Since January 2010, he has joined the Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University. He also went for a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, USA. He concurrently held an Assistant Professor at the School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand. He also takes in chart of the head of the Brain Sciences and Engineering Research Unit (BSEI), Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand. His current research includes Cognitive Neurosciences, Biomedical Image and Signal Processing of Human Brain Function in Music Perception and Cognition.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Mae Fah Luang University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Thailand"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1239",title:"Learning Disability",slug:"learning-disability"}],chapters:[{id:"31181",title:"Language Disabilities: Myths and Misconceptions vs. Reality",doi:"10.5772/30239",slug:"language-disabilities-myths-and-misconceptions-vs-reality",totalDownloads:2823,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"George S. Mouzakitis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31181",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31181",authors:[{id:"81553",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Mouzakitis",slug:"george-mouzakitis",fullName:"George Mouzakitis"}],corrections:null},{id:"31182",title:"Achievement Gaps: Learning Disabilities, Community Capital, and School Composition",doi:"10.5772/28639",slug:"learning-disabilities-achievement-gaps-community-capital-and-school-composition",totalDownloads:2305,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Bob Algozzine, Erik Porfeli, Chuang Wang, Ann McColl and Robert Audette",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31182",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31182",authors:[{id:"74777",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",surname:"Algozzine",slug:"bob-algozzine",fullName:"Bob Algozzine"}],corrections:null},{id:"31183",title:"Dyslexia in Hong Kong: Challenges and Opportunities",doi:"10.5772/32929",slug:"dylexia-in-hong-kong-challenges-opportunities",totalDownloads:5748,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Chi-man Tsui, Cecilia W. P. Li-Tsang and Pui Yee Grace Lung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31183",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31183",authors:[{id:"93252",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Man",surname:"Tsui",slug:"chi-man-tsui",fullName:"Chi Man Tsui"},{id:"150113",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Li",slug:"cecilia-li",fullName:"Cecilia Li"},{id:"150114",title:"Dr.",name:"Grace",surname:"Lung",slug:"grace-lung",fullName:"Grace Lung"}],corrections:null},{id:"31184",title:"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Writing Learning Disabilities",doi:"10.5772/30985",slug:"attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-and-writing-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:5159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Celestino Rodríguez, Paloma González-Castro, Rebeca Cerezo and David Álvarez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31184",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31184",authors:[{id:"85114",title:"Dr.",name:"Celestino",surname:"Rodríguez",slug:"celestino-rodriguez",fullName:"Celestino Rodríguez"},{id:"91527",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebeca",surname:"Cerezo",slug:"rebeca-cerezo",fullName:"Rebeca Cerezo"},{id:"91618",title:"Dr.",name:"Paloma",surname:"Gonzalez-Castro",slug:"paloma-gonzalez-castro",fullName:"Paloma Gonzalez-Castro"},{id:"91620",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Alvarez",slug:"david-alvarez",fullName:"David Alvarez"}],corrections:null},{id:"31185",title:"Reading and Writing Achievement Tests for Assessing Orthographical and Phonological Impairments of Japanese Children with Developmental Disorders",doi:"10.5772/32453",slug:"reading-and-writing-achievement-tests-for-assessing-orthographical-and-phonological-impairments-of-j",totalDownloads:2085,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Kiyomi Yatabe, Takaaki Goto, Katsumi Watanabe, Makiko Kaga and Masumi Inagaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31185",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31185",authors:[{id:"91585",title:"Prof.",name:"Katsumi",surname:"Watanabe",slug:"katsumi-watanabe",fullName:"Katsumi Watanabe"},{id:"91911",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiyomi",surname:"Yatabe",slug:"kiyomi-yatabe",fullName:"Kiyomi Yatabe"},{id:"125298",title:"Dr.",name:"Masumi",surname:"Inagaki",slug:"masumi-inagaki",fullName:"Masumi Inagaki"},{id:"125299",title:"Dr.",name:"Makiko",surname:"Kaga",slug:"makiko-kaga",fullName:"Makiko Kaga"},{id:"125304",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaaki",surname:"Goto",slug:"takaaki-goto",fullName:"Takaaki Goto"}],corrections:null},{id:"31186",title:"Interventions in Specific Learning Disabilities Through Families",doi:"10.5772/32509",slug:"interventions-in-specific-learning-disabilities-through-families",totalDownloads:3641,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Patricia Robledo-Ramón and Jesús-Nicasio García-Sánchez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31186",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31186",authors:[{id:"82300",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús N",surname:"García",slug:"jesus-n-garcia",fullName:"Jesús N García"},{id:"125514",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Robledo-Ramón",slug:"patricia-robledo-ramon",fullName:"Patricia Robledo-Ramón"}],corrections:null},{id:"31187",title:"Preventing Children’s Writing Difficulties Through Specific Intervention in the Home",doi:"10.5772/30384",slug:"preventing-children-s-writing-difficulties-through-specific-intervention-in-the-home",totalDownloads:1756,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Patricia Robledo-Ramón and Jesús-Nicasio García-Sánchez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31187",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31187",authors:[{id:"82300",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús N",surname:"García",slug:"jesus-n-garcia",fullName:"Jesús N García"},{id:"125514",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Robledo-Ramón",slug:"patricia-robledo-ramon",fullName:"Patricia Robledo-Ramón"}],corrections:null},{id:"31188",title:"The Family Environment of Students with Learning Disabilities and ADHD",doi:"10.5772/32507",slug:"the-family-environment-of-students-with-learning-disabilities-and-adhd",totalDownloads:6269,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Patricia Robledo-Ramón and Jesús-Nicasio García-Sánchez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31188",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31188",authors:[{id:"82300",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús N",surname:"García",slug:"jesus-n-garcia",fullName:"Jesús N García"},{id:"125514",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Robledo-Ramón",slug:"patricia-robledo-ramon",fullName:"Patricia Robledo-Ramón"}],corrections:null},{id:"31189",title:"Meeting the Needs of Twice-Exceptional Children in the Science Classroom",doi:"10.5772/30128",slug:"meeting-the-needs-of-twice-exceptional-children-in-the-science-classroom",totalDownloads:2659,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Manabu Sumida",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31189",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31189",authors:[{id:"80976",title:"Dr.",name:"Manabu",surname:"Sumida",slug:"manabu-sumida",fullName:"Manabu Sumida"}],corrections:null},{id:"31190",title:"The Quality of Teaching Determines Students' Achievement in Writing",doi:"10.5772/32531",slug:"the-quality-of-teaching-determines-students-achievement-in-writing",totalDownloads:2118,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Deilis Ivonne Pacheco Sanz and Jesús-Nicasio García-Sánchez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31190",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31190",authors:[{id:"82300",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús N",surname:"García",slug:"jesus-n-garcia",fullName:"Jesús N García"},{id:"91837",title:"Dr.",name:"Deilis Ivonne",surname:"Pacheco",slug:"deilis-ivonne-pacheco",fullName:"Deilis Ivonne Pacheco"}],corrections:null},{id:"31191",title:"Diagnosis of Teachers’ Practicein the Teaching of Written Composition",doi:"10.5772/32528",slug:"diagnosis-of-teachers-practice-in-the-teaching-of-written-composition",totalDownloads:1944,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Deilis Ivonne Pacheco Sanz and Jesús-Nicasio García-Sánchez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31191",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31191",authors:[{id:"82300",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús N",surname:"García",slug:"jesus-n-garcia",fullName:"Jesús N García"},{id:"91837",title:"Dr.",name:"Deilis Ivonne",surname:"Pacheco",slug:"deilis-ivonne-pacheco",fullName:"Deilis Ivonne Pacheco"}],corrections:null},{id:"31204",title:"Motor Skill Performance of Children with Sensor Impairments",doi:"10.5772/30810",slug:"motor-skill-performance-of-children-with-sensor-impairments",totalDownloads:6217,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Danijela Ilić-Stošović and Snežana Nikolić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31204",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31204",authors:[{id:"84346",title:"Prof.",name:"Danijela",surname:"Ilić-Stošović",slug:"danijela-ilic-stosovic",fullName:"Danijela Ilić-Stošović"},{id:"86938",title:"Prof.",name:"Snežana",surname:"Nikolić",slug:"snezana-nikolic",fullName:"Snežana Nikolić"}],corrections:null},{id:"31205",title:"Could Motor Development Be an Emergent Property of Vestibular Stimulation and Primary Reflex Inhibition? A Tentative Approach to Sensorimotor Therapy",doi:"10.5772/31726",slug:"could-motor-development-be-an-emergent-property-partly-of-vestibular-stimulation-and-primary-reflex-",totalDownloads:3786,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Mats Niklasson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31205",authors:[{id:"88435",title:"MSc.",name:"Mats",surname:"Niklasson",slug:"mats-niklasson",fullName:"Mats Niklasson"}],corrections:null},{id:"31206",title:"Contributions of an Augmented Reality Musical System for the Stimulation of Motor Skills in Music Therapy Sessions",doi:"10.5772/30142",slug:"contributions-of-an-augmented-reality-musical-system-for-the-stimulation-of-motor-skills-in-music-th",totalDownloads:2212,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Ana Grasielle Dionísio Corrêa, Irene Karaguilla Ficheman, Marilena do Nascimento and Roseli de Deus Lopes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31206",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31206",authors:[{id:"965",title:"Ms.",name:"Ana Grasielle",surname:"Correa",slug:"ana-grasielle-correa",fullName:"Ana Grasielle Correa"},{id:"3431",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",surname:"Ficheman",slug:"irene-ficheman",fullName:"Irene Ficheman"},{id:"91897",title:"Ms.",name:"Marilena",surname:"Nascimento",slug:"marilena-nascimento",fullName:"Marilena Nascimento"},{id:"91898",title:"Dr.",name:"Roseli",surname:"De Deus Lopes",slug:"roseli-de-deus-lopes",fullName:"Roseli De Deus Lopes"}],corrections:null},{id:"31207",title:"Deafness-Specific Tactic Knowledge: A New Understanding of Mental Health, and Social and Professional Participation",doi:"10.5772/31729",slug:"deafness-specific-tactic-knowledge-a-new-understanding-of-mental-health-and-social-and-professional-",totalDownloads:3264,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Paul G. Jacobs",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31207",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31207",authors:[{id:"88440",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul G.",surname:"Jacobs",slug:"paul-g.-jacobs",fullName:"Paul G. Jacobs"}],corrections:null},{id:"31208",title:"Environmental Chemical Substances in Relation to Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review",doi:"10.5772/30745",slug:"environmental-chemical-substances-in-relation-to-neurodevelopmental-disorders-a-systematic-literatur",totalDownloads:2794,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hideko Sone, Tin-Tin Win-Shwe, Xian-Yang Qin, Hiromi Akanuma and Satoshi Imanishi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31208",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31208",authors:[{id:"84029",title:"Dr",name:"Hideko",surname:"Sone",slug:"hideko-sone",fullName:"Hideko Sone"}],corrections:null},{id:"31209",title:"Disability and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/34299",slug:"disability-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:6704,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Jenny Gallagher and Sasha Scambler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31209",authors:[{id:"99560",title:"Dr",name:"Jenny",surname:"Gallagher",slug:"jenny-gallagher",fullName:"Jenny Gallagher"},{id:"151953",title:"Dr.",name:"Sasha",surname:"Scambler",slug:"sasha-scambler",fullName:"Sasha Scambler"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5751",title:"Event-Related Potentials and Evoked Potentials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a168280a67eae09db5340f85f6705920",slug:"event-related-potentials-and-evoked-potentials",bookSignature:"Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73395",title:"Dr.",name:"Phakkharawat",surname:"Sittiprapaporn",slug:"phakkharawat-sittiprapaporn",fullName:"Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5737",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"191219cd3ab88b15ec319cf30db18261",slug:"electroencephalography",bookSignature:"Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73395",title:"Dr.",name:"Phakkharawat",surname:"Sittiprapaporn",slug:"phakkharawat-sittiprapaporn",fullName:"Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5878",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"An International Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"233671027a40a86828b81f5f6094c4df",slug:"learning-disabilities-an-international-perspective",bookSignature:"Carolyn S. Ryan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28738",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolyn S",surname:"Ryan",slug:"carolyn-s-ryan",fullName:"Carolyn S Ryan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"71364",slug:"erratum-the-mechanism-of-misalignment-of-saw-cutting-crack-of-concrete-pavement",title:"Erratum - The Mechanism of Misalignment of Saw Cutting Crack of Concrete Pavement",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71364.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71364",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71364",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71364",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71364",chapter:{id:"71109",slug:"the-mechanism-of-misalignment-of-saw-cutting-crack-of-concrete-pavement",signatures:"Chatarina Niken",dateSubmitted:"October 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2020",datePrePublished:"February 14th 2020",datePublished:"September 23rd 2020",book:{id:"7615",title:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",slug:"fracture-mechanics-applications",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen and H. Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"313776",title:"Dr.",name:"Chatarina",middleName:null,surname:"Niken",fullName:"Chatarina Niken",slug:"chatarina-niken",email:"chatarinaniken@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"71109",slug:"the-mechanism-of-misalignment-of-saw-cutting-crack-of-concrete-pavement",signatures:"Chatarina Niken",dateSubmitted:"October 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2020",datePrePublished:"February 14th 2020",datePublished:"September 23rd 2020",book:{id:"7615",title:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",slug:"fracture-mechanics-applications",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen and H. Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"313776",title:"Dr.",name:"Chatarina",middleName:null,surname:"Niken",fullName:"Chatarina Niken",slug:"chatarina-niken",email:"chatarinaniken@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7615",title:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",slug:"fracture-mechanics-applications",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen and H. Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9008",leadTitle:null,title:"Vitamin K - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications for Human Health",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tVitamin K, one of fat-soluble vitamins, works as a cofactor of γ-glutamyl carboxylase for activation of blood coagulation factors and bone proteins. Other than this well-known function of vitamin K, this vitamin plays crucial roles in various cellular functions including differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism via modulating intracellular signaling. Menaquinone-4, that is one of vitamin K2 analogues, is endobiotic synthesized from other types of vitamin K after absorption from intestine and has unique properties. For example, menaquinone-4 binds to of nuclear receptor NR1I2 (also called PXR or SXR) and modulates the expression of certain genes involved in not only drug metabolism, but also energy metabolism and inflammation. Natural isoprenoid geranylgeraniol, that is side chain moiety of menaquinone-4, and structurally mimetic compounds also have similar functions to menaquinone-4.
\r\n
\r\n\tIn this book, we focus on recent advances and new perspectives on vitamin K research that can contribute to health promotion and prevention of diseases.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-392-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-391-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-393-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",bookSignature:"Prof. Hiroyuki Kagechika and Dr. Hitoshi Shirakawa",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",keywords:"Osteocalcin, Matrix Gla Protein, NR1l2, PXR, SXR, Structurally Mimetic Compounds, Isoprenoids, Mevalonate Pathway, Intracellular Signalling, UBIAD1, Menaquinone-4, Prenyltransferase",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 26th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 28th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 22nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 13th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 12th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A Director of Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering whose major research interest is the medicinal chemistry of hydrophobic signalling molecules, including specific modulators of the various nuclear receptor.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A Researcher in nutrition and molecular biology and an appointed Professor from Tohoku University, Japan.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his Bachelor and Ph.D. degrees from The University of Tokyo (Pharmaceutical Sciences), Japan, in 1989 and was an Associate Professor at the same university until 2004. Then he moved to Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), where he is currently a Professor in Institute of Biomaetrials and Bioengineering (IBB). From 2010-2015, he was appointed as the Dean of Graduate School of Biomedical Science, and since 2012, as the Vice Dean of Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. From 2020, he was was appointed as the Director of Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB).\r\nHe is the author of over 280 scientific publications. His major research interest is the medicinal chemistry of nuclear receptors, such as retinoid, vitamin D, steroid hormone receptors, as well as the orphan receptors, and developed various specific ligands by using novel and unique pharmacophore and bioisosters, including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia. He is also interested in the chemistry of aromatic amides with unique structures, which is useful for construction of functional aromatic molecules. He received several awards such as The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ) Award for Young Scientists (1994), The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ) Award for Drug Research and Development (2006), The Japanese Cancer Association-Chugai Academy for Advanced Oncology Award (2015), and The Vitamin Society of Japan Award (2016). Recently, he is a coordinator foe JSPS core-to-core program for Center of international research platform for biomedical science and drug discovery against intractable diseases.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"180389",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Shirakawa",slug:"hitoshi-shirakawa",fullName:"Hitoshi Shirakawa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Hitoshi Shirakawa is currently a Professor at Tohoku University, Japan. In the past he worked as a Research associate at Science University of Tokyo, Japan (1988−1997) and a Postdoctoral fellow at National Institutes of Health, USA (1997−1999). From 1999 to present day he has been working at the Tohoku University, Japan. His interest include vitamins, life style related diseases, transcription regulation and chromatin.",institutionString:"Tohoku University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Tohoku University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"52295",title:"Body Contour Surgery in Massive Weight Loss Patients",doi:"10.5772/64839",slug:"body-contour-surgery-in-massive-weight-loss-patients",body:'\n
1. Introduction
\n
Today, massive weight loss patients are a big population in terms of plastic surgery office consultation. Since bariatric surgery evolution, many of the severe obese patients have become improved their health and life quality and the results of this change usually impacts their body. Skin tone and adipose tissue have their first impact revealing lax and lipodystrophy leading to hanging skin and fat all over the body.
\n
One of the biggest problems is the correct diagnosis of patient’s contour deformities.
\n
It is our duty to exam all areas that we must treat as sections to have the contour as accurate as possible.
Middle section (central part of abdominal wall, lateral wall, buttocks, and back).
Lower section (medial and lateral thighs and legs).
\n
\n
2. Body lift surgery
\n
In the middle section, there are many surgical treatments and we must identify the best one for every patient.
\n
So for a better classification, we must address patients’ variability patterns (Figures 3 and 4):
\n
Figure 3.
Variability patterns at front.
\n
Figure 4.
Variability patterns at back.
\n
In lax skin and rolls at the front and back in every patient.
Previous scars (Special attention in anatomical blood supply).
Structural body shape (android or gynecoid).
Intra-abdominal excess.
\n
Knowing the anatomical shape, we could see which one will have a better contour:
\n
Severe skin laxity, low adipose tissue, and medium size skeletal muscle will be the best body contouring patients, only need to re-drape skin to the continent underneath.
Large and oblique scars are a big problem due to vascularization. If so, discuss with patient about necrosis and complications.
Women mostly have a pear shape or gynecoid and are narrow from torso and wider at the hips, so stretching skin laxity contour improves. Men and some women have an android or pear shape so circumferential procedures are a standard treatment avoiding denting or heavy dog ears.
\n
Why are body lifts the best procedures in the massive weight loss patients?
\n
A common example is to watch the anterior abdominal wall and discard lateral and back or pretend to treat the anterior part and improve contour on lateral and back.
\n
As shown in Figure 5, classic abdominoplasty has an ellipse pattern with a wider medial resection that have a 100% of skin tension, reaching the most lateral resection with no tension at the end of the closure is achieved and final dog ear or bulky tissue is revealed.
\n
Figure 5.
Classic abdominoplasty resection. The central part has the highest tension.
\n
With a circumferential procedure, skin is resected over the front and back and a 100 percent of high tension applied to the skin ends with the best improvement in contour [1] (Figures 6 and 7).
\n
Figure 6.
Highest tension in a circumferential procedure is applied at front and back.
\n
Figure 7.
Higher tension at the back makes a better gluteal shape.
\n
2.1. Markings
\n
Start with the patient in a standing position (Figures 8 and 9).
\n
Figure 8.
Dynamic pinch.
\n
Figure 9.
V-S pattern at the back and trapezoidal at front.
\n
Midline marking reaches xiphoid process to midline pubis.
Midline marking of the back to gluteal crease.
Dynamic pinch in the back lifting gluteal and lateral tissue in a V-S fashion\n
V (superior) and Italic S (inferior) improve buttocks shape.
Dynamic pinch in the anterior part lifting pubis and inguinal area in a trapezoidal fashion.
Always in the midline back decrease tension about 2 cm than pinch avoiding over resection.\n
Marking tips: Always use landmarks to keep anatomical references.
If not sure about resection, do not do it. It is better to decrease the amount of resection to keep surgery safe.
\n
\n
2.2. Operative technique
\n
The patient in prone position, incision, and dissection from upper marking down (Figures 10 and 11).
Subfascial dissect avoiding lymphatic injury.
Lift the flap and tailor tacking avoiding over resection.
Fascial closure with absorbable sutures and subdermal [2].
Drains placed under closure.
Lateral ending with a dog ear to continue in the anterior part.
In supine position, pubic marking incision as classic abdominoplasty.
Subfascial dissection towards xiphoid, umbilical transposition.
If needed, muscle plication will improve contour.
Abdominal flap is descended and fascial and dermal closure is made.
\n
Figure 10.
Body lift surgery pictures, starting in prone position. At the upper right, lifting the buttocks.
\n
Figure 11.
Body lift at the abdominal time, subfascial undermining.
\n
Tips: Keep the subfascial tissue intact, decrease postoperative seromas.
\n
Reaching the umbilicus area, look for any little hernia, and if so, repair it.
Safe liposuction area: Only at the lateral thighs with mild-to-severe lipodystrophy.
\n
Patients who underwent a previous abdominoplasty have a different approach:
\n
The back is marking as usual.
The lateral and anterior area is treated as an inverted ellipse fashion keeping most of the tension at lateral aspects than in the midline
\n
Marking tips: Always look at the umbilicus position. A higher position improves in contour.
\n
Try to lower the previous abdominoplasty scar. This is the most visible area.
\n
Surgery tips: Umbilicus is the danger zone. Dissect the flap near the insertion and descend the new flap in a block.
\n
If infra umbilical skin redundancy requires a higher resection, umbilical transposition is mandatory.
\n
In lower position, umbilicus sometimes is better to repositioning a little bit higher and leaving a minimal vertical scar.
\n
2.2.1. Postoperative care
\n
Do not fully extend for 1 week. It is a high-tension technique and dehiscence may occur.
Left side, pre-op; right side, post-op. Improving contour and gluteal shape.
\n
Figure 13.
Left side pre-op, right side post-op, 2 years.
\n
\n
\n
\n
3. Arm lift and surrounding areas
\n
After weight loss arms and axilla area often deflated and gravity vectors lead to a typical tent-like deformity from elbow to medial axillary line.
\n
Patients feel uncomfortable about their upper extremities due to their visual movement of hanging tissue. This is usually patients’ first consultation.
\n
This hanging tissue reveals the drop vector due to gravity [1].
\n
With the upper arm, horizontal extent (15°) and palms up the deformities show up.
\n
Our goal is to reshape the arms to their natural looking.
\n
Extension to medial axilla line is often needed due to tissue excess and not to falling in a dog ear final scar.
\n
This is the natural extension line from the arm to the lateral chest area.
\n
Arm deformities types and treatment classification (Figure 14)
\n
Figure 14.
Different types of deformities.
\n
Type 1: Mild adipose pinch—Good skin tension
\n
Type 2: Severe adipose pinch—Severe skin laxity
\n
Type 3: Low adipose pinch—Mild skin laxity
\n
Type 1: Treatment: Liposuction (classic liposuction or ultrasound assisted)
\n
Type 2: Treatment: Sequential ellipse skin resection
\n
Type 3: Treatment: Skin resection with surrounding areas liposuction. Contour results may vary among patients
\n
3.1. Scar placement
\n
There is a controversial issue about placing the scar in a more medial fashion than a posterior place.
\n
It is obvious that a scar placed in the bicipital crease will be in a more natural and anatomical area. But the truth is that after a long postoperative time, the scar will expand or migrate because of the gravity.
\n
A scar placed at the lowest point of the posterior axillary fold is better because it extends to axilla defects and maintains the arm reduction over time without migration (Figure 15).
\n
Figure 15.
With arms open, scar is nonvisible.
\n
At this time, you can combine arm lift with breast and upper back roll surgery and improve contour in the arms, lateral torso, back, and breast.
Pinch and hatch marks. Resection always is less than marked.
\n
Dynamic pinch at the posterior axillary fold towards axilla.
This pinch will be about 1.5–2 cm less avoiding high tension in closure.
Crossing axilla pinch will reclute lateral torso tissue.
No marking Z-plasty is needed in the axilla.
\n
\n
3.3. Operative technique
\n
Patient positioned with arms open and movable to a position higher than the head (Figure 16).
Partial Incision made from the elbow towards axilla maintaining superficial fascia.
Sequential to the hatch marks to avoid over resection.
Each hatch mark is accessed closure made from fascia and subdermal.
Reaching axilla continue more subdermal to avoid lymph injury.
Cross-axilla and resect until the last markings.
Final closure made, skin glue.
Drains under closure.
\n
Tips: Arms are not collapsible, and compartmental syndrome could occur so less resection (Figures 17–19).
\n
Figure 17.
Upper left hatch marks are relevant in this surgery.
\n
Figure 18.
Deflated arm reaching axilla and lateral thorax. Pre- and post-op.
\n
Figure 19.
Aesthetic problem with adipose excess and scar due to trauma. Pre- and post-op.
\n
Be gentle when moving, nerve compression or injury may happen.
\n
Lateral torso resection shapes under the axilla and the lateral aspect of the breast and sometimes could lateralize the nipple, so if you are planning to combine surgery, be aware at this point.
\n
\n
3.4. Postoperative care
\n
Compression garments after surgery are mandatory from the hand to the axilla.
The same day after surgery the surgeon must see patients hand for swelling and blood supply. Sometimes compression is too high and must free some pressure of the garment.
Patient must elevate arms above the chest to avoid excessive swelling.
Smooth movements and no lifting heavy objects.
Drains kept a few days until 20 ml/day.
Silicone sheets are applied 4–6 months.
\n
Some male patients could benefit the chest wall with the lateral torso resection with marking extension and variation.
\n
This selection is made in patients with (Figure 20).
\n
Figure 20.
Notice the lateral traction improve NAC position.
\n
Deflation of the breast and position of NAC higher than inframammary fold.
Lateral torso skin laxity.
\n
Marking tips:
\n
Arm lift as described, crossing axilla and reaching lateral torso vertical dynamic high pinch is made.
Evaluate NAC position as pinch.
Sand clock shape is made with wider part at the NAC position.
With selected patients, we could perform upper body lift surgery resecting back rolls and leaving a final scar that cross from back to submammary fold.
\n
Figure 21.
Long extension in lateral aspect. Pre- and post-op results.
\n
This type of procedure requires changing position at the surgery table like the lower body lifts.
\n
Markings:
\n
Standing position at the back elevate the excess in upward fashion.
Dynamic pinch keeping the upper line just above the bra line.
Continue to lateral hatch marks addressing submammary fold.
\n
\n
3.5. Operative technique
\n
Excise over the upper line and dissect downwards.
Elevate the flap and tailor tack.
Continue to the lateral aspect ending at the middle axillary line.
Then rotate patient and continue in supine position.
\n
Tips: Always keep the superficial fascia it will help you to anchor the flap in an upward position.
\n
It is better to do lower body lift first as major skin tension body procedure it will tight some upper part excess leading to scar predictable positioning.
\n
If breast or upper chest surgery will not be performed at this time, extend to the inframammary fold, dog ears at the lateral torso are too visible.
Brachioplasty, augmentation mastopexy, and back rolls surgery. Front view.
\n
Figure 23.
Back view.
\n
\n
\n
4. Thigh lifting and reduction
\n
The inner thighs are one of the areas that many plastic surgeons try to avoid mainly because the complication rate is higher than other surgical procedures [3].
\n
Skin laxity and lipodystrophy vary according to patients so the thighs are divided into three zones (Figure 24):
\n
Figure 24.
Thigh zones inguinal (purple), medial (green), upper knee (red).
\n
The inguinal zone.
The medial inner thigh.
The upper knee section.
\n
The inner thigh as we describe it has two negative vectors due to gravity, skin laxity, and amount of fat in the area. The retaining skin ligaments in the inguinal and throcanther area are responsible for the vectors.
\n
For reshaping the area, we propose to reinvert these critical vectors by anchoring the superficial fascia to the Colles ligament in the horizontal vector and resect the amount of skin and fat in the vertical one.
\n
4.1. Planning inner thigh reduction
\n
Which is the extension of the deformity?
\n
Pinch diagnosis in stand-up position.
Elevation of the horizontal (subinguinal) vector.
Careful examination of inner thigh and extension of vertical vector.
Evaluate if deformity reaches or passes the knee.
\n
\n
4.2. Scar placement
\n
Inguinal scar should be placed in the inguinal crease.
Vertical incision should not be too anterior or posterior.
In stand-up position not visible scars.
Evaluate patients with previous thigh incision.
\n
\n
4.3. Use of liposuction
\n
Only in areas that should not be excised (e.g., knee, lateral thigh).
\n
\n
4.4. Marking and tips
\n
Pinch dynamic markings are used and marks are less than the original 1 or 1.5 cm to avoid over resection (Figure 25).
\n
Figure 25.
Marking and pinching the defect, the definitive marks are less than original pinch.
\n
The amount of skin and fat excised in the horizontal excess often is less than what we can elevate.
\n
Horizontal excess must be anchored in the Colles fascia just above 2 cm the inguinal crease so the mark in the inguinal region should be 2 cm less than the pinch.
\n
This type of anchoring is strong and the horizontal flap could be suspended by the superficial fascia (Figure 26).
\n
Figure 26.
Different patients, different markings, and both improve contour.
\n
4.4.1. Operative technique
\n
Patient positioned in frog-like position (Figure 27).
Incision made from the distal marking towards inguinal maintaining superficial fascia.
Sequential to the hatch marks to avoid over resection [4].
Each hatch mark is accessed closure made from fascia and subdermal.
Continue at the inguinal incision. Subfascial dissection.
Do not over resect, suspension of the thigh has to be 2 cm or 3 above the crease to reach the Colles ligament, so marks should be 2 cm less than marked.
Use polypropylene 0 for anchoring, in a “x” fashion to relax tension in superficial fascia.
Final closure made, skin glue.
Drains under closure.
\n
Figure 27.
Thigh surgery. Upper right anchoring subfascial tissue to Colles ligament.
Deformity at inguinal and medial zone. Pre- and post-op.
\n
Figure 29.
Some patients reach the upper knee so extension of the vertical extension is applied. Pre- and post-op.
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. Discussion
\n
Many techniques have been described through the past century to achieve good contour and aesthetic results. But some of this new postbariatric population with weight loss have contour deformities that never have been shown in past century consultation.
\n
New surgical approach as body lifts, extensive brachioplasty, and thighplasty should be consider as a gold standard for this kind of patients
\n
\n
6. Conclusions
\n
With a comprehensive diagnosis, patient classification, dynamic marking, and postoperative patient management, body contouring has evolved from traditional plastic surgery techniques to a multiple vector correction.
\n
It provides a good contour; skin tension and results are consistent over time, but should consider to:
\n
Be conservative and do not over resect.
Plan and mark since these are critical for the surgery.
Take care of patients’ postoperative management, watch out for complications.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"body contouring, massive weight loss, body shaping, body lift, arm lifts, thigh reduction",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/52295.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/52295.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52295",totalDownloads:1118,totalViews:131,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 14th 2016",dateReviewed:"July 7th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 14th 2016",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Background: Massive weight loss population presents different body deformities due to deflation and poor skin tone. Deformities in the lower trunk, upper torso, arms, and thighs are based on age, degree of skin laxity, and adipose tissue. Traditional plastic surgery techniques like abdominoplasty will not work in this kind of patients. Surgeon’s major challenge is how to restore the skin and overlaying fat in patients that do not have the same deformities. Identifying the vectors of dropping tissue will lead to classifying this kind of deformities and planning the best surgical procedure.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/52295",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/52295",book:{slug:"body-contouring-and-sculpting"},signatures:"Marcelo A. Cuadrado, Gabriel Moina and Daniel Moina",authors:[{id:"186454",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"Alejandro",surname:"Cuadrado",fullName:"Marcelo Cuadrado",slug:"marcelo-cuadrado",email:"drcuadrado@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Buenos Aires",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"188282",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Moina",fullName:"Gabriel Moina",slug:"gabriel-moina",email:"gmmoina@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"193546",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Moina",fullName:"Daniel Moina",slug:"daniel-moina",email:"dgmoina@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Body lift surgery",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Markings",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Operative technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1. Postoperative care",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.2.2. Pre- and post-op results",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Arm lift and surrounding areas",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1. Scar placement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2. Markings",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.3. Operative technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.4. Postoperative care",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.5. Operative technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"3.6. Results",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"4. Thigh lifting and reduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"4.1. Planning inner thigh reduction",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"4.2. Scar placement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"4.3. Use of liposuction",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"4.4. Marking and tips",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_3",title:"4.4.1. Operative technique",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"4.4.2. Post-op treatment",level:"3"},{id:"sec_19_3",title:"4.4.3. Pre-/post-op Photographs",level:"3"},{id:"sec_22",title:"5. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Aly A, Cram A. editors. Body Contouring After Massive Weight Loss. Missouri: QMP Publishing; 2006. 386 p. doi:9781576262115'},{id:"B2",body:'Ted Lockwood. Superficial fascial system (SFS) of the trunk and extremities: A new concept. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;87(6):1009–1018.'},{id:"B3",body:'Grazer FM. Body contouring. Introduction. Clin Plast Surg. 1996;23(4):511–528.'},{id:"B4",body:'Cram A, Aly A. Thigh reduction in the massive weight loss patient. Clin Plast Surg. 2008;35(1):165–172.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Marcelo A. Cuadrado",address:"drcuadrado@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Centro de Rinología y Cirugía plástica Dr. Moina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Centro de Rinología y Cirugía plástica Dr. Moina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"5346",title:"Body Contouring and Sculpting",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Body Contouring and Sculpting",slug:"body-contouring-and-sculpting",publishedDate:"December 14th 2016",bookSignature:"Nikolay P. Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5346.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"53344",title:"The History of Body Contouring Surgery",slug:"the-history-of-body-contouring-surgery",totalDownloads:1279,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Balkovic Marija and Jankovic Irena",authors:[{id:"186128",title:"Dr.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Jankovic",fullName:"Irena Jankovic",slug:"irena-jankovic"},{id:"186129",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Balković",fullName:"Marija Balković",slug:"marija-balkovic"}]},{id:"53016",title:"Lower Body and Extremities Sculpting, Beautification, Changing of Proportions",slug:"lower-body-and-extremities-sculpting-beautification-changing-of-proportions",totalDownloads:1181,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nikolay P. Serdev",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev"}]},{id:"52174",title:"Laser-Assisted Liposuction in Body Contouring",slug:"laser-assisted-liposuction-in-body-contouring",totalDownloads:1254,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zoran Žgaljardić and Ivonne Žgaljardić",authors:[{id:"185691",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Zgaljardic",fullName:"Zoran Zgaljardic",slug:"zoran-zgaljardic"},{id:"193469",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivonne",middleName:null,surname:"Žgaljardić",fullName:"Ivonne Žgaljardić",slug:"ivonne-zgaljardic"}]},{id:"53345",title:"High-Definition Liposculpture",slug:"high-definition-liposculpture",totalDownloads:1338,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carlos Oaxaca",authors:[{id:"185694",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Oaxaca",fullName:"Carlos Oaxaca",slug:"carlos-oaxaca"}]},{id:"53331",title:"High Definition Liposuction: A Challenge for a Perfect Body Contouring",slug:"high-definition-liposuction-a-challenge-for-a-perfect-body-contouring",totalDownloads:1405,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Javier Soto, Hugo A. Aguilar and Juan S. Barajas‐Gamboa",authors:[{id:"186111",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"S.",surname:"Barajas-Gamboa",fullName:"Juan Barajas-Gamboa",slug:"juan-barajas-gamboa"},{id:"195186",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar",fullName:"Hugo Aguilar",slug:"hugo-aguilar"},{id:"195187",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Barajas-Gamboa",fullName:"Juan Barajas-Gamboa",slug:"juan-barajas-gamboa"}]},{id:"52737",title:"New Concepts on Safer Abdominoplasty",slug:"new-concepts-on-safer-abdominoplasty",totalDownloads:1786,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guillermo Blugerman, Diego Schavelzon, Boris Martínez, Gabriel\nWexler, Andrea Markowsky and Marcelo Lotoki",authors:[{id:"185638",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Blugerman",fullName:"Guillermo Blugerman",slug:"guillermo-blugerman"},{id:"193655",title:"Prof.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Schavelzon",fullName:"Diego Schavelzon",slug:"diego-schavelzon"},{id:"193657",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",fullName:"Boris Martinez",slug:"boris-martinez"},{id:"193658",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Wexler",fullName:"Gabriel Wexler",slug:"gabriel-wexler"},{id:"193659",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Markosky",fullName:"Andrea Markosky",slug:"andrea-markosky"},{id:"193660",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Lotosky",fullName:"Marcelo Lotosky",slug:"marcelo-lotosky"}]},{id:"52849",title:"Circular Abdominoplasty (Belt Lipectomy) in Obese Patients",slug:"circular-abdominoplasty-belt-lipectomy-in-obese-patients",totalDownloads:1321,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hossam ElKafrawy and Sherif Wasief",authors:[{id:"185595",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sherif",middleName:null,surname:"Wasief",fullName:"Sherif Wasief",slug:"sherif-wasief"},{id:"193563",title:"Prof.",name:"Hossam",middleName:null,surname:"Elkafrawi",fullName:"Hossam Elkafrawi",slug:"hossam-elkafrawi"}]},{id:"52295",title:"Body Contour Surgery in Massive Weight Loss Patients",slug:"body-contour-surgery-in-massive-weight-loss-patients",totalDownloads:1118,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marcelo A. Cuadrado, Gabriel Moina and Daniel Moina",authors:[{id:"186454",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"Alejandro",surname:"Cuadrado",fullName:"Marcelo Cuadrado",slug:"marcelo-cuadrado"},{id:"188282",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Moina",fullName:"Gabriel Moina",slug:"gabriel-moina"},{id:"193546",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Moina",fullName:"Daniel Moina",slug:"daniel-moina"}]},{id:"52635",title:"Axillary Breast: Contouring the Axilla",slug:"axillary-breast-contouring-the-axilla",totalDownloads:1409,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Medha A. Bhave (Khair)",authors:[{id:"185557",title:"Dr.",name:"Medha",middleName:null,surname:"Bhave",fullName:"Medha Bhave",slug:"medha-bhave"}]},{id:"52645",title:"Fat Grafting in Body Contouring",slug:"fat-grafting-in-body-contouring",totalDownloads:1783,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marco Romeo, Ayman Elmeligy and Khalid Elsherbeny",authors:[{id:"185624",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Romeo",fullName:"Marco Romeo",slug:"marco-romeo"},{id:"185626",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"Elmeligy",fullName:"Ayman Elmeligy",slug:"ayman-elmeligy"},{id:"185627",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Elsherbeni",fullName:"Khalid Elsherbeni",slug:"khalid-elsherbeni"}]},{id:"52274",title:"Pneumodissection: Enhancement of the Receptor Area before Fat Grafting",slug:"pneumodissection-enhancement-of-the-receptor-area-before-fat-grafting",totalDownloads:1287,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guillermo Blugerman, Diego Schavelzon, Gabriel Wexler, Marcelo\nLotocki, Victoria Schavelzon and Guido Blugerman",authors:[{id:"38432",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Blugerman",fullName:"Guillermo Blugerman",slug:"guillermo-blugerman"},{id:"185639",title:"M.D.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Wexler",fullName:"Gabriel Wexler",slug:"gabriel-wexler"},{id:"185725",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Schavelzon",fullName:"Diego Schavelzon",slug:"diego-schavelzon"},{id:"185726",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Lotocki",fullName:"Marcelo Lotocki",slug:"marcelo-lotocki"}]},{id:"52056",title:"Assessment of Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism Risk in Body Sculpting Procedures",slug:"assessment-of-postoperative-venous-thromboembolism-risk-in-body-sculpting-procedures",totalDownloads:1322,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alexandro Aguilera Salgado, Johnatan Figueroa Padilla and José\nCortés Arreguín",authors:[{id:"162339",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandro",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilera Salgado",fullName:"Alexandro Aguilera Salgado",slug:"alexandro-aguilera-salgado"},{id:"191672",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnatan",middleName:null,surname:"Figueroa Padilla",fullName:"Johnatan Figueroa Padilla",slug:"johnatan-figueroa-padilla"},{id:"191674",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Cortés Arreguín",fullName:"José Cortés Arreguín",slug:"jose-cortes-arreguin"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"330",title:"Advanced Techniques in Liposuction and Fat Transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b46d7571b3a7f78d03a83f809c7a637f",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-liposuction-and-fat-transfer",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"19131",title:"Application of the Liposuction Techniques and Principles in Specific Body Areas and Pathologies",slug:"application-of-the-liposuction-techniques-and-principles-in-specific-body-areas-and-pathologies",signatures:"Diego Schavelzon, Louis Habbema, Stefan Rapprich, Peter Lisborg , Guillermo Blugerman, Jorge A. D’Angelo, Andrea Markowsky, Javier Soto, Rodrigo Moreno and Maria Siguen",authors:[{id:"59070",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Schavelzon",fullName:"Diego Schavelzon",slug:"diego-schavelzon"},{id:"59224",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Markowsky",fullName:"Andrea Markowsky",slug:"andrea-markowsky"},{id:"59225",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Siguen",fullName:"Maria Siguen",slug:"maria-siguen"},{id:"59228",title:"Dr.",name:"Louis",middleName:null,surname:"Habbema",fullName:"Louis Habbema",slug:"louis-habbema"},{id:"59230",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Soto",fullName:"Javier Soto",slug:"javier-soto"},{id:"59677",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Rapprich",fullName:"Stefan Rapprich",slug:"stefan-rapprich"},{id:"59678",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Blugerman",fullName:"Guillermo Blugerman",slug:"guillermo-blugerman"},{id:"109661",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"D'Angelo",fullName:"Jorge D'Angelo",slug:"jorge-d'angelo"},{id:"110928",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Lisborg",fullName:"Peter Lisborg",slug:"peter-lisborg"},{id:"110931",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno",fullName:"Rodrigo Moreno",slug:"rodrigo-moreno"}]},{id:"19132",title:"Liposuction and Fat Graft to Enhance Facial Contour in Reconstructive Surgery - Nine Years Experience with the use of Peridural Cannula",slug:"liposuction-and-fat-graft-to-enhance-facial-contour-in-reconstructive-surgery-nine-years-experience-",signatures:"Claudia Gutiérrez Gómez, Marcia Pérez Dosal and Alexander Cardenas Mejia",authors:[{id:"38459",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez",fullName:"Claudia Gutiérrez",slug:"claudia-gutierrez"}]},{id:"19133",title:"Novel Liposuction Techniques for the Treatment of HIV-Associated Dorsocervical Fat Pad and Parotid Hypertrophy",slug:"novel-liposuction-techniques-for-the-treatment-of-hiv-associated-dorsocervical-fat-pad-and-parotid-h",signatures:"Harvey Abrams and Karen L. Herbst",authors:[{id:"46172",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Herbst",fullName:"Karen Herbst",slug:"karen-herbst"},{id:"54375",title:"Dr.",name:"Harvey",middleName:null,surname:"Abrams",fullName:"Harvey Abrams",slug:"harvey-abrams"}]},{id:"19134",title:"Lipoplasty of the Back",slug:"lipoplasty-of-the-back",signatures:"Francisco Agullo, Sadri O. Sozer and Humberto Palladino",authors:[{id:"49318",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadri",middleName:"Ozan",surname:"Sozer",fullName:"Sadri Sozer",slug:"sadri-sozer"},{id:"49319",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Agullo",fullName:"Frank Agullo",slug:"frank-agullo"},{id:"128585",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Palladino",fullName:"Humberto Palladino",slug:"humberto-palladino"}]},{id:"19135",title:"Power-Assisted Liposuction (PAL) vs. Traditional Liposuction: Quantification and Comparison of Tissue Shrinkage and Tightening",slug:"power-assisted-liposuction-pal-vs-traditional-liposuction-quantification-and-comparison-of-tissue-sh",signatures:"Gordon H. Sasaki, Ana Tevez and Erica Lopez Ulloa",authors:[{id:"42812",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordon",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",fullName:"Gordon Sasaki",slug:"gordon-sasaki"}]},{id:"19136",title:"Larger Infiltration/Aspiration Volumes, Plasma/ Subcutaneous Fluid Lidocaine Levels and Quantitative Abdominal Tissue Accommodation After Water-Assisted Liposuction (WAL): Comparative Safety and Efficacy to Traditional Liposuction (TL)",slug:"larger-infiltration-aspiration-volumes-plasma-subcutaneous-fluid-lidocaine-levels-and-quantitative-a",signatures:"Gordon H. Sasaki",authors:[{id:"42812",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordon",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",fullName:"Gordon Sasaki",slug:"gordon-sasaki"}]},{id:"19137",title:"Gynoid Lipodystrophy Treatment and Other Advances on Laser-Assisted Liposuction",slug:"gynoid-lipodystrophy-treatment-and-other-advances-on-laser-assisted-liposuction",signatures:"Alberto Goldman, Sufan Wu, Yi Sun, Diego Schavelzon and Guillermo Blugerman",authors:[{id:"38432",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Blugerman",fullName:"Guillermo Blugerman",slug:"guillermo-blugerman"},{id:"58060",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Goldman",fullName:"Alberto Goldman",slug:"alberto-goldman"},{id:"58080",title:"Dr.",name:"Sufan",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Sufan Wu",slug:"sufan-wu"},{id:"58081",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Schavelzon",fullName:"Diego Schavelzon",slug:"diego-schavelzon"},{id:"128589",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Yi Sun",slug:"yi-sun"}]},{id:"19138",title:"Radio-Frequency Assisted Liposuction (RFAL)",slug:"radio-frequency-assisted-liposuction-rfal-",signatures:"Guillermo Blugerman, Malcolm D. Paul, Diego Schavelzon, R. Stephen Mulholland, Matthias Sandhoffer, Peter Lisborg, Antonio Rusciani, Mark Divaris and Michael Kreindel",authors:[{id:"59070",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Schavelzon",fullName:"Diego Schavelzon",slug:"diego-schavelzon"},{id:"33827",title:"Prof.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Blugerman",fullName:"Guillermo Blugerman",slug:"guillermo-blugerman"},{id:"59069",title:"Mr.",name:"Malcom D.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",fullName:"Malcom D. Paul",slug:"malcom-d.-paul"},{id:"59071",title:"Mr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Mulholland",fullName:"Stephen Mulholland",slug:"stephen-mulholland"},{id:"59072",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Sandhoffer",fullName:"Matthias Sandhoffer",slug:"matthias-sandhoffer"},{id:"59073",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Lisborg",fullName:"Peter Lisborg",slug:"peter-lisborg"},{id:"59074",title:"Mr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Rusciani",fullName:"Antonio Rusciani",slug:"antonio-rusciani"},{id:"59075",title:"Mr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Divaris",fullName:"Mark Divaris",slug:"mark-divaris"},{id:"59076",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Kreindel",fullName:"Michael Kreindel",slug:"michael-kreindel"}]},{id:"19139",title:"Ultrasound Assisted Liposculpture – UAL: A Simplified Safe Body Sculpturing and Aesthetic Beautification Technique",slug:"ultrasound-assisted-liposculpture-ual-a-simplified-safe-body-sculpturing-and-aesthetic-beautificatio",signatures:"Nikolay P. Serdev",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev"}]},{id:"19140",title:"Advanced Lipotransfer Techniques",slug:"advanced-lipotransfer-techniques",signatures:"Guillermo Blugerman, Roger Amar, Diego Schavelzon, Marco A. Pelosi II, Marco A. Pelosi III, Javier A. Soto, Anastasia Chomyszyn, Maurizio Podda, Andrea V. Markowsky, Jorge A. D’Angelo and Rodrigo Moreno",authors:[{id:"59070",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Schavelzon",fullName:"Diego Schavelzon",slug:"diego-schavelzon"},{id:"59224",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Markowsky",fullName:"Andrea Markowsky",slug:"andrea-markowsky"},{id:"59225",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Siguen",fullName:"Maria Siguen",slug:"maria-siguen"},{id:"59230",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Soto",fullName:"Javier Soto",slug:"javier-soto"},{id:"109661",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"D'Angelo",fullName:"Jorge D'Angelo",slug:"jorge-d'angelo"},{id:"33827",title:"Prof.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Blugerman",fullName:"Guillermo Blugerman",slug:"guillermo-blugerman"},{id:"59221",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Amar",fullName:"Roger Amar",slug:"roger-amar"},{id:"59222",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasia",middleName:null,surname:"Chomyszyn",fullName:"Anastasia Chomyszyn",slug:"anastasia-chomyszyn"},{id:"59223",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"Podda",fullName:"Maurizio Podda",slug:"maurizio-podda"},{id:"59229",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:"A",surname:"Pelosi Ii",fullName:"Marco Pelosi Ii",slug:"marco-pelosi-ii"},{id:"59679",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Javier",surname:"Moreno",fullName:"Rodrigo Moreno",slug:"rodrigo-moreno"},{id:"109659",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Pelosi Iii",fullName:"Marco Pelosi Iii",slug:"marco-pelosi-iii"}]},{id:"19141",title:"Processing of Lipoaspirate Samples for Optimal Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolation",slug:"processing-of-lipoaspirate-samples-for-optimal-mesenchymal-stem-cells-isolation",signatures:"Leandra Baptista, Karina Silva, Carolina Pedrosa and Radovan Borojevic",authors:[{id:"38645",title:"Prof.",name:"Leandra",middleName:null,surname:"Baptista",fullName:"Leandra Baptista",slug:"leandra-baptista"},{id:"56758",title:"MSc",name:"Karina",middleName:"Ribeiro Da",surname:"Silva",fullName:"Karina Silva",slug:"karina-silva"},{id:"56759",title:"Prof.",name:"Radovan",middleName:null,surname:"Borojevic",fullName:"Radovan Borojevic",slug:"radovan-borojevic"},{id:"89316",title:"MSc.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Pedrosa",fullName:"Carolina Pedrosa",slug:"carolina-pedrosa"}]},{id:"19142",title:"Stem Cell Enriched Fat Transfer",slug:"stem-cell-enriched-fat-transfer",signatures:"Maurizio Ceccarelli and J. Víctor García",authors:[{id:"99504",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"Ceccarelli",fullName:"Maurizio Ceccarelli",slug:"maurizio-ceccarelli"}]},{id:"19143",title:"Complications of Liposuction",slug:"complications-of-liposuction",signatures:"Francisco J. Agullo, Humberto Palladino and Sadri O. Sozer",authors:[{id:"49318",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadri",middleName:"Ozan",surname:"Sozer",fullName:"Sadri Sozer",slug:"sadri-sozer"},{id:"49319",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Agullo",fullName:"Frank Agullo",slug:"frank-agullo"},{id:"128585",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Palladino",fullName:"Humberto Palladino",slug:"humberto-palladino"},{id:"57330",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Palladino",fullName:"Humberto Palladino",slug:"humberto-palladino"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73506",title:"Gate-All-Around FETs: Nanowire and Nanosheet Structure",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94060",slug:"gate-all-around-fets-nanowire-and-nanosheet-structure",body:'
1. Introduction
Gate-all-around (GAA) is a widely-using structure such as logic field-effect transistor (FET) due to its excellent short channel characteristics [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] or its high surface-to-volume ratio [7, 8], 3-D NAND flash memory for bit-cost scalability [9, 10], photodiode due to its waveguide effect [11, 12], and gas sensor due to its high physical fill factor or surface-to-volume ratio [13, 14]. Especially for logic applications, GAAFETs have been introduced by attaining good gate electronics and increasing current drivability under the same active area.
Currently, fin-shaped FETs (FinFETs) have been scaled down to 10-nm node [15] and further to 5-nm node [16] by forming ultra-sharp fin for high current drivability while maintaining gate-to-channel controllability. GAAFETs are possibly showing great potential to substitute FinFETs in the following technology node, and the performance comparisons between FinFETs and GAAFETs have been investigated [3, 4, 5, 6, 17]. But more detailed analysis between FinFETs and GAAFETs is needed to set the device guideline by considering fine TCAD calibration and middle-of-line levels.
Therefore, in this work, DC/AC performances of 3-nm-node GAAFETs were investigated using fully-calibrated TCAD platform. By changing the GAA geometries, we found optimal GAA structure to minimize the RC delay for three different applications such as low power (LP), standard performance (SP), and high performance (HP) applications.
2. Device structure and simulation methods
All the simulation works were performed using Sentaurus TCAD [18]. Drift diffusion transport equations were calculated self-consistently with Poisson and electron/hole continuity equations. Density-gradient model was adopted for the quantum confinement of carriers within the channel. Slotboom bandgap narrowing model was used to consider the doping-dependent energy bandgap. Mobility models include Lombardi for the mobility degradation at the channel/oxide interface, inversion and accumulation layer model for impurity, phonon, and surface roughness scatterings, and low-field ballistic model for quasi-ballistic effects in ultra-short gate length (Lg). Shockley-Read-Hall, Auger, and Hurkx band-to-band tunneling recombination models were adopted. Deformation potential model was used to consider the stress-induced energy bandgap, effective mass, and effective density-of-states. All these physical models were used equivalently in [19, 20].
Figure 1 shows the schematic diagrams of FinFETs and three-stacked GAAFETs. FinFETs have highly-doped punch-through-stopper (PTS) at 2 × 1018 and 4 × 1018 cm−3 for NFETs and PFETs, respectively, in order to prevent the sub-fin leakage currents at off state [21, 22]. GAAFETs, on the other hand, have buried oxide (BOX) layer beneath the source/drain (S/D) regions without PTS so that the bottom leakage currents are completely blocked [1, 23]. Bulk FinFETs can adopt the BOX layer according to [24], but the conventional device structure was considered in this work. S/D doping concentrations of the n-type and p-type devices are 2 × 1020 and 4 × 1020 cm−3, respectively. Interfacial layer (IL), HfO2, and low-k spacer regions have the dielectric constants of 3.9, 22.0, and 5.0, respectively. Contact resistivity at S/D and silicide interface is fixed to 10−9 Ω·cm2 [25]. Equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) is 1.0 nm, which consists of 0.7-nm-thick IL and 1.7-nm-thick HfO2.
Figure 1.
Schematic diagrams of FinFETs and GAAFETs. 2-D cross-sections of nanosheet and nanowire channels were also specified to the right.
Table 1 shows the geometrical parameters and values of 3-nm-node FinFETs and GAAFETs. Contacted poly pitch (CPP) and fin pitch (FP) are 42 and 21 nm, following 3-nm technology node [5]. There are two types of GAAFETs: nanowire FETs (NWFETs) having the same width and thickness as WNW, and nanosheet FETs (NSFETs) having thin NS thickness (TNS) of 5 nm but wide NS width (WNS) as 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 nm. The number of NW or NS channels (Nch) is varied as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Geometrical parameters
Values
CPP
Contacted poly pitch
42 nm
FP
Fin pitch
21 nm
NP
Nanowire/sheet pitch
WNW or WNS + 16 nm
Lg
Gate length
12 nm
Lsp
Spacer length
5 nm
Wfin
Fin width
5 nm
Hfin
Fin height
46 nm
WNW
Nanowire width
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 nm
WNS
Nanosheet width
10, 20, 30, 40, 50 nm
TNS
Nanosheet thickness
5 nm
TSP
Nanowire/sheet spacing
10 nm
Nch
The number of channels
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Table 1.
Geometrical parameters and values of FinFETs and GAAFETs.
Figure 2 shows the schematic process flows of GAAFETs. The detailed gate-las process flows are described in [1]. After depositing Si0.7Ge0.3/Si multi-layer and etching like fin structure, poly-Si gate and low-k regions are formed. Inner-spacer is formed by etching sidewalls of Si0.7Ge0.3 regions selectively and depositing low-k regions. Followed by depositing BOX layer, selective epitaxial growth of S/D regions is performed. After removing poly-Si gate, channel release process is performed by etching Si0.7Ge0.3 regions selectively. Replacement metal gate, silicidation, and metal contact formations are done afterwards.
Figure 2.
Process flows of GAAFETs. Key process schemes of GAAFETs are Si0.7Ge0.3/Si multi-layer stacking, inner-spacer formation, and channel release by etching Si0.7Ge0.3 regions selectively.
All the TCAD results were calibrated to Intel 10-nm node FinFETs [15]. Detailed calibration flows are as follows. Geometrical parameters such as Lg, fin width (Wfin), fin height (Hfin), CPP, and FP were referred from [15]. Subthreshold characteristics such as subthreshold swing (SS) and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) were fitted by changing annealing temperature and time for proper S/D doping profiles. Saturation velocity was tuned to fit the drain current (Ids) in the saturation region, whereas minimum low-field mobility and ballistic coefficient were varied to fit the Ids in the linear region. Some parameters related to surface roughness scatterings were also modified to fit the Ids in the strong inversion region accordingly. These calibration flows were equivalent as in [26]. After calibration, FinFETs were scaled down to the 3-nm node for comparison with GAAFETs.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 DC performances of NWFETs and NSFETs
Figure 3 shows the Ids of all the GAAFETs having different WNW or WNS at the fixed Nch of 3 at the drain voltages (Vds) of 0.70 V. It is not shown in this figure, but the Ids increases generally as the WNW or WNS increases irrespective of Nch. As the WNW increases, the Ids shifts leftward and the gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) increases by losing the gate-to-channel controllability [27]. P-type NWFETs have larger GIDL than n-type NWFETs due to larger S/D doping penetrations into the channel for p-type devices. On the other hand, NSFETs have small GIDL and Ids shifts as thin TNS of 5 nm forms 1-D structural confinement and maintains good short channel characteristics. To the following, there are three applications at different off-state currents (Ioff): LP at the Ioff of 100 pA/μm, SP at the Ioff of 10 nA/μm, and HP at the Ioff of 100 nA/μm [28]. These values were normalized to NP.
Figure 3.
Ids of n-type (top) and p-type (bottom) NWFETs and NSFETs having different WNW or WNS at the fixed Nch of 3 at the drain voltages (Vds) of 0.70 V. it is not shown in this figure, but the GAAFETs have the same Ids trends irrespective of Nch (Ids increases as the WNW or WNS increases).
Figure 4 shows SS and DIBL of all the devices. Threshold voltages (Vth) and SS are extracted at the constant current of Weff/Lg × 108 A, where Weff is the effective width equal to 2 × Hfin + Wfin for FinFETs, 4 × WNW × Nch for NWFETs, and (2 × WNS + 2 × TNS) × Nch for NSFETs. DIBL is calculated as the difference of the Vth at two different Vds of 0.05 and 0.70 V for n-type (−0.05 and − 0.70 V for p-type) devices [29]. NWFETs degrade the short channel characteristics much than FinFETs as the WNW is 9 and 10 nm. NSFETs, on the other hand, have smaller SS and DIBL than FinFETs even as the WNS increases up to 50 nm because the gate-to-channel controllability is maintained by GAA structure and thin TNS of 5 nm. But when the NWFETs have ultra-small WNS of 5 or 6 nm, 2-D structural confinement decreases the SS and DIBL greatly, which would be preferable for LP applications. It is not shown in this figure, but the SS and DIBL are independent of Nch.
Figure 4.
SS (left) and DIBL (right) of FinFETs, NWFETs, and NSFETs having fixed Nch of 3. It is not shown in this figure, but the GAAFETs have the same SS and DIBL irrespective of Nch.
Figure 5 summarizes the effective currents (Ieff) of n-type (top) and p-type (bottom) GAAFETs having different WNW (or WNS) and Nch. Ieff was calculated using two Ids at different Vds and gate voltages (Vgs) as
Figure 5.
Ieff of n-type (top) and p-type (bottom) GAAFETs having different WNW (or WNS) and Nch. Ieff of n-type and p-type FinFETs are also specified as yellow symbols. Blue regions indicate that the GAAFETs have superior Ieff than the FinFETs.
Ieff=IH−IL/lnIHILE1
where IH = Ids (Vgs = VDD, Vds = VDD/2) and IL = Ids (Vgs = VDD/2, Vds = VDD) [30], and VDD is the operation voltage fixed to 0.7 V. All the Ieff were normalized to the NP, and the Ioff were fixed to 10 nA/μm for SP applications. GAAFETs need to have at least the Nch of 3 to outperform the FinFETs. As the WNW is 9 nm, both n-type and p-type NWFETs suffer from short channel effects (SCEs) and thus have smaller Ieff than the devices having smaller WNW in spite of larger Weff. NSFETs, on the other hand, have larger Ieff as the WNS is larger as the SCEs are reduced by thin TNS of 5 nm. But even though small same SS and DIBL are maintained for all the Nch, the increasing rate of Ieff as a function of Nch decreases as Nch increases.
Figure 6 shows the S/D parasitic resistance (Rsd) of the GAAFETs having the WNW or 7 nm and the WNS of 30 nm as a function of Nch. Other WNW and WNS have the same Rsd trends and thus are not shown in this work. Rsd was possibly extracted using Y-function method due to the linearity of Y-function at high Vgs [31]. As the Nch increases, Rsd of the GAAFETs decrease but at decreasing rate. Furthermore, Rsd becomes saturated as the Nch is 3 or 4. This phenomena can be explained by 2-D schematic diagrams shown in the right of Figure 6. Since the S/D contacts reside at the top of the S/D epi, current paths start from the top toward the channels at the bottom. As the Nch increases, longer current paths are needed to flow the bottom-side channels, facing more Rsd components at the S/D epi. Thus, increasing the Nch beyond 3 or 4 does not help DC performance improvements greatly.
Figure 6.
Rsd of n-type and p-type GAAFETs having the WNW of 7 nm and the WNS of 30 nm as a function of Nch (left) and the 2-D schematic diagram of half of the GAAFETs showing the current paths and Rsd components (right).
3.2 AC performances of NWFETs and NSFETs
Figure 7 summarizes the gate capacitances (Cgg) of all the GAAFETs. The Cgg is extracted at the Vgs and the Vds of VDD. Generally, Cgg increases as the WNW (or WNS) or Nch increases due to the increased Weff. PFETs have larger Cgg than NFETs due to larger S/D doping concentrations and penetrations into the channels. Different from the Ieff trends, the GAAFETs have Nch smaller than 3 to outperform the FinFETs, thus there are performance trade-offs between Ieff and Cgg as a function of Nch. Furthermore, the increasing rate of Cgg as a function of Nch is constant while the increasing rate of Ieff as a function of Nch decreases, which would degrade the RC delay (= IeffVDD/Cgg) as the Nch increases.
Figure 7.
Cgg of n-type (top) and p-type (bottom) GAAFETs having different WNW (or WNS) and Nch. Cgg of n-type and p-type FinFETs are also specified as yellow symbols. Blue regions indicate that the GAAFETs have smaller Cgg than the FinFETs.
Figure 8 shows the Cgg and parasitic capacitances (Cpara) of the GAAFETs varying Nch and WNW (or WNS). Cpara is extracted at off-state for SP applications. For all the cases, PFETs have larger Cpara than NFETs due to larger S/D doping and penetrations into the channels [20]. At the fixed Nch of 3, larger WNW or WNS, except for p-type NWFETs, decreases the Cpara/Cgg because the proportion of the channels out of the metal gate increases. For the same reason, larger Nch decreases the Cpara/Cgg. Large Cpara/Cgg at the WNW of 9 nm for NFETs is because large SS forms on state before reaching strong inversion region.
Figure 8.
Cgg and Cpara of NWFETs (left) and NSFETs (right) having different WNW (or WNS) at the fixed Nch of 3 and having different Nch at the fixed WNW of 7 nm (or WNS of 30 nm). Percentages represent the Cpara/Cgg.
Figure 9 shows the S/D doping profiles of NFETs (top) and PFETs (bottom) having different WNW at the fixed Nch of 3. In general, NFETs have larger doping concentrations in the middle of channels than PFETs because the Ge intermixing within multi-stacked Si/Si0.7Ge0.3 layers increases the Ge concentration at the channels and assists more phosphorus dopants diffusing into the channels while it segregates boron dopants [32, 33, 34]. Both NFETs and PFETs increase the doping concentrations in the middle of channels as the WNW increases because the dopant segregations near the low-k spacer regions decrease [35]. But PFETs increase the doping concentrations in the middle of channels much due to smaller Ge intermixing for larger WNW. This great increase of the doping concentrations in the middle of channels increases the Cpara/Cgg for p-type NWFETs (as shown in Figure 8).
Figure 9.
S/D doping profiles of NFETs (top) and PFETs (bottom) having different WNW at the fixed Nch of 3. Doping concentrations in the middle of top-side channels are also specified.
Figure 10 finalizes the RC delay of all the GAAFETs for LP, SP, and HP applications. N-type FinFETs have smaller RC delay than p-type FinFETs for all the applications due to better short channel characteristics, greater Ieff (as shown in Figure 5) and smaller Cgg (as shown in Figure 8). For LP applications, n-type GAAFETs having small WNW equal to 5 or 6 nm can outperform n-type FinFETs by decreasing SS and DIBL critically. But as the Nch is 1 (or 5), the Ieff decreases greatly (or the Cgg increases greatly), thus degrading the RC delay. On the other hand, p-type GAAFETs have more WNW or WNS options to outperform p-type FinFETs because boron dopants of the GAAFETs are segregated by Si/Si0.7Ge0.3 intermixing and have more abrupt S/D doping profile than p-type FinFETs. For LP applications, both n- and p-type GAAFETs have the minimum RC delay at the WNW of 5 nm and the Nch of 4. For both SP and HP applications, both n- and p-type GAAFETs have the minimum RC delay at the WNS of 50 nm and the Nch of 3. As the WNS increases beyond 50 nm, RC delay decrease but a little (as shown in Appendix). All these RC delay are achieved by enhancing the Ieff rather than the Cgg. To outperform the FinFETs, therefore, GAAFETs should be NWFETs, showing outstanding short channel characteristics, for LP applications and NSFETs, showing superior DC performance, for SP and HP applications.
Figure 10.
RC delay of all the GAAFETs for (a) LP, (b) SP, and (c) HP applications. RC delay of FinFETs for three different applications are also specified. The devices having the RC delay smaller than FinFETs are marked as yellow.
4. Conclusion
3-nm-node GAAFETs have been analyzed by changing WNW (or WNS) and Nch using fully-calibrated TCAD. Compared to FinFETs, GAAFETs have smaller and SS and DIBL as the WNW is smaller than 9 nm but irrespective of the WNS. Both Ieff and Cgg of the GAAFETs increase as the Nch increases, but the increasing rate of Ieff decreases due to the increase of Rsd at the longer S/D epi. The increasing rate of Cgg, on the other hand, is almost constant. Because of these phenomena, Minimum RC delay are formed at the middle Nch of 3 or 4. The NWFETs having the WNW of 5 or 6 nm achieve smaller RC delay than the FinFETs by achieving better gate electronics for LP applications, whereas the NSFETs having the WNS of 40 or 50 nm increase the Ieff greatly and thus decrease the RC delay for SP and HP applications. Overall, GAAFETs are possible candidates to substitute FinFETs in the 3-nm technology node for all the applications by adopting different WNW or WNS.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Appendices and Nomenclature
Figure A1 shows the DC/AC performances of the NSFETs as the WNS increases from 40 to 100 nm. Minimum RC delay are formed at the WNS of 50 nm and the Nch of 3 as shown in Figure 10, but much smaller RC delay can be attained as the WNS increases to 100 nm by increasing the Ieff rather than the Cgg even though larger WNS extends the device area. For the most, RC delay decrease by 5.4% for PFETs as the WNS increases from 40 to 100 nm.
Figure A1.
Ieff, Cgg, and RC delay of the NSFETs having the WNS of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 nm at the fixed Nch of 3 for SP and HP applications.
\n',keywords:"gate-all-around, nanowire, nanosheet, field-effect transistors, fin, RC delay, parasitic resistance, parasitic capacitance",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73506.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73506.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73506",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73506",totalDownloads:129,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 16th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 16th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 30th 2020",datePublished:null,dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"DC/AC performances of 3-nm-node gate-all-around (GAA) FETs having different widths and the number of channels (Nch) from 1 to 5 were investigated thoroughly using fully-calibrated TCAD. There are two types of GAAFETs: nanowire (NW) FETs having the same width (WNW) and thickness of the channels, and nanosheet (NS) FETs having wide width (WNS) but the fixed thickness of the channels as 5 nm. Compared to FinFETs, GAAFETs can maintain good short channel characteristics as the WNW is smaller than 9 nm but irrespective of the WNS. DC performances of the GAAFETs improve as the Nch increases but at decreasing rate because of the parasitic resistances at the source/drain epi. On the other hand, gate capacitances of the GAAFETs increase constantly as the Nch increases. Therefore, the GAAFETs have minimum RC delay at the Nch near 3. For low power applications, NWFETs outperform FinFETs and NSFETs due to their excellent short channel characteristics by 2-D structural confinement. For standard and high performance applications, NSFETs outperform FinFETs and NWFETs by showing superior DC performances arising from larger effective widths per footprint. Overall, GAAFETs are great candidates to substitute FinFETs in the 3-nm technology node for all the applications.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73506",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73506",signatures:"Jun-Sik Yoon, Jinsu Jeong, Seunghwan Lee, Junjong Lee and Rock-Hyun Baek",book:{id:"10071",title:"Nanowires - Recent Progress",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanowires - Recent Progress",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xihong Peng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10071.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24647",title:"Prof.",name:"Xihong",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",slug:"xihong-peng",fullName:"Xihong Peng"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Device structure and simulation methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 DC performances of NWFETs and NSFETs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 AC performances of NWFETs and NSFETs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Appendices and Nomenclature",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Loubet N, Hook T, Montanini P, Yeung C.-W, Kanakasabapathy S, Guillorn M, Yamashita T, Zhang J, Miao X, Wang J, Young A, Chao R, Kang M, Liu Z, Fan S, Hamieh B, Sieg S, Mignot Y, Xu W, Seo S.-C, Yoo J, Mochizuki S, Sankarapandian M, Kwon O, Carr A, Greene A, Park Y, Frougier J, Galatage R, Bao R, Shearer J, Conti R, Song H, Lee D, Kong D, Xu Y, Arceo A, Bi Z, Xu P, Muthinti R, Li J, Wong R, Brown D, Oldiges P, Wu T, Gupta D, Lian S, Divakaruni R, Gow T, Labelle C, Lee S, Paruchuri V, Bu H, Khare M. Stacked nanosheet gate-all-around transistor to enable scaling beyond FinFET. In: Proceedings of 2017 Symposium on VLSI Technology, Kyoto, 2017, pp. T230-T231, DOI: 10.23919/VLSIT.2017.7998183.'},{id:"B2",body:'Yoon J.-S, Rim T, Kim J, Meyyappan M, Baek C.-K, and Jeong Y.-H. Vertical gate-all-around junctionless nanowire transistors with asymmetric diameters and underlap lengths. Applied Physics Letters. 2014;105:102105-1-4. DOI: 10.1063/1.4895030.'},{id:"B3",body:'Lee Y. M, Na M. H, Chu A, Young A, Hook T, Liebmann L, Nowak E. J, Baek S. H, Sengupta R, Trombley H, and Miao X. Accurate performance evaluation for the horizontal nanosheet standard-cell design space beyond 7nm technology. In: Proceedings of 2017 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, 2017, pp. 29.3.1-29.3.4, DOI: 10.1109/IEDM.2017.8268474.'},{id:"B4",body:'Barraud S, Lapras V, Previtali B, Samson M. P, Lacord J, Martinie S, Jaud M.-A, Athanasiou S, Triozon F, Rozeau O, Hartmann J. M, Vizioz C, Comboroure C, Andrieu F, Barbé J. C, Vinet M. Ernst T. Performance and design considerations for gate-all-around stacked-nanowires FETs. In: Proceedings of 2017 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, 2017, pp. 29.2.1-29.2.4, DOI: 10.1109/IEDM.2017.8268473.'},{id:"B5",body:'Yakimets D, Garcia Bardon M, Jang D, Schuddinck P, Sherazi Y, Weckx P, Miyaguchi K, Parvais B, Raghavan P, Spessot A, Verkest D, Mocuta A. Power aware FinFET and later nanosheet FET targeting for 3nm CMOS technology. In: Proceedings of 2017 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, 2017, pp. 20.4.1-20.4.4, doi: 10.1109/IEDM.2017.8268429.'},{id:"B6",body:'Song S. C, Colombeau B, Bauer M, Moroz V, Lin X-W, Asenov P, Sherlekar D, Choi M, Huang J, Cheng B, Chidambaram C, Natarajan S. 2nm node: benchmarking FinFET vs nano-slab transistor architectures for artificial intelligence and next gen smart mobile devices. In: Proceedings of 2019 Symposium on VLSI Technology, Kyoto, Japan, 2019, pp. T206-T207. DOI: 10.23919/VLSIT.2019.8776478.'},{id:"B7",body:'Yoon J.-S, Kim K, Baek C.-K. Core-shell homojunction silicon vertical nanowire tunneling field-effect transistors. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:41142-1-9. DOI: 10.1038/srep41142.'},{id:"B8",body:'Yoon J.-S, Kim K, Meyyappan M, Baek C.-K. Bandgap engineering and strain effects of core-shell tunneling field-effect transistors. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 2018;65:277-281. DOI: 10.1109/TED.2017.2767628.'},{id:"B9",body:'Tanaka H, Kido M, Yahashi K, Oomura M, Katsumata R, Kito M, Fukuzumi Y, Sato M, Nagata Y, Matsuoka Y, Iwata Y, Aochi H, Nitayama A. Bit cost scalable technology with punch and plug process for ultra high density flash memory. In: Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology, Kyoto, 2007, pp. 14-15. DOI: 10.1109/VLSIT.2007.4339708.'},{id:"B10",body:'Kim J, Hong A. J, Kim S. M, Song E. B, Park J. H, Han J, Choi S, Jang D, Moon J.-T, Wang K. L. Novel vertical-stacked-array-transistor (VSAT) for ultra-high-density and cost-effective NAND flash memory devices and SSD (solid state drive). In: Proceedings of 2009 Symposium on VLSI Technology, Honolulu, HI, 2009, pp. 186-187.'},{id:"B11",body:'Seo K, Wober M. Steinvurzel P, Schonbrun E, Dan Y, Ellenbogen T, Crozier K. B. Multicolored vertical silicon nanowires. Nano Letters. 2011;11:1851-1856. DOI: 10.1021/nl200201b.'},{id:"B12",body:'Yoon J.-S, Kim K, Meyyappan M, Baek C.-K. Optical characteristics of silicon-based asymmetric vertical nanowire photodetectors. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 2017;64:2261-2266. DOI: 10.1109/TED.2017.2682878.'},{id:"B13",body:'Kwon H, Yoon J.-S, Lee Y, Kim D. Y, Baek C.-K, Kim J. K. An array of metal oxides nanoscale hetero p-n junctions toward designable and highly-scalable gas sensors. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2018;255:1663-1670. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.08.173.'},{id:"B14",body:'Lee Y, Kwon H, Yoon J.-S, Kim J. K. Overcoming ineffective resistance modulation in p-type NiO gas sensor by nanoscale Schottky contacts. Nanotechnology. 2019;30:115501-1-6. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf957.'},{id:"B15",body:'Auth C, Aliyarukunju A, Asoro M, Bergstrom D, Bhagwat V, Birdsall J, Bisnik N, Buehler M, Chikarmane V, Ding G, Fu Q, Gomez H, Han W, Hanken D, Haran M, Hattendorf M, Heussner R, Hiramatsu H, Ho B, Jaloviar S, Jin I, Joshi S, Kirby S, Kosaraju S, Kothari H, Leatherman G, Lee K, Leib J, Madhavan A, Marla K, Meyer H, Mule T, Parker C, Parthasarathy S, Pelto C, Pipes L, Post I, Prince M, Rahman A, Rajamani S, Saha A, Dacuna Santos J, Sharma M, Sharma V, Shin J, Sinha P, Smith P, Sprinkle M, St. Amour A, Staus C, Suri R, Towner D, Tripathi A, Tura A, Ward C, Yeoh A. A 10nm high performance and low-power CMOS technology featuring 3rd generation FinFET transistors, self-aligned quad patterning, contact over active gate and cobalt local interconnects. In: Proceedings of 2017 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, 2017, pp. 29.1.1-29.1.4. DOI: 10.1109/IEDM.2017.8268472.'},{id:"B16",body:'Yeap G. Lin S. S, Chen Y. M, Shang H. L, Wang P. W, Lin H. C, Peng Y. C, Sheu J. Y, Wang M, Chen X, Yang B. R, Lin C. P, Yang F. C, Leung Y. K, Lin D. W, Chen C. P, Yu K. F, Chen D. H, Chang C. Y, Chen H. K, Hung P, Hou C. S, Cheng Y. K, Chang J, Yuan L, Lin C. K, Chen C. C, Yeo Y. C, Tsai M. H, Lin H. T, Chui C. O, Huang K. B, Chang W, Lin H. J, Chen K. W, Chen R, Sun S. H, Fu Q, Yang H. T, Chiang H. T, Yeh C. C, Lee T. L, Wang C. H, Shue S. L, Wu C. W, Lu R, Lin W. R, Wu J, Lai F, Wu Y. H, Tien B. Z, Huang Y. C, Lu L. C, He Jun, Ku Y, Lin J, Cao M, Chang T. S, Jang S. M. 5nm CMOS production technology platform featuring full-fledged EUV, and high mobility channel FinFETs with densest 0.021μm2 SRAM cells for mobile SoC and high performance computing applications. In: Proceedings of 2019 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, USA, 2019, pp. 36.7.1-36.7.4. DOI: 10.1109/IEDM19573.2019.8993577.'},{id:"B17",body:'Yoon J.-S, Jeong J, Lee S, Baek R.-H. Systematic DC/AC performance benchmarking of sub-7-nm node FinFETs and nanosheet FETs. IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society. 2018;6: 942-947. DOI: 10.1109/JEDS.2018.2866026.'},{id:"B18",body:'Synopsys Inc., Mountain View, CA, Version O-2018.06, 2018.'},{id:"B19",body:'Yoon J.-S, Jeong J, Lee S, Baek R.-H. Multi-Vth strategies of 7-nm node nanosheet FETs with limited nanosheet spacing. IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society. 2018;6:861-865. DOI: 10.1109/JEDS.2018.2859799.'},{id:"B20",body:'Yoon J.-S, Jeong J, Lee S, Baek R.-H. Optimization of nanosheet number and width of multi-stacked nanosheet FETs for sub-7-nm node system on chip applications. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2019;58:SBBA12-1-5. DOI: 10.7567/1347-4065/ab0277.'},{id:"B21",body:'Jeong J, Yoon J.-S, Lee S, Baek R.-H. Comprehensive analysis of source and drain recess depth variations on silicon nanosheet FETs for sub 5-nm node SoC application. IEEE Access. 2020;8:35873-35881. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2975017.'},{id:"B22",body:'Yoon J.-S, Jeong J, Lee S, Baek R.-H. Sensitivity of source/drain critical dimension variations for sub-5-nm node fin and nanosheet FETs. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 2020;67:258-262. DOI: 10.1109/TED.2019.2951671.'},{id:"B23",body:'Yoon J.-S, Jeong J, Lee S, Baek R.-H. Punch-through-stopper free nanosheet FETs with crescent inner-spacer and isolated source/drain. IEEE Access. 2019;7:38593-38596. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2904944.'},{id:"B24",body:'Yoon J.-S, Jeong J, Lee S, Baek R.-H. Bottom oxide bulk FinFETs without punch-through-stopper for extending toward 5-nm node. IEEE Access. 2019;7: 75762-75767. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2920902.'},{id:"B25",body:'Wu H, Gluschenkov O, Tsutsui G, Niu C, Brew K, Durfee C, Prindle C, Kamineni V, Mochizuki S, Lavoie C, Nowak E, Liu Z, Yang J, Choi S, Demarest J, Yu L, Carr A, Wang W, Strane J, Tsai S, Liang Y, Amanapu H, Saraf I, Ryan K, Lie F, Kleemeier W, Choi K, Cave N, Yamashita T, Knorr A, Gupta D, Haran B, Guo D, Bu H, Khare M. Parasitic resistance reduction strategies for advanced CMOS FinFETs beyond 7nm. In: Proceedings of 2018 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, 2018, pp. 35.4.1-35.4.4. DOI: 10.1109/IEDM.2018.8614661.'},{id:"B26",body:'Yoon J.-S, Lee S, Lee J, Jeong J, Yun H, Kang B, Baek R.-H. Source/Drain patterning FinFETs as solution for physical area scaling toward 5-nm node. IEEE Access. 2019;7:172290-172295. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2956503.'},{id:"B27",body:'Yoon J.-S, Kim K, Rim T, Baek C.-K. Performance and variations induced by single interface trap of nanowire FETs at 7-nm node. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 2017;64:339-345. DOI: 10.1109/TED.2016.2633970.'},{id:"B28",body:'International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS), 2020 Edition. Available from: https://irds.ieee.org/editions/2020.'},{id:"B29",body:'Bangsaruntip S, Cohen G. M, Majumdar A, Zhang Y, Engelmann S. U, Fuller N. C. M, Gignac L. M, Mittal S, Newbury J. S, Guillorn M, Barwicz T, Sekaric L, Frank M. M, Sleight J. W. High performance and highly uniform gate-all-around silicon nanowire MOSFETs with wire size dependent scaling. In: Proceedings of 2009 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), Baltimore, MD, 2009, pp. 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/IEDM.2009.5424364.'},{id:"B30",body:'Na M. H, Nowak E. J, Haensch W, Cai J, The effective drive current in CMOS inverters. In: Proceedings of Digest. International Electron Devices Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2002, pp. 121-124. DOI: 10.1109/IEDM.2002.1175793.'},{id:"B31",body:'Baek R.-H, Baek C.-K, Jung S.-W, Yeoh Y. Y, Kim D.-W, Lee J.-S, Kim D. M, Jeong Y.-H. Characteristics of the series resistance extracted from Si nanowire FETs using the Y-function technique. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology. 2010;9:212-217. DOI: 10.1109/TNANO.2009.2028024.'},{id:"B32",body:'Zangenberg N. R, Fage-Pedersen J, Lundsgaard Hansen J, Nylandsted Larsen A. Boron and phosphorus diffusion in strained and relaxed Si and SiGe. Journal of Applied Physics. 2003;94:3883-3890. DOI: 10.1063/1.1602564.'},{id:"B33",body:'Jeong J, Yoon J.-S, Lee S, Baek R.-H. Threshold voltage variations induced by Si1-xGex and Si1-xCx of sub 5-nm node silicon nanosheet field-effect transistors. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2020;20:4684-4689. DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.17799.'},{id:"B34",body:'Yoon J.-S, Lee S, Lee J, Jeong J, Yun H, Baek R.-H. Reduction of process variations for sub-5-nm node fin and nanosheet FETs using novel process scheme. EEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 2020;67:2732-2737. DOI: 10.1109/TED.2020.2995340.'},{id:"B35",body:'Oh Y.-S, Ward D. E. A calibrated model for trapping of implanted dopants at material interface during thermal annealing. In: Proceedings of International Electron Devices Meeting 1998. Technical Digest (Cat. No.98CH36217), San Francisco, CA, USA, 1998, pp. 509-512. DOI: 10.1109/IEDM.1998.746409.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Jun-Sik Yoon",address:null,affiliation:'
Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10071",title:"Nanowires - Recent Progress",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanowires - Recent Progress",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xihong Peng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10071.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24647",title:"Prof.",name:"Xihong",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",slug:"xihong-peng",fullName:"Xihong Peng"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"98351",title:"Prof.",name:"Teofilo",middleName:null,surname:"Vamerali",email:"teofilo.vamerali@unipr.it",fullName:"Teofilo Vamerali",slug:"teofilo-vamerali",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"University of Parma",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Adaptability and Sustainable Management of High-Erucic Brassicaceae in Mediterranean Environment",slug:"adaptability-and-sustainable-management-of-high-erucic-brassicaceae-in-mediterranean-environment",abstract:null,signatures:"Federica Zanetti, Giuliano Mosca, Enrico Rampin and Teofilo Vamerali",authors:[{id:"92609",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",surname:"Zanetti",fullName:"Federica Zanetti",slug:"federica-zanetti",email:"federica.zanetti@unipd.it"},{id:"98349",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuliano",surname:"Mosca",fullName:"Giuliano Mosca",slug:"giuliano-mosca",email:"giuliano.mosca@unipd.it"},{id:"98350",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrico",surname:"Rampin",fullName:"Enrico Rampin",slug:"enrico-rampin",email:"enrico.rampin@unipd.it"},{id:"98351",title:"Prof.",name:"Teofilo",surname:"Vamerali",fullName:"Teofilo Vamerali",slug:"teofilo-vamerali",email:"teofilo.vamerali@unipr.it"}],book:{title:"Oilseeds",slug:"oilseeds",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"65633",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemanth",surname:"Vasanthaiah",slug:"hemanth-vasanthaiah",fullName:"Hemanth Vasanthaiah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/65633/images/1893_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hemanth KN. Vasanthaiah graduated from University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. He is presently working as a Research Scientist at Plant Biotechnology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Florida A & M University, USA. The overall goal of his investigation is to determine biochemical and molecular factors involved in disease tolerance, drought, nutraceutical and enological characteristics of grapes, raspberry and peanuts. The distinction of his research is association with Muscadine and Florida Hybrid Bunch grapes, which are unique to southeastern United States where the cultivation of European grapes is limited due to the prevalence of pest and diseases. Dr. Vasanthaiah has accomplished significant progress and achievements to address some of the issues in plant science and the outcomes have been published in leading scientific journals. He has also received meritorious awards and quite a few grants as Co-PI and collaborator. Dr. Vasanthaiah also has a computer science degree to compliment with this research work.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"74792",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel W.",surname:"Ochieng",slug:"joel-w.-ochieng",fullName:"Joel W. Ochieng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nairobi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kenya"}}},{id:"92458",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernst",surname:"Cebert",slug:"ernst-cebert",fullName:"Ernst Cebert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"126149",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Ananga",slug:"anthony-ananga",fullName:"Anthony Ananga",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126149/images/system/126149.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Anthony Ananga is an Assistant Professor in Food Science at Florida A&M University in Tallahassee Florida, USA. He has 10 years of teaching and 15 years of research experience. Dr. Ananga’s research program focuses on grape vinification and bioprocessing, with concentration in the analysis of antioxidant capacity of phytochemicals in muscadine grapes. His lab investigates the bioavailability and efficacy of these phytochemicals in preventing chronic diseases and understanding their effect in fighting obesity. He also uses the functional genomics platform to improve nutraceutical compounds in muscadine grape cells for human health benefits. In addition to that, Dr. Ananga’s lab is focused in food safety with emphasis in fruit and peanut allergens. He strives to understand, characterize, purify, and investigate major food allergens in grapes and peanut.",institutionString:"Florida A&M University",institution:{name:"Florida A&M University - Florida State University College of Engineering",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"136830",title:"Dr.",name:"Devaiah",surname:"Kambiranda",slug:"devaiah-kambiranda",fullName:"Devaiah Kambiranda",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136830/images/1895_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Devaiah Kambiranda expertise is in plant biotechnology and biochemistry. He obtained PhD in biotechnology at Bangalore University, India, where he worked on identification of genes involved in drought tolerance in peanut plants. He did his Postdoctoral fellowship at Gyeongsang National University, South Korea, where he gained expertise in protein expression and purification. He has also worked in the Indian Institute of Ayurvedic medicine where he developed molecular markers for several medicinal plants. Currently he is working as a Research Associate in Florida A&M University where he is working on identification of genes and proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, disease tolerance and berry ripening in Florida hybrid and Muscadine grapes. He has authored about thirteen publications in peer reviewed journals and has presented in several national and International conferences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Florida A&M University - Florida State University College of Engineering",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"137410",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"suresh-kumar",fullName:"Suresh Kumar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"137412",title:"Dr.",name:"Violetka",surname:"Tsolova",slug:"violetka-tsolova",fullName:"Violetka Tsolova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"137413",title:"Dr.",name:"Zachary",surname:"Senwo",slug:"zachary-senwo",fullName:"Zachary Senwo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"137414",title:"Dr.",name:"Koffi",surname:"Konan",slug:"koffi-konan",fullName:"Koffi Konan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"137415",title:"Dr.",name:"Felicia",surname:"Anike",slug:"felicia-anike",fullName:"Felicia Anike",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"WIS-cost",title:"What Does It Cost?",intro:"
Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.
",metaTitle:"What Does It Cost?",metaDescription:"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
European Commission
\\n\\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\\n\\t
Wellcome Trust
\\n\\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\\n\\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\\n\\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\n\n
\n\t
European Commission
\n\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\n\t
Wellcome Trust
\n\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\n\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\n\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
\n\t
Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK)
\n\t
Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
\n\t
Chinese Academy of Sciences
\n\t
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
\n\t
German Research Foundation (DFG)
\n\t
Max Planck Institute
\n\t
Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
\n\t
Australian Research Council (ARC)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118188},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10684",title:"Biorefineries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"23962c6b77348bcbf247c673d34562f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10684.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:187},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"405",title:"Human Biology",slug:"human-biology",parent:{title:"Kinesiology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-kinesiology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:28,numberOfWosCitations:48,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitations:65,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"human-biology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5225",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b4c1efbc9ba42ff5a11115539184b36",slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",bookSignature:"Francesco Travascio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5225.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172239",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Travascio",slug:"francesco-travascio",fullName:"Francesco Travascio"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"49985",doi:"10.5772/62230",title:"The Importance of Extracellular Matrix in Skeletal Muscle Development and Function",slug:"the-importance-of-extracellular-matrix-in-skeletal-muscle-development-and-function",totalDownloads:2794,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk",authors:[{id:"178850",title:"Prof.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk",slug:"katarzyna-grzelkowska-kowalczyk",fullName:"Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk"}]},{id:"50339",doi:"10.5772/62452",title:"Neuronal Plasticity in the Juvenile and Adult Brain Regulated by the Extracellular Matrix",slug:"neuronal-plasticity-in-the-juvenile-and-adult-brain-regulated-by-the-extracellular-matrix",totalDownloads:1564,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Max F.K. Happel and Renato Frischknecht",authors:[{id:"178680",title:"Dr.",name:"Max",middleName:null,surname:"Happel",slug:"max-happel",fullName:"Max Happel"}]},{id:"50300",doi:"10.5772/62527",title:"The Extracellular Matrix in the Nervous System: The Good and the Bad Aspects",slug:"the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-nervous-system-the-good-and-the-bad-aspects",totalDownloads:2218,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Elena Vecino and Jessica C. F. Kwok",authors:[{id:"31685",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Vecino",slug:"elena-vecino",fullName:"Elena Vecino"},{id:"179658",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Kwok",slug:"jessica-kwok",fullName:"Jessica Kwok"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49985",title:"The Importance of Extracellular Matrix in Skeletal Muscle Development and Function",slug:"the-importance-of-extracellular-matrix-in-skeletal-muscle-development-and-function",totalDownloads:2788,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk",authors:[{id:"178850",title:"Prof.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk",slug:"katarzyna-grzelkowska-kowalczyk",fullName:"Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk"}]},{id:"50300",title:"The Extracellular Matrix in the Nervous System: The Good and the Bad Aspects",slug:"the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-nervous-system-the-good-and-the-bad-aspects",totalDownloads:2216,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Elena Vecino and Jessica C. F. Kwok",authors:[{id:"31685",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Vecino",slug:"elena-vecino",fullName:"Elena Vecino"},{id:"179658",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Kwok",slug:"jessica-kwok",fullName:"Jessica Kwok"}]},{id:"50156",title:"Remodelling of Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix: Effect of Unloading and Reloading",slug:"remodelling-of-skeletal-muscle-extracellular-matrix-effect-of-unloading-and-reloading",totalDownloads:1521,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Eva-Maria Riso, Priit Kaasik and Teet Seene",authors:[{id:"179363",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eva-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Riso",slug:"eva-maria-riso",fullName:"Eva-Maria Riso"}]},{id:"50572",title:"Mechanisms of Collagen Network Organization in Response to Tissue/Organ Damage",slug:"mechanisms-of-collagen-network-organization-in-response-to-tissue-organ-damage",totalDownloads:1525,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Takaoki Saneyasu, Saeko Yoshioka and Takao Sakai",authors:[{id:"179512",title:"Dr.",name:"Takao",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"takao-sakai",fullName:"Takao Sakai"}]},{id:"50408",title:"The Role of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Urinary Tract: A Literature Review",slug:"the-role-of-extracellular-matrix-proteins-in-the-urinary-tract-a-literature-review",totalDownloads:1158,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Cevdet Kaya and Bahadır Şahin",authors:[{id:"156362",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cevdet",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"cevdet-kaya",fullName:"Cevdet Kaya"}]},{id:"50443",title:"Biophysical Properties of the Basal Lamina: A Highly Selective Extracellular Matrix",slug:"biophysical-properties-of-the-basal-lamina-a-highly-selective-extracellular-matrix",totalDownloads:1560,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Fabienna Arends and Oliver Lieleg",authors:[{id:"178691",title:"Prof.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Lieleg",slug:"oliver-lieleg",fullName:"Oliver Lieleg"},{id:"185383",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabienna",middleName:null,surname:"Arends",slug:"fabienna-arends",fullName:"Fabienna Arends"}]},{id:"50099",title:"Extracellular Matrix Enhances Therapeutic Effects of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine",slug:"extracellular-matrix-enhances-therapeutic-effects-of-stem-cells-in-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:1153,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Yan Nie, Shuaiqiang Zhang, Na Liu and Zongjin Li",authors:[{id:"155215",title:"Prof.",name:"Zongjin",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"zongjin-li",fullName:"Zongjin Li"},{id:"184218",title:"Ms.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Nie",slug:"yan-nie",fullName:"Yan Nie"},{id:"184219",title:"Mr.",name:"Shuaiqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"shuaiqiang-zhang",fullName:"Shuaiqiang Zhang"},{id:"184220",title:"Prof.",name:"Na",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"na-liu",fullName:"Na Liu"}]},{id:"50139",title:"The Extracellular Matrix Complexome from Skeletal Muscle",slug:"the-extracellular-matrix-complexome-from-skeletal-muscle",totalDownloads:1929,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Sandra Murphy and Kay Ohlendieck",authors:[{id:"178917",title:"Prof.",name:"Kay",middleName:null,surname:"Ohlendieck",slug:"kay-ohlendieck",fullName:"Kay Ohlendieck"},{id:"183352",title:"BSc.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Murphy",slug:"sandra-murphy",fullName:"Sandra Murphy"}]},{id:"50416",title:"Tumor Microenvironment Heterogeneity: A Review of the Biology Masterpiece, Evaluation Systems, and Therapeutic Implications",slug:"tumor-microenvironment-heterogeneity-a-review-of-the-biology-masterpiece-evaluation-systems-and-ther",totalDownloads:1361,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"Irene Tadeo, Tomás Álvaro, Samuel Navarro and Rosa Noguera",authors:[{id:"121042",title:"Prof.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"samuel-navarro",fullName:"Samuel Navarro"},{id:"179789",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Tadeo",slug:"irene-tadeo",fullName:"Irene Tadeo"},{id:"184782",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomás",middleName:null,surname:"Álvaro",slug:"tomas-alvaro",fullName:"Tomás Álvaro"},{id:"184783",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Noguera",slug:"rosa-noguera",fullName:"Rosa Noguera"}]},{id:"50614",title:"CCN Family: Matricellular Proteins in Cartilage and Bone Development",slug:"ccn-family-matricellular-proteins-in-cartilage-and-bone-development",totalDownloads:958,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"composition-and-function-of-the-extracellular-matrix-in-the-human-body",title:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body",fullTitle:"Composition and Function of the Extracellular Matrix in the Human Body"},signatures:"John A. Arnott, Kathleen Doane and Sonia Lobo Planey",authors:[{id:"155187",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Lobo-Planey",slug:"sonia-lobo-planey",fullName:"Sonia Lobo-Planey"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"human-biology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/98351/teofilo-vamerali",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"98351",slug:"teofilo-vamerali"},fullPath:"/profiles/98351/teofilo-vamerali",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()