\r\n\t"
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc796459268324e827219d1d904e4265",bookSignature:"Prof. Moulay Tahar Lamchich",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7196.jpg",keywords:"Induction motor, smart motor, electrical vehicles, energy generation, drives, electromechanical, hybrid transportation, smart control, high efficiency motor, variable speed drives, power electronic, energy efficiency.",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 4th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 25th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 23rd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 12th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 10th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"21932",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Tahar",middleName:null,surname:"Lamchich",slug:"moulay-tahar-lamchich",fullName:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/21932/images/system/21932.png",biography:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich is a Professor at the Faculty of Sciences Semlalia at Marrakech (Morocco). He completed his thesis in electromechanics in September 1991 and received his third cycle degree. Dr. Lamchich received his Ph.D. from the same university in July 2001. His main activity is based on short-circuit mechanical effects in substation structures, control of different types of machine drives, static converters, active power filters. In the last decennia, his research interests have included renewable energies, particularly the control and supervision of hybrid and multiple source systems for decentralized energy production, and intelligent management of energy. He has published more than fifty technical papers in reviews and international conferences. With IntechOpen, he has published two chapters and was editor of the books “Torque Control” and “Harmonic Analysis”. He is also the director of the “Intelligent management of energy and information systems” laboratory and supervising more than ten thesis projects.",institutionString:"University Cadi Ayyad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Cadi Ayyad University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"270941",firstName:"Sandra",lastName:"Maljavac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/270941/images/7824_n.jpg",email:"sandra.m@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"108",title:"Torque Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"torque-control",bookSignature:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/108.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21932",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Tahar",surname:"Lamchich",slug:"moulay-tahar-lamchich",fullName:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6173",title:"Compendium of New Techniques in Harmonic Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39a6df08251bdf1771d2921b3b7386b6",slug:"compendium-of-new-techniques-in-harmonic-analysis",bookSignature:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6173.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21932",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Tahar",surname:"Lamchich",slug:"moulay-tahar-lamchich",fullName:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56978",title:"Numerical Study of Hypersonic Boundary Layer Receptivity Characteristics Due to Freestream Pulse Waves",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70660",slug:"numerical-study-of-hypersonic-boundary-layer-receptivity-characteristics-due-to-freestream-pulse-wav",body:'With the progress that human achieved in the exploration of aviation and aerospace fields, the hypersonic vehicle technology has developed quickly. The design of hypersonic vehicle is a complex problem based on hypersonic aerodynamics and involving multidisciplinary and multi-domain. Problems of hypersonic aerodynamics and aerodynamic heating, structures and materials technology are the main technological difficulties. There remains much variance between hypersonic flow and supersonic flow about the problem of aerodynamics. For the hypersonic boundary layer, entropy layer and shock wave layer overlapping each other, while it is high temperature and low density flow in boundary layer, which undoubtedly makes the hypersonic boundary layer flow more complex. Therefore, hypersonic aerodynamics is a key technology in the research and development of hypersonic vehicle. Various flow disturbance problems, usually exists in the flying environment of vehicle. For instance, the explosive blast wave [1], reverse jet [2, 3], the non-uniformity flow, the instability of flight, the rough wall and so on, which would happen in flying. It can be seen disturbances are common in flow fields. It’s significantly different about the ideal hypothesis state of the steady flowfield and the flow condition existing in disturbance waves. The disturbance in the flowfield will have a significant influence on aerothermodynamics characteristics. The disturbance, whether it is strong or weak, will interfere with the flowfield, especially the shock and boundary layers. After the disturbance in the flowfield interference with shock wave and boundary layer, the disturbance wave will be induced. Then the induced wave will cause further interaction with boundary layer, and create new unstable waves. The stability characteristic of boundary layer and the laminar-turbulent transition mechanism will be significantly changed due to the induced unstable waves. Laminar-turbulent transition not only affects the aerodynamic heating of the wall of hypersonic vehicle, but directly changes the aerodynamic force. Especially, laminar-turbulent transition will greatly increases aerodynamic drag, which reduces the lift drag ratio of hypersonic vehicle significantly and increases the requirement of thermal protection.
Therefore, it is necessary to accurately predict the hypersonic unstable flowfield and the flowfield response characteristic induced disturbance waves during the design and development process of hypersonic aircraft. Considering the complexity and expensiveness of the hypersonic vehicle wind tunnel test, it is of practical significance to conduct the numerical simulation of hypersonic unsteady flowfield. In recent years, the hypersonic flowfield response induced by different disturbance waves and the influences of the disturbance wave on the stability of the boundary layer are studied by many scholars using numerical or experimental methods. Ma and Zhong [4] investigated the response of hypersonic boundary layer over a blunt cone to freestream acoustic waves at Mach 7.99. The receptivity of a flat plate boundary layer to a freestream axial vortex is discussed by Boiko [5]. Zhong [6] investigated the leading-edge receptivity to freestream disturbance waves for hypersonic flow over a parabola. The effect of wall disturbances on hypersonic flowfield, and the response of hypersonic boundary layer to wall disturbances are also widely studied [7, 8, 9, 10]. Literature [11] points out that, after the interaction between any form of freestream disturbance and the shock wave as well as the boundary layer in hypersonic flow field, three independent forms of disturbance waves, including acoustic disturbance (fast and slow acoustic disturbance), entropy wave disturbance, and vortex wave disturbance will be generated. Among these investigations, most scholars are committed to study the effects of freestream continuous disturbance or the effects of wall disturbance on the stability of boundary layer and laminar-turbulent transition [12, 13, 14]. There is still less research on the effects of freestream pulse disturbance on the stability of boundary layer, and the mechanism in this field is still not fully understood. So, this paper aims to study hypersonic flowfield and the stability characteristics of boundary layer under the freestream pulse wave. It should be mentioned that the significantly different showed in the influence mechanism of the wave types of continuous disturbance on the stability of boundary layer that had been pointed out by some scholars [6, 15, 16]. Ma and Zhong [15, 16] investigated the response of hypersonic plate boundary layer under different types of disturbance waves using direct numerical simulation and linear stability theory. It is found that acoustic disturbance has the greatest influence on the stability of boundary layer, and it is pointed out that the action mechanism of freestream entropy wave disturbance and vortex wave disturbance is similar to that of the fast acoustic wave disturbance, but different from the slow wave disturbance. Although it is significantly different between pulse disturbance wave and continuous disturbance wave in form, there is reason to believe that the response characteristics of hypersonic boundary layer are also significantly different under different freestream pulse waves. Therefore, the receptivity characteristics of hypersonic boundary layer under freestream pulse waves with different types are discussed in this paper.
In this investigation, the numerical simulations of hypersonic flowfield over a blunt wedge under the action of freestream pulse wave were conducted using a high order finite difference scheme. The response property of hypersonic flowfield under the action of freestream pulse wave analyzed, and the hypersonic boundary layer stability is investigated. The receptivity characteristic of hypersonic boundary layer under the action of different freestream pulse waves was compared, and the effects of the pulse wave types on the generation and evolution of the disturbance mode in the hypersonic boundary layer are discussed.
According to the forms of conservation equation, momentum equation and energy equation, the three basic equations of fluid governing equations can be written as a general form, that is, the two-dimensional unsteady compressive N-S equation can be expressed as:
Where the state vector Q can be expressed as:
Similarly, f, fv , g, gv can be expressed respectively as:
where ux, uy, P, ρ, T and E indicate the velocity in the x direction, the velocity in the y direction, pressure, density, temperature and total energy, respectively. k, τ and E are the thermal conductivity, the stress component and the total energy, respectively.
In this paper, a high order finite difference method is used to solve the flowfield governing equation directly. The inviscid vector flux of the Navier-Stokes equation is divided into the positive and negative convection terms using S-W method [17]. The positive and negative convection terms are discretized by the 5th order upwind WENO scheme [18]. The viscous term is discretized by the 6th order central difference scheme [19]. In order to obtain the transient information of the flowfield and reduce computation time, the 3th TVD Runge-Kutta scheme is used for time advance [20].
The spatial discretization for positive and negative convection terms can be expressed as Eqs. (7) and (8), respectively:
where W and H are positive convection terms and negative convection terms, respectively; Δ is the grid spacing; W′ and H′ are the difference approximation of the derivative of W and H, respectively; mi and ni are specific coefficients, no longer list.
The spatial discretizations for viscous terms can be expressed as follow:
where L, L’, Δ and Ki are viscous terms, the difference approximation of the derivative of viscous terms, the grid spacing and specific coefficients, respectively, which are similar to the symbols in Eqs. (7) and (8).
The TVD Runge-Kutta discretization can be expressed as follows
where Δt is time increment for time advance; L(U) is the partial derivative of U relative to time. The variables ai and bi is the specific coefficients. b1, b2 and b3 are equal to 1, 3/4 and 1/3, respectively; a1, a2 and a3 are equal to 1, 1/4 and 2/3, respectively.
The model parameters and calculation conditions of flowfield calculation includes the freestream condition, model parameter, boundary conditions and meshing. For freestream conditions, the freestream temperature is equal to 69 K, and the Mach number is equal to 6. The Reynolds number, based on the nose radius, is equal to 10,000. The angle of attack is equal to 0°. Figure 1 shows the computing model and schematic diagram. Calculation mode is a blunt wedge with the wedge angle of 16°e; the nose radius r = 1 mm. the adiabatic wall, no-penetration and non-slip is introduced for wall condition; the symmetric boundary conditions is introduced for y = 0; the freestream conditions and exportation boundary conditions are introduced for the upstream of computing domain and the downstream of calculation domain, respectively. Figure 2 shows the computational grid. The local intensive grid method is carried out near the nose area and wall area, and the grid number is 300 × 120. The parameters of blunt wedge nose radius r, freestream velocity V∞, freestream temperature T∞, freestream viscosity coefficient μ∞, freestream conductivity coefficient k∞, freestream density ρ∞ are chosen as the normalized basic measure that is the characteristic variable.
Computational model and schematic diagram.
Mesh grid.
In order to explore the influence of freestream pulse wave on hypersonic flow field, the interaction process between freestream pulse slow acoustic wave and hypersonic flowfield is direct numerical simulated. In present investigation, the stable flow over a blunt wedge at Mach 6 is calculated firstly, and then the simulation of hypersonic unsteady flowfield under the freestream pulse wave is conducted by introducing freestream pulse slow acoustic wave at the upstream boundary of computing domain.
The introducing time of the freestream pulse wave is recorded as t = 0. The form of pulse slow acoustic wave is expressed as follows:
Where u’, v’, P′ and ρ’ indicate the velocity disturbance along x direction, the velocity disturbance along y direction, the pressure disturbance and the density disturbance, respectively; A indicates the amplitude, F indicates the generalized frequency, t indicates time. Here, A = 8 × 10−2; k = 3.1446 × 10−4; F = 50π; Ma∞ = 6.
Before analyzing, it should be pointed out that the numerical simulation method and the grid independence in present work is validated in our previous investigation [21, 22, 23], which indicates the numerical method adopted in this paper is reliable. Figure 5 shows the contours of pressure under freestream pulse wave at different times.
Figure 3(a)–(d) in the figure correspond to t = 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0, respectively. In Figure 3, when the pulse wave enters the flow field, it first interacts with the bow-shaped shock wave. When it is encountered with the slow acoustic pulse wave, the bow-shaped shock wave is deformed and protruded outward, and the surrounding pressure is also significantly affected. Due to the deformation of the shock wave, the pressure of outward convex region near shock wave is significantly increased, and the flowfield pressure below the bow shock wave is greatly reduced. That is to say, from Figure 3(a)–(d), it shows that the freestream disturbance waves significantly interact with the bow-shaped shock waves, which greatly changes the shock standoff distance and the distribution of flowfield pressure in the active region.
Contours of pressure under freestream pulse wave at different times. (a) t=2.0, (b) ) t=4.0, (c)t=6.0, (d) ) t=8.0.
Figure 4 shows the contours of density under freestream pulse wave at different times. Figure 4(a)–(f) correspond to t = 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0, respectively. Figure 5 shows the contours of temperature under freestream pulse wave at different times. Figure 5(a)–(f) correspond to t = 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0, respectively. As can be seen from Figure 4, the pulse wave disturbance has a great impact on the density. The density of the flowfield changes significantly under the action of freestream pulse wave, especially in the disturbance area between the pulse wave and the bow-shaped shock wave, where the density of the region is significantly smaller. Compared with the significant changes of flowfield density around the shock wave, the pulse wave has much smaller effect on the density in the boundary layer. Meanwhile, the closer to the nasal area, the greater the density changes and the effects are after the action of pulse wave. Obviously, this is because the closer the bow-shaped shock wave is to the nose area, the stronger the action is. Therefore, it can be concluded that the stronger the intensity of the shock wave is, the more intense the effect of the pulse slow acoustic wave and the bow-shaped shock wave are. As can be seen from Figure 5, the effect of disturbances on the temperature is pretty significant, which similar to the density. Under the action of impulse disturbances, a strip area exists in the hypersonic flowfield temperature disturbances between the boundary layer and the shock wave, which is similar to the change trend of the flowfield density’s disturbances. What is worth noting is that from the upstream to the downstream, the strip area becomes longer; this is due to the fact that through the shock wave, the disturbance wave slows down. The farther it is away from the wall, the greater the flow velocity is, which leads to the disturbance wave’s different spread velocity to the downstream. It also can be seen from Figure 5 that the temperature in the boundary layer is much more significantly affected by the pulse wave compared with the temperature change of the flowfield near the shock wave. That is to say, the freestream pulse wave’s influence on the thermodynamic state in boundary layer is significantly greater than that on the thermodynamic state the outside boundary layer. It is known that the temperature is a characteristic parameter of the thermodynamic properties in the boundary layer. Obviously, the freestream pulse disturbance wave changes the thermal mechanism of the strong shear flow in the boundary layer, while the thermodynamic mechanism is considered to have an important effect on the stability of the boundary layer [24], so it is reasonable to believe that the pulse slow acoustic wave in freestream plays a considerable role in the stability of hypersonic boundary layer.
Contours of density under freestream pulse wave at different times. (a) t=0.0, (b) t=4.0, (c) t=6.0, (d) t=8.0.
Contours of temperature under freestream pulse wave at different times. (a) t=0.0, (b) t=2.0, (c) t=4.0, (d) t=6.0, (e) t=8.0, (f) t=10.0.
Figure 6 shows the contours of velocity along axis y under freestream pulse wave at different times. From Figure 6, under the action of the pulse slow acoustic wave, the velocity in the interference area between pulse wave and shock wave, the flowfield between the boundary layer and shock wave, and the flowfield in the boundary layer change greatly. On the other hand, the velocity disturbance modes out of the boundary layer and the velocity disturbance modes near the boundary layer differ significantly. From Figure 6, there are many obvious disturbance characteristic regions in the hypersonic boundary layer under the action of freestream pulse disturbances. It can also be seen that the boundary layer’s disturbance velocity is very large, which shows that there is complex interference in the boundary layer under the action of the pulse wave. It is worth mentioning that, after the disturbance wave interfering with the bow-shaped shock wave, and entering into the flowfield, a part of the wave will propagate from the upstream to the downstream of the flowfield and a part of the reflected wave will oscillate between the shock wave and the wall [24]. Moreover, the velocity disturbance mode in the boundary layer becomes more complicated on account of reflected waves. As shown in Figure 6(c) and (d), the disturbance characteristic regions marked with arrows are induced by the reflected waves in the flowfield.
Contours of velocity along axis y under freestream pulse wave at different times. (a) t=0.0, (b) t=4.0, (c) t=8.0, (d) t=10.0.
Figure 7 shows the distribution of friction factor disturbance on wall under freestream pulse wave at different times (t = 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0). It can be seen from the figure that, when the pulse wave disturbance is through some place of the wall, the friction factor reduces at first, and after reaching a minimum value, it increases. When the pulse disturbance completely passes this point, the disturbance effect on this position is not over, and it will go through a number of processes in oscillating changes like getting bigger-smaller-bigger-smaller, until the change magnitude decreases to zero. It is clear that this oscillating decreasing phenomenon is caused by the reciprocating reflected waves between the wall and the bow shock. Most importantly, the friction factor is an important parameter for characterizing the shear flow, which indicates that the strong shear flow structure in the boundary layer under freestream pulse wave has changed.
Distribution of friction factor disturbance on wall under freestream pulse wave at different times.
Figure 8 shows the comparisons of the density, temperature and pressure disturbances on wall at different times. Figure 8 indicates that, under freestream pulse wave, the variations of the density, temperature and pressure disturbances on wall are similar to that of friction factor. Zhang et al. [19] studied the evolution of continuous small disturbance in hypersonic flow using direct numerical simulation (DNS), and found that, because of the normal shock wave, the forcing disturbance in freestream is enlarged. From Figure 8, it is obtained that the amplitude of parameters disturbance on the wall is enlarged sharply relative to that of initial wave in freestream. The numerical results agree with Li’s results. It also shows that the disturbance amplitudes of pressure on the nose of blunt wedge are larger than that on non-nose, and the former are several times, even more than 10 times, larger than the latter; while the discrepancy is tiny for temperature and density.
Comparison of the density, temperature and pressure disturbances on wall at different times (t1 = 1.0, t2 = 6.0, t3 = 9.0).
To study the evolution of the disturbance wave in boundary layer during the interaction process, the temperature disturbance on wall along the streamwise is considered. Figure 9 shows the distribution of temperature disturbance on wall along the streamwise at t = 8.6. As discussed earlier, it has been verified that the disturbance amplitude of aerothermodynamics parameters will undergo a damped oscillation during the interaction process although there is just a half sinusoidal pulse wave in freestream. Figure 9 indicates that the distance between crests as well as trough of disturbance variables changed markedly during the damped oscillation process. The distances a1-a2, a2-a3, b1-b2 and b2-b3 along the x-axis direction equal to 1.733, 2.939, 1.541 and 1.491, respectively. Hence, it is obvious that the damped oscillation is aperiodic. In other word, the waves with other frequencies are induced due to the interaction between freestream blast wave and bow shock wave as well as boundary layer. It should be noted that the evolution of the wave’s modes in the blunt wedge boundary layer exerts an important impact on both boundary layer stability characteristic and laminar-turbulent transition [10, 25]. There is little research focused on the evolution of the wave’s modes in the boundary layer under freestream pulse wave, and the evolution characteristic remains unclear although a host of in-depth researches is done in the evolution of the wave’s modes in boundary layer under freestream continuous small disturbances in recent years.
Temperature disturbance profile along streamwise at t = 8.6.
To analyze the disturbance mode distribution in the hypersonic boundary layer and its evolution characteristics along the streamwise under the action of freestream pulse wave, the fast Fourier transformation method is used to decode the time domain signal of the boundary layer disturbance. Furthermore, the signals are expanded in frequency order to make it as a frequency function, thereby converting the time domain signal of the pressure disturbance into a frequency domain signal. Figure 10 shows the results of the Fourier frequency spectral analysis of pressure disturbance in boundary layer under freestream pulse wave at different locations. Figure 10(a)–(d) are the results of the Fourier frequency spectral analysis when x = 0.83566, x = 1.2196, x = 3.3050 and x = 5.3846, respectively. It can be seen from Figure 10(a) that, at the location of x = 0.83566, namely the nose area, the main disturbance modes in the boundary layer are distributed near f = 0.25, indicating that near the fundamental frequency, the disturbance mode component of other frequencies is relatively small, which is consistent with the results obtained by Zhang et al. [19] in studying continuous waves. It also shows that the higher the disturbance mode’s frequency is, the smaller its component ratio will be. Based on Figure 10(b), at the position of x = 1.2196, the disturbance mode component ratio near the fundamental frequency decreases rapidly, the high frequency disturbance harmonic mode like the second order harmonic frequency and above significantly increase. And the main disturbance modes in the boundary layer are distributed near f = 0.5, that is near the second order harmonic frequency. The main disturbance modes in the boundary layer migrate from the fundamental frequency to the second order harmonic frequency. In Figure 10(c), it can be seen that at the position of x = 3.3050, the disturbance mode components in the vicinity of the fundamental frequency are further reduced, and the proportion of disturbance mode components is further increased. The main disturbance modes in the boundary layer are distributed at f = 0.5–0.75, namely near the second and third order harmonic frequency. The main disturbance modes in the boundary layer are transformed from the dominant state of the second order harmonic frequency to the collective leadership state of the second order harmonic frequency and the third order harmonic frequency. According to Figure 10(d), at the position of x = 5.3846, the distribution of the boundary layer disturbance modes is similar to that at x = 3.3050. The main disturbance modes in the boundary layer are distributed near the second and third order harmonic frequency, but the frequency band of the boundary layer disturbance mode is significantly narrowed.
Fourier frequency spectral analysis of pressure disturbance in boundary layer under freestream pulse wave at different locations. (a) x=0.83566, (b)x=1.2196, (c) x=3.3050, (d) x=5.3846.
Figure 11 shows the evolution of different disturbance modes along streamwise in boundary layer. Figure 11(a)–(f) are the evolution of the fundamental frequency mode, the second order harmonic frequency, the third order harmonic frequency, the fourth order harmonic frequency, the fifth order harmonic frequency and the sixth order harmonic frequency, respectively. From Figure 11(a), in the nose region, the amplitude of the fundamental frequency becomes smaller. When out of the nose region, the amplitude of the fundamental frequency gradually becomes smaller and generally remains. In Figure 11(b), it can be seen that in the nose region, the amplitude of the second order harmonic frequency mode significantly becomes smaller. Out of the nose region, the amplitude of the second order harmonic frequency mode continues to increase. From Figure 11(c), it can be seen that the amplitude of the third order harmonic frequency mode becomes smaller in the nose region, and the third order harmonic frequency mode first increases and then decreases in the downstream evolution. From Figure 11(d)–(f), it shows that the evolution of the fourth order harmonic frequency mode, the fifth order harmonic frequency mode and the sixth order harmonic frequency mode along the streamwise is similar to that of the third order harmonic frequency mode. As shown in the figure, whether it is the fundamental mode or harmonic modes, in the area of the nose boundary layer, the amplitude of the disturbance significantly becomes smaller, indicating that the intensity of the bow shock in the hypersonic flowfield becomes weak, and it has significant effects on both the fundamental mode and the harmonic modes in each order. According to the figure, it also shows that except for the fundamental mode, from the nose area to the non-nose area, the amplitude of each harmonic frequency mode all increase significantly. It is believed that this phenomenon is caused by the recompression of the flowfield, which means in this region, the effect of the shock wave intensity on the harmonic frequency modes of the boundary layer is smaller than the recompression effect, and the effect of the shock wave intensity on the fundamental mode of the boundary layer is larger than the recompression effect.
Evolution of different disturbance modes along streamwise in boundary layer. (a) P1, (b) P2, (c) P3, (d) P4, (e) P5, (f) P6.
In this section, to discuss the effects of the pulse wave types on the generation and evolution of the disturbance mode in the hypersonic boundary layer, the numerical simulations of hypersonic flowfield under the action of freestream pulse fast acoustic wave, slow acoustic wave and entropy wave were conducted. It should be noted that the wall temperature Tw = 200 K, and the amplitude A = 6 × 10−2. The other computational condition is consistent with Section 4. The forms of pulse fast acoustic wave and entropy wave is no longer listed in this section. Due to the fact that the wall of shear force is decided by the friction factor on wall directly which is a key parameters for representing the strong shear structure in boundary layer, the stability of the hypersonic boundary layer is the study of the stability of the strong shear structure. Figure 12 shows the distribution of friction factor disturbance on wall under different freestream pulse waves at t = 6. From Figure 12, it is obtained that, under freestream pulse waves, the mainstream disturbance wave influence on the wall friction coefficient under the pulse slow acoustic wave is opposite to that under pulse fast acoustic wave and entropy wave. There is significant difference between the disturbance amplitude of the wall friction coefficient under pulse fast acoustic wave and that under entropy wave. It also can be seen that there is a significant difference in the friction factor disturbance on wall caused by the reflected wave for these three cases, and the reflected wave has a significant effect on the friction factor. In general, different types of freestream pulse waves have different effects on the friction factor on wall, which indicates the interaction between the strong shear structure of boundary layer and different types of freestream pulse waves have different mechanisms of action. That is, the strong shear structure of boundary layer under the action of different types of freestream pulse waves reveals different stability characteristics.
Distribution of friction factor disturbance on wall under different freestream pulse waves at t = 6 s.
Figure 13 shows the pressure disturbance in boundary layer under different freestream pulse waves. Figure 13(a) and (b) are corresponding the position s = 0.92619 and 5.90498, respectively. From Figure 13, it can be seen that the pressure disturbance in boundary layer under the action of different types of freestream pulse waves appear different changes in the time domain.
Pressure disturbance in boundary layer under different freestream pulse waves. (a) s=0.92619, (b) s=5.90498.
The Fourier frequency spectral analysis of pressure disturbance in boundary layer under different freestream pulse waves is shown in Figure 14. Figure 14(a)–(c) are corresponding the position s = 0.92619, s = 3.83551 and s = 8.02802, respectively. Figure 14 shows that the effects of different types of freestream pulse waves are significant on the distribution of modes in boundary layer and the evolution of disturbance modes along with the streamwise. From the figure, it is obtained that, s = 0.92619, the Fourier frequency spectral curve of pressure disturbance in boundary layer under different freestream pulse waves shows similar trend. Namely, the max amplitude of the disturbance modes in boundary layer are distributed near f = 0.25, and four main disturbance clusters (near f = 0.25, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) exist in the hypersonic boundary layer both for all cases. With evolution of disturbance waves in boundary layer along with the streamwise, at s = 3.83551, four main disturbance clusters still exist in the hypersonic boundary layer both for fast acoustic wave and entropy wave. However, the distribution of the four main disturbance clusters changes sharply, which indicates there is movement of main disturbance clusters in the boundary layer. It also can be seen that, at s = 3.83551, there is only one main disturbance cluster (near f = 0.5) in the hypersonic boundary layer for slow acoustic wave, and the other main modes have a remarkable decline. It is obtained that, at s = 8.02802, the number of main disturbance mode clusters in the boundary layer both for fast acoustic wave and entropy wave decreases sharply. In general, the narrowing of frequency band and the decreasing of main disturbance mode clusters exist in the boundary layer both for all cases.
Fourier frequency spectral analysis of pressure disturbance in boundary layer under different freestream pulse waves. (a) s = 0.92619, (b) s = 3.83551, (c) s = 8.02802.
In present study, a finite difference DNS method is used to investigate the response of the hypersonic flow field to freestream pulse wave, and the generation and evolution characteristics of the disturbance mode in the hypersonic boundary layer are analyzed. The effects of the pulse wave types on the generation and evolution of the disturbance mode in the hypersonic boundary layer are investigated. The study drew the conclusions as follow:
The freestream disturbance waves significantly interact with the bow-shaped shock waves, which greatly changes the shock standoff distance and the distribution of flowfield parameters in the active region. The stronger the intensity of the shock wave is, the more intense the effect of the freestream pulse slow acoustic wave and the bow-shaped shock wave are. The freestream pulse wave’s influence on the thermodynamic state in boundary layer is significantly greater than that on the thermodynamic state the outside boundary layer. There are many obvious disturbance characteristic regions in the hypersonic boundary layer under the action of freestream pulse disturbances. There is complex interference in the boundary layer under the action of the pulse wave.
In the nose area, the main disturbance modes in the boundary layer are distributed near the fundamental frequency, and the disturbance mode component of other frequencies is relatively small. In the nose area, the disturbance mode component ratio near the fundamental frequency decreases rapidly, the high frequency disturbance harmonic mode like the second order harmonic frequency and above significantly increases. With the evolution of the disturbance waves in the boundary layer from the upstream to the downstream, the main disturbance modes in the boundary layer are transformed from the dominant state of the fundamental frequency to the collective leadership state of the second order harmonic frequency and the third order harmonic frequency. The intensity of the bow shock in the hypersonic flowfield has significant effects on both the fundamental mode and the harmonic modes in each order. From the nose area to the non-nose area, the effect of the shock wave intensity on the harmonic frequency modes in the boundary layer is less than the recompression effect, and the effect of the shock wave intensity on the fundamental mode in the boundary layer is larger than the recompression effect.
The interaction between the strong shear structure of boundary layer and different types of freestream pulse waves have different mechanisms of action. The strong shear structure of boundary layer under the action of different types of freestream pulse waves reveals different stability characteristics. The effects of different types of freestream pulse waves are significant on the distribution of modes in boundary layer and the evolution of disturbance modes along with the streamwise. The narrowing of frequency band and the decreasing of main disturbance mode clusters exist in the boundary layer both for freestream pulse fast acoustic wave, slow acoustic wave and entropy wave.
From sensing motion to identifying a gas and measuring temperature, sensors are a key element in our daily lives for analytical, monitoring, and diagnostic applications [1, 2, 3]. Following the progress of technology and current concerns for the protection of the environment and people, the development of these devices is expanding significantly, to transform chemical, mechanical, and thermal phenomena into a measurable quantity: electrical signal. Nowadays, we are facing an explosion in the sensor market, and the number of applications is expanding in parallel with advances in electronics and wireless communication technologies.
Temperature detection is currently one of the most expected needs, as it is generally not well controlled at a low cost. Temperature sensors have been one of the first fields of application of micro-systems, and they now represent a very important part of this market due to the increasing demand in the consumer and domestic application sectors but also in production, aeronautics, and health. The main characteristics currently required of these components are most often to be miniature, efficient, and economical and can be integrated into complex electronic systems.
Several research projects focus on optimizing the energy consumption of sensors by using innovative conservation techniques to improve the network’s performance, including maximizing its lifespan. The sensor proposed in this chapter presents an interesting technological solution for temperature detection, thus allowing an extremely low consumption compared to conventional techniques. This new, highly integrated device requires no onboard power supply and uses electromagnetic transduction for temperature measurement.
For decades, dielectric resonators (RDs) have been very important in the microwave field for many applications, such as oscillators and filtering devices [4]. The significant progress in the development of dielectric materials, both in terms of reliability and in improving the loss tangent at microwave frequencies, makes it possible to use them from microwave frequencies to millimetric frequencies. As the dimensions of these resonators can nowadays be small, they can be integrated into many telecommunication systems, in particular filtering systems where dielectric resonators have made it possible to maintain very good characteristics while reducing their size. These fields have led to a mature technology that allows the realization of reliable devices.
We have included the device proposed by Guillon et al. [5], composed of a silicon platform with coplanar lines on membrane. The second part is a dielectric resonator mounted on a support between the two coplanar lines. The entire device was coupled to an Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) amplifier, which subsequently made it possible to design a millimetric oscillator [6]. We can see that the device designed by Guillon was intended for the realization of an oscillator, which is not the case for us. The objective was to explore the interest that this device can provide in measuring small fluctuations in the dielectric permittivity of a material sensitive to temperature change. Therefore, the proposed structure is designed with more powerful simulation tools than those that existed in the 1990s, since they allow us to simulate the entire structure: coplanar lines, sensitive material, and dielectric resonator. In addition, we have resized the device to have the best possible transmission signal.
The temperature sensor shown in Figure 1 consists of two parts: the micro-machined coplanar lines and the dielectric resonator covered with the sensitive material maintained by a support between and above these two lines. In the rest of this chapter, we will detail the design of this device before presenting the simulation results of the optimized structure.
Design of the temperature sensor: cross-section view.
Dielectric resonators operating in conventional electric (TE) or magnetic (TM) transverse modes radiate a significant portion of energy at millimeter wavelength frequencies [7]. In order to avoid dimensional problems and radiation losses at millimeter frequencies, we have chosen to use an excited dielectric resonator on gallery modes (whispering gallery modes).
From an electromagnetic point of view, one of the essential characteristics of WGMs is the distribution of energy in the resonator. The energy of the gallery modes has the particularity of being confined in a region close to the air—dielectric interface. Moreover, one of the main advantages offered by this type of mode is the possibility of exciting a dielectric resonator with an oversized geometry while remaining at the millimetric frequencies [1, 2]. The dimensions of a resonator excited in a gallery mode are much larger than those of the resonators used in conventional TE or TM modes. This makes it easier to use them at high frequencies since, given the dimensions of the resonator, it can be handled more easily.
The gallery modes of dielectric resonators are classified into two families: WGHn,m,l (magnetic field gallery modes) and WGEn,m,l (electric field gallery modes). This nomenclature makes it possible to identify each mode by taking into account the state of polarization and the importance of the transverse components of the electromagnetic field [3]. Thus, we are able to distinguish, on the one hand, WGE modes where the axial component of the field is essentially magnetic, while the transverse components are mainly electric. On the other hand, we distinguish the WGH modes, which correspond to the dual modes of the WGE. The three integers n, m, and l indicate the spatial configuration of the electromagnetic field inside the resonator (number of variations of the field in the three directions of the cylindrical reference mark):
n: number of variations along the azimuthal direction
m: number of variations according to radial direction
l: number of variations according to the axial direction
It is important to mention that the azimuth number has an influence on the caustic radius. Indeed, a high azimuth number results in a higher caustic radius and therefore in a confinement of electromagnetic energy closer to the lateral surface of the resonator.
Among the main advantages of gallery modes, we will note here the most important for our study. First of all, the dimensions of the resonator excited on a gallery mode are much larger than in the case of conventional TE or TM modes. This oversizing makes it possible to consider the use of this resonator at millimeter frequencies by facilitating temperature detection. On the other hand, thanks to the high-energy confinement in the dielectric, the vacuum quality factors are practically limited only to the loss tangent of the material used [3]. The latter will thus be very sensitive to the presence of a variation in the dielectric properties of the sensitive material, which will improve its detection thanks to an offset in the resonance frequency of a gallery mode.
In addition, it is important to note that the gallery modes have the particularity of not having any energy at the center of the resonator. As mentioned earlier, the larger the azimuth number, the larger the area. The central part can therefore be used to fix the resonator; we can add a shim to the circuit in order to maintain it or adjust its position in relation to the coupling circuit (lines) without disturbing its operation. Finally, these modes are no longer stationary but progressive when the resonator is excited by a progressive wave source, whose propagation constant is close to that of the gallery mode. The mode then propagates in the azimuthal direction. This type of excitation for gallery modes results in a directional coupling with the line. Therefore, this coupling will make it possible to consider the design of a directional filter with a narrow bandwidth, which in turn will allow temperature measurement thanks to the shift in its resonance frequency.
In order to define an innovative temperature sensor with high RF performance, we will take advantage of the dielectric properties of the sensitive material, the machining of coplanar membrane lines, and the characteristics of gallery modes. This new detection device is based on the modification of the resonance frequency of the dielectric resonator at the presence of a temperature variation. This is done by means of a perovskite material deposited above this resonator whose dielectric constant varies with a change in temperature.
The general concept chosen is to modify the electromagnetic coupling that exists in the device by temperature (see Figure 2). This concept allows for a very high sensitivity. Indeed, variable coupling can be achieved by modifying (globally or locally) the environment around the electromagnetic field lines by directly modifying the electromagnetic properties of the sensitive material.
Principle of electromagnetic transduction.
In other words, a change in temperature leads to a change in the permittivity of the sensitive material and therefore a change in the electromagnetic field. This change affects the electrical parameters of the resonator, namely, the resonance frequency and the quality factor. Thus, a resonator designed to operate at a center frequency f0 for a particular gallery mode sees this shift as a function of the variation in the dielectric constant of the sensitive material. The electromagnetic field is therefore used to measure the temperature variation. The detection principle is then based on the shift in the resonance frequency of the gallery modes in the dielectric resonator. The latter and the sensitive material are used here to measure the influence of the permittivity of this material and to deduce the temperature variation.
In addition, this type of detection technique based on electromagnetic transduction has shown interesting results for the realization of an oscillator in the first place and subsequently for specific gas and pressure detection applications. These passive microwave sensors have been designed using the relaxation phenomenon present in sensitive materials. In particular, the installation of a functional TiO2-based microwave sensor in the Ka-band has been proposed for gas concentration detection. This detector is based on the direct variation of the dielectric properties of the resonator at the presence of a gas.
There are parameters that can modify the dielectric characteristics of a material such as temperature, for example. In our case, the aim is for this modification to generate a frequency variation in the microwave domain. The basic element is the sensing material whose dielectric constant varies with temperature. The choice of the sensitive material is not obvious because of the requirements imposed, which complicate the integration of dielectric materials into microelectronic circuits or their use in the manufacture of the sensor. To achieve this, we have carried out an in-depth bibliographical study in order to find the appropriate material that meets our specifications. Among the materials proposed in the literature, we chose lead-lanthanum-zirconate-titanate (Abbreviated in PLZT). As a result, and as part of our collaboration with the Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Sciences, Silesian University of Poland (see Figure 3) [8, 9], we have several samples taken in his laboratory.
Samples of PLZT material taken by Wawrzała and Korzekwa at the Silesian University of Poland.
Also referred to as lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate, this material meets our needs in terms of temperature range and operating frequency. In particular, it has a dielectric property that depends on the change in temperature (see Figure 4) [10, 11]. Indeed, the variation in temperature has an impact on the properties of this material since it causes a relatively large change in its dielectric permittivity [12]. This PLZT will then detect the temperature change through its integration into the microwave circuit described in Figure 1, with a radius of RPLZT = 3.25 mm and a thickness of HPLZT = 10 μm.
Dielectric constant of PLZT as a function of temperature.
The system is based relatively on the use of a dielectric resonator and two coplanar membrane lines. These lines serve as an excitation support for the RD gallery modes. The study of the mechanism of operation of these two components was widely discussed in the literature [13, 14, 15]. Thus, the RD has a radius of RRD = 3.25 mm, a thickness of HRD 360 μm, and a relative dielectric permittivity of 80. This dielectric resonator is held on the line plane by an Alumina (Al2O3) wedge with RSupport = 0.8 mm radius and HSupport = 230 μm height.
The RD’s gallery mode excitation mechanism and sensitive material were selected, and a radar interrogation was carried out to transmit temperature information.
The transduction mode, size, and frequency of operation of this sensor are important characteristics that represent a technological break with the existing systems of passive wireless temperature sensors RFID and SAW.
To be remotely accessible, the sensor requires a reader that is compatible with its operating characteristics. Technical criteria for the use of a reader must be defined to satisfy the detection but also to ensure that the interrogation range is as long as possible. The existing readers for passive sensor interrogation, present in RFID and SAW technologies, do not meet the problems imposed on our study in terms of high frequencies of use and a range greater than 10 m.
As a result, the characteristics of our sensor (wide range of detection, analysis, and processing of high frequency signals) guide us to consider a radar technology reader. Its operating principle, as with any radar, is to send a flow of electromagnetic waves to the sensor, which will return an echo whose power amplitude and will depend on the measured temperature. Indeed, radar is used in many applications such as level measurement, obstacle detection for automobiles, meteorology, or the military [16]. Its use for passive sensor network interrogation with RF transduction presents an innovative solution.
The proposed temperature sensor uses a millimeter radiofrequency transduction. The resonant frequencies of the sensor are included in the Ka band and shift from a bandwidth of a few hundred MHz to a few GHz. An antenna to communicate remotely with the reader will connect the sensor. To interrogate this sensor, we turned to a radar technology reader developed during Chebila’s thesis [17], according to precise technical criteria in terms of operating frequency satisfying wireless communication over a range greater than 20 m. This distance remains a key point because many applications in the aeronautics, construction, and nuclear sectors refer to it for the installation of sensor networks. The modulation technique of this radar and its architecture based around a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) facilitated its realization and adjustment (see Figure 5).
Synoptic diagram of the 30 GHz radar.
The radar developed in 2011 is a frequency-modulated continuous radar (FMCW), used in the Ka band around 30 GHz (see Figure 6) [17]. This HF radar will be used to remotely detect the temperature sensor measurements. The signals received by the reader must therefore inform us about the distance between the radar and the sensor but also about the temperature value coming from the questioned measuring cell. In conclusion, the radar in question satisfies three important parameters for remote reading: its range is greater than 20 m, works at a frequency compatible with the proposed sensor, and contains a system for identifying cells within a network.
Picture of the radar.
The potential advantages of this type of transducer are:
A significant reduction in signal losses thanks to the direct modulation of the microwave signal by the quantity to be measured
A high sensitivity of the electromagnetic propagation to the environment used to perform the sensor function
High spatial and temporal resolution due to the high operating frequency
A more flexible choice of operating frequency that can be adapted to the different operating constraints of the sensor
Easy integration into a measurement chain (radar and antennas)
The following section is devoted to the results of microwave measurements made using a high-performance simulator, allowing the frequency offset to be monitored and a direct relationship to be established between the temperature variation and the observed frequency offset. In this way, a temperature measurement is carried out via an electromagnetic transduction.
Series of free oscillation simulations (eigenmode) using the HFSSTM software, applied to the dielectric resonators, determine the diameter, thickness, permittivity of the dielectric resonator, as well as the distribution of the electromagnetic field necessary to define the caustic and the optimal coupling with the coplanar lines (see Figure 7). The determination of caustic makes it possible to establish the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the RD and leads to the definition of the position of the coplanar lines. In addition, the diameter of the resonator and the confinement of the electromagnetic field in it impose the distance between these two micro-machined lines.
The sensitive material and the resonator in the cavity with a holder.
In this study, we studied a dielectric resonator with a relative permittivity of 80 and no losses. The thickness and diameter of the dielectric resonator are used to determine the resonance modes and frequencies associated with them. Subsequently, we are interested in the modification of the physical properties of the PLZT material in the presence of a change in temperature, more precisely the variation of its dielectric permittivity. As shown in Figure 8, we observe the distribution of the electric field of the WGE8.0.0 mode in the dielectric resonator; it is thus isolated around 30 GHz.
The field distribution of the WGE8.0.0 to 30 GHz mode for eigenmode calculation (HFSS™).
We should also mention that the overall circuit of our detection system represents a directional filter consisting of two parts:
Coplanar lines (CPWs) used for RD excitation and field propagation electromagnetic
Dielectric resonator used for coupling and excited in WGM as well as the material PLZT as an element of recognition
From the coupling coefficient S12 between access 1 and 2 (simulated) given as a function of frequency, the gallery modes WGE and WGH were identified over a frequency range of 25–40 GHz. Figure 9 shows the look of the transmission parameter between access 1 and 2 in the Ka-band.
Coupling coefficient S12 as a function of frequency for ɛPLZT = 760.
Figure 10(a) and (b) shows examples of simulation results corresponding to amplitudes of the magnetic field of the gallery modes at their resonant frequencies.
Amplitude of the magnetic field of the gallery modes: (a) WGH6,0,0 and (b) WGE5,0,0.
Based on the results obtained as well as those in the literature, PLZT appears to be the right candidate for frequency temperature transduction. Indeed, it has been previously demonstrated that the dielectric permittivity of this material can be modified in the presence of a temperature variation. We therefore aim to analyze the impact of such a modification on the resonance frequency of a gallery mode. For this purpose, the dielectric constant εr was varied between 700 and 900 with a 14% variation. As shown in Figure 11, the variation in PLZT permittivity produces measurable changes in resonance frequency, reflected in a shift to low frequencies of about 1 GHz, for example, in the case of WGE4.0.0 mode.
Transmission coefficient (S12) as a function of frequency for variations in PLZT permittivity (εr = 700, 800, and 900).
These modifications on the resonance frequency for variations in the permittivity of the PLZT material highlight the high sensitivity of this type of device. This sensitivity represents that of the electromagnetic transducer, which transforms a variation in permittivity into a variation in the resonance frequency of a WGM. In order to evaluate this sensitivity, we have shown in Figure 12(a) and (b) the resonance frequencies of the WGH7.0.0 and WGE9.0.0 modes, respectively, as a function of the permittivity of the PLZT when there is a temperature variation. The results obtained with a cylindrical dielectric resonator have shown that the resonance frequencies of the gallery modes are very sensitive to the change in the permittivity of the sensitive material. The relationship between permittivity and resonance frequencies is approximately linear.
Resonance frequencies as a function of PLZT permittivity: (a) WGH7.0.0 mode and (b) WGE9.0.0 modes.
The sensor sensitivity is the combination of the transducer sensitivity with the variation in PLZT permittivity as a function of temperature.
The gallery modes in the dielectric resonator and the PLZT material are evidently used here to measure the permittivity change and deduce the temperature change. From rigorous electromagnetic numerical simulations (HFSS™), we show here that a small change in the permittivity of the sensitive material induces a large variation in the resonance frequency of the dielectric resonator gallery modes.
Based on the characteristics of the sensitive material used and the previous results, it is therefore possible to deduce the relationship between the resonance frequency of the detected gallery modes and the temperature. As a result, a linear dependence between frequency and temperature is clearly observed for all modes detected.
In other words, the relatively linear dependence between temperature and dielectric constant of the sensitive material leads to a change in the coupling coefficient between the two coplanar waveguides, and this is subsequently reflected in a shift in the resonance frequency of the system. As a result, a temperature variation usually results in a shift in the resonance frequency of the excited mode in the dielectric resonator.
In terms of application areas, sensor networks have a potential that is revolving around many sectors of our economy and our daily lives; from environmental monitoring and preservation to industrial manufacturing, automation in the transport and health sectors, and the modernization of medicine, agriculture, telematics, and logistics. This new technology promises to revolutionize the way we live, work, and interact with the physical environment around us. Wirelessly communicating sensors with computing capabilities facilitate a series of applications that were impossible or too expensive a few years ago. Today, these tiny and inexpensive devices can be literally scattered over roads, structures, walls, or machines, capable of detecting a variety of physical phenomena. Many fields of application are then considered, such as disaster detection and monitoring, environmental monitoring and biodiversity mapping, intelligent buildings, precision agriculture, machine monitoring and preventive maintenance, medicine and health, logistics, and intelligent transport.
Today, the use of these sensors is increasingly required for supervision and safety. Industrial companies then propose wireless sensors that can inform the user about the evolution of different physical quantities, so they constitute a very fertile research axis. In addition, the development of temperature sensors has several advantages, the most important of which is safety. The current trend, given the new applications that are emerging, is to oversize sensors and make them compatible with signal processing systems in order to obtain fully integrated systems. Environmental objectives and firefighting are the most targeted applications today. The lists of applications (safety, control, analysis, comfort, etc.) and fields of application (environment, safety, medical, automotive, home automation, etc.) are very long, reflecting the great interest in the development of temperature sensors.
The development of these systems generally includes a miniature, low-cost, and high-performance sensor. This is what drives our current research. Indeed, miniaturization is important to be able to easily embed autonomous systems that are increasingly distributed in networks. The cost price is of course an important factor and will be decisive for the marketing development of these sensors. The quest for performance is to make the information obtained by these sensors more reliable and affordable. This is practically interesting for the intended application: improving firefighting in marine applications.
Obviously, of all the disasters that can happen to a ship, fire is certainly the most horrible. Ashore, occupants of burning buildings can rely on fire pumps and ladders that can be on site within minutes of the first alarm signal. A ship at sea, on the other hand, must rely solely on itself in fighting the fire as in everything else, and from the first fire signal to retirement or hard-won victory, there may be no chance of a canoe rescue in bad weather.
The consequences of a fire on board a ship are always costly and sometimes tragic. It is therefore essential to have effective firefighting systems, but it is now known that conventional temperature sensors, which were widely used in the past, have significant disadvantages. The present system aims to solve this problem by using simple, autonomous, and inexpensive means. As a result, this design greatly reduces the overall energy consumption of the temperature sensor network on board ships.
To effectively control ship temperature, the use of this passive temperature sensor makes it possible to keep an eye on the temperature at all times, for long periods of time, and to alert staff in the event of a problem. If the temperature in a monitoring zone suddenly exceeds the threshold value, the sensor detects it in real time and transmits the information to the supervisor for intervention. This avoids the risk that the fire will remain ignored for a long time and therefore take on such a magnitude that any action to fight it will be too late and therefore futile.
This marine fire protection system therefore makes it possible to detect any fire risk in time, before or quickly after it is triggered, and to manage alarms in real time throughout the journey. Clearly, the deployment of such a network can provide an alarm system to detect intrusions, and it has a great advantage for long-term use on board ships without the need to charge or change the battery.
The results presented in this chapter are very encouraging: the simulation of a passive temperature sensor based on an electromagnetic transduction gave very good performances. These simulation results obtained, using previous work, allow us to consider the realization of a new high-performance temperature sensor. The optimization of this type of device was done using global electromagnetic simulations on HFSSTM including all system elements. The combination of PLZT material, dielectric resonator, and coplanar lines makes it possible to produce a narrowband filter that we excite with an electromagnetic wave at microwaves in gallery modes.
The key point of our application is based on the performance of the perovskite material and the properties of the RD gallery modes. Indeed, the dielectric resonator, covered with the sensitive material, is excited in a gallery mode that allows its oversizing with millimeter waves and its association with transmission lines in order to have a band-pass directional filter. Thus, we designed the entire 3D device on HFSS™. This software has the advantage of being rigorous and allows, a priori, taking into account all the physical and geometric characteristics of the device.
In the second part of this chapter, we have presented some of the results obtained. Several gallery modes have been observed over a wide frequency band; the Ka-band. We have therefore shown through these simulations that the measurement of the resonance frequency of a gallery mode in the dielectric resonator translates, in principle, a temperature variation with a remarkable sensitivity.
The implementation of such a device, which offers passive temperature detection, makes it possible to consider the design of a temperature sensor with high sensitivity electromagnetic transduction. The characterization of such a sensor makes it possible to evaluate the frequency in terms of geometric dispersions such as the influence of material thicknesses, and diameters will be presented in the next chapter.
Finally, our contribution provides innovative technology to meet the need to improve fire protection in maritime transport. Temperature control and traceability still require manual procedures dependent on onboard energy. The proposed system simplifies and automates relatively all these manual interventions and particularly does not require any onboard power supply. Thereafter, this firefighting device has a sensitivity of about 10 MHz/°C and allows the temperature to be controlled at any time and to react quickly in the event of a problem.
Book - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination, preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in an unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent sections, but together assembled into a collective whole.
",metaTitle:"Attribution Policy",metaDescription:"DEFINITION OF TERMS",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/attribution-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\\n\\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\\n\\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\\n\\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\n\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\n\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\n\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\n\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\n\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5240},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15812}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118381},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"6,5"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9662",title:"Vegetation Index and Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0abf2a59ee63fc1ba4fb64d77c9b1be7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Eusebio Cano Carmona, Dr. Ricardo Quinto Canas, Dr. Ana Cano Ortiz and Dr. Carmelo Maria Musarella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Cancer, Autoimmunity and Inflammation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Ms. Katja Lakota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10750",title:"Solanum tuberosum - a Promising Crop for Starvation Problem",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"516eb729eadf0d1a9d1d2e6bf31e8e9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mustafa Yildiz and Dr. Yasin Ozgen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10750.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10772",title:"Parasitic Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"31abd439b5674c91d18ad77dbc52500f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana Maria Gonzalez and Dr. Hector Sato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10772.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"281854",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"ana-maria-gonzalez",fullName:"Ana Maria Gonzalez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10737",title:"Equus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"258ffafc92a7c9550bb85f004d7402e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Adriana Pires Neves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188768",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Pires Neves",slug:"adriana-pires-neves",fullName:"Adriana Pires Neves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10777",title:"Plant Reproductive Ecology - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3fbf391f2093649bcf3bd674f7e32189",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Balkrishna Ghimire",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10777.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206647",title:"Dr.",name:"Balkrishna",surname:"Ghimire",slug:"balkrishna-ghimire",fullName:"Balkrishna Ghimire"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10749",title:"Legumes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49d3123cde96adbe706adadebebc5ebb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10749.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10751",title:"Bovine Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e3eb325f9fce20e6cefbce1c26d647a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Abubakar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10751.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:24},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5252},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine",parent:{title:"Health Sciences",slug:"health-sciences"},numberOfBooks:1511,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:39573,numberOfWosCitations:21767,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11544,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29307,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9406",title:"Clinical Implementation of Bone Regeneration and Maintenance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"875a140c01518fa7a9bceebd688b0147",slug:"clinical-implementation-of-bone-regeneration-and-maintenance",bookSignature:"Mike Barbeck, Nahum Rosenberg, Patrick Rider, Željka Perić Kačarević and Ole Jung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9406.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Barbeck",slug:"mike-barbeck",fullName:"Mike Barbeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9134",title:"Recent Advances in Digital System Diagnosis and Management of Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff00a5718f23cb880b7337b1c36b5434",slug:"recent-advances-in-digital-system-diagnosis-and-management-of-healthcare",bookSignature:"Kamran Sartipi and Thierry Edoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29601",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Sartipi",slug:"kamran-sartipi",fullName:"Kamran Sartipi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1511,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"19013",doi:"10.5772/21983",title:"Cell Responses to Surface and Architecture of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds",slug:"cell-responses-to-surface-and-architecture-of-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:9697,totalCrossrefCites:109,totalDimensionsCites:230,book:{slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering - Cells and Biomaterials"},signatures:"Hsin-I Chang and Yiwei Wang",authors:[{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang"},{id:"53659",title:"Ms.",name:"Yiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yiwei-wang",fullName:"Yiwei Wang"}]},{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:1995,totalCrossrefCites:79,totalDimensionsCites:180,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"25512",doi:"10.5772/30872",title:"Epidemiology of Psychological Distress",slug:"epidemiology-of-psychological-distress",totalDownloads:8066,totalCrossrefCites:57,totalDimensionsCites:145,book:{slug:"mental-illnesses-understanding-prediction-and-control",title:"Mental Illnesses",fullTitle:"Mental Illnesses - Understanding, Prediction and Control"},signatures:"Aline Drapeau, Alain Marchand and Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost",authors:[{id:"84582",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline",middleName:null,surname:"Drapeau",slug:"aline-drapeau",fullName:"Aline Drapeau"},{id:"84605",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Marchand",slug:"alain-marchand",fullName:"Alain Marchand"},{id:"84606",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Beaulieu-Prévost",slug:"dominic-beaulieu-prevost",fullName:"Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"43758",title:"Anxiety Disorders in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period",slug:"anxiety-disorders-in-pregnancy-and-the-postpartum-period",totalDownloads:39763,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"new-insights-into-anxiety-disorders",title:"New Insights into Anxiety Disorders",fullTitle:"New Insights into Anxiety Disorders"},signatures:"Roberta Anniverno, Alessandra Bramante, Claudio Mencacci and Federico Durbano",authors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"},{id:"166382",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Anniverno",slug:"roberta-anniverno",fullName:"Roberta Anniverno"}]},{id:"70711",title:"Fetal Growth Restriction",slug:"fetal-growth-restriction",totalDownloads:1706,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"growth-disorders-and-acromegaly",title:"Growth Disorders and Acromegaly",fullTitle:"Growth Disorders and Acromegaly"},signatures:"Edurne Mazarico Gallego, Ariadna Torrecillas Pujol, Alex Joan Cahuana Bartra and Maria Dolores Gómez Roig",authors:[{id:"202446",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez Roig",slug:"maria-dolores-gomez-roig",fullName:"Maria Dolores Gómez Roig"},{id:"311835",title:"Dr.",name:"Edurne",middleName:null,surname:"Mazarico",slug:"edurne-mazarico",fullName:"Edurne Mazarico"}]},{id:"70405",title:"Hemostasis in Cardiac Surgery: How We Do it with Limited Resources",slug:"hemostasis-in-cardiac-surgery-how-we-do-it-with-limited-resources",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Contemporary Applications of Biologic Hemostatic Agents across Surgical Specialties - Volume 1",fullTitle:"Contemporary Applications of Biologic Hemostatic Agents across Surgical Specialties - Volume 1"},signatures:"Fevzi Sarper Türker",authors:null},{id:"64851",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",totalDownloads:9954,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"59779",title:"Effective Communication in Nursing",slug:"effective-communication-in-nursing",totalDownloads:6504,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"nursing",title:"Nursing",fullTitle:"Nursing"},signatures:"Maureen Nokuthula Sibiya",authors:[{id:"73330",title:"Dr.",name:"Nokuthula",middleName:null,surname:"Sibiya",slug:"nokuthula-sibiya",fullName:"Nokuthula Sibiya"}]},{id:"64858",title:"The Neurobiology of Anorexia Nervosa",slug:"the-neurobiology-of-anorexia-nervosa",totalDownloads:892,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"anorexia-and-bulimia-nervosa",title:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",fullTitle:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"},signatures:"Ashley Higgins",authors:null},{id:"63771",title:"The Role of Catheter Reshaping at the Angiographic Success",slug:"the-role-of-catheter-reshaping-at-the-angiographic-success",totalDownloads:536,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"angiography",title:"Angiography",fullTitle:"Angiography"},signatures:"Yakup Balaban",authors:[{id:"252647",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yakup",middleName:null,surname:"Balaban",slug:"yakup-balaban",fullName:"Yakup Balaban"}]},{id:"61866",title:"Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants",slug:"plants-secondary-metabolites-the-key-drivers-of-the-pharmacological-actions-of-medicinal-plants",totalDownloads:5564,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:32,book:{slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Rehab A. Hussein and Amira A. El-Anssary",authors:[{id:"212117",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab",middleName:null,surname:"Hussein",slug:"rehab-hussein",fullName:"Rehab Hussein"},{id:"221140",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"El-Anssary",slug:"amira-el-anssary",fullName:"Amira El-Anssary"}]},{id:"17956",title:"Sexual and Reproductive Function in Chronic Kidney Disease and Effect of Kidney Transplantation",slug:"sexual-and-reproductive-function-in-chronic-kidney-disease-and-effect-of-kidney-transplantation",totalDownloads:11790,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"after-the-kidney-transplant-the-patients-and-their-allograft",title:"After the Kidney Transplant",fullTitle:"After the Kidney Transplant - The Patients and Their Allograft"},signatures:"Mahboob Lessan-Pezeshki and Shirin Ghazizadeh",authors:[{id:"26564",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahboob",middleName:null,surname:"Lessan Pezeshki",slug:"mahboob-lessan-pezeshki",fullName:"Mahboob Lessan Pezeshki"},{id:"26571",title:"Prof.",name:"Shirin",middleName:null,surname:"Ghazizadeh",slug:"shirin-ghazizadeh",fullName:"Shirin Ghazizadeh"}]},{id:"64747",title:"Bone Development and Growth",slug:"bone-development-and-growth",totalDownloads:3711,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"osteogenesis-and-bone-regeneration",title:"Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Rosy Setiawati and Paulus Rahardjo",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"75604",title:"Normal Puerperium",slug:"normal-puerperium",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96348",book:{title:"Midwifery"},signatures:"Subrat Panda, Ananya Das, Arindam Mallik and Surajit Ray Baruah"},{id:"75596",title:"The Use of a Dynamic Elastomeric Fabric Orthotic Intervention in Adolescents and Adults with Scoliosis",slug:"the-use-of-a-dynamic-elastomeric-fabric-orthotic-intervention-in-adolescents-and-adults-with-scolios",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96391",book:{title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults"},signatures:"Martin Matthews and James Wynne"},{id:"75582",title:"Elimination of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Problems and Solutions",slug:"elimination-of-plasmodium-vivax-malaria-problems-and-solutions",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96604",book:{title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination"},signatures:"Liwang Cui, Awtum Brashear, Lynette Menezes and John Adams"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:652},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/97498/mark-e-king",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"97498",slug:"mark-e-king"},fullPath:"/profiles/97498/mark-e-king",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()