IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3172",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Multiagent Systems",title:"Multiagent Systems",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Multi agent systems involve a team of agents working together socially to accomplish a task. 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He is a graduate of UET Peshawar (Pakistan), Universiti Teknologi Petronas (Malaysia) and University of Alberta (Canada). Prior to joining UET Peshawar, he worked as an Assistant Professor with Bahria University, Islamabad and Sarhad University. He also worked for the Canadian oil and gas industries, where he worked as a Contractor/ Research Scientist with Suncor Energy, and as a System Integration Consultant with Arc Resources, Cenvous, CNRL, Veresen Inc, Rio-tinto and Pengrowth. He also worked with the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Teknologi and Innovation as a Research Officer. His research areas include multi-rate digital signal processing, optimal sampled-data control systems, multi-agent robotic systems, nonlinear control systems and networked control systems. He has received some prestigious awards in his academic career such as the university Gold Medal (UET Peshawar), Provost Doctoral Award (University of Alberta, Canada) and Research Assistantship (NSERC, Government of Canada), Graduate Assistantship (Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"86620",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Noh",middleName:null,surname:"Karsiti",slug:"mohd-noh-karsiti",fullName:"Mohd Noh Karsiti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86620/images/system/86620.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1263",title:"Multiagent Systems",slug:"psychology-artificial-intelligence-multiagent-systems"}],chapters:[{id:"6102",title:"Agent-Based Distributed Resource Allocation in Continuous Dynamic Systems",doi:"10.5772/6593",slug:"agent-based_distributed_resource_allocation_in_continuous_dynamic_systems",totalDownloads:2420,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Holger Voos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6102",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6102",authors:[{id:"131460",title:"Prof.",name:"Holger",surname:"Voos",slug:"holger-voos",fullName:"Holger Voos"}],corrections:null},{id:"6103",title:"Constraint Based Automated Multi-Attribute Negotiations",doi:"10.5772/6594",slug:"constraint_based_automated_multi-attribute_negotiations",totalDownloads:1753,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Miguel A. 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\r\n\tIn this book, the technological and functional properties of barley will be highlighted comprehensively. Moreover, Nutritional and bioactive profiles and barley utilization in different baking products will also be in the limelight of this book. This depiction will be valuable for all consumers from health points of view.
\r\n
\r\n\tFood security is an alarming issue in developing countries as the population is increasing day by day. So, researchers have to think about alternative sources of staple diet(wheat) that should have the same nutritional composition as compared to wheat. Among cereals, barley is an alternative source because of its nutritional and functional properties, despite all the functional ingredients it is rarely used in the food industry. From different researches, it is revealed that it contains 24 % dietary fiber, so it is beneficial for CVDs and other health-related disorders. Now a day, barley consumption is very rare. There are many barley products in the food market such as malt flour, grits, flakes, pot, and pearled barley. Bread formulations also involve the usage of barley flour and cracked barley. The possibility of high fiber barley utilization in breakfast cereals production through blending with other grains, flaking, puffing, and extrusion is becoming common. So, there is a dire need to do value addition of barley into various products. Furthermore, the most important reason for wheat replacement with barley is its allergy-causing nature in some cases. Keeping in view all of the above facts, the present book has been designed.
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His research interests are food science and technology, food microbiology and biotechnology, microencapsulation, probiotics, prebiotics & synbiotics, biopreservation, and waste value addition.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"192244",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhan",middleName:null,surname:"Saeed",slug:"farhan-saeed",fullName:"Farhan Saeed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192244/images/system/192244.jpg",biography:"PERSONAL STATEMENT\r\nMy name is Farhan Saeed. During Master study, I received an Indigenous Fellowship from Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan. The selection process was a rigorous process starting from a GRE-based test. After being short listed by HEC, part of the Fellowship was the opportunity to complete doctorate degree mainly within Food Science and Technology field. I did my Doctorate thesis entitled 'Biochemical characterization of non-starch polysaccharides in relation to end-use quality of spring wheats” under the supervision of Dr. Imran Pasha. The doctorate research was focused on value addition of bioactive components extracted from spring wheats. The addition of extracted non-starch polysaccharides enhances the quality of baked products as well as important in nutraceutical point of view. The products under proposed study were thoroughly investigated for assessment of nutritional and end use quality of bread. The output of the proposed research work was highly beneficial to the consumers as well as Government of Pakistan for their intended purposes. The awareness about nutritional significance of non-starch polysaccharides enriched bread was really set the new horizons in product development in Pakistan. In 2012, I joined Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad as Assistant Professor. In 2014, I became HEC Approved Supervisor. During 2015, I have visited Massachusetts, Amherst, USA under Pakistan Program for Collaborative Research (PPCR), HEC Pakistan for two months training program for the development of innovative project. After that, I have been selected to receive a 2016 'Endeavour Research Fellowship” to undertake proposed program in Australia. I did work in Centre for Nutrition & Food Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia under the supervision of Professor Mike Gidley. The commencing date of current program is May 17, 2016 and the expiry is on November 15, 2016. In October, 2018. I was promoted to Tenured Associate Professor. I have published more than 70 papers in reputed journals with impact factor more than 140. I have 20 book chapters in international books. I presented research works in international level at Huazhong University Wuhan, China and Conference on Food Properties in Sharjah. I also got two research projects funds from Higher Education Commission Islamabad, Pakistan. I would like to be granted the KGSP because it will offer me with the opportunity to partake in Post-Doctoral program of Food Science and Biotechnology at Kyungpook National University (KNU) among the best universities in Korea. In my home country, vital issues stressed in this particular degree program are quite overlooked, and this scholarship program will bring me a great chance to come within reach of them. By taking this course, I am optimistic for finding innovative and effective practices to improve food production, quality and safety, keeping in view the betterment of human health; and moreover, to improve the end-product quality for maintenance of customer’s health. To sum up, winning the KGSP will enable me not only to broaden my knowledge, but also to gain experience from people and culture of both countries Korea and Pakistan. 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1. Introduction
Regular physical activity, especially sport is proven to help prevent and treat non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and breast and colon cancer. It also helps to prevent hypertension, overweight and obesity, improve mental health, quality of life and well-being [1, 2] and substantially increase life expectancy [3]. Participation in regular physical activity such as recreational sport has positive effects on both physical (appearance, slimness, conditioned body) and psychological health and well-being (self-esteem, anxiety, depression, vitality, energy) [4, 5], enhanced self-concept [6], lower rates of suicidal ideation including both thoughts and intentions [7]. Leisure is psychological and social utilities that make it a significant influence to the quality of people’s lives, which connote how good, fulfilled, cheerful and comfortable they feel [8]. It has developed an increasingly anticipated and significant component of people’s lives in modern societies [8]. In addition to the multiple health benefits of physical activity, societies that are more active can generate additional returns on investment including a reduced use of fossil fuels, cleaner air and less congested safer roads [1].
Sport is a group of physical exercises that may be classified into individual or team games with specific rules [9, 10]. It is recreational in nature because it enables people to take part when they like and for entertainment for both the participants and spectators watching such performance. Sport is organized or unorganized recreation [10]. Sport develops individual physical fitness and health/wellbeing, aid mental growth, facilitates internal unity and boosts external prestige. Sports helps the participants stay in shape, improve endurance, boost self-esteem, provide guidance and aid weight control, organize their time, boost friendships, teamwork and build relationships with their peers and adults. Sports generally offers healthy decisions such as avoiding smoking or drinking and offer hidden health benefits such as lower chance of getting osteoporosis or breast cancer later in life [10, 11].
World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that in order to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, bone health, reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases and depression: adults aged 18–64 should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous-intensity activity; aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration; for additional health benefits, adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous-intensity activity; muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week [2].
It has been observed that there is an increasing decline in sport participation especially with the advent and excessive use of technology, academic workload coupled with the incidence of COVID-19, students become content with engaging more in sedentary leisure activities such as gaming, social network chatting, watching television and even sleeping. Worldwide, 1 in 4 adults, and 3 in 4 adolescents do not currently meet the global recommendations for physical activity [1]. Empirical evidence revealed that sports participation decreases as age increases [12]. In addition, both males and females’ sports participation declines as they move into adult life [13]. In Japan, large proportion of adults do not participate in regular leisure-time physical activity [14]. The National Health and Nutrition Surveys in Japan for 1997, 2004, and 2009 revealed that 70–80% of the working generation (aged 20–59 years) were not sufficiently active (i.e., were exercising less than 30 min twice a week) [15].
Usually, universities annually allocate funds for the development and/or maintenance of sport facilities to fulfill students’ needs and encourage sport participation of the university community. Particularly, in Japan universities, there are active and viable sport clubs however, participation in such clubs required high level of commitments, hard work, obedience, tolerance and selfless devotion. Student life of participants revolves primarily around membership, which indirectly discourages students who intend to participate solely for recreational purpose.
Sports clubs in Japan universities are military in nature because of the strict rules of the club. For example, new club recruits are required to do jobs such as cleaning, maintenance of sport equipment and facilities before and after practice sessions/day [16]. For foreign students in a relatively conservative city like Sendai, who readily have language barrier to contend with, adjusting to these customs could be challenging and discourage sport participation. More also, students without club engagement tend to engage or prefer to engage in part-time job prioritizing economic reason(s) of such engagement to health benefits inherent in sport participation. Comparatively, there are also limited studies on psychological factors predicting sport participation among university students. It is on this premise this study aims to investigate psychological factors as predictor of sport participation among Japanese and foreign students in Sendai, Japan.
2. Review of related literature
Sport participation has been shown to be associated with many psychological and social benefits, beyond that derived from physical activity, including improvements to self-control and emotional regulation [6]. These distinct benefits are perhaps due to unique characteristics of sport participation, compared with other forms of physical activity [17]. Variables such as gender, age, time available to participate and motivational factors such as fun, slimness, fitness and competition have shown to increase participation [18]. Sport participation was positively related to self-assessments of physical appearance and physical competence, physical self-esteem and general self-esteem [19]. Athletes whose behavior suggested stronger psychological connections to sport engaged more in terms of frequency, depth and breadth of sport-related behaviors [20]. Organized sports activities may somewhat contribute to healthy body mass index (BMI) and while healthy BMI can lead to increased participation in organized sports, it is also possible that increased participation in physical activity can lead to healthy BMI [21]. However, all forms of physical activity can provide health benefits if undertaken regularly and is of sufficient duration and intensity [1].
Self-confidence is one of the most related variables to sport performance [22]. It has also been shown to influence behaviors, attitudes, and sporting attainment [23]. Self-confidence is simply defined to be a self-perceived measure of one’s belief in one’s own abilities which is dependent upon contextual background and setting [24]. It is one’s belief in his courage, power and ability to take action using his own abilities as a source for his values and purposes. Self-confidence was also conceptualized as self-efficacy. Self-confidence involves people’s belief to control themselves and their environment; a perceived ability that provides the possibility that athletes use their emotion appropriately to achieve sports aim [25]. Self-confidence is important in sportive performances as it affects performance positively especially in good feelings, behaviors, fast planning in competitions, undoubtedly giving the right decision in performance increase and in continuation of the competition [26]. Self-efficacy or confidence affects the choice of activities, effort expenditure, persistence in a given activity, and vulnerability to stress and depression [25].
Sport confidence influences performance through its effect on how athletes think about, feel about, and respond to everything that happens to them in sport [27]. Self-confidence is a judgment of one’s ability to perform at a certain level, whereas perceived success pertains to one’s judgment of the likely consequences of such a performance and or expected performance attainments [27]. This requires a detailed assessment of the level, strength, and generality of perceived self-confidence. Individuals who perceive themselves to be competent in sports should be more likely to participate, while those low in perceived physical competence should be more likely not to participate or to discontinue participation [28]. Challenges to identity such as having to show others an unfit body, lacking confidence and competence in core skills or appearing overly masculine were barriers to participation [29].
Young athletes who perceive themselves to be highly competent in a sport, who are oriented toward mastery in sport, and who identify themselves as primarily responsible for their performance persist longer at the sport and maintain interest in mastering the skills. In contrast, those who perceive themselves to have low competence in sport, who are oriented toward extrinsic mastery, and who believe that others are responsible for their performance do not maintain task performance and interest [28]. Physical benefits, weight control, independence and social, mental and emotional benefits as the main internal motivators [30]. Self-perception is incredibly important in motivating people to participate in all types of sport and physical activity [29]. The relationship between self-confidence and performance is likely to be somewhat different depending on the performer’s perception of the level of self-confidence he/she needs in order to perform the task successfully [31].
The influence that performance experiences/familiarity have on perceived success depends on the perceived difficulty of the task, the effort expended, the amount of physical guidance received, and the temporal patterns of success and failure. Task familiarity can also be obtained through observing or imagining others engaging in a task that observers themselves have never performed. Their influence on self-efficacy can be enhanced by a number of factors. Variables such as previous performance, affective self-evaluation, goal setting, and physiological states (mood or fitness) may exert a direct influence on sport performance [32]. Specifically, past experience plays a vital role with regard to participation in sport at university level [33].
Values are principles or standards considered worthwhile or desirable. They help people select and evaluate behavior, define goals, and set standards for acceptable behavior [34]. Personal values represent criteria by which people choose and assess subsequent actions, and apply to individual decision-making in virtually all compartments of our lives. Although research in mainstream psychology has attended to the concept of personal values and the role values play in resulting behaviors for over half a century, the lack of attention devoted to values and sport participation is surprising [35]. There is need to understand values associated with sport participation [34]. This is essential because variety of social, cultural and biological factors influence men and women’s decision to participate in sports [12]. For example, there is a negative impact of migration background on all sport participation [36]. Consequently, with such findings, one can possibly assume that culture, national traditions and values not only play a vital role on sports participation within a country but also when comparisons are made between different countries [12].
3. Methodology
The descriptive research design was used in this study. The study population comprises of all students of tertiary institutions in Sendai. The sample for this study was two hundred and thirty-six (236) Japanese and foreign university students. Convenience sampling technique was used to select 44 foreign students who participated in the Tohoku University Foreign Student Association (TUFSA) soccer competitions prior to the declaration of state of emergency while a simple random sampling technique was used to select 192 Japanese students in Miyagi University of Education (MUE). The instrument for this study was a self-developed and modified questionnaire structured in line with the variables of this study and translated both in English and Japanese languages. For sport participation, Min-Haeng Cho five-item physical activity questionnaire was adapted [37]. Each item has a 5-point Likert-scale. While psychological factors are self-developed items which include four subscale of self-confidence, perceived success, task familiarity and values were in a 4-point likert-scale format. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency counts, percentages and pie charts.
4. Data presentation, analysis and discussion of findings
This part presents, analyzes and discusses findings on the psychological factors as predictor of sport participation among Japanese and foreign students in Sendai.
4.1 Sport participation of respondents
The results from the pie chart above showed 46% of the respondents engaged in sedentary activities such as sport spectator, watching movies and television, 27% engaged in aerobic exercises and sports (running, cycling, swimming, jogging aerobics and ball games), 23% engaged in arts and cultural activities (reading, writing, playing cards, dance and music, painting), 4% in muscular exercise (weight training and lifting) and 0.4% engage in flexibility exercises (stretching, yoga, pilates, calisthenics). Chart on frequency of sport participation revealed 46% participated in their choice of sport almost every day, while 20% 1–2 days/week, 19% 3 days/week, 11% 4-5 days/week and 4% sometimes. On intensity of sport performance, 41% reported moderate, 21% hard, 19%very light, 12% light and 7% very hard. Duration of sport performance by respondents range from 30 to 60 minutes at 34%, 60-90 minutes 28%, 90-120 minutes 18%, more than 150 minutes 14% and less than 30 minutes 6%. Period of sport participation by respondents revealed 87% have been performing the activity for more than 5 months, while 6% for 3 months, 3% for 2 months and less than 1 month, and 1% 4 months. This result indicates that the common choice of recreational sport participation among respondents is sedentary activities with a high level of performance in terms of frequency, intensity and duration, and long period of participation. This finding is consistent several studies that revealed decreased sport participation and increase in sedentary activities among adults including university students [1, 12, 13].
4.2 Psychological predictors of sport participation
The results from Table 1 above showed that 70% of the total respondents agree that self-confidence in choice of sport predicts participation while 30% disagree. Out of this, 58.5% Miyagi University of Education students agree and 41.5% disagree; and 81% of foreign students agree and 19% disagree. This implies that self-confidence significantly predicts sport participation among respondents especially among foreign students. This agrees with similar studies [25, 27, 38, 39]. For example, a study reported that self-confidence differs from athlete to athlete and event to event and that past experience, mastery in skills and the social support increases the self confidence in sports man [38]. Self-confidence plays a significant role in the success of athletes a such mental training and practicing programs should be included along with physical and skills practices on the agenda of sport coaches to create the degree of self-confidence necessary for peak performance [39].
Self-confidence
Agree
Disagree
100%
70%
MUE 58.5%
30%
MUE 41.5%
FS 81%
FS 19%
Table 1.
Self-confidence and sport participation among Japanese and foreign students.
Table 2 revealed that 47% of total respondents agree that perceived success predicts sport participation while 53% disagree. Out of this, 32.5%, 67.5% of Miyagi University of Education students and 61.4%, 38.6% of foreign students agree and disagree respectively. The result indicates that while perceived success does not significantly predict sport participation among Japanese students, it significantly predicts sport participation among foreign students. Performance is likely to be somewhat different depending on the performer’s perception of the level of self-confidence he/she needs in order to perform the task successfully [31].
Perceived Success
Agree
Disagree
100%
47%
MUE 32.5%
53%
MUE 67.5%
FS 61.4%
FS 38.6%
Table 2.
Perceived success and sport participation among Japanese and foreign students.
Table 3 showed that 74.5% of the total respondents agree that task familiarity predicts sport participation while 25.5% disagree. Out of this, 63.7% Miyagi University of Education students agree and 36.3% disagree; and 85% of foreign students agree and 15% disagree. This revealed that task familiarity significantly predicts sport participation among respondents. This result concurred other findings that the past experience plays a vital role in sport participation even in the university [33, 38].
Task Familiarity
Agree
Disagree
100%
74.5%
MUE 63.7%
25.5%
MUE 36.3%
FS 85%
FS 15%
Table 3.
Task familiarity and sport participation among Japanese and foreign students.
Table 4 showed that 72% of the total respondents agree that value predicts sport participation while 28% disagree. Out of this, 71% Miyagi University of Education students agree and 29% disagree; and 73% of foreign students agree and 27% disagree. This implies that psychological factor of value significantly predicts sport participation among respondents. Similar study also emphasized the need to understand values associated with sport participation [34].
Value
Agree
Disagree
100%
72%
MUE 71%
28%
MUE 29%
FS 73%
FS 27%
Table 4.
Value and sport participation among Japanese and foreign students.
The observed difference particularly in the psychological factors of self-confidence, perceived success and task familiarity and sport participation between Japanese and foreign students could be indicative that foreign students are more conscious and anxious of others perception or judgment of their sporting skills/ability due to variations in socio-cultural backgrounds.
5. Discussion
Studies have shown psychological indices including perceived competence, self-efficacy, attitude, enjoyment, body image, self-esteem, beliefs influence students sport participation [40, 41, 42]. Thomas et al. [43] highlighted three barriers including intrapersonal (stress and perceived self-skill), interpersonal (lack of friends and peer influence), and structural (homework, class schedule, and overcrowded facilities) barriers to sport engagement among Canadian university students. Beliefs i.e. enjoyable, time consuming, friends, and family members predicted intention and behavior in sport participation [44]. Lack of confidence in performing a skill, low perceived competent and the need to feel worthy leads to withdrawal in sport [45]. Determination of the motivations that are active in sport participation increase individual participation [46]. In a survey of 1350 university students in southwestern Nigeria [47] identified the positive effects of love for sport, famous athletes as role model and family support in sport participation and stressed the need to adopt tangible and intangible motivating measures to encourage continuous participation. Time is a major reason why students do not involve in sports [48, 49]. Because student lifestyles including balancing academic life with paid work, volunteering and social activities all compete with sport participation [50]. However, [51] opined that lack of willpower could be the main reason behind lack of time. A study of college and university students sport participation in China revealed that individual preferences and economic factors influence participation [52]. Multivariate analysis revealed that the number of hours in student part-time work has a strong negative effect on sport participation [53]. Kerry [49] established that that increase in tuition fee had an impact on sports participation and consequently suggested that universities should device a means to address cost and time. In addition, ethnicity, gender, as well as religiosity, should be taken into consideration when offering sport programmes [54]. A three-year national survey report in England revealed that Black and Asian students are less likely to participate in sport [55]. Values, task familiarity, perceived success and self-confidence are majorly reflective of barriers and concerns predicting sport participation among students. Peer encouragement could help check and overcome these concerns [50].
6. Conclusion
Based on the findings, it is concluded that psychological factors of self-confidence, perceived success, task familiarity and value significantly predict sport participation among Japanese and foreign students in Sendai. More also, there is a low level of sport participation among Japanese and foreign students in Sendai. Therefore, it is recommended that stakeholders in sports and health within the university such as physical and health, and medical science departments and university health center should collaborate more effectively for advocacy to increase awareness on benefit of sport participation and development of attractive recreational sports considering the psychological process that leads to participation. There should also be an improved reconciliation between academic and physical education programs. To allay concerns during pandemic, non-contact and outdoor sports should be encouraged with adequate preventive measures in place.
Acknowledgments
Utmost appreciation to almighty God. Our profound gratitude goes to Associate Professor Kurokawa Naoyuki of the Department of Health and Physical Education, Miyagi university of Education. All the foreign and Japanese students who participated in this research, your cooperation and understanding is immensely appreciated. Also we appreciate the Japanese government through the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology (MEXT), Miyagi University of Education and Tohoku University for providing both a welcoming and conducive study environment. Thank you all.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"Psychological factors, Physical activity, Sedentary activities, University students, Sport participation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77843.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77843.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77843",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77843",totalDownloads:184,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:42,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 14th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 5th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 2nd 2021",datePublished:"October 20th 2021",dateFinished:"August 4th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Sports play a functional role in human development. Regular sport participation has beneficial effects on physical, psychological and social wellbeing. It has positive effects on prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases, physical appearance, enhance self-concept and external prestige, lower rates of suicidal ideation, reduce use of fossil fuels, and substantially increase life expectancy. The advent and excessive use of technology, academic workload coupled with the incidence of COVID-19, students become content with engaging more in sedentary activities. This chapter examined the psychological factors predicting sport participation among Japanese and foreign students in Sendai, Japan. The common choice of recreational sports are sedentary activities with a high level of performance in terms of frequency, intensity, duration and long period of participation. Psychological factors of self-confidence, value, task familiarity, perceived success significantly predicts sport participation among university students. Therefore, there is need for increased awareness on benefit of sport participation within the university. Improved reconciliation between academic and physical education programs, and development of attractive recreational sports considering the psychological process that leads to participation. To allay concerns during pandemic, self-organized, non-contact and outdoor sports should be encouraged with adequate preventive measures in place.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77843",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77843",book:{id:"10981",slug:"sport-psychology-in-sports-exercise-and-physical-activity"},signatures:"Akindele Abimibayo Adeoya, Adewale Olugbemiga Adeleye and Shinichi Egawa",authors:[{id:"418943",title:"Dr.",name:"Akindele",middleName:"Abimibayo",surname:"Adeoya",fullName:"Akindele Adeoya",slug:"akindele-adeoya",email:"adeoya4real@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Tohoku University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"423284",title:"Dr.",name:"Adewale Olugbemiga",middleName:null,surname:"Adeleye",fullName:"Adewale Olugbemiga Adeleye",slug:"adewale-olugbemiga-adeleye",email:"adeife057@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Olabisi Onabanjo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"427433",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinichi",middleName:null,surname:"Egawa",fullName:"Shinichi Egawa",slug:"shinichi-egawa",email:"egawas@surg.med.tohoku.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Tohoku University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Review of related literature",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Data presentation, analysis and discussion of findings",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Sport participation of respondents",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Psychological predictors of sport participation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'WHO Global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030: more active people for a healthier world. 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Perceived Barriers to Recreation Sport Participation in University Students: A Comparison between International and Local Students in the United States. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum; 2012, 20 (1): 197 – 203'},{id:"B55",body:'Sport England. Higher Education Sport Participation and Satisfaction Survey. National Report Year Three. 2014. https://sportengland-production-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/he-sport-survey-national-summary-year-3.pdf [Accessed June 30, 2021]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Akindele Abimibayo Adeoya",address:"adeoya4real@yahoo.com",affiliation:'
International Cooperation for Disaster Medicine Laboratory, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Japan
International Cooperation for Disaster Medicine Laboratory, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Japan
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1. Introduction
In nature, most of the system is nonlinear. However, the analysis and design of a nonlinear controller require complex mathematical procedures. On the other hand, linear methods provide easy analysis and design of control systems. Nonetheless conducting the control of a wide range and with parameters changes, linear control and analysis methods are not so powerful, especially in the power electronics system. Power electronics systems have a highly nonlinear nature because of the switching states of the power switch. So, for designing the proper controller for such systems, the usage of nonlinear control methods is required.
In literature, [1, 2, 3] give the fundamental analysis, design, and methods of nonlinear systems. [4] applies nonlinear control methods to the basic power electronics converters. [5] describes the design analysis and operation of power electronics converters, including buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. Feedback linearization technique classified under nonlinear control is applied to fundamental power electronics converter, including boost converter in [6, 7], buck converter in [8], buck-boost converter in [9, 10]. [11, 12] present another nonlinear control method that is a sliding mode controller for boost converter, [13] buck converter, and [14] buck-boost converter. Furthermore, adaptive-based nonlinear controller is presented for boost converter [15], buck converter [16], and buck-boost converter [17]. Robust nonlinear controller is designed for buck in [18], boost in [19], and buck-boost converter in [20].
In this chapter, firstly feedback linearization technique, one of the most useful nonlinear methods, is described. Then, input-output linearization method classified under the feedback linearization technique is applied to the interleaved boost converter. Besides, as a power supply of interleaved boost converter, PV array is used with solar irradiation and ambient temperature changes. Furthermore, a nonlinear controller is designed to control the output voltage of the interleaved boost converter. After designing the nonlinear controller of interleaved boost converter, it is compared to a linear controller. As a result of the simulation study, it is concluded that a nonlinear controller for the output voltage of interleaved boost converter gives better results than a linear type controller.
2. Feedback linearization
Feedback linearization techniques have become very popular in recent years because of providing the linear equivalent systems of nonlinear systems by exact linearization. Feedback linearization techniques provides the transformations of nonlinear systems into fully or partly linear systems, algebraically so that linear control techniques can be used. In feedback linearization, linearization is realized by exact state transformation and feedback, making these techniques different from conventional linearization aiming linear approximation of the system.
Feedback linearization technique can be classified into two methods that are input-state linearization and input–output linearization.
2.1 Input-state linearization
In input-state linearization method, it is aimed to linearize state Eq. (1) completely. In order to cancel the nonlinearities in the original system, state transformation and input transformation are used. After applying the proper transformation, nonlinear system is transformed into the linear system [2].
If there is a nonlinear system given with the form of Eq. (1).
ẋ=fxuE1
There should be a state transformation given in Eq. (2) and an input transformation in Eq. (3) in order to apply input-state linearization.
z=zxE2
u=uxvE3
There are some points to bear in mind about applying input-state control, which are as follows:
Even though the results obtained by input-state linearization control is valid in a large region, they may not be global. There may also occur some singularity points, while the initial state is at those points, controller may not bring the system to the equilibrium point.
To apply control law, state transformation in Eq. (2) should be available. If state components are not physically meaningful or could not be measured, original states should be used to compute state components.
If there is uncertainty in the model or in any parameters of the system, it causes an error in the calculation of new state z and control input u.
2.2 Input-output linearization
Another feedback linearization method is input-output linearization method. In this method, the main process is to generate a linear differential relation between the system output and new control input. This method can be summarized in three stages, as follows [1, 2]:
Differentiate the system output till control input appears,
Select new control input in order to guarantee tracking convergence and cancel nonlinearities,
Examine the stability of internal dynamics.
In order to explain input-output linearization method, think about a system given in Eqs. (4) and (5).
ẋ=fx+gxuE4
y=hxE5
To have input-output relation, output should be differentiated till input appears. After differentiating Eq. (5), Eq. (6) is acquired as in refs. [1, 2, 10].
ẏ=∂h∂xfx+gxu=Lfhx+LghxuE6
Lfh and Lgh in Eq. (6) are described as Lie derivatives of f(x) and h(x) and given in Eq. (7).
Lfhx=∂h∂xfx,Lghx=∂h∂xgxE7
After rj times derivation of the output, considering the condition in Eq. (8), Eq. (9) is acquired.
LgiLfr−1hix≠0E8
yiri=Lfrihi+∑inLgiLfri−1hiuiE9
If there is a multi-input, multi-output system, considering to apply Eq. (9) to all outputs, Eq. (10) is obtained.
After selecting new control variable, input–output linearization is acquired as in Eq. (11).
u1……un=−E−1Lfr1h1x……Lfrnhnx+E−1v1……vnE11
The relation between system output y and new control input v is given in Eq. (12). In Eq. (12), k is constant to be chosen ensuring the stability of the system.
Circuit structure of interleaved boost DC-DC converter is shown in Figure 1. It is seen that two separate boost converters are connected to the DC bus. The difference of interleaved boost converter from boost converter is that both switches are conducted with time delay in order to have input current having less ripple content.
Figure 1.
Interleaved boost DC-DC converter.
Operation of the interleaved boost converters can be summarized as follows: When S1 is in switch-on position, S2 is turned off, L1 current increases linearly, L2 current decreases, and D2 conducts. When S1 is switched off, S2 is switched on and L2 current increases linearly, L1 current decreases, and D1 conducts. While the inductor’s current decreases, inductors transfer their energy to the load. Passive components of the interleaved boost converter can be chosen by using Eqs. (14) and (15) as in Ref. [5].
L=RD1−D22fsE14
C=DVofsR∆VCE15
While deriving a mathematical model of interleaved boost DC-DC converter, model of boost DC-DC converter can be used. A mathematical model of the boost converter is obtained by switching on and off positions, shown in Figure 2. By applying Kirchhoff voltage and current laws for both circuits, a mathematical model of the boost converter is written.
Figure 2.
(a) Switch-on, (b) switch-off position of the boost converter.
At switch-on interval, after applying Kirchhoff voltage and current law, Eqs. (16) and (17) are obtained. The model for switch-on interval can be written in Eq. (19) with the form Eq. (18) of state-space representation.
diLdt=VinL1E16
dVodt=−VoRCE17
ẋ=Ax+BuE18
iLVȯ=000−1RCiLVo+1L0VinE19
At the switch-off interval, Kirchhoff voltage and current law are applied to Figure 2b and Eqs. (20) and (21) are obtained. It is also written in the form of Eq. (22).
diLdt=VinL1−VoL1E20
dVodt=−iLC−VoRCE21
iLVȯ=0−1L1C−1RCiLVo+1L0VinE22
Mathematical model of the boost converter can be derived in Eq. (24) by using state-space average technique given in Eq. (23).
A=dA1+1−dA2,B=dB1+1−dB2E23
iLVȯ=0−1+dL1−dC−1RCiLVo+1L0VinE24
State-space mathematical mode in Eq. (24) can be reordered as in Eq. (25) to apply input–output linearization technique. As a system input in Eq. (25), d is chosen.
iLVȯ=VoL+VinLiLC−VoRC+VoL−iLCdE25
The purpose of the control is to regulate output voltage Vo, so as an output variable Vo is chosen as in Eq. (26).
y=hx=VoE26
The way of using input–output linearization techniques is to derive system output until system input is obtained in output. So, after derivation of system output Vo, Eq. (27) is obtained.
ẏ=Vȯ=iLC−VoRC−iLdCE27
It is observed in (27) that at the first derivation, system input is found at system output. It means that the relative degree of the system is “1.” Eq. (27) is rearranged in Eq. (28) with respect to system input.
d=−Vȯ+iLC−VoRCCiLE28
The next stage is to choose a new control input. The control input is chosen regarding to relative degree in Eq. (29).
y1=V1E29
After choosing new control input as in Eq. (30), and replacing it in Eq. (28), Eq. (31) is obtained. Eq. (31) is the system input, nonlinear controller is operated with respect to it.
V1=k1Vo−Vo∗E30
d=−k1Vo−Vo∗+iLC−VoRCCiLE31
In order to provide the operation of the interleaved boost converter, S1 is switched by using the duty cycle calculated in Eq. (31), and S2 is switched by using the same duty cycle having 90° delay.
3. Simulations
Interleaved boost DC-DC converter fed by PV array is controlled by input–output linearization technique by means of the simulation. Simulation study is realized by Matlab/Simulink software. The circuit diagram of the study is shown in Figure 3. It is seen in the figure that there is a nonlinear controller that is based on the Eq. (31) in chapter 2.
Figure 3.
PV-fed interleaved boost DC-DC converter with nonlinear control.
It is seen that interleaved boost converter is connected to the output of the PV array. Because of the interleaved nature of the converter, input current has a lower ripple than the classical boost converter. The simulation diagram of the circuit is shown in Figure 4.
Parameters used in the simulation are given in Table 1.
L1, L2
C
R
fsw
PV Array
PV Array
600 μH
1000 μH
250 Ω
69 kHz
40 prl, 2 srs
305 W Pmax, 64.2 Voc
Table 1.
Parameter values used in the study.
Simulation studies are realized under irradiation and ambient temperature change of the PV array; these changes are sketched in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Irradiation level and ambient temperature change of PV array.
Output voltage under reference change is obtained as in Figure 6 by the nonlinear controller. Reference voltage is changed from 150 V to 200 V at 1 s, from 200 V to 250 V at 2 s, from 250 V to 200 V at 3 s, and from 200 V to 150 V at 4 s. Under the reference changes, output voltage is achieved as desired with −0.2 V at 150 V reference, −0.5 V at 200 V reference, −1.1 V at 250 V reference, steady-state error. Also, steady-state error is obtained as 0.015 s at 150 V reference, 0.005 s at 200 V reference, 0.008 s at 250 V reference, and 0.07 s at second 200 V reference, 0.125 s at second 150 V.
Figure 6.
Output voltage of interleaved boost DC-DC converter.
In order to compare the performance of the nonlinear controller, the same system is controlled by the PI controller. In Figure 7, the results obtained by both controllers are sketched.
Figure 7.
Output voltage of interleaved boost DC-DC converter with PI and nonlinear controller.
Figure 7 shows that by PI controller desired reference voltages are not acquired, however, nonlinear controller provides desired reference voltages.
4. Conclusions
In this chapter, firstly feedback linearization techniques, including input-state and input–output linearization, are described. Then input–output linearization technique is applied to interleaved boost converter that is connected to the output of the PV array. Besides, solar irradiation and ambient temperature of PV array are changed during the simulation study.
The result obtained by the nonlinear controller is compared to the linear PI controller. It is determined by the study that the nonlinear controller ensures the desired output voltage with a maximum 1.1 V steady-state error and 0.125 s settling time, whereas the linear PI controller could not provide the reference voltage as it desired.
In future work, the implementation of the study is targeted to be carried out.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Firstly, mathematical model of the interleaved boost converter is derived after that the method is applied. Besides, the interleaved boost converter is fed by a PV array under irradiation level and ambient temperature change. As a result of the simulation study, output voltage control of interleaved boost converter under reference voltage change is realized as desired.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82984",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82984",signatures:"Erdal Şehirli",book:{id:"11499",type:"book",title:"Nonlinear Systems - Recent Developments and Advances",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nonlinear Systems - Recent Developments and Advances",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bo Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11499.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-927-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-926-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-928-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"234525",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"bo-yang",fullName:"Bo Yang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119997",title:"Mr.",name:"Erdal",middleName:null,surname:"Sehirli",fullName:"Erdal Sehirli",slug:"erdal-sehirli",email:"esehirli@kastamonu.edu.tr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Kastamonu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Feedback linearization",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Input-state linearization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Input-output linearization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Interleaved boost DC-DC converter",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Simulations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Khalil H. Nonlinear Systems. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education; 2000. p. 505'},{id:"B2",body:'Slotine JJE, Weiping L. Applied Nonlinear Control. 1st ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1990. p. 207'},{id:"B3",body:'Isıdori A. Nonlinear Control Systems: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Springer; 1995. p. 178. DOI: 10.1007/BFb0006368'},{id:"B4",body:'Ramirez HS, Ortega R. Control Design Techniques in Power Electronics Devices. 1st ed. Germany: Springer; 2010. p. 235'},{id:"B5",body:'Kazimierczuk MK. Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters. 1st ed. Singapore: Wiley; 2008. p. 23'},{id:"B6",body:'Zheng H, Shuai D. Nonlinear control of boost converter by state feedback exact linearization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). Taiyuan, China: IEEE; 2012. pp. 3502-3506'},{id:"B7",body:'Arora S, Balsara P, Bhatia D. Input–output linearization of a boost converter with mixed load (constant voltage load and constant power load). IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2019;34:815-825. DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2018.2813324'},{id:"B8",body:'Salimi M, Siami S. Closed-loop control of DC-DC buck converters based on exact feedback linearization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 4th International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems (EPECS). Sharjah: IEEE; 2015. p. 1'},{id:"B9",body:'Ding-xin S. State feedback exact linearization control of buck-boost converter. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition. Shanghai, China: IEEE; 2014. p. 1'},{id:"B10",body:'Sehirli E, Altınay M. Input-output linearization control of single-phase buck-boost power factor corrector. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 47th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC); 2012; UK: IEEE; 2012. p. 1-6'},{id:"B11",body:'Sira-Ramirez H, Rios-Bolivar M. Sliding mode control of dc-to-dc power converters via extended linearization. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications. 1994;41:652-661. DOI: 10.1109/81.329725'},{id:"B12",body:'Oucheriah S, Guo R. PWM-based adaptive sliding-mode control for boost DC–DC converters. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2013;60:3291-3294. DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2203769'},{id:"B13",body:'Wang Z, Li S, Li Q. Discrete-time fast terminal sliding mode control design for DC–DC Buck converters with mismatched disturbances. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2020;16:1204-1213. DOI: 10.1109/TII.2019.2937878'},{id:"B14",body:'Lineas-Flores J, Juarez-Abad A, Hernandez-Mendez A, Castro-Heredia O, Guerrero-Castellanos JF, Heredia-Barba R, et al. Sliding mode control based on linear extended state observer for DC-to-DC Buck–Boost power converter system with mismatched disturbances. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2022;58:940-950. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2021.3130017'},{id:"B15",body:'Bellinaso L, Figueira H, Basquera MF, Vieira RP, Grundling HA, Michels L. Cascade control with adaptive voltage controller applied to photovoltaic boost converters. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2019;55:1903-1912. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2884904'},{id:"B16",body:'Wei Z, Bao-bin L. Analysis and design of DC-DC buck converter with nonlinear adaptive control. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 7th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE). Melbourne, Australia: IEEE; 2012. pp. 1036-1038'},{id:"B17",body:'Soriano-Rangel C, He W, Mancilla-David F, Ortega R. Voltage regulation in Buck–Boost converters feeding an unknown constant power load: An adaptive passivity-based control. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2021;29:395-402. DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2019.2959535'},{id:"B18",body:'Song P, Cui C, Bai Y. Robust output voltage regulation for DC-DC Buck converters under load variations via sampled-data Sensorless control. IEEE Access. 2018;6:10688-10698. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2794458'},{id:"B19",body:'Mummamdi V, Mohan BK. Robust digital voltage-mode controller for fifth-order boost converter. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2011;58:263-277. DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2010.2044130'},{id:"B20",body:'Buso S. Design of a Robust Voltage Controller for a Buck-boost converter using μ-synthesis. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 1999;7:222-229. DOI: 10.1109/87.748148'},{id:"B21",body:'Lee T. Input output linearization and zero-dynamics control of three-phase AC/DC voltage-source converters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2003;18:11-22. DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2002.807145'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Erdal Şehirli",address:"esehirli@kastamonu.edu.tr",affiliation:'
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In particular, this work addresses the diversity of available atomizers, the drying kinetics and the importance of the configuration of the drying chamber, and the efficiency of the collection devices. The final properties of the dried products are influenced by a variety of factors, namely the spray dryer design, the feed characteristics and the processing parameters. The impact of those variables in optimizing both the spray-drying process and the synthesis of dried particles with desirable characteristics is discussed. 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In the case of nonbiodegradable inorganic compounds, bioremediation takes the form of bioaccumulation or conversion of one toxic species to a less toxic form for example Cr(VI) is converted to less toxic (III). Bioremediation is considered an environmentally friendly way for pollution clean-up. Microbial clean up can be applied in situ (in place of contamination) or ex situ (off the site of contamination). In situ remediation in the natural environment is deemed slow and often times difficult to control and optimize the different parameters affecting the bioremediation. To this end, use of engineered bioreactors is preferred. Engineered bioreactors providing for optimum conditions for microbial growth and biodegradation have been developed for use in bioremediation processes to achieve the different desired remediation goals. Bioreactors in use range in mode of operation from batch, continuous, and fed batch bioreactors and are designed to optimize microbial processes in relationship to contaminated media and nature of pollutant. Designed bioreactors for bioremediation range from packed, stirred tanks, airlift, slurry phase, and partitioning phase reactors amongst others.",book:{id:"7727",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",fullTitle:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering"},signatures:"Memory Tekere",authors:[{id:"231753",title:"Prof.",name:"Memory",middleName:null,surname:"Tekere",slug:"memory-tekere",fullName:"Memory Tekere"}]},{id:"67432",title:"Microencapsulation and Its Uses in Food Science and Technology: A Review",slug:"microencapsulation-and-its-uses-in-food-science-and-technology-a-review",totalDownloads:1909,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Microencapsulation is a group of technologies aiming to produce small particles called microcapsules that can be released at a specific speed under certain conditions. 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Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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