Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
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Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Surface engineering is a valuable tool for conceiving both surface and bulk properties, which cannot be achieved simultaneously either by the coating material or by the substrate material alone. The book is written on the current trends of surface engineering and relevant research. The applied and basic research as well as some worthy concepts of materials related to this area is explained clearly to understand the need for surface engineering in industrial applications. The different surface modification processes, properties, and their characterizations are discussed elaborately for future research and as a text book. Modification of surface properties by films or coatings is used in industrial applications. This is an area of interest to numerous fields: fabrication of parts, mechanics, transport, catalysis, energy, production, microelectronics, optoelectronics, the leisure industry, etc. The properties are considered for protection against corrosion, oxidation or wear, biocompatibility, wetting, adhesion, durability, catalytic activity, and toughness. The modern concept of engineering is discussed to ensure that the contributions of this subject minimize energy consumption. The book will be used as a state of the art for present and future researchers, industrial components design, and control.",isbn:"978-1-78984-340-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-339-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-827-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75772",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advanced-surface-engineering-research",numberOfPages:230,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4c1a23accacc46fd18b49f2e5c6d303e",bookSignature:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",publishedDate:"November 14th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7471.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11279,numberOfWosCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:57,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 26th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 19th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 18th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 6th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 5th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"185329",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"mohammad-asaduzzaman-chowdhury",fullName:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185329/images/system/185329.jpg",biography:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury is a professor of Mechanical Engineering at Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh. His research interests are Engineering Tribology, Surface Engineering, Automation and Robotics, Coating Technology, Polymer and Composite Materials, Characterization of Materials. He is working as an Editorial Board Member of large number of International Reputed Journals. Currently, he is working as an editor, reviewer of many ISI and Scopus Indexed International Journals and books. He has also published many research and review papers in refereed International Journals and Conference Proceedings. He is working as a consultant, advisor and expert member of many government and autonomous organizations. His teaching & research experience about 21 years. He is involved himself with different cultural and social activities. He has engaged himself to write the articles, stories, lyrics and poems in different newspapers and relevant media.",institutionString:"Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"160",title:"Surface Science",slug:"surface-science"}],chapters:[{id:"62815",title:"Synthesis and Nonlinear Studies on Selected Organic Compounds in Nanostructured Thin Films",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79522",slug:"synthesis-and-nonlinear-studies-on-selected-organic-compounds-in-nanostructured-thin-films",totalDownloads:1101,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Organic compounds based on ferrocene, pyrazolone, and octahydroacridine exhibit high interest due to their unusual structure, with potential practical applications due to their special optical properties. Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of some new synthesized derivatives are evaluated in relationship with the chemical structure by using DFT molecular modeling. In condensed state, ferrocene and other organic molecules were found in a staggered arrangement (D5d) as a nonpolar molecule, but the eclipsed (D5h) and twisted (D5) forms exhibit SHG capabilities. The molecular polarizability (α), first-order hyperpolarizabilities (βtot), dipole (μtot), and quadrupole (Q) moments were computed. The NLO efficiency was assessed by the relationship between high (βtot) and low HOMO-LUMO energy gap. The nonlinear optical properties of some new synthesized compounds were evaluated in thin films with nanometric morphology obtained using various methods: Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) thin films, sol-gel deposition, and layer-by-layer deposition.",signatures:"Ludmila-Otilia Cinteza and Maria Marinescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62815",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62815",authors:[{id:"250975",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria",surname:"Marinescu",slug:"maria-marinescu",fullName:"Maria Marinescu"},{id:"250983",title:"Dr.",name:"Ludmila Otilia",surname:"Cinteză",slug:"ludmila-otilia-cinteza",fullName:"Ludmila Otilia Cinteză"}],corrections:null},{id:"62411",title:"Shot Peening of Austempered Ductile Iron",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79316",slug:"shot-peening-of-austempered-ductile-iron",totalDownloads:1053,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a type of heat-treated cast iron, which offers numerous positive advantages including: good combination of mechanical properties and damping characteristics, lower density than steel and the possibility of casting components into near-net shape. However, surface engineering techniques are necessary to extend the use and prolong the lifetime of ADI engineering components. One such treatment for improving the bending fatigue strength of ADI is shot peening. This treatment creates compressive residual stresses and high dislocation densities at the surface of the treated components. However, the shot peening process is not always beneficial in improving the tribological characteristics of ADI. Its behaviour depends on the type of wear mechanism, applied loads, lubrication, heat treatment process parameters and the resulting surface finish of the components. This chapter will look into the effect of shot peening on ADI in more detail and will delve into a case study, which was carried out to analyse the bending fatigue resistance and tribological characteristics of Cu-Ni-alloyed ADI.",signatures:"Ann Zammit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62411",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62411",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62514",title:"Advanced Electro-Spark Deposition Process on Metallic Alloys",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79450",slug:"advanced-electro-spark-deposition-process-on-metallic-alloys",totalDownloads:1262,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter will study the material base-surface multilayer system for various types of depositions (increasing the wear resistance of Fe-C alloy parts) whose compatibility with the substrate provides high-quality parts. Thus, this system of layers can be applied on both the new and worn parts, being able to recondition and reintroduce in an intensive exploitation regime any parts with complex configuration operating in dynamic conditions. Deposited layers will be obtained using electro-spark deposition (ESD) process, which is a technology that uses electrical energy stored in a capacitor to initialize an electrical spark between the cathode and the anode. The high temperature generated by the electrical spark leads to partial melting of substrate and mixing of it with the material of the electrode. Between the two electric sparks, the amount of the molten metal solidifies to form the surface layer. The ESD is a very well used process for materials manufacturing in many industrial sectors.",signatures:"Petrică Vizureanu, Manuela-Cristina Perju, Dragoş-Cristian Achiţei\nand Carmen Nejneru",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62514",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62810",title:"Surface Manufacturing of Materials by High Energy Fluxes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79874",slug:"surface-manufacturing-of-materials-by-high-energy-fluxes",totalDownloads:926,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to summarize the topics related to the application of a surface treatment by high energy fluxes (i.e., electron and laser beams) for developing of new multifunctional materials, as well as to modify their surface properties. These technologies have a large number of applications in the field of automotive and aircraft industries for manufacturing of railways, space crafts, different tools, and components. Based on the performed literature review, some examples of the use of laser and electron beams for surface manufacturing (i.e., surface alloying, cladding, and hardening) are presented. The present overview describes the relationship between electron beam and laser beam technologies, microstructure, and the obtained functional properties of the materials. The benefits of the considered techniques are extensively discussed.",signatures:"Stefan Valkov, Maria Ormanova and Peter Petrov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62810",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62810",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62869",title:"The Potential of Pyrolytic Biomass as a Sustainable Biofiller for Styrene-Butadiene Rubber",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79994",slug:"the-potential-of-pyrolytic-biomass-as-a-sustainable-biofiller-for-styrene-butadiene-rubber",totalDownloads:910,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter explains the significant potential of the pyrolytic biomass char for use as a sustainable carbon black replacement filler for rubber materials. The manufacture of rubber filler is not only energy-consuming, contributing significantly to global CO2 emissions, but uses nonrenewable feedstock in production making it unsustainable. Ongoing work focused upon the development of carbonaceous rubber fillers based on coconut shell, a sustainable and renewable source, is presented in this chapter. A comparison between coconut char and commercial carbon black N772 demonstrates the profound potential of the pyrolytic coconut char to be used as filler. The char filler obtained was mixed with SBR and the resulting rubber product was evaluated for their technological performance, exhibiting high surface area and good tensile strength.",signatures:"Yiran Fan and Geoff D. Fowler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62869",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62869",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62520",title:"Ultrafast Laser Inscription of Buried Waveguides in W-TCP Bioactive Eutectic Glasses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79577",slug:"ultrafast-laser-inscription-of-buried-waveguides-in-w-tcp-bioactive-eutectic-glasses",totalDownloads:901,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Since the first report of Davis in 1996, ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) has been widely used to fabricate buried optical devices such as active and passive waveguides inside dielectric materials. In this technique, ultra-short and ultra-intense laser pulses are tightly focused inside transparent materials leading to laser-induced nonlinear processes in the focal volume. The energy density deposited into the submicron focal volume can reach several of MJcm−3 and hence, may trigger dramatic changes in a strongly localized region, whereas the surrounding bulk material remains unchanged. This technique can be used from void formation to weak refractive index modification, which is the key feature to create buried optical waveguides. In this chapter, firstly, we review the fundamentals of the ultrafast laser inscription technique to produce optical waveguides inside dielectric materials such as crystals and glasses. Next, as an example, we revise the application of this technique to create buried waveguides inside bioactive glasses and specifically, inside W-TCP eutectic glasses.",signatures:"Daniel Sola and José I. Peña",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62520",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62520",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62594",title:"Surface Modification of Fe3O4 as Magnetic Adsorbents for Recovery of Precious Metals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79586",slug:"surface-modification-of-fe3o4-as-magnetic-adsorbents-for-recovery-of-precious-metals",totalDownloads:1747,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Magnetic nanoparticles such as magnetite have been studied intensively for their unique properties that are susceptible to a magnetic field, ready to coat with silica and able to modify with a variety of functional groups. The magnetite-silica core-shell system offers flexibility for extensive modification. The magnetic core is also important in the separation by the use of a magnetic field. The shell, meanwhile, is needed for protection of the magnetic core and further modification. Functional groups at the surface shell are critical in the reaction with target precious metal ions during application. In this contribution, we will have a comprehensive look at the preparation, characterization, and use of the magnetite core-shell modified with functional groups as a magnetic adsorbent. After adsorption, the materials together with the ions can be recovered by the use of magnet before further separation and purification.",signatures:"Roto Roto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62594",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62594",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62867",title:"Hidden Resources of Coordinated XPS and DFT Studies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80002",slug:"hidden-resources-of-coordinated-xps-and-dft-studies",totalDownloads:1013,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Electronic configuration of chemically bound atoms, at the surface or in the bulk of a solid, contains the traps for energy absorption provided by the valence band electron transitions; the core-level excitation of any origin is coupled with traps forming the multichannel route for energy dissipation. This chapter displays tracing over these channels by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT). Conformity between energy losses in the XPS spectra and electron transitions in relevant unit cells is verified by the examples of the pristine and half fluorinated graphite C2F, and the Br2-embedded C2F. Perfect XPS-DFT combination can be useful for material science providing exhaustive data on state and geometry of the atoms in a sample, regardless the field of its application. The valence band is insensitive to the energy source for its excitation. It makes the behavior of energy losses in XPS spectra of the atoms to be a descriptor of bonding between these atoms in multicomponent materials. Moreover, the state of any component can be tracked through change or invariability of satellites in the relevant XPS spectra, obtained in the course of the external influence, thus revealing a wear performance of the material.",signatures:"Alexander R. Cholach",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62867",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62867",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63360",title:"Efficient Microbial Decontamination of Translucent Liquids and Gases Using Optical Metamaterials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80639",slug:"efficient-microbial-decontamination-of-translucent-liquids-and-gases-using-optical-metamaterials",totalDownloads:1180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An effective way of decontamination using optical metamaterials like photonic crystals consisting of glass microspheres or granulated quartz with various geometries is proposed. The efficient decontamination using the evanescent zone of metamaterials opens a new perspective in pathogen decontamination. We propose different topological structures of metamaterials to enlarge the contact surface of ultraviolet radiation with polluted translucent fluids. The approach is based upon the increased transfer of UV radiation via evanescent waves of metamaterials into contaminated translucent fluids. A series of experimental estimations of the decontamination rate of this type of metamaterials have been made. For these investigations, a decontamination core filled up with metamaterials is used through which the contaminated fluid freely flows. Experiments have conclusively proved that evanescent zone of quartz and optical fiber metamaterials can effectively inactivate Coliform (including Escherichia coli), or Enterococcus bacteria, as well as yeast and Kombucha cultures.",signatures:"Nicolae Enaki, Sergiu Bizgan, Andrei Nistreanu, Viorica Tonu,\nMarina Turcan, Tatiana Pislari, Elena Starodub, Aurelia Profir,\nGianina-Florentina Popescu-Pelin, Maria Badiceanu, Carmen-\nGeorgeta Ristoscu and Ion N. Mihailescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63360",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63360",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62588",title:"Advanced Surface Treatments for Improving the Biocompatibility of Prosthesis and Medical Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79532",slug:"advanced-surface-treatments-for-improving-the-biocompatibility-of-prosthesis-and-medical-implants",totalDownloads:1190,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During the last two decades, numerous surface treatments have been developed to improve the biocompatibility of different types of prosthesis and other medical implants. Some of these devices are subject to demanding loading and friction conditions (e.g., hip, knee, and spine prosthesis). However, for other implants, there are more specific requirements as it happens for coronary stents or pacemaker electrodes. The materials used for the manufacture of the aforementioned devices are subjected to very high restrictions in terms of biocompatibility, in particular on chemical composition, corrosion resistance, or ion release. As a consequence, most of prosthesis and other implants are made of a limited number of materials such as titanium alloys, stainless steels, cobalt-chromium alloys, UHMWPE, or PEEK. Unfortunately, from a strict point of view, none of these materials meet all the requirements that would be desirable in terms of durability and prevention of infections and inflammatory processes. Coatings and other surface treatments have been developed to solve these problems and to improve biocompatibility. In this chapter, we present an updated review of the most used surface engineering technologies for biomaterials, like novel PVD coatings, ion implantation, and other plasma spray treatments, as well as a critical review of the characterization techniques. This study is completed with an insight into the future of the field.",signatures:"José A. García, Pedro J. Rivero, Rocío Ortiz, Iban Quintana and\nRafael J. Rodríguez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62588",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7770",title:"Friction, Lubrication and Wear",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9811d708b3a24330f50e319ee70c003f",slug:"friction-lubrication-and-wear",bookSignature:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7770.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185329",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman",surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"mohammad-asaduzzaman-chowdhury",fullName:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9867",title:"Composite Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30cffe429a772008121d9ec81db6224a",slug:"composite-materials",bookSignature:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury, José Luis Rivera Armenta, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Asiri and Inamuddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9867.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185329",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman",surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"mohammad-asaduzzaman-chowdhury",fullName:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7550",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d09bcd91e393d15a578f1b632f118e7",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",bookSignature:"Ambrish Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215348",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrish",surname:"Singh",slug:"ambrish-singh",fullName:"Ambrish Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98b8dfac28575877f1846a661c9150bc",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. 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Structural damage is a typical defect in metallic structures and components that are exposed to deformations during the manufacturing process. Such undesired physical discontinuities imply quality level affectation of the final products and even the posterior performances when subjected to complex and cyclic loadings during their service. Thus, in the last years, a more comprehensive attention has been taken to nondestructive testing (NDT) methods in order to inspect the internal characteristics of metallic components for looking for internal defects or discontinuities.
\n
In this regard, the use of conventional Acoustic Emission (AE) transducers has the advantages of moderate cost and easy implementation, and it allows the generation of specific waveforms with a known pulse shape. Although these methods provide satisfactory results, AE transducers also show some drawbacks including the low output power, that prevents such systems from being used remotely, low frequency bandwidth range, that makes necessary the use of arrays or ultrasonic scanners increasing the system overall cost, small surface area, that prevents covering large object areas at once, and low spatial resolution in the excited volume. Ultrasonic transducers use waves with central frequencies ranging from fractions to multiples of MHz. AE analysis commonly relies on either of two schemes, pulse-echo mode or pitch-catch mode. Pulse-echo mode is more useful in applications where it is required to use only one sensor for the send/receive signals. This has some limitations on some data acquisition speed and sensor’s sensitivity and size. It is also hard to recognize the location of the defects at an angle. Hence, the defect should be vertically aligned with the sensor in order to catch it. The pitch-catch mode offers more flexibility to work in both transmission and reflection modes where it is possible to more deeply investigate the ultrasonic-material interaction at different levels inside the material and extract more data concerning the defect by taking measurements at different angles. However, this technique is more expensive as it requires the use of many sensors, and the data processing is slower [1, 2, 3]. The frequency of the ultrasonic signal used affects the sensitivity and resolution of the measured defect dimensions. At higher frequencies, smaller defects can be detected more accurately. However, increasing the frequency has a negative impact on wave propagation inside the material. In other words, higher frequencies travel closer to the surface. So, the portion of the waves that penetrate to the depth of the material is reduced, thus leading to weaker possibilities to catch deeply embedded defects. Most of the available ultrasonic NDT instruments use these types of conventional AE transducers. Typically, they analyze the ultrasonic pulse’s Time of Flight (TOF) through the material under test (from the transducer to the receiver) in order to identify discontinuities in the structure corresponding to potential defects.
\n
As an alternative, photonic approaches based on laser-induced ultrasonic and optical detection showed up as valuable competitors to the conventional ultrasonic techniques in the NDT field. These techniques offer the possibility of remote transmission and detection at a much higher resolution [4, 5]. The energy carried by a laser pulse incident on an isotropic specimen is rapidly absorbed into a shallow volume of the material and creates a localized heating, which results in a thermo-elastic expansion of the material, inducing a stress wave that generates an acoustic pulse [2]. Such thermoelastic effect plays an important role in ultrasonic wave generation when the power density of the pulsed laser is lower than the ablation threshold of material. Ultrasonic waves mainly include longitudinal waves, shear waves, surface acoustic waves, and Lamb waves. Optical systems based on the laser technology can be used as well for the detection of transmitted and/or reflected acoustic waves. Several methods are implemented for this purpose. The vibration created by the acoustic wave at the surface can be optically detected using several approaches. They include optical interference techniques where a laser beam, reflected by the object surface, interferes with a reference beam. The interference fringes provide information about the crack’s position and size. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is the simplest example for how interference fringes are generated. The holographic interferometry technique is most commonly used for crack localization and flaw size determination [6]. It can detect very small details of the object under test. The optical approaches have important advantages such as the remote noncontact application, remote control, and generation of broadband frequency waves from kHz to GHz, high output power and the possibility to easily scan a larger object area at once. As an example of this performance, the work presented by Zhao et al. used this method for fatigue and subsurface crack detection [7]. Also, Erdahl discussed a valuable example of this approach to inspect multi-layered ceramic capacitors [8]. The main drawbacks of optical detection methods are their critical stability and the need for an anti-vibration setup in order to obtain reliable results, which make them very expensive and hard to apply to certain related fields. On the other side, it is difficult to control the acoustic pulse shape as this mainly depends on the optical beam absorption properties at the material surface.
\n
In this regard, a third approach represented by a hybrid scheme, composed by laser-ultrasonics, is considered a good trade-off in order to take advantage of both strategies, that is, the advantages of the optical system for generating artificial acoustic emission waves, as well as using a conventional ultrasonic transducer for detection. This significantly shows interesting results that overcome the drawback of the other schemes. Laser-ultrasonics offers an alternative to conventional ultrasonic techniques in the field of NDT evaluation. It allows inspection at a far distance from the object allowing the remote investigation of the test specimen without the need for a direct contact. Additionally, this technique features a broader frequency bandwidth compared with the limited bandwidth of the conventional ultrasonic transducers. Practically speaking, laser-ultrasonics covers the majority of the ultrasonic bandwidth which is important for various applications involving material characterization [2]. Indeed, the potential of this hybrid sensing scheme, combined with performative signal processing techniques, results in a promising field of study. Many researchers have made efforts to investigate the features of laser-generated acoustic waves and got substantial research achievements. For example, Zhang et al. studied empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to analyze the ultrasonic signals captured from an object that suffers from a certain defect which is followed by the Fourier transform of the selected intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) extracted from the EMD [9]. Also, Li et al. studied the laser-generated ultrasonic wave frequency characteristics in order to analyze crack effects and extract them from their generated frequency components [2]. Dixon et al. used pulsed laser-generated ultrasonics and EMAT for detecting the crack position using the B-scan study in time and frequency domains [10]. Lee discussed the ultrasonic flaw signal and technique to extract features using the fast Fourier transform and discrete wavelet transform [11]. All these studies conclude that broadband frequency components appear in the ultrasonic waves generated by the laser impulse. The Fourier Transform (FT) is the simplest and most straight forward topology for separating the frequency’s components and studying their responses individually. However, it has some drawbacks since it does not allow the visualization of the temporal fingerprints of those individual frequencies. This makes it harder to figure out which frequency component corresponds to the defect. That necessitates the use of a stronger technique as the Wavelet Transform (WT) in order to analyze these frequency components and extract only those that correspond to the defect under investigation. Thus, the WT shows what frequencies are present and their impact on the time domain. Hence, it is possible to distinguish temporal and spectral behaviors, both at a time. This property helps to get more specific information about the TOF of possible reflected signals from the material with defects. Higher frequencies travel faster and closer to the surface of the object under test, compared with the lower frequencies. The wavelet technique helps to visualize the propagated frequencies at certain time instants in the ultrasonic signal life time.
\n
Considering the nature of the acoustic emission waves generated by the laser excitation, the detection of the TOF represents a challenge that is being currently attended to by the scientific community [12]. Although some studies have exhibited the potential of the WT to analyze acoustic emission signals, the analysis and interpretation of the resulting time-frequency maps under a laser-ultrasonic scheme is still a challenge, mainly with respect to the determination of the TOF, where the error minimization is highly important. In fact, the error in determining the TOF, due to the presence of defects in the material under inspection, could become a challenge due to inconsistencies in the analysis. In this regard, the wavelet transform capabilities and some of the most recent variants exported from other fields of investigation, as the Synchrosqueezed Transform (ST), are considered. Thus, in this chapter, a defective metallic component for damage detection and visualization, through a laser-ultrasonic approach and detection of AE waves TOF, is studied. For this objective, the wavelet transform performance, as a time-frequency processing tool, and its results, are studied, compared with a promising variant called synchrosqueezed transform. This chapter is organized as follows: The theoretical basis and its suitability for the ultrasound processing of the wavelet transform and the synchrosqueezed transform are presented in Section 2. The materials and method, including the experimental setup, are explained in Section 3. The competency of the techniques and the experimental results are presented and discussed in Section 4. Finally, this chapter shows the conclusion dissemination in Section 5.
\n
\n
\n
2. Theoretical considerations
\n
\n
2.1 Wavelet transform
\n
The conventional Fourier series representation gives the information of frequency components in a periodic signal (inability to provide frequency information over a period of time). The simplest solution, then, is to apply the FT within a limited time interval. Thus, the time window is shifted, and frequency components are obtained using the FT. This is the principal idea of the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT). However, due to its fixed time window, its capabilities in front of complex nonstationary signals, where frequency components vary widely over a short time interval, are reduced. The wavelet transform overcomes such limitations by introducing a scaling function, which gives a variable time window. The WT provides a variable frequency resolution unlike the FT and STFT which have a constant resolution [13].
\n
The selection of the mother wavelet provides different characteristics of the input signal set that can emphasize certain features at the output. The flexibility of choosing the optimal mother wavelet is one of the advantages of using the WT, since the choice of the mother wavelet for a particular problem improves the signal processing capability of the technique. If the shape of the signal to be detected is known a priori, a replica of the set can be utilized as the mother wavelet function, or the mother wavelet can be chosen from a set of theoretical signals. The Mexican hat, Morlet and Daubechies4 (db4) wavelets have been proven to be efficient in improving the signal strength and reducing the noise, making the WT-based technique extremely useful for flaw detection (Figure 1).
\n
Figure 1.
Examples of wavelets used for acoustic emission processing. (a) Mexican hat. (b) Daubechies. (c) Morlet.
\n\n\n
The wavelet transform employs a sliding window function that is used to decompose the signal into a sum of wavelets added together. Each wavelet has finite propagation in time determined by the window size. These wavelets are limited in time, whereas sinusoidal functions, which are used for the Fourier series and Fourier transform, are continuous in the whole time range. Hence, we can use these wavelets that can be stretched/compressed in frequency and shifted in time to correlate them with the original signal under analysis in order to determine the set of frequencies propagating at any instantaneous time to a certain level of accuracy that is still not completely accurate due to the uncertainty principle, but this accuracy is sufficient to acquire enough information about both time and frequency composition of the signal.
\n
Assuming that a multicomponent time series signal of interest v(t) can be expressed in the general form (Eq. 1):
where ak(t) are the time-dependent instantaneous amplitudes, ϕk(t) denotes the instantaneous phases, and consequently, ϕ’k(t) represents its instantaneous frequencies. The wavelet transform can be represented Eq. (2), where the wavelet transform Wv from the v(t) signal is obtained:
where ψ* is the complex conjugation of the mother wavelet (a continuous function in both the time domain and the frequency domain). A scale factor a either stretches (a is large), or compresses (a is small) the signal, where a = ωo/ω, ω is the angular frequency and ωo is the angular frequency shift, while b is the signal’s time shift [14, 15, 16]. The main purpose of the mother wavelet is to provide a source function to generate the daughter wavelets which are simply the translated and scaled versions of the mother wavelet.
\n
\n
\n
2.2 Synchrosqueezed transform
\n
Although, in comparison with the time-dependent Fourier transform (i.e., STFT), the achieved resolution of the time-frequency representation (TFR) by means of the wavelet analysis is certainly improved, its use still entails uncertainties on the distribution of energy for the said representation. This becomes particularly evident for nonstationary signals with a higher multimodal complexity. While it is true that these inaccuracies somehow respond to the Heisenberg-Gabor uncertainty principle [17], the fact is that they are heavily related to the choice of the wavelet function with regard to the phenomenon of the application.
\n
In order to overcome this drawback, alternative TFR strategies have been developed. As is the case of the Wigner-Ville distribution (and their modified alternatives, e.g., Gabor-Wigner, Choi-Williams, Cohen’s class, Zhao-Atlas marks, among others), despite accomplishing high resolution TFRs, their use results in additional difficulties as in the case of high computational load and artificial frequency components due to the interference between actual ones (cross-term property).
\n
An additional TFR technique is the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT); by means of an Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) of the analyzed signal, a collection of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) is obtained, which, along with the Hilbert spectral analysis, will lead to a time-frequency depiction. Although having been successfully applied in a wide range of fields due to adaptively decomposing the signal of interest, its use also carries some drawbacks. Such is the case of a high computation load, the requirement of a stopping criterion for the EMD, the difficulty for discerning separate frequency components in narrow-band signals and a mix of modal components.
\n
A more recent TFR framework inspired, by the adaptive approach of the HHT and the redistribution concept of the Wigner-class analysis, is the Synchrosqueezing Transform (ST). This framework was developed with the aim to eliminate distorted interference terms while concentrating the energy on their corresponding modal components. This method, belonging to the family of the time-frequency energy reassignment, has arisen with the advantages of offering a better adaptability with regard to the signal, lesser deformation for the IF profiles, and by preserving the time, it admits an exact reconstruction formula for the constituent modal components (i.e., existence of an inverse transformation). Originally proposed for Daubechies [18] for an auditory application and revised for several authors [19, 20, 21, 22, 23], it works by redistributing the misallocated energy on the scale axis (due to the mother wavelet).
\n
As aforementioned, the wavelet analysis leads to a depiction of the instantaneous frequencies ϕ’k(t) of each existing component in the signal v(t) by a correlation between said signal and a chosen atom (mother-wavelet), thus using a scaled and translated version of the mother-wavelet over v(t). Nevertheless, under this framework is presented energy spreading over the TFR associated due to the selection of the mother-wavelet as well as for the Heisenberg-Gabor uncertainty principle, affecting the intelligibility of the analysis. The aim of the synchrosqueezed wavelet transform is to partially reassign the spread energy that occurred during the wavelet analysis for the frequency dimension only, by analyzing each component of the TFR. Therefore, it is necessary that the modal components are intrinsic mode type functions (IMT). Hence, by preserving the time dimension, it is possible to enable an inverse transformation of the obtained signal toward a time series. The wavelet synchrosqueezed transform (WST) involves the following steps. First, obtaining a wavelet transform Wv from the v(t) signal following Eq. (2). Thus, ψ represents the analytic mother wavelet existing only for positive frequencies, that is, the Fourier transform of the mother-wavelet F[ψ] given by:
Second, extracting the IF from the wavelet transform. As each scale a of Eq. (5) corresponds to a natural frequency ξ/ω0, satisfying the relation a = c/ξ where c is the center frequency of the mother-wavelet ψ*; it concentrates the energy of the transformation around this frequency. By supposing that the shift time b is fixed, and if ξ = c/a is close, but not exactly located at the instantaneous frequency ϕ’k(t), the coefficient Wv(a,b) will contain some residual nonzero energy (i.e., |Wv(a,b)|2 > 0), smearing the TFR. The aim of the synchrosqueezing is to remove this residual energy centered around ξ and reallocating it to a frequency location closer to its corresponding instantaneous frequency ϕ’k(t). So, it is necessary to compute the instantaneous frequency of the wavelet analysis for which Wv(a,b) ≠ 0, by the phase transformation:
Third, “squeezing” the wavelet transform over the regions where the phase transformation is constant.
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During the scale-frequency mapping, that is, (a,b) → (ωv(a,b),b), the synchrosqueezing is applied to reassign the time-scale representation of the TF. Thus, for a fixed shift time b, the frequency reassignment ωv(a,b) is carried out for all a scale values by means of Eq. (5), to then, for each frequency of interest ωl, compute the synchrosqueezing by adding all values Wv(a,b), where the reassigned frequency ωv(a,b) is equal to ωl. This is achieved by means of the mapping (for discrete values):
where Δω = ωl − ω(l−1), (Δa)k = ak − a(k−1), ωl is the lth discrete angular frequency, and ak is the kth discrete scale point. Finally, the instantaneous angular frequency can be normalized by 2π as the IF f = ω/2π.
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In general, the modal components from the synchrosqueezed analysis are separated well enough in the TF plane. For a given signal, if this condition is actually met, their modal components could be treated as intrinsic mode function types and their trajectories (known as wavelet ridges) can be tracked over the TF plane as their energy varies in terms of the function of time, enabling their transformation into the time domain.
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3. Method and material
\n
In order to analyze the suitability of the wavelet transform and the synchrosqueezing to extract a proper TOF related to defect location, a specific experimental bench has been arranged. The procedure is based on five steps. The first step consists of the caption of the ultrasonic signals received by the ultrasonic sensors from all considered laser scan points. These acquired signals are then processed by a noise filtering algorithm and an interpolation and bandpass filter to remove any unimportant components. The resulting A-scan signals are then ready for the next step of applying the wavelet or the synchrosqueezed transform. These transforms will generate the time frequency maps that are useful for detecting the most important propagating frequencies with respect to their times of flight. In order to further clean the signal, it is proposed to apply a signal contouring algorithm. This will help to identify the areas with uniform intensities, and the signal distribution will become clearer. It should be noted that the most important feature in this kind of algorithm is the expected time of flight for the signal. This time of flight is used later on detecting the distance between the sensor and the defect based on the speed of propagation of the ultrasonic waves (Figure 2).
\n\n
Figure 2.
The sequence flow chart of the signal processing procedure for the analysis.
\n\n
The distance between the individual laser scan points and the receiving sensor is known a priori. In addition, the dimensions of the object under test are also known. In this regard, the time of flight of the main echoes should be equal to, or greater than, either the distance of the path from the laser direct to the sensor, or from the laser to any object boundary and reflecting back to the sensor whichever found shorter. Thus, the distance between the laser and the object boundaries is larger than the direct distance between the laser and the sensor. In addition, if there is any existing defect inside the material, this would create an internal deflection with a distance shorter than that of the object’s boundaries. Hence, it is expected that the first main echo received in the analysis is due to the laser’s direct propagation toward the sensor, and the second main echo, in this case, should be due to the deflections from any existing defect.
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The TOF corresponding to the presence of the defect will be equal to the sum of TOF from source of excitation to the defect scatterer and the TOF from the defect scatterer to the receiving sensor. IF this TOF is converted to distance by multiplying by the longitudinal velocity of sound in the material, we can see that the position of the defect scatter would be any point at the surface of a locus ellipsoid whose two foci are the exciter and sensor positions [24].
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An aluminum cube, with dimensions of 200 mm3, and with an embedded cylindrical defect is considered to investigate the detection capabilities of the wavelet and synchrosqueezed transforms. The sample’s structure and the position of the defect are shown in the next figure. The hole under investigation is the one on the top around the scan area of the laser-generated ultrasound (Figure 3).
\n\n
Figure 3.
Aluminum specimen, internal damage, and laser scan area. All dimensions are in millimeters. (a) Isometric view. (b) Front view. (c) Top view.
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\n
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4. Experimental results
\n
This section shows the wavelet analysis of each A-scan signals detected by the sensor at positions indicated in Table 1. Three different types of mother wavelets are used to analyze the signal, namely the Mexican hat, Morlet, and db4. The three mother wavelets are very popular for ultrasound wave analysis due to their high correlation with the ultrasound wave form.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Scan point
\n
X position
\n
Y position
\n
True time of flight
\n
\n\n\n
\n
R1
\n
11
\n
51
\n
19.65
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
31
\n
51
\n
18.30
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
81
\n
51
\n
17.10
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Scan points considered for samples inspection.
\n\n
Figure 4 shows the cross section front view at XY plane of the cylindrical defect embedded at depth of the object. The position of the three scan points at the surface of the object are superimposed on same Figure for clarification the horizontal and vertical spacing from cylindrical defect. The exact data of the position of each scan point is represented in Table 1.
\n\n
Figure 4.
Scan points considered for sample inspection and synthetic defect location.
\n\n
Figure 5 shows the absolute position of the defect cylinder represented by top view for the three scanning points. In addition, the locus ellipsoid estimation based on distance corresponding to TOF from exciter to defect point scatter and back to the receiving sensor for the three scanning points. It can be seen that the intersection between the ellipsoid and the cylinder happens at the point of back scattering from the defect to the sensor.
\n\n
Figure 5.
Ellipsoid locus of defect position based on true time of Flight estimation resulting from the scan point and acoustic transducer positions. (a) Scan point 1. (b) Scan point 2. (c) Scan point 3.
\n\n
It is shown in Figure 6 the wavelet contour map generated using Morlet WT. It is clear that the WT analysis resulted in clustering the signal into groups of segregated echoes. Each echo is governed by its intensity level, time duration, and scale levels. Scale levels are inversely proportional to the frequency spectrum. Hence, we can see at the top of the WT spectrum lies the echoes with low frequencies, while the echoes at the bottom correspond to high frequency components. Each of these echoes starts at a certain time shift, and it is clear that the start of the echo is occurring at lower frequencies with less intensity, and later the higher frequency components start to appear with their intensity level increasing. TOF of the first echo is corresponding to the direct surface propagation of the signal from the excitation point to the receiving sensor position, while TOF of the second large echo signal is corresponding to the reflected signal from the defect. It is possible to estimate the corresponding TOF based on that conclusion to be 20, 19, and 18.5 μs for Figure 6a–c, respectively. Figure 7 and Figure 8 represent the same wavelet echo analysis for Mexican hat and db4 mother wavelets respectively. Table 2 show the resulting TOF from the internal defects at three scan points with reference to the different mother wavelets while Table 3 shows the error of the resulting TOF compared to the calculated true TOF for each of the cases in (Table 2). It is found that the use of the Morlet mother wavelet gives the least estimation error and it is apparently the most accurate mother wavelet to use for this kind of analysis.
\n\n
Figure 6.
Resulting wavelet contour maps with Morlet wavelet. (a) Scan point 1. (b) Scan point 2. (c) Scan point 3.
\n
Figure 7.
Resulting wavelet contour maps with Mexican hat wavelet. (a) Scan point 1. (b) Scan point 2. (c) Scan point 3.
\n
Figure 8.
Resulting wavelet contour maps with db24 wavelet. (a) Scan point 1. (b) Scan point 2. (c) Scan point 3.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Wavelet
\n
Scan point 1
\n
Scan point 2
\n
Scan point 3
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Morlet
\n
20.22
\n
18.58
\n
18.28
\n
\n
\n
Mexican hat
\n
23.05
\n
19.98
\n
20.98
\n
\n
\n
Db4
\n
21.65
\n
18.95
\n
18.50
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Resulting time of flight from the internal defect in microseconds.
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\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Wavelet
\n
Scan point 1
\n
Scan point 2
\n
Scan point 3
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Morlet
\n
0.57
\n
0.28
\n
1.18
\n
\n
\n
Mexican hat
\n
3.40
\n
1.68
\n
3.88
\n
\n
\n
Db4
\n
2.00
\n
0.65
\n
1.40
\n
\n\n
Table 3.
Resulting time of flight error compared with the true time of flight, in microseconds.
\n\n
For the case of the TFR that results from the application of the SSWT, it can be observed that by the accurate redistribution of the energy that compose to the signal, the obtained images achieve an improved depiction of their modal frequencies in comparison with the conventional CWT, aiding to superiorly identify the behavior of the phenomenon. Moreover, for the scope of application of this study, by identifying the first instant of time when the bi-dimensional manifold created by means of the contour mapping of the SSWT apparently becomes closed by connecting all the modal frequencies of the signal of interest, it is possible to determine the onset of said signal.
\n
As is well known, the accurate determination of this instant of time is critical for the TOF-related methods; hence, by means of this methodology, the required precision for the onset pick is achieved when only the signal waveform is used for this purpose. Synchrosqueezing wavelet transform contour map for the scan points of interest and TOF estimation are calculated Figures 9, Figures 10, Figures 11. Tables 4, Tables 5. show the resulting TOF for the three scan points and Table 5 shows the corresponding error with comparison to the true TOF.
\n\n\n
Figure 9.
Synchrosqueezing wavelet transform contour map of the scan point 1. (a) Time-based signal. (b) Synchrosqueezing transform contour map. (c) Detail of the time-based signal. (d) Detail of the synchrosqueezing transform contour map with an initial presence of acoustic activity at 21.08 μs, 2.87 MHz @−80.31 dB.
\n
Figure 10.
Synchrosqueezing wavelet transform contour map of the scan point 2. (a) Time-based signal. (b) Synchrosqueezing transform contour map. (c) Detail of the time-based signal. (d) Detail of the synchrosqueezing transform contour map with an initial presence of acoustic activity at 23.56 μs, 2.15 MHz @−84.04 dB.
\n
Figure 11.
Synchrosqueezing wavelet transform contour map of the scan point 3. (a) Time-based signal. (b) Synchrosqueezing transform contour map. (c) Detail of the time-based signal. (d) Detail of the synchrosqueezing transform contour map with an initial presence of acoustic activity at 20.244 μs, 2.57 MHz @−89.64 dB.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
\n
Scan point 1
\n
Scan point 2
\n
Scan point 3
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Synchrosqueezing transform
\n
21.08
\n
23.56
\n
20.24
\n
\n\n
Table 4.
Resulting time of flight from the internal defect in microseconds.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
\n
Scan point 1
\n
Scan point 2
\n
Scan point 3
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Synchrosqueezing transform
\n
1.43
\n
5.26
\n
3.14
\n
\n\n
Table 5.
Resulting time of flight error compared with the true time of flight, in microseconds.
\n\n
Nevertheless, considerations must be taken in order to not analyze a very small signal, this with the aim to avoid the negative effects of the Cone of Influence (COI) of the CWT, since the SSWT still leads to inaccuracies for these areas.
\n
\n
\n
5. Conclusion
\n
Indeed, the acoustic emission phenomena have been utilized as a powerful tool with the purpose to either detect, locate or assess damage for a wide range of applications. Derived from its monitoring, one of the major challenges in analyzing the resulting wavelet or synchrosqueezing transform signal is to identify and extract each generated AE event. Typically, this event detection is carried out by a thresholding approach over the raw signal. In this regard, the wavelet algorithm has resulted in a very useful and successful technique in detecting the time of flight of the acoustic emission echoes generated by defects at their corresponding frequencies. The accuracy of the algorithm was investigated experimentally using metallic structure. This algorithm is more powerful than the conventional Fourier transform algorithm. Various mother wavelets have been used to compare the correlation between the mother wavelet and the acquired A-scan signals. A mother wavelet with higher correlation would provide more accurate results. Thus, it is important to select the mother wavelet carefully to avoid misleading results. In regard with the synchrosqueezing transform, although improved resolution capabilities, the error in regard with the time of flight determination is not reduced. The Morlet wavelet is revealed as the most suitable wavelet dealing with such acoustic emission waves generated by means of LASER excitation.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
This work was supported in part by the CONACyT scholarship grant number 411711, Mexico, and the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under the TRA2016-80472-R Research Project, Spain.
\n
\n
Conflict of interest
\n
All authors declare that no conflict of interest exists at the time of manuscript submission.
\n
\n',keywords:"laser ultrasound, internal defect detection, wavelet transform, synchrosqueezed transform, time of flight, nondestructive testing",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66025.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/66025.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66025",totalDownloads:1379,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:3,dateSubmitted:"November 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"February 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 3rd 2019",datePublished:"November 6th 2019",dateFinished:"March 7th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Laser-generated ultrasound represents an interesting nondestructive testing technique that is being investigated in the last years as performative alternative to classical ultrasonic-based approaches. The greatest difficulty in analyzing the acoustic emission response is that an in-depth knowledge of how acoustic waves propagate through the tested composite is required. In this regard, different signal processing approaches are being applied in order to assess the significance of features extracted from the resulting analysis. In this study, the detection capabilities of internal defects in a metallic sample are proposed to be studied by means of the time-frequency analysis of the ultrasonic waves resulting from laser-induced thermal mechanism. In the proposed study, the use of the wavelet transform considering different wavelet variants is considered due to its multi-resolution time-frequency characteristics. Also, a significant time-frequency technique widely applied in other fields of research is applied, the synchrosqueezed transform.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66025",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66025",signatures:"Hossam Selim, Fernando Piñal Moctezuma, Miguel Delgado Prieto, José Francisco Trull, Luis Romeral Martínez and Crina Cojocaru",book:{id:"7653",type:"book",title:"Wavelet Transform and Complexity",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wavelet Transform and Complexity",slug:"wavelet-transform-and-complexity",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Dumitru Baleanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7653.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-659-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-658-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-660-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"105623",title:"Dr.",name:"Dumitru",middleName:null,surname:"Baleanu",slug:"dumitru-baleanu",fullName:"Dumitru Baleanu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Theoretical considerations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Wavelet transform",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Synchrosqueezed transform",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Method and material",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Experimental results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Park JW, Yang IY, Im KH, Hsu DK, Song SJ, Kim HJ, et al. Nondestructive evaluation of rayleigh pitch-catch contact ultrasound waves on impacted-damaged composites. Materials Science Forum. 2008;566:267-272. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.566.267'},{id:"B2",body:'Li J, Zhang H, Ni C, Shen Z. Analysis of laser generated ultrasonic wave frequency characteristics induced by a partially closed surface-breaking crack. Applied Optics. 2013;52:4179-4185. DOI: 10.1364/AO.52.004179'},{id:"B3",body:'Tiwari KA, Raisutis R, Samaitis V. Hybrid signal processing technique to improve the defect estimation in ultrasonic non-destructive testing of composite structures. Sensors. 2017;17(12):2858. DOI: 10.3390/s17122858'},{id:"B4",body:'Everton SK, Dickens P, Tuck C, Dutton B. Identification of sub-surface defects in parts produced by additive manufacturing, using laser generated ultrasound. In Materials Science & Technology Conference and Exhibition. 2016;1:141-148'},{id:"B5",body:'Shan Q , Dewhurst RJ. Surface-breaking fatigue crack detection using laser ultrasound. Applied Physics Letters. 1993;62:2649-2651. DOI: 10.1063/1.109274'},{id:"B6",body:'Kreis T. Application of digital holography for nondestructive testing and metrology: A review. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2016;12:240-247. DOI: 10.1109/TII.2015.2482900'},{id:"B7",body:'Zhao Y, Ma J, Liu S, Guo R, Song J, Qing Z. Laser ultrasonic technique applied to inspect fatigue crack. In: FENDT 2013–Proceedings of 2013 Far East Forum on Nondestructive Evaluation/Testing: New Technology and Application; 2013. pp. 205-8. DOI:10.1109/FENDT.2013.6635557'},{id:"B8",body:'Erdahl DS, Ume IC. Online-offline laser ultrasonic quality inspection tool for multilayer ceramic capacitors–Part I. IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging. 2004;27:647-653. DOI: 10.1109/TADVP.2004.831823'},{id:"B9",body:'Zhang Y, Yang LU, Fan J. Study on feature extraction and classification of ultrasonic flaw signals. Wseas Transactions on Mathematics. 2010;9:529-538'},{id:"B10",body:'Dixon S, Burrows SE, Dutton B, Fan Y. Detection of cracks in metal sheets using pulsed laser generated ultrasound and EMAT detection. Ultrasonics. 2011;51:7-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2010.05.002'},{id:"B11",body:'Lee K, Estivill-Castro V. Feature extraction and gating techniques for ultrasonic shaft signal classification. Journal Applied Soft Computing. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2005.05.003'},{id:"B12",body:'Zhang P, Ying CF, Shen J. Directivity patterns of laser thermoelastically generated ultrasound in metal with consideration of thermal conductivity. Ultrasonics. 1997;35:233-240. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-624X(96)00106-0'},{id:"B13",body:'Gómez M, Castejón C, García-Prada J. Review of recent advances in the application of the wavelet transform to diagnose cracked rotors. Algorithms. 2016;9:19. DOI: 10.3390/a9010019'},{id:"B14",body:'Choi J, Hong JW. Characterization of wavelet coefficients for ultrasonic signals. Journal of Applied Physics. 2010;107. DOI: 10.1063/1.3429087'},{id:"B15",body:'Gao RX, Yan R. Wavelets: Theory and Applications for Manufacturing. US: Springer; 2011. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1545-0. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1545-0'},{id:"B16",body:'Abbate A, Frankel J, Das P. Wavelet Transform Signal Processing Applied to Ultrasonics. In: Thompson D.O., Chimenti D.E. (eds) Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. Boston, MA : Springer. 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0383-1_97'},{id:"B17",body:'Gabor D. Theory of communication * part 1. The analysis of information. Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers–Part III: Radio and Communication Engineering. 1945;93:429-457. DOI: 10.1049/ji-3-2.1946.0074'},{id:"B18",body:'Daubechies I, Lu J, Wu H-T. Synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms: An empirical mode decomposition-like tool. Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis. 2011;30:243-261. DOI: 10.1016/j.acha.2010.08.002'},{id:"B19",body:'Li C, Liang M. Time–frequency signal analysis for gearbox fault diagnosis using a generalized synchrosqueezing transform. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. 2012;26:205-217. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2011.07.001'},{id:"B20",body:'Wang Z, Ren W, Liu J. A synchrosqueezed wavelet transform enhanced by extended analytical mode decomposition method for dynamic signal reconstruction. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2013;332:6016-6028. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2013.04.026'},{id:"B21",body:'Thakur G, Wu H. Synchrosqueezing-based recovery of instantaneous frequency from nonuniform samples. SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis. 2011;43:2078-2095. DOI: 10.1137/100798818'},{id:"B22",body:'Jiang Q , Suter BW. Instantaneous frequency estimation based on synchrosqueezing wavelet transform. Signal Processing. 2017;138:167-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.03.007'},{id:"B23",body:'Thakur G, Brevdo E, Fučkar NS, Wu H-T. The Synchrosqueezing algorithm for time-varying spectral analysis: Robustness properties and new paleoclimate applications. Signal Processing. 2013;93:1079-1094. DOI: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2012.11.029'},{id:"B24",body:'Selim H, Delgado Prieto M, Trull J, Romeral L, Cojocaru C. Laser Ultrasound Inspection Based on Wavelet Transform and Data Clustering for Defect Estimation in Metallic Samples. Sensors. 2019;19:573. DOI: 10.3390/s19030573'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Hossam Selim",address:null,affiliation:'
Physics Department, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain
Physics Department, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain
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Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables (FFV) are products that have been cleaned, peeled, sliced, cubed or prepared for convenience or ready-to-eat consumption but remains in a living and respiring physiological condition. Methods of preserving FFV to retain its wholesomeness includes washing with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, organic acids, warm water and ozone for disinfestation and sanitization; use of antimicrobial edible films and coatings; and controlled atmosphere storage and modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables. Exposure of intact or FFV to abiotic stress and some processing methods, induces biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the produce. Conversely, loss of vitamins and other nutrients has been reported during processing and storage of FFV, hence the need for appropriate processing techniques to retain their nutritional and organoleptic properties. FFV are still faced with the challenge of quality retention and shelf life preservation mostly during transportation and handling, without impacting on the microbiological safety of the product. Hence, food processors are continually investigating processes of retaining the nutritional, organoleptic and shelf stability of FFV.",book:{id:"5972",slug:"postharvest-handling",title:"Postharvest Handling",fullTitle:"Postharvest Handling"},signatures:"Afam I.O. Jideani, Tonna A. Anyasi, Godwin R.A. Mchau, Elohor O.\nUdoro and Oluwatoyin O. Onipe",authors:[{id:"169352",title:"Dr.",name:"Tonna",middleName:"Ashim",surname:"Anyasi",slug:"tonna-anyasi",fullName:"Tonna Anyasi"},{id:"200822",title:"Prof.",name:"Afam I. O.",middleName:null,surname:"Jideani",slug:"afam-i.-o.-jideani",fullName:"Afam I. O. Jideani"},{id:"204522",title:"Prof.",name:"Godwin R.A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mchau",slug:"godwin-r.a.-mchau",fullName:"Godwin R.A. Mchau"},{id:"204523",title:"Ms.",name:"Elohor O.",middleName:null,surname:"Udoro",slug:"elohor-o.-udoro",fullName:"Elohor O. Udoro"},{id:"205968",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluwatoyin O.",middleName:"Oladayo",surname:"Onipe",slug:"oluwatoyin-o.-onipe",fullName:"Oluwatoyin O. Onipe"}]},{id:"51857",doi:"10.5772/64688",title:"Chlorophylls and Carotenoids in Food Products from Olive Tree",slug:"chlorophylls-and-carotenoids-in-food-products-from-olive-tree",totalDownloads:2435,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"This chapter provides an updated overview about the chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments present in olive fruits and their products, table olive, and olive oil. The metabolism of these pigments during growth and ripening of the olive fruit is described. General aspects related to photosynthetic tissues and non-carotenogenic fruits, varieties and the presence of exclusive pigments, the total pigment content, and their relative proportions are highlighted. Chlorophyll and carotenoid changes during the processing of green table olives according to the main styles of preparation are described. Different reaction mechanisms depending on the removal of the bitter components by alkaline hydrolysis or by slow diffusion in brine, as well as the development of the fermentation process, are discussed. The chlorophyll degradation associated with the green staining alteration is specifically mentioned. Changes in the pigment profiles and in their concentrations associated with the virgin olive oil (VOO) elaboration are also described. Recent research works related to thermal degradation kinetics and prediction mathematical model for VOO storage are summarized. The role of the chlorophylls in the photo-oxidation of VOO is also pointed out. Finally, the pigment profiles as authenticity and freshness indices for VOO quality are emphasized.",book:{id:"5286",slug:"products-from-olive-tree",title:"Products from Olive Tree",fullTitle:"Products from Olive Tree"},signatures:"Beatriz Gandul-Rojas, María Roca and Lourdes Gallardo-Guerrero",authors:[{id:"182088",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Gallardo-Guerrero",slug:"lourdes-gallardo-guerrero",fullName:"Lourdes Gallardo-Guerrero"},{id:"184804",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Gandul-Rojas",slug:"beatriz-gandul-rojas",fullName:"Beatriz Gandul-Rojas"},{id:"184805",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"Roca",slug:"maria-roca",fullName:"María Roca"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"74767",title:"Climate Change and Citrus",slug:"climate-change-and-citrus",totalDownloads:701,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Climate change is the change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns that lasts for an extended period. Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes and affect in many ways. Citrus fruits are one of the largest fruit crops in the world. Yield loss at a drastic level due to abiotic stress annually in which temperature and water stress are the main environmental factors. These factors cause biochemical, anatomical, physiological, and genetic changes in plant structure and lead to defective growth, development, and reproduction, which ultimately cause a reduction in the economic yield of the crop. An increase in temperature and water stress at critical phenological stages of citrus results in reduced tree fruit set, decrease in fruit growth and size, increase in fruit acidity, low tree yield, reduced fruit peel thickness, and pre-harvest fruit drop. Stomatal conductance and net carbon dioxide assimilation in citrus leaves can be reduced by super optimal leaf temperature. Water deficit reduces the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance by stomatal closure associated with ABA content and causes an abrupt decrease in photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation in citrus which reduce trees overall growth and production. Interventions in agronomic practices, breeding strategies, and biotechnological approaches can mitigate climate change effects on citrus. The groundwork against climate change is compulsory for better global livelihood and food security.",book:{id:"8108",slug:"citrus-research-development-and-biotechnology",title:"Citrus",fullTitle:"Citrus - Research, Development and Biotechnology"},signatures:"Waqar Shafqat, Summar A. Naqvi, Rizwana Maqbool, Muhammad Salman Haider, Muhammad Jafar Jaskani and Iqrar A. 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Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables are usually packaged under active- or passive-modified atmosphere packaging, while its shelf life must be under refrigerated conditions. The most important goal to preserve quality and safety focuses on releasing the microbial spoilage flora, since every unit operation involved will influence the final load. Sanitation in the washing step is the only unit operation able to reduce microbial load throughout the production chain. Chlorine is widely used as an efficient sanitation agent, but some disadvantages force to find eco-friendly emerging alternatives. It is necessary to deal with aspects related to sustainability because it could positively contribute to the net carbon balance besides reducing its use. Several innovative techniques seem to reach that target. However, industrial changes for replacing conventional techniques request a fine knowledge of the benefits and restrictions as well as a practical outlook. This chapter reviews the principles of emerging eco-friendly techniques for preserving quality and safety of fresh-cut products in order to meet the expected market’s demand.",book:{id:"5972",slug:"postharvest-handling",title:"Postharvest Handling",fullTitle:"Postharvest Handling"},signatures:"Francisco Artés-Hernández, Ginés Benito Martínez-Hernández,\nEncarna Aguayo, Perla A. Gómez and Francisco Artés",authors:[{id:"204526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Artés-Hernández",slug:"francisco-artes-hernandez",fullName:"Francisco Artés-Hernández"}]},{id:"41365",title:"Origin and History of the Olive",slug:"origin-and-history-of-the-olive",totalDownloads:5362,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"2986",slug:"olive-germplasm-the-olive-cultivation-table-olive-and-olive-oil-industry-in-italy",title:"Olive Germplasm",fullTitle:"Olive Germplasm - The Olive Cultivation, Table Olive and Olive Oil Industry in Italy"},signatures:"Catherine Marie Breton, Peter Warnock and André Jean Berville",authors:[{id:"148488",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:"Marie",surname:"Breton",slug:"catherine-breton",fullName:"Catherine Breton"},{id:"150596",title:"Dr.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Berville",slug:"andre-berville",fullName:"André Berville"},{id:"164948",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Warnock",slug:"peter-warnock",fullName:"Peter Warnock"}]},{id:"56159",title:"Processing and Preservation of Fresh-Cut Fruit and Vegetable Products",slug:"processing-and-preservation-of-fresh-cut-fruit-and-vegetable-products",totalDownloads:5809,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Fruits and vegetables are plant derived products which can be consumed in its raw form without undergoing processing or conversion. Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables (FFV) are products that have been cleaned, peeled, sliced, cubed or prepared for convenience or ready-to-eat consumption but remains in a living and respiring physiological condition. Methods of preserving FFV to retain its wholesomeness includes washing with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, organic acids, warm water and ozone for disinfestation and sanitization; use of antimicrobial edible films and coatings; and controlled atmosphere storage and modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables. Exposure of intact or FFV to abiotic stress and some processing methods, induces biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the produce. Conversely, loss of vitamins and other nutrients has been reported during processing and storage of FFV, hence the need for appropriate processing techniques to retain their nutritional and organoleptic properties. FFV are still faced with the challenge of quality retention and shelf life preservation mostly during transportation and handling, without impacting on the microbiological safety of the product. Hence, food processors are continually investigating processes of retaining the nutritional, organoleptic and shelf stability of FFV.",book:{id:"5972",slug:"postharvest-handling",title:"Postharvest Handling",fullTitle:"Postharvest Handling"},signatures:"Afam I.O. Jideani, Tonna A. Anyasi, Godwin R.A. Mchau, Elohor O.\nUdoro and Oluwatoyin O. Onipe",authors:[{id:"169352",title:"Dr.",name:"Tonna",middleName:"Ashim",surname:"Anyasi",slug:"tonna-anyasi",fullName:"Tonna Anyasi"},{id:"200822",title:"Prof.",name:"Afam I. O.",middleName:null,surname:"Jideani",slug:"afam-i.-o.-jideani",fullName:"Afam I. O. Jideani"},{id:"204522",title:"Prof.",name:"Godwin R.A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mchau",slug:"godwin-r.a.-mchau",fullName:"Godwin R.A. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/94577",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"94577"},fullPath:"/profiles/94577",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()