\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8086",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks - Design, Deployment and Applications",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:"Design, Deployment and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of tiny sensors capable of sensing, computing, and communicating. Due to advances in semiconductors, networking, and material science technologies, it is now possible to deploy large-scale WSNs. The advancement in these technologies has not only decreased the deployment and maintenance costs of networks but has also increased the life of networks and made them more rugged. As WSNs become more reliable with lower maintenance costs, they are being deployed and used across various sectors for multiple applications. This book discusses the applications, challenges, and design and deployment techniques of WSNs.",isbn:"978-1-83880-910-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-909-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-911-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77917",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-design-deployment-and-applications",numberOfPages:344,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1dd4efd7e9d6964d97acdfb61c669f14",bookSignature:"Siva S. Yellampalli",publishedDate:"September 15th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8086.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5568,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:26,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 8th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 29th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 28th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 16th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 15th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"62863",title:"Dr.",name:"Siva",middleName:null,surname:"Yellampalli",slug:"siva-yellampalli",fullName:"Siva Yellampalli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62863/images/system/62863.jpg",biography:"Dr. Siva Yellampalli is a Professor of Practice in the School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University, Andhra Pradesh, India. He obtained his MS and Ph.D. from Louisiana State University, USA. His research focuses on system-level design for power optimization. His area of research encompasses different fields such as very-large-scale integration (VLSI), mixed-signal circuits/system development, the Internet of Things (IoT), and sensors. He published a book in the area of mixed-signal design and edited two books on carbon nanotubes and one book on micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensors. Dr. Yellampalli has also published more than 100 international journal papers and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) conference papers. He has also delivered keynote speeches at international conferences in Canada, Dubai, and Spain including tutorials at various IEEE International conferences. He has been a consultant to various semiconductor companies.",institutionString:"SRM University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"SRM University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"761",title:"Wireless Communication Network",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-wireless-communication-network"}],chapters:[{id:"76818",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97079",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-applications",totalDownloads:371,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wireless sensor networks consist of small nodes with identifying component by sensing, computation, and wireless communications infrastructure capabilities. Many path searching means routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. Routing protocols in WSNs might differ depending on the application and network architecture. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) provide several types of applications providing comfortable and smart-economic life. A multidisciplinary research area such as wireless sensor networks, where close collaboration in some users, application domain experts, hardware designers, and software developers is needed to implement efficient systems. The easy molding, fault tolerance, high sensing fidelity, low price, and rapid deployment features of sensor networks create various new and thrilling application areas for remote sensing. In the future, this wide range of application areas will make sensor networks an essential part of our lives. However, understanding of sensor networks needs to satisfy the constraints presented by factors such as fault tolerance, scalability, cost, hardware, dynamic topology, environment, and power consumption.",signatures:"Bhargavi Dalal and Sampada Kukarni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76818",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76818",authors:[{id:"321152",title:"Prof.",name:"Bhargavi",surname:"Dalal",slug:"bhargavi-dalal",fullName:"Bhargavi Dalal"},{id:"331082",title:"Dr.",name:"Sampada",surname:"Kukarni",slug:"sampada-kukarni",fullName:"Sampada Kukarni"}],corrections:null},{id:"73287",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications and Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93660",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-applications-and-challenges",totalDownloads:712,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) allow innovative applications and involve non-conventional models for the design of procedures owing to some limitations. Due to the necessity for low device complication and low consumption of energy, an appropriate equilibrium among communication and signal processing abilities should be instituted. This stimulates an enormous effort in research actions, standardisation procedure, as well as manufacturing investments on this aspect since the preceding years. Therefore, this chapter aims at presenting a summary of WSNs machineries, foremost applications and values, structures in WSNs project, and the developments drawn from some evidence and meta-data-based survey and assessments. Precisely, some applications, such as those based on ecological monitoring, and design approaches that emphasise a real implementation are discussed briefly. The trends and conceivable developments are outlined. Emphasis is given to “the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 technology” that enables several applications of WSNs. Hence, it is anticipated that this chapter would serve as an introductory aspect on the applications and challenges of WSNs for persons interested in WSNs.",signatures:"Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, Ituabhor Odesanya, Silas Soo Tyokighir, Rout George Kerry, Akinola Samson Olayinka and Ayodotun Oluwafemi Bobadoye",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73287",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73287",authors:[{id:"322695",title:"Dr.",name:"Kingsley Eghonghon",surname:"Ukhurebor",slug:"kingsley-eghonghon-ukhurebor",fullName:"Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor"},{id:"327049",title:"Dr.",name:"Ituabhor",surname:"Odesanya",slug:"ituabhor-odesanya",fullName:"Ituabhor Odesanya"},{id:"327050",title:"MSc.",name:"Silas Soo",surname:"Tyokighir",slug:"silas-soo-tyokighir",fullName:"Silas Soo Tyokighir"},{id:"327373",title:"Mr.",name:"Rout George",surname:"Kerry",slug:"rout-george-kerry",fullName:"Rout George Kerry"},{id:"327898",title:"Dr.",name:"Akinola Samson",surname:"Olayinka",slug:"akinola-samson-olayinka",fullName:"Akinola Samson Olayinka"},{id:"328545",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayodotun Oluwafemi",surname:"Bobadoye",slug:"ayodotun-oluwafemi-bobadoye",fullName:"Ayodotun Oluwafemi Bobadoye"}],corrections:null},{id:"73741",title:"Design Model and Deployment Fashion of Wireless Sensor Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94256",slug:"design-model-and-deployment-fashion-of-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:275,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ease deployment of Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the harsh and hard environment possesses a paved because the way it is. They are formed by sensor nodes which are responsible for examining environmental and corporal conditions to perform data processing. In this chapter, the manner of deployment will be presented, and how they communicate over a wireless link to unite the necessities of a specific application will be shown.",signatures:"Sana Akourmis, Youssef Fakhri and Moulay Driss Rahmani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73741",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73741",authors:[{id:"321533",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sana",surname:"Akourmis",slug:"sana-akourmis",fullName:"Sana Akourmis"},{id:"328367",title:"Prof.",name:"Youssef",surname:"Fakhri",slug:"youssef-fakhri",fullName:"Youssef Fakhri"},{id:"328682",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Driss",surname:"Rahmani",slug:"moulay-driss-rahmani",fullName:"Moulay Driss Rahmani"}],corrections:null},{id:"75056",title:"An Algorithmic Approach to the Node Selection Problem in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93692",slug:"an-algorithmic-approach-to-the-node-selection-problem-in-industrial-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSN) are the special class of WSN where it faces many challenges like improving process efficiency and meet the financial requirement of the industry. Most of the IWSNs contains a large number of sensor nodes over the deployment field. Due to lack of predetermined network infrastructure demands, IWSNs to deploy a minimum number of sink nodes and maintain network connectivity with other sensor nodes. Capacitated Sink Node Placement Problem (CSNPP) finds its application in the Industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN), for the appropriate placement of sink nodes. The problem of placing a minimum number of sink nodes in a weighted topology such that each sink node should have a maximum number of sensor nodes within the given capacity is known as Capacitated Sink Node Placement Problem. This chapter proposes a heuristic based approach to solve Capacitated Sink Node Placement Problem.",signatures:"Veeramani Sonai and Indira Bharathi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75056",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75056",authors:[{id:"321148",title:"Dr.",name:"Veeramani",surname:"Sonai",slug:"veeramani-sonai",fullName:"Veeramani Sonai"},{id:"321150",title:"Ms.",name:"Indira",surname:"Bharathi",slug:"indira-bharathi",fullName:"Indira Bharathi"}],corrections:null},{id:"73531",title:"Data Aggregation Scheme Using Multiple Mobile Agents in Wireless Sensor Network",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93587",slug:"data-aggregation-scheme-using-multiple-mobile-agents-in-wireless-sensor-network",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of large number of sensor nodes densely deployed in monitoring area with sensing, wireless communications and computing capabilities. In recent times, wireless sensor networks have used the concept of mobile agent for reducing energy consumption and for effective data collection. The fundamental functionality of WSN is to collect and return data from the sensor nodes. Data aggregation’s main goal is to gather and aggregate data in an efficient manner. In data gathering, finding the optimal itinerary planning for the mobile agent is an important step. However, a single mobile agent itinerary planning approach suffers from two drawbacks, task delay and large size of the mobile agent as the scale of the network is expanded. To overcome these drawbacks, this research work proposes: (i) an efficient data aggregation scheme in wireless sensor network that uses multiple mobile agents for aggregating data and transferring it to the sink based on itinerary planning and (ii) an attack detection using TS fuzzy model on multi-mobile agent-based data aggregation scheme is shortly named as MDTSF model.",signatures:"Mohamed Younis Mohamed Alzarroug and Wilson Jeberson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73531",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73531",authors:[{id:"322462",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Younis Mohamed Alzarroug",slug:"mohamed-younis-mohamed-alzarroug",fullName:"Mohamed Younis Mohamed Alzarroug"},{id:"322468",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilson",surname:"Jeberson",slug:"wilson-jeberson",fullName:"Wilson Jeberson"}],corrections:null},{id:"73535",title:"Data Collection Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93659",slug:"data-collection-protocols-in-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:371,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, wireless sensor networks have became the effective solutions for a wide range of IoT applications. The major task of this network is data collection, which is the process of sensing the environment, collecting relevant data, and sending them to the server or BS. In this chapter, classification of data collection protocols are presented with the help of different parameters such as network lifetime, energy, fault tolerance, and latency. To achieve these parameters, different techniques such as multi-hop, clustering, duty cycling, network coding, aggregation, sink mobility, directional antennas, and cross-layer solutions have been analyzed. The drawbacks of these techniques are discussed. Finally, the future work for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks is discussed.",signatures:"Koppala Guravaiah, Arumugam Kavitha and Rengaraj Leela Velusamy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73535",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73535",authors:[{id:"321991",title:"Dr.",name:"Koppala",surname:"Guravaiah",slug:"koppala-guravaiah",fullName:"Koppala Guravaiah"},{id:"326404",title:"Dr.",name:"Rengaraj Leela",surname:"Velusamy",slug:"rengaraj-leela-velusamy",fullName:"Rengaraj Leela Velusamy"},{id:"326405",title:"Mrs.",name:"Kavitha",surname:"A.",slug:"kavitha-a.",fullName:"Kavitha A."}],corrections:null},{id:"73540",title:"WSN for Event Detection Applications: Deployment, Routing, and Data Mapping Using AI",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94085",slug:"wsn-for-event-detection-applications-deployment-routing-and-data-mapping-using-ai",totalDownloads:178,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the 20th century, computers were senseless brains, but today, thanks to sensor networks, they can feel things for themselves. This major trend has given rise to many wireless sensor networks with the ability to sense the environment, deliver findings and process those data appropriately. Within this trend, this chapter outlines deployment and routing strategies as well as data handling practices. For convenience, the most encompassing application to consider is that of event detection.",signatures:"Kamel Abbassi, Mohamed Hechmi Jeridi and Tahar Ezzedine",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73540",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73540",authors:[{id:"326862",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mohamed Hechmi",surname:"Jeridi",slug:"mohamed-hechmi-jeridi",fullName:"Mohamed Hechmi Jeridi"},{id:"329952",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kamel",surname:"Abbassi",slug:"kamel-abbassi",fullName:"Kamel Abbassi"},{id:"331709",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahar",surname:"Ezzedine",slug:"tahar-ezzedine",fullName:"Tahar Ezzedine"}],corrections:null},{id:"73250",title:"Swarm Intelligence-Based Bio-Inspired Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93516",slug:"swarm-intelligence-based-bio-inspired-framework-for-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:361,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are gaining immense popularity as a result of their wide potential applications in industry, military, and academia such as military surveillance, agricultural monitoring, industrial automation, and smart homes. Currently, WSN has garnered tremendous significance as it is has become the core component of the Internet of Things (IOT) area. Modern-day applications need a high level of security and quick response mechanism to deal with the emerging data trends where the response is measured in terms of latency, throughput, and scalability. Further, critical security issues need to be considered due to various types of threats and attacks WSNs are exposed to as they are deployed in harsh and hostile environments unattended in most of the mission critical applications. The fact that a complex sensor network consisting of simple computing units has similarities with specific animal communities, whose members are often very simple but produce together more sophisticated and capable entities. Thus, from an algorithmic viewpoint, bio-inspired framework such as swarm intelligence technology may provide valuable alternative to solve the large scale optimization problems that occur in wireless sensor networks. Self-organization, on the other hand, can be useful for distributed control and management tasks. In this chapter, swarm intelligence and social insects-based approaches developed to deal with a bio-inspired networking framework are presented. The proposed approaches are designed to tackle the challenges and issues in the WSN field such as large scale networking, dynamic nature, resource constraints, and the need for infrastructure-less and autonomous operation having the capabilities of self-organization and survivability. This chapter covers three phases of the research work carried out toward building a framework. First phase involves development of SIBER-XLP model, Swarm Intelligence Based Efficient Routing protocol for WSN with Improved Pheromone Update Model, and Optimal Forwarder Selection Function which chooses an optimal path from source to the sink to forward the packets with the sole objective to improve the network lifetime by balancing the energy among the nodes in the network and at the same time selecting good quality links along the path to guarantee that node energy is not wasted due to frequent retransmissions. The second phase of the work develops a SIBER-DELTA model, which represents Swarm Intelligence Based Efficient Routing protocol for WSN taking into account Distance, Energy, Link Quality, and Trust Awareness. WSNs are prone to behavior related attacks due to the misbehavior of nodes in forwarding the packets. Hence, trust aware routing is important not only to protect the information but also to protect network performance from degradation and protect network resources from undue consumption. Finally, third phase of the work involves the development of SIBER-DELTAKE hybrid model, an improved ACO-KM-ECC trust aware routing protocol based on ant colony optimization technique using K-Medoids (KM) algorithm for the formation of clusters with Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC). KM yields efficiency in setting up a cluster head and ECC mechanism enables secure routing with key generation and management. This model takes into account various critical parameters like distance, energy, link quality, and trust awareness to discover efficient routing.",signatures:"Abdul Rahim Naseer, Vontela Neelima and Gugulothu Narsimha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73250",authors:[{id:"142338",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Rahim",surname:"Naseer",slug:"abdul-rahim-naseer",fullName:"Abdul Rahim Naseer"},{id:"329249",title:"Dr.",name:"V.",surname:"Neelima",slug:"v.-neelima",fullName:"V. Neelima"},{id:"329250",title:"Dr.",name:"G.",surname:"Narsimha",slug:"g.-narsimha",fullName:"G. Narsimha"}],corrections:null},{id:"74777",title:"Energy Saving Hierarchical Routing Protocol in WSN",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93595",slug:"energy-saving-hierarchical-routing-protocol-in-wsn",totalDownloads:161,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) bring a new era of connected on-demand embedding systems which are mostly resource constrained. Despite of having design and operational challenges in real-time, WSN is currently being deployed for wide range of applications where traditional networking systems are most of time unfeasible. The prime focus of the study is to realize the significance of energy efficient routing in WSN. The core motivation is derived by addressing energy problems of WSN. An extensive analysis drawn from reviewing literatures, clearly shows that very few studies incorporated optimization towards modeling the routing schema. This chapter introduces a methodology consisting of three different types of analytical modeling where two of them focus on energy efficient clustering and another one is integrated to attain higher degree of security during data aggregation. The chapter basically provides an insight into the background of the problem which is related with the energy and security in WSN and also further provides preliminary information regarding the research overview. Further the study performs a thorough investigation on existing literatures to extract the open research problem. It basically highlights the gap which still exists and does not meet the requirements of proper energy and security demands. Literature survey on hierarchical protocols of WSN and their basic characteristics towards energy conservation is performed.",signatures:"C. Parvathi and Suresha Talanki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74777",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74777",authors:[{id:"321517",title:"Dr.",name:"Parvathi",surname:"C",slug:"parvathi-c",fullName:"Parvathi C"},{id:"322940",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresha",surname:"Talanki",slug:"suresha-talanki",fullName:"Suresha Talanki"}],corrections:null},{id:"73191",title:"Research on Polling Control System in Wireless Sensor Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93507",slug:"research-on-polling-control-system-in-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:266,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To solve the problem of multi-priority and multi-business tasks in wireless sensor networks, a two-level polling control system is proposed based on the basic polling system. The system divides the sites into ordinary sites and high-priority site according to business priorities. The ordinary sites use gated services, and the high-priority sites use exhaustive services. The mathematical model of the system is established by using the method of Markov chain and probability generating function, and the important parameters such as query period, throughput, average queue length and average delay are obtained. The simulation results are approximately equal to the theoretical calculation results, which shows that the theoretical analysis method is correct and effective. While distinguishing priority services, the system ensures the delay of users and improves the quality of service of the polling system.",signatures:"Zhijun Yang and Lei Mao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73191",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73191",authors:[{id:"322345",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zhijun",surname:"Yang",slug:"zhijun-yang",fullName:"Zhijun Yang"},{id:"327260",title:"MSc.",name:"Lei",surname:"Mao",slug:"lei-mao",fullName:"Lei Mao"}],corrections:null},{id:"73950",title:"Cross-Layer Inference in WSN: From Methods to Experimental Validation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93848",slug:"cross-layer-inference-in-wsn-from-methods-to-experimental-validation",totalDownloads:336,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the fundamentals of distributed inference problem in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is addressed and the statistical theoretical foundations to several applications is provided. The chapter adopts a statistical signal processing perspective and focusses on distributed version of the binary-hypothesis test for detecting an event as correctly as possible. The fusion center is assumed to be equipped with multiple antennas collecting and processing the information. The inference problem that is solved, primarily concerns the robust detection of a phenomenon of interest (for example, environmental hazard, oil/gas leakage, forest fire). The presence of multiple antennas at both transmit and receive sides resembles a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system and allows for utilization of array processing techniques providing spectral efficiency, fading mitigation and low energy sensor adoption. The problem is referred to as MIMO decision fusion. Subsequently, both design and evaluation (simulated and experimental) of these fusion approaches is presented for this futuristic WSN set-up.",signatures:"Indrakshi Dey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73950",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73950",authors:[{id:"321151",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrakshi",surname:"Dey",slug:"indrakshi-dey",fullName:"Indrakshi Dey"}],corrections:null},{id:"74198",title:"Queries Processing in Wireless Sensor Network",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94749",slug:"queries-processing-in-wireless-sensor-network",totalDownloads:199,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For the super-excellence applications used to control the water level in rivers, temperature handles a very large volume of information and does not stop constantly changing. These spatio-temporal data collected by a network of sensors form a set of thematic, integrated, non-volatile and historical data organized to help decision-making. Usually this process is performed with temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal queries. This in turn increases the execution time of the query load. In the literatures, several techniques have been identified such as materialized views (MV), indexes, fragmentation, scheduling, and buffer management. These techniques do not consider the update of the request load and the modification at the database level. In this chapter, we propose an optimal dynamic selection solution based on indexes and VMs. the solution is optimal when it meets the entire workload with a reasonable response time. The proposed approach supports modification at the database level and at the workload level to ensure the validity of the optimal solution for this the knapsack algorithm was used.",signatures:"Kamel Abbassi and Tahar Ezzedine",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74198",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74198",authors:[{id:"329952",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kamel",surname:"Abbassi",slug:"kamel-abbassi",fullName:"Kamel Abbassi"},{id:"332253",title:"Dr.",name:"Taher",surname:"Ezzedine",slug:"taher-ezzedine",fullName:"Taher Ezzedine"}],corrections:null},{id:"73173",title:"Interference Mapping in 3D for High-Density Indoor IoT Deployments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93581",slug:"interference-mapping-in-3d-for-high-density-indoor-iot-deployments",totalDownloads:358,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Deployment of practical Internet of Things (IoT) in the context of 5G can be hindered by substantial interference and spectrum limitations, especially in the unlicensed frequency bands. Due to the high density of such devices in indoor scenarios, the need for interference characterization which facilitates more effective spectrum utilization is further emphasized. This chapter studies the influence of diverse scenarios for the dense placement of interferers on the spectrum occupancy through the use of 3D interference maps for two popular IoT technologies—LoRa and Wi-Fi. The experiments are performed with software-defined radio (SDR) platforms in real time and an automated positioning tool which provides the measurements to characterize the interference in 3D space. The findings demonstrate a nonuniform character of the interference and the significant impact of fading within the width, height, and length of the examined area. They suggest the role of dynamic relocation for realistic IoT scenarios.",signatures:"Antoni Ivanov, Viktor Stoynov, Kliment Angelov, Radostin Stefanov, Dimitar Atamyan, Krasimir Tonchev and Vladimir Poulkov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73173",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73173",authors:[{id:"18206",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Poulkov",slug:"vladimir-poulkov",fullName:"Vladimir Poulkov"},{id:"322474",title:"Dr.",name:"Antoni",surname:"Ivanov",slug:"antoni-ivanov",fullName:"Antoni Ivanov"},{id:"322481",title:"Dr.",name:"Viktor",surname:"Stoynov",slug:"viktor-stoynov",fullName:"Viktor Stoynov"},{id:"328283",title:"Dr.",name:"Kliment",surname:"Angelov",slug:"kliment-angelov",fullName:"Kliment Angelov"},{id:"328284",title:"Mr.",name:"Radostin",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"radostin-stefanov",fullName:"Radostin Stefanov"},{id:"328285",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitar",surname:"Atamyan",slug:"dimitar-atamyan",fullName:"Dimitar Atamyan"},{id:"328286",title:"Mr.",name:"Krasimir",surname:"Tonchev",slug:"krasimir-tonchev",fullName:"Krasimir Tonchev"}],corrections:null},{id:"74058",title:"Applications of Prediction Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94500",slug:"applications-of-prediction-approaches-in-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:372,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) collect data and continuously monitor ambient data such as temperature, humidity and light. The continuous data transmission of energy constrained sensor nodes is a challenge to the lifetime and performance of WSNs. The type of deployment environment is also and the network topology also contributes to the depletion of nodes which threatens the lifetime and the also the performance of the network. To overcome these challenges, a number of approaches have been proposed and implemented. Of these approaches are routing, clustering, prediction, and duty cycling. Prediction approaches may be used to schedule the sleep periods of nodes to improve the lifetime. The chapter discusses WSN deployment environment, energy conservation techniques, mobility in WSN, prediction approaches and their applications in scheduling the sleep/wake-up periods of sensor nodes.",signatures:"Felicia Engmann, Kofi Sarpong Adu-Manu, Jamal-Deen Abdulai and Ferdinand Apietu Katsriku",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74058",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74058",authors:[{id:"321798",title:"Mrs.",name:"Felicia",surname:"Engmann",slug:"felicia-engmann",fullName:"Felicia Engmann"},{id:"333585",title:"Dr.",name:"Kofi Sarpong",surname:"Adu-Manu",slug:"kofi-sarpong-adu-manu",fullName:"Kofi Sarpong Adu-Manu"},{id:"333586",title:"Prof.",name:"Ferdinand Apietu",surname:"Katsriku",slug:"ferdinand-apietu-katsriku",fullName:"Ferdinand Apietu Katsriku"},{id:"333587",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamal-Deen",surname:"Abdulai",slug:"jamal-deen-abdulai",fullName:"Jamal-Deen Abdulai"}],corrections:null},{id:"73327",title:"Innovative Wearable Sensors Based on Hybrid Materials for Real-Time Breath Monitoring",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93658",slug:"innovative-wearable-sensors-based-on-hybrid-materials-for-real-time-breath-monitoring",totalDownloads:635,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter will present the importance of innovative hybrid materials for the development of a new generation of wearable sensors and the high impact on improving patient’s health care. Suitable conductive nanoparticles when embedded into a polymeric or glass host matrix enable the fabrication of flexible sensor capable to perform automatic monitoring of human vital signs. Breath is a key vital sign, and its continuous monitoring is very important including the detection of sleep apnea. Many research groups work to develop wearable devices capable to monitor continuously breathing activity in different conditions. The tendency of integrating wearable sensors into garment is becoming more popular. The main reason is because textile is surrounding us 7 days a week and 24 h a day, and it is easy to use by the wearer without interrupting their daily activities. Technologies based on contact/noncontact and textile sensors for breath detection are addressed in this chapter. New technology based on multi-material fiber antenna opens the door to future methods of noninvasive and flexible sensor network for real-time breath monitoring. This technology will be presented in all its aspects.",signatures:"Mourad Roudjane and Younès Messaddeq",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73327",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73327",authors:[{id:"322542",title:"Prof.",name:"Younes",surname:"Messaddeq",slug:"younes-messaddeq",fullName:"Younes Messaddeq"},{id:"328390",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mourad",surname:"Roudjane",slug:"mourad-roudjane",fullName:"Mourad Roudjane"}],corrections:null},{id:"74888",title:"An Evolutionary Perspective for Network Centric Therapy through Wearable and Wireless Systems for Reflex, Gait, and Movement Disorder Assessment with Machine Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95550",slug:"an-evolutionary-perspective-for-network-centric-therapy-through-wearable-and-wireless-systems-for-re",totalDownloads:262,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wearable and wireless systems have progressively evolved to achieve the capabilities of Network Centric Therapy. Network Centric Therapy comprises the application of wearable and wireless inertial sensors for the quantification of human movement, such as reflex response, gait, and movement disorders, with machine learning classification representing advanced diagnostics. With wireless access to a functional Cloud computing environment Network Centric Therapy enables subjects to be evaluated at any location of choice with Internet connectivity and expert medical post-processing resources situated anywhere in the world. The evolutionary origins leading to the presence of Network Centric Therapy are detailed. With the historical perspective and state of the art presented, future concepts are addressed.",signatures:"Robert LeMoyne and Timothy Mastroianni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74888",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74888",authors:[{id:"2168",title:"Mr.",name:"Timothy",surname:"Mastroianni",slug:"timothy-mastroianni",fullName:"Timothy Mastroianni"},{id:"197088",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"LeMoyne",slug:"robert-lemoyne",fullName:"Robert LeMoyne"}],corrections:null},{id:"74540",title:"Challenges of WSNs in IoT",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95352",slug:"challenges-of-wsns-in-iot",totalDownloads:369,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"IoT and WSNs are the prime moving force for technology in the current world. WSNs unfold their capacity day by day in almost every aspect of life. IoT enables to integrate the different devices and makes it possible to communicate with each other. It makes life easier and upgrades the application’s usage to the next level. The integration of WSNs with IoT will help to reach apical of the usage of applications. The combination of WSNs and IoT will open up new doors in almost all the possible fields however the amalgamation of both the technology needs careful consideration about bringing the both on same level. The IoT is considered a mighty giant with enormous power and capability. On the other side, WSNs are miniature having limited resources but the tremendous capability to penetrate in almost every aspect of life. WSN’s limited resources are the main concern while integrating it with the IoT. The integration will make it possible to access the sensor node from any part of the world. It implies that now the sensor node is open for any heterogeneous internet user in the world. It will cause a security issue. Moreover, the topology and addressing of WSNs are different from the normal internet which needs to be addressed during the integrations. And there are other challenges too which we discussed in depth in this chapter.",signatures:"Brijesh Kundaliya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74540",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74540",authors:[{id:"321626",title:"Mr.",name:"Brijesh",surname:"Kundaliya",slug:"brijesh-kundaliya",fullName:"Brijesh Kundaliya"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"466",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization, Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"carbon-nanotubes-synthesis-characterization-applications",bookSignature:"Siva Yellampalli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/466.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62863",title:"Dr.",name:"Siva",surname:"Yellampalli",slug:"siva-yellampalli",fullName:"Siva 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The wearable device market is currently having a worldwide profit of around $34 billion and is expected to reach above $50 billion by 2022 owing to wearables’ ease of use, flexibility, and convenience [4]. Real-time monitoring, operational efficiency, and fitness tracking are reported as main factors supporting the market growth of health wearable devices such as smart watches, smart glasses, and other wellness gadgets, with expected $12.1 billion world market by 2021 [5].
\nIn the past decade, the recent progress in developing wearable devices was more focused on monitoring physical parameters, such as motion, respiration rate, etc. [3, 6, 7]. Today, there is a great interest in evolving wearable sensors capable of detecting chemical markers relevant to the status of health. Different approaches have been applied by researchers to design and fabricate wearable biosensors for remote monitoring of metabolites and electrolytes in body fluids including tear, sweat, and saliva [3, 8, 9, 10]. A great example would be the development of small and reliable sensors that would allow continuous glucose monitoring in diabetic patients [11, 12]. Diabetes is a chronic disease that can significantly impact on quality of life and reduce life expectancy. However, diabetics can stay one step ahead of the disease by monitoring their blood glucose level to minimize the complication of the disease by proper administration of insulin. Currently, blood analysis is the gold standard method for measuring the level of glucose in patient’s blood. However, this technique cannot be applied without penetrating the skin, which can be painful and inconvenient, and requires user obedience. Therefore, current research focuses on the development of portable and wearable devices capable of continuous glucose sensing through noninvasive detection techniques.
\nA majority of the recent studies in this field have targeted the area of personalized medicine, endeavoring to develop miniaturized wearable devices featuring real-time glucose monitoring in diabetic patients [12, 13, 14, 15]. One great example is contact lens which is an ideal wearable device that can be worn for hours without any pain or discomfort [16]. Integration of glucose biosensors into contact lenses has recently been demonstrated by several research groups [9, 17, 18]. However, the level of glucose in tear fluid is very low (0.1–0.6 mM), requiring a high sensitivity of the sensor for picking up the signal from expected chemical reaction [3, 19]. Yao et al. [16] have fabricated a contact lens with integrated sensor for continuous tear glucose monitoring with wireless communication system over a distance of several centimeters. The sensor demonstrated a fast response of 20 s with a minimum detection of less than 0.01 mM glucose, which is 10–60 times lower than glucose level in human tear [16].
\nIn addition to glucose, lactate is an important metabolite in the human body, which gets converted into l-lactate under hypoxic condition [20]. l-Lactate levels in tear fluid is about 1–5 mmol L−1, which might increase significantly due to some heath conditions including ischemia, inadequate tissue oxygenation, stroke, and different types of cancer [21]. Thomas et al. [22] demonstrated an invasive detection of lactate in human tear by integrating an amperometric lactate sensor with Pt working (WE) and reference (RE) electrodes as well as a counter electrode (CE) as current drain, on a polymer-based contact lens, measuring lactate in situ in human tears without any need for physical sampling [22].
\nVery recently, Park et al. [17] reported a novel approach for fabricating fully transparent and stretchable smart contact lens capable of wirelessly monitoring the level of glucose in the tears of diabetic patients. Figure 1 shows the layout of fabricated devices made of glucose sensors, wireless circuit, and display pixel on soft and transparent contact lens substrate (Figure 1a and b). The circuit diagram of the device is illustrated in Figure 1a, with radio frequency antenna receiving signals from a transmitter and a rectifier converting the signals to DC (Figure 1a and c). A continuous network of ultralong Ag nanofibers was used as stretchable electrodes for the antenna and interconnects (Figure 1d). In the case of any change in the concentration of glucose in tear, the sensor resistance changes resulting in the light-emitting diode (LED) pixel turning on or off. The device was tested in vitro using a live rabbit, providing substantial finding for smart contact lenses as one of the promising wearable devices in healthcare system [17].
\n(a) (i) Schematic illustration and (ii) operation of the soft, smart contact lens and (iii) the circuit diagram of the smart contact lens system. The soft, smart contact lens is composed of (b) a hybrid substrate; (c) functional devices including rectifier, LED, and glucose sensor; and (d) a transparent, stretchable conductor for antenna and interconnects [
In addition to tear, sweat electrolyte concentrations and blood serum are related [2, 8]. As one of the most readily accessible human biofluids, a great deal of information about the human body and its physical performance could be obtained via monitoring sweat electrolyte concentrations [23, 24]. Several groups have reported the key biomarkers in human sweat (e.g., sodium level, pH change, lactate concentration) relevant to human health and well-being, for monitoring athletic performance during sporting activities [25]. Jia et al. fabricated a skin-worn tattoo-based sensor for real-time monitoring of lactate in human sweat, offering substantial benefits for biomedical as well as sport applications [25]. In another approach, Curto et al. [26] fabricated a wearable and flexible microfluidic platform capable of monitoring changes in the sweat pH in real time. Anastasova et al. [27] developed a flexible microfluidic device for real-time monitoring of metabolite such as lactate as well as electrolytes such as pH and sodium in human sweat. Recently, Gao et al. [28] developed a flexible and wearable device (Figure 2) made of arrays of sensors for real-time monitoring of heavy metals, such as Zn, Cu, and Hg in human sweat. The device fabrication method is presented in Figure 2a, showing the deposition and stripping steps on microelectrodes. The sensing mechanism was based on an electrochemical detection of targeted heavy metals through four microelectrodes, including Au and Bi working electrodes, Ag reference electrode, and an Au counter electrode (Figure 2b and c). The fabricated device demonstrated high stability and selectivity toward heavy metals, providing a great platform to advancing the field of wearable biosensors for healthcare application, via monitoring the level of some heavy metals in human sweat [28]. A balanced level of Zn is necessary in the human body as a low and high Zn concentration can lead to pneumonia and liver damages, respectively [29, 30]. High level of Cu in the human body can lead to several diseases including Wilson’s disease and heart, kidney, and liver failures as well as brain diseases [31, 32]. The fabricated device demonstrated high stability and selectivity toward heavy metals, providing a great platform to advancing the field of wearable biosensors for healthcare application [28].
\n(a) A schematic showing the concept of deposition and stripping on microelectrodes. (b) A schematic showing the composition of the microsensor array. (c) Optical image of a flexible sensor array interfacing with a flexible printed circuit connector [
Saliva, as a great diagnostic fluid, can be used in personal health devices for real-time monitoring of chemical markers including salivary lactate analysis [33]. Chai et al. developed a saliva nanosensor with a radio-frequency identification tag, integrated into dental implants for detecting cardiac biomarkers in saliva and predicting close heart attack in patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases [34]. In another approach, an instrumented mouthguard was designed and fabricated by Kim et al. [35] for measuring salivary uric acid levels which could be a biomarker for several diseases including hyperuricemia, gout, physical stress, and renal syndrome. The fabricated device showed high selectivity and sensitivity to low level of uric acid as well as great stability during a 4-h operation period [35]. Mannoor et al. [36] developed a hybrid biosensor made of graphene layers printed onto water-soluble silk, for noninvasive detection of bacteria through body fluids including sweat and saliva. This graphene/silk hybrid device illustrated an extremely high sensitivity to bacteria in body fluid with detection limits down to a single bacterium [36]. In addition, the fabricated device provided the potential users with battery-free operation and wireless communication system via radio frequency [36]. Arakawa et al. [37] designed and fabricated a salivary sensor equipped with a wireless measurement system, embedded onto a mouthguard support, featuring a high sensitivity toward detection of glucose over a range of 5–1000 μmol L−1. The device demonstrated a great stability during a 5-h real-time glucose monitoring period in an artificial saliva with a phantom jaw [37]. In a similar approach, de Castro et al. [38] developed a microfluidic paper-based device integrated into a mouthguard, for continues monitoring of glucose and nitrite in human saliva. The saliva samples were collected from periodontitis and/or diabetes patients as well as healthy individuals. The fabricated device featured a low detection limit of 27 and 7 μmol L−1 for glucose and nitrite, respectively [38].
\nIn summary, there is a great potential for micro- and nanosensors’ integration into healthcare monitoring devices, developing new technologies for noninvasive detection of diseases in the human body. Flexible wearable devices offer promising capabilities in real-time monitoring of body fluids including tear, sweat, and saliva. However, more research is required to expand the use of wearable platforms in continuous analysis of body fluids, providing reliable real-time detection of targeting ions and proteins, among other complex analytes.
\nFrom February 2020 our lives have changed in an unexpected way. While we are writing our reflections the spread of the contagion is worrying because of unexpected variants of the virus, and the emergency cannot be considered over. Therefore, it is necessary to think of this writing as an outline of reflection on this enormous change that we have been going through for more than a year now.
Some food for thought will therefore concern the effects on our existence, physical and psychological (if we still want to consider them separately), of the perception that a foreign body is spreading among us, putting our safety at risk, and of the limitations implemented by governments to contain its spread.
The interruption of all activities that accompanied our daily routine, although destabilizing, can be an opportunity to highlight and bring reflections on some assumptions and some changes that have characterized our lives in recent years, without our full attendance.
Suddenly space, time, relationships, everyday life, the sense of our proceeding, have taken on different colors. Reactions have been progressively more differentiated, and only in the coming years, with a look less immersed in the phenomenon, it will be possible to have a reading with more defined boundaries and to understand the long-term effects.
What we would like to present in this work are the first impressions gathered in this first period, in the exchange with patients, with colleagues, and in our daily life immersed ourselves in this same reality. In Victor Turner’s words, we are in the midst of a liminal phase where everything is possible except returning to the previous state [1].
If we had been asked to think about what a pandemic would have been like and how we would have inhabited it, we would probably not have imagined it that way. We are likely more inclined to imagine impactful events, delimited in time and definitive, in which little can be done, if not heroic acts that are the prerogative of a few.
In fact, the spread of Sars-CoV-2, for more than a year now, has changed our world as we knew it, not so much in a sudden and evident way, but by transforming that fabric of habits and implications which structure and move our existence. In an anthropological reading of the pandemic, Tosetto recalls the concept of “total social fact” by Marcel Mauss, precisely to define “a significant event for the majority of society that has repercussions on the practices and beliefs of all of us” [2]. We all remember how this emergency initially affected our lives here in Europe; it initially felt as a distant fact that would not concern us, with manifestations of intolerance or solidarity towards citizens of Chinese origin (or Asian in general), with growing concern and disbelief when we realized that the virus was already circulating widely in our territory and in our community, and few days later (at least here in Italy), with drastic and strongly impacting daily life measures, which still characterize it to a great extent. Pietro Saitta [3], in his comment on Covid-19 as a “cultural and political object”, observes how “the times of suspended normality are those that better illuminate the ordinary than others”. In fact, the outbreak of a social matter that interrupts and alters normality “highlights the relationships and tics of everyday life in times of peace”. This alteration of “normality” allows us to highlight some assumed assumptions, automatisms and functioning that have become inherent part of our cosmology, they normally belong more to a pre-reflective and implicit sphere, something that directs us without even realizing it.
Again Tosetto [2] observes that the pandemic has precisely “reconfigured our practices relating to movement and communication, it has broken the balance between these two dimensions, which the anthropologist Arjun Appadurai identifies as the foundations of globalized modernity”. A halt in the movement that has long characterized our realities, both on a small and large scale; the possibility of moving so quickly and in so many people to the other side of the world has to be considered, actually, something recent and certainly impacting. A revolution that is grafted onto another revolution in progress, the latter which seemed indisputable and unstoppable. This arrest of concrete spatial movement has been accompanied by an enormous expansion of the use of technological devices to communicate and keep contact spaces, which were suddenly interrupted, open. We are hardly fully aware of the era in which we live in, of the transformations underway, of the direction that some aspects are taking; however, when something so imposing is looming, we are given the opportunity to become more aware of what is moving-with-us. In the first lockdown phase (it is identified as the months from March to May 2020, taking as reference the first measures to contain the spread of the virus taken by the Italian government), it was common to read some comforting slogan like “everything will be fine” and “we will make it” that accompanied a sense of human and national solidarity, which characterized the first phase of this emergency period. But another feeling also arised and it was represented by another sentence, which appeared in different languages and in different contexts: “We won’t return to normality, because normality was the problem”.
In the first period of pandemic emergency, a shared experience of shock, led to mobilize as much energy as possible to stay alive (some on the front line putting all their effort to do the best possible to ensure adequate care, some immobilizing to stop the contagion), but there was also a sudden realization of some changes, and perhaps limits, previously denied or even just poorly enlightened.
The post Coronavirus is as disturbing as the crisis itself, in fact many share the idea that the world will no longer be what it was before, but what will it be then? We have entered the era of uncertainty, the unpredictable future is now in gestation [4]. In a short time, we have passed from the uncertainty about the origin of the virus to its propagation, its mutations, its treatments as well as its political, social, psychological and planetary consequences.
The human being is phylogenetically ready to respond to sudden and adverse events, mobilizing as much energy as possible to survive. If we refer to the psychotraumatological studies and evidence [5, 6, 7, 8], we can consider the first period of this pandemic as the traumatic event that we were ready to respond to, despite the subjective differences of the case, mainly with subcortical activations and with almost automatic mechanisms and with poor reflexive mediation. The possible answers in situations of extreme danger are attack, escape and, as a last resort, collapse, when the first two fail or are impossible. Much has been said about the terminology and the metaphor of war used to talk about this pandemic [9], the concept of enemy often used to identify the virus risks of creating a real misunderstanding, thus mobilizing incorrect reactions that could increase the sense of helplessness. Precisely, a visible enemy allows confrontation or escape but in front of this invisible entity, we cannot attack and even escaping is difficult. Is therefore collapse, or to a lesser degree denial, the only exit strategy, in conditions of grave danger where the only solution is “pretending to be dead”? However, if we pause on the metaphor of war, widely used in some countries to talk about this pandemic, we could ask ourselves: what kind of war? Then perhaps this comparison can be useful, in another way, to linger on some questions about the duration of some events. Probably no one at the beginning of a war would think of a long duration, perhaps of years; also as a psychic defense mechanism, we are led to see that event as point-like and not lasting, probably only this way we could have the energy and strength to cope with it. So it seems to be like this also for this pandemic which is still ongoing while we are writing and it is not over yet and certainly it is not a blitzkrieg. What kind of reactions, in the short, medium and long term, are therefore possible? Over time it will be more likely to understand the responses prevailing in the different phases of this pandemic, and the long-term effects that certain reactions can have, on the functioning of the I-Subject and on its auto-hetero-regulation, in the continuous exchange with the reality [10].
It is also interesting to mention the impact of the restrictions implemented to contain the contagion, here in Italy managed from October onwards through a system of zones (different colors have been used to indicate the greater or lesser danger and therefore the need for more or less stringent measures). In a discussion with colleagues and in the exchange with patients it was possible to collect an observation that we consider interesting to highlight: it was reported how this repeated scenario changes created a succession of “last days”, “last times”, “last meetings”. If on one hand the gradualness can be considered easier for our psychic apparatus to digest, on the other hand the continuous change of state might have created an emotional instability, whose long-term outcomes will only be understood in the future.
The issue of time, which we will discuss later, can help us understand the different observed behaviour as well as the different experiences, of citizens between the first and second phase. The first phase was characterized by a greater readiness to accep indications, the need to receive and show solidarity, and a poor differentiation of behaviors. In the second phase, however, the single management and the climate of sharing and solidarity seem to have left room for different positions, contrasts and less willingness to waive.
It is difficult to say whether precise temporal criteria for defining a state of emergency exist, from a sociological point of view; from the psychological point of view, the difference between a traumatic event delimited in time and what is defined as a prolonged trauma, a traumatic atmosphere, makes the possible outcomes of these events different from each other. A distinction between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and what is recognized, by various authors dealing with trauma, such as Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (it has recently joined the European diagnostic categorization ICD-11, not so for the DSM-5) consists in a more pervasive and destructuring impact on the personality, and concerns etiopathogenetic situations prolonged over time and often with a characteristic of impossibility to escape [11].
It is not possible here to go into clinical reflections on the psychic outcomes of the pandemic, but we can reflect on the prolonged duration of this situation and ask ourselves if it is still possible to consider it “emergency”. Indeed, it is not possible even at the time we are writing to consider this period behind us, so we are forced to reflect “in vivo”, probably in a strongly embodied way, which has not yet left room for reflexivity, as we usually define it, that is, detached from what we are experiencing at a precise moment. A question that will be discussed more deeply later on, concerns precisely the space for reflection and understanding, not in the “après-coup”, as we are used to, but initiated at the same time as the event, especially if it is excessively long.
In the various conversations we had with patients and colleagues in this period, and no less in personal experience, it was soon evident that the experience of time gradually assumed curvatures that we are not used to. We tend, perhaps also for psychic economy, to conceive time in a linear and non-contradictory sense. Having worked for some time with traumatized patients, accustomed to temporal leaps and contradictions in autobiographical narratives, it was soon evident to us that what was happening followed this temporal circularity, which tends to curl up around the subject, isolated and plundered by those routines that allow to “keep things in order”.
In personal life, time became more and more relative, normative criteria (such as data and recurrences) less usable, no longer responded to perceptions of speed/slowness, brevity/length; it was simply something else. It was a suspended time, which followed the tendency to put what was happening in brackets, waiting to return to normality, or on the contrary to absolutize it, as when we are experiencing such intense pain that we have the feeling that it will last forever [5]. In conversations with patients, or in discussions among colleagues, we found ourselves clearly dividing this situation from life, as if this were not part of it, as if this were not fully and profoundly life. In the process of life, a body has been grafted which, again, we recognize as foreign, not integrable, detached from the plot of what we consider to belong to us.
The days that are always the same, the loss of the references we were used to, especially in the first long lockdown, led to a crushing of experiences and an agglutination around a theme that, more or less consciously, we only wanted out of our reality. This could be considered as a nuance of a well-known defense mechanism, which has also accompanied this pandemic situation, which helps us in the moments of greatest difficulty to cope with it: denial. If a clear denial cannot be sustained in the course of this emergency, although denial and conspiratorial positions have emerged especially in the second phase, this putting time and life in brackets can be considered a prelude to what will happen next.
Yet, it is also possible to consider this abandonment of the linearity of time and history (especially if identified with a path towards unlimited progress) as an interesting factor compared to the illusion of total domination over it. One of the issues that distinguish our time is precisely that of the use of time, the hunger we have in consuming it, filling it and never allowing ourselves to inhabit it. The feeling of never having enough time, which produces suffering and feelings of growing alienation and dissatisfaction, is precisely the mirror of our use and abuse that prevents us from being, in the continuous pursuit of doing.
Those of us who are inclined to never stop, now that we are forced to do so, we face an opportunity and “over the course of time, time passed on my steps and slowly I was filled up with forgotten things that slowly forgot me” [12].
The time we have to live cannot be chosen, for this reason, as the existentialists maintain, we are thrown into the world and the only answer we can give to our throwaway is a project of a world hopefully authentic, unique and unrepeatable, and this freedom makes man condemned to liberty [13].
Only now that the pandemic stops the world, and even our “little world”, we do realize what world we had built, public and private; and that the dimensions in which we live, time and space, have changed radically and that the space, as well as the time that we have already talked about, undergoes an identical upheaval. In fact, with the pandemic we have gone from a urban space, dense, overcrowded, full of lights, voices, sounds, to an empty, dark, silent and semi-desert space; we have gone from the density and frenzy of a thousand relationships, to a single relationship; we went from changing a thousand clothes to living in a single space wearing disused home clothes, thus stripping ourselves of desires and wearing a psycho-uniform instead and being in relationship with whoever is there, regardless of being comfortable with them or not. The multiplicity of spaces, the cosmopolitan nature of places and the speed have made room for slowness, staticity; and in this living some have felt safe closed in their dimension of semi-isolation, others facing sacrifices and sufferings have experienced a real situation of suffering and nightmare. Reflecting on what happened, one remembers the times when one could freely live our time and space, one could organize outings, a weekend, a trip, choose a film and go to the cinema or to an exhibition, conditions that assume a connotation of privilege in front of a succession of DPCM that regulate and discipline our life and thus our feeling.
In this suspended time, many people have tried to live their time differently, they have dedicated themselves to tasks that they had delegated or left aside for a long time, they have ventured into new activities, experiencing in an unusual way a being in everyday life that suddenly seemed empty.
Already in the first phase of severe restrictions, different positions were observed in regard to these new routines. There were those who appreciated a recovery of self-care time, those who could not wait to return to their previous habits and those who began to reflect on their previous lifestyle, identifying its limits and planning possible changes.
But living is something that does not only concern individuals and their doing, but above all concerns our way of being in relation to others, in community.
Containment measures, prescribing distancing and isolation (or limiting social contacts to a minimum beyond the close ones – the cohabitants - and necessary - from indispensable work), could be considered as a “collapse of collective life”, on which much of our life is based. As Van der Kolk states, “Our culture leads us to focus on our own uniqueness, but, on a deeper level, we hardly exist as individual organisms. Our brains are designed to make us function as members of a tribe. Most of our energy is spent on connecting with others” [5].
We therefore have found ourselves in a paradoxical situation in which, as observed by Giuseppe Grimaldi “avoidance rather than contact, distance rather than commonality, solitude rather than the group are reconfiguring what it means to” make community “[…] redo everyday life, however not starting from trust and closeness but from mistrust and distance” [14].
But if it is true that we are deeply social creatures [5], how can we live in this new configuration that greatly redefines the way we relate to each other? With geographic, ethnic and social differences perhaps, making community has always been conceived in the proximity of bodies. So what happens when bodies are potential vehicles of contagion, when does proximity, instead of assuming positive connotations, become a herald of danger?
At the end of February already, in Italy, the first precautions began to be suggested, avoid touching each other as much as possible, stay at a safe distance. Then the more restrictive measures came, up to isolation which, for those who lived alone and no longer went to work, became almost total, except for some fleeting encounters at the supermarket or with neighbors in proximity contexts. As much as solitude may be appreciated, those who appreciate being able to take refuge in there, this condition never corresponds, apart from exceptional situations, to a state of almost total and obligatory isolation. In psychopathological evaluation, withdrawal and isolation are indeed considered serious symptoms that distinguish severe disorders such as psychotic or important depressive states.
Tosetto [2] states in this regard: “This retreat is not a free choice of hermitage but, on the contrary, it drags behind the expectations, roles and practices we have experienced in public spaces”. The author articulates, as previously reported, the impossibility of movement and a communicative hypertrophy, made possible by the availability and wide diffusion of technological devices, which “through the transition to the virtual […] crumbles the boundaries […]”. Everyone squeezed onto the screen of a device, we translated the habits of everyday life that concerned the way we used to meet, into a deterritorialized [15] and separated level.
Starting from a relational perspective and from the affirmation that there cannot be an individual isolated from relationships with the other, even in exceptional conditions, reflections on the individual inevitably lead to come to terms with an inseparable co-presence of the individual and of the group dimension and the circularity of the relationships between these different dimensions, in a reading of “circularity of relationships” [16]. The Covid-19 emergency has brought about a revolution in and of our daily life, leading us individually and collectively to reflect on the effects that have been produced on the interaction on social ties. There is no doubt that technology has opened up new possibilities for communicating at a distance, impacting our sociality, thus reducing our opportunities to be together and relate to each other; an extreme negative example is the Hikikomori Syndrome, a pathology widely spread in recent years that describes a particular psychiatric phenomenon manifesting as a profound social withdrawal, a self-exclusion from the outside world and a total rejection of any form of relationship, if not virtual. However, the need for relationship and sociality is still evident, alive, profound: the desire to see each other, to find each other, to communicate, to hug, to aggregate and simply to be among others, remains and is placed as the “higher floors of our feeling”. The relational dimension has been undermined in its roots and through a sense of destabilization and collapse of certainties, it has forced us to deal with pervasive feelings of distrust, deception, suspicion, fear that many people have resorted to cope with in dysfunctional way of isolation and by staying at home, identifying them as a safe haven, thus leaving an indelible mark on social relationships, creating a large consumption of psychic energy, which over time, has inevitably produced, states of anxiety, frustration and boredom. Covid represents for the current Western generations the first time in which history has entered and influenced our lives in such a meaningful way that transformed their dynamics. Until before the Pandemic, “History and Politics” were perceived by most people as external dimensions to our lives, afterwards people have began to feel that they no longer have control over their lives but that they are heterodirected by exogenous factors, which have pervaded the most intimate dimensions, configuring the right to free movement and the freedom to express and live one’s desires and needs. During this period of great uncertainty, we have in fact witnessed phenomena of strong polarization between “denial and security” for example, two apparently opposing postures that have in common the impossibility of holding up, for more or less long, uncertainty, confusion and bewilderment. The continuous closures, openings, closings and reopenings that have followed one another, have exasperated a longing for return to peace, requiring a continuous and extraordinary effort. One thing in the course of these long months has become clear, Covid is a Pandemic which by its nature can be defeated only through collective actions, both as regards the infection, the treatments and the vaccine. Once again thoughts, feelings and individual actions can and must be relocated in a framework of complex globality which, as Ceruti had already argued in 2018 [17], is the great challenge of our age. The philosofer added that it is urgent to rethink our traditional paradigms and effectiveness of our established modes of human action. This challenge requires careful and weighed reflection on the nature of national identities and their “community of destiny”. Therefore, it is urgent to reflect on the psychological ties’ complexity that the members of a society feel because only in this way, in a rereading of the circularity of relationships, we could deal with the suffering and the ties of the individual and of everyone.
A lack of human contact with others, in “real” sociality, which involved an encounter of bodies, was contrasted by an excess of the presence of vulnerable, sick, dead bodies.
The discussion concerning the communication style used during this period by mass media, to describe and narrate what was happening, cannot be treated here because it deserves an analysis and a dissertation on its own. However, it is important to underline that in this period, characterized by limited possibilities of meeting, exchange and discussion, the impact that information can have is to be considered different from that of a period in which it is mediated by other methods of knowledge, less impersonal and asymmetrical. The method used to inform us about the current emergency has influenced, in an exceptional way, our thoughts and the cognitive constructions that we were building with respect to our current reality.
The body dimension is often scotomized by considering ourselves human beings, all focused on our rationality and our “higher” mental functions.
In the new everyday life the body started to assume previously unknown boundaries, the contact no longer allowed, the movements no longer natural. Other people’s bodies gradually became the bearers of potential dangers, our embarrassed way of preserving the others from the same potential danger.
The body therefore assumed an imposing nature to which we were not used to, it was through it that the virus could reproduce and stay alive, endangering our life.
Will the procedural memory and the somatosensory memory keep these “missed acts” or rather withheld, this new way of relating, this caution and this distance, necessary up to now? At the end of the emergency it will be possible and important, to evaluate the results of these limitations and the new bodily and relational configurations.
From a clinical point of view, there are several aspects to pay attention to. Having transferred the therapeutic work from the studies to the virtual platforms, has allowed to maintain a therapeutic and relational continuity, especially in this period of great changes and challenges, and it has been a way to guarantee presence and stability, but we cannot ignore the differences between the two contexts and the effects of these translations.
Fabio Dei [18] asks himself “if Freud had been able to use Skype, would he have constructed the analytic setting in a different way? Would he have renounced the coexistence of bodies and elements of material culture (the ancient and ethnic objects that crammed his office, referring with their presence, to the “archaeological” depth of the unconscious?)”. His answer tends towards yes, being psychoanalysis “a verbal therapy that avoids contact between bodies (as opposed to popular therapies studied by anthropology which are based on touch instead: yet even in these, the principle of action at a distance is valid)”. Today many psychoanalysts pay increasing attention to various factors and they do not just consider the verbal component, although, what is exchanged through language still plays a preeminent importance.But it is perhaps precisely because of, or thanks to, this sudden change that some aspects have come to light. Beyond the attention to the setting, often simplistically identified with a physical space, many therapists have paused to ask themselves the type of work possible in those new conditions, both for the state of exceptionality in which they found themselves and which involved both (we will return to this point later) and because of the differences in the new “rules” of the meeting. The tendency to “go back to doing what had always been done”, to put in brackets the consequences of the spread of this virus and the containment measures adopted, certainly also affects mental health professionals, who have been no less affected from what happened. Meeting in a completely new way has brought multiple meanings and multiple reflections; here we focus in particular on the absence of corporeality. If on one hand, as Fabio Dei observed, this new structure could be the essence of the “talking cure”, few have considered this type of meeting preferable, especially when extended over time. Knowledge, learning, change, necessarily pass from a substantial involvement, which cannot be separated from the body, precisely because it passes through it.
This same body, through which we experience our being in the world, has been discovered vulnerable, or rather rediscovered. Vulnerability, the very essence of being alive, is in our time an aspect that we would like to deny or overcome, for that more or less explicit omnipotence that distinguishes the contemporary human being. The worry of getting sick, the fear of a body contaminated by an invisible and potentially lethal being, have brought back to the center the absolute violability of the body and human existence, which we tend not to consider in our reality, especially in the so-called developed countries, where early death, but perhaps by now death in general, is considered something exceptional and unacceptable.
And the return of the body and its mortality was accompanied by death burst that could not be ritualized. Academics have recognized, among the anthropological constants, the cult of the dead and the passage between life and death, as a moment to be accompanied by collectively shared rituals.
The now well-known images of the army wagons that, in Bergamo, carry the bodies of COVID-19 victims away from the hospitals, will remain a symbol of this cultural break that highlights the state of exceptionality. As Dei affirms, we observe an “anonymization of death, and the absence of any ritual filter that helps, to use De Martino’s words, to transcend anguish in value”, and always taking up De Martino’s concept, it brings us back to the importance of groupality in order to go through this phase of transition, both for the living and for the dead, “this transcendence can only be collective, communitarian. There is no reintegration into pure individual experience” [18].
Some hypothesize, once the emergency is over, a recovery of this collective rituality, which can be reparative with respect to this cultural break that will certainly leave scars. Dei is not positive about this, however he asserts “Having studied the forms of traumatic memory, even if in contexts completely different from this one (such as the massacres of civilians in war), I feel I can foresee rather bitter memorial conflicts” [18]. The loneliness resulting from the death and loss of a loved one brings excruciating emotions and the idea of dying “alone” is the most painful and excruciating expression that one can relive. This pandemic has seen us coming to terms with the awareness that death could not be shared with anyone, that the precious little world of a loved one would disappear with all its unique memories, feelings, experiences, dreams and desires known only by the one who was disappearing, reminding him of having no importance for the people who remain and giving back in turn, to those who wanted to cry and remember that person, the human need to be able to give and have a farewell from loved ones. The mystery of death and dying is immersed in the deep waters of solitude [19]. So what distinguishes loneliness from isolation? Loneliness is defined by the relationship to the other, which does not happen in isolation, it is staying open to the world of the other, of people, of things, keeping oneself open in a meaningful relationship with others. And in this, there is the real antithesis with isolation, in which one is closed and lost to the world, in its dimension of disinterest in interpersonal and community values. The emergency saw us sink into solitude but also into isolation and in some cases found us particularly negative, monads without doors and windows and in other cases, particularly positive, capable of opening loopholes and drawbridges to the experience of the story of suffering of the other which also met ours a little.
The invitation that Nietzsche addresses to each of us is to flee into our solitude, a solitude that in a different way belongs to each of us, to be silent as the tree that rises above the sea is silent and as the stone is silent. When loneliness ends, then the market begins [20].
We faced a crisis of meaning that sees us rethinking profound categories of living and dying, confronting ourselves with desperate fears that affect and attack our body, alive and dead, and ask us to activate a deep look in trying to rethink what has always been, as it has always been: “mourning makes us human and not being able to say goodbye upsets us”, the devotion and the cult of the dead transcends religions because, as the anthropologist Marta Villa [21] says “it is an intrinsic characteristic of being human”. In the time of Covid we face a mutilated mourning and this marks a profound fracture from a historical, cultural and anthropological point of view. Forced hospitalization has prevented us from greeting our loved ones, it breaks a moment that is personal but cultural at the same time, and checkmates the possibility of the individual being able to alleviate the moment of detachment from this land with the presence of the group, not being able to thus collectively manage the pain.
The psychological repercussions of this impossibility echo a
As already said, pandemic danger, the containment measures adopted to cope with it, have suddenly made it necessary to rethink the places and methods for continuing psychotherapy with patients. The disruption of the therapeutic work has led colleagues to discuss issues connected to this particular situation in a way that has probably never happened before in terms of frequency and intensity. Multiple reflections have been made about the setting change, with very different positions, as already mentioned. However, it can be hypothesized that the majority of therapists considered it essential to give continuity to care, especially in this particular period of high stress, by finding alternative methods of meeting.
Nevertheless, it seems more interesting to us to focus on another aspect discussed in these close comparisons: what should be handled in this “new meeting space”? The Covid issue, especially in the first pandemic phase, not only became part of the topics addressed in the session, but also seemed to occupy a different space. According to the discussions we had with colleagues at that time and our own clinical experience, there seemed to be a “surplus” of reality that it was difficult to place. The feeling of losing a degree of asymmetry, which allowed the therapist to “read” the reality with sufficient distance, to be able to understand it and restore it digested, made the therapeutic work different, apparently more complex. It has been stressed by many that this “social fact” involves everyone, recognizing this situation as different and unique.
It is curious to think how, focusing on our personal reality, we sometimes forget that we are part of a world that moves together and, without having to resort to complex phenomena such as the “butterfly effect”, there is nothing that really does not concern us. We tend to see ourselves outside the world, as if we were not part of it ourselves, as if we could observe it from the outside, even protect it, forgetting that we ourselves are what we consider and define “nature” and what we destroy or protect is ourselves, inserted in our reality, deeply interconnected with it and the other living beings who inhabit it; as Siegel claimed “Ironically, we come to feel attuned to ourselves while we also attain a sense of being connected to a much larger whole” [22].
Minolli [10] observes how there is the “danger of letting oneself be taken by self-organization and eliminating the eco-organization seen as “disturbing” because they are either opposed or remain distinct as if they were two alternative aspects”.
In our clinical practice we meet people from very distant countries, defined until recently “third world” or “developing countries”, although the stories they brought, as well as their reading, may seem distant, we soon realize that we can share feelings that allow for a profound exchange in which the distance tapers until it vanishes.
This danger, which has involved everyone, has allowed us to touch this closeness, the perception that what happens even far away from us directly involves us, to the point of upsetting our daily lives.
Therefore, how is it possible to inhabit the therapeutic space by sharing experiences and sensations that have rarely crossed us in such synchrony? Is it possible to understand what is happening to us “in the heart” of the very moment in which we go through it or is it only understandable in the après-coup?
Minolli [10] identifies two levels of functioning of the I-Subject. The first level is given by the “conscience” which has the task of “maintaining coherence with the received configuration and affirming itself”. The second level is given by the “consciousness of consciousness” which allows the I-Subject to “recognize its own configuration and existing being”.
It is possible to hypothesize, although it cannot be taken for granted, that in an emergency moment the I-Subject is more inclined to keep itself alive by affirming its own coherence and only in a moment of less external pressure, the activation of the “consciousness of consciousness” leads to a grasp of what has happened in the movement. If we remain in the conception of a body subject to external stress and its reaction to this pressure, as well as in the concept of resilience as the ability to return to the initial state, we risk losing the possibility created by this grasping itself in transformation, in a movement that it can go far beyond the “initial state” from which one started.
Several authors, among which we want to mention Marcelo Viñar, a Uruguayan psychoanalyst who lived under the civil-military dictatorship, criticize the concepts of trauma and resilience because, when decontextualized, they risk “fixing” the person in a out of time and out of context state, determined without escape from the outside. Viñar [23] writes about this “for a long time I have opposed the medicalization conveyed by the concept of PTSS (Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome) and its proliferating symptomatology, just as I have equally opposed resilience and its voluntaristic normalization. From pass-partout words by which pathologization replaces reflection. In their place, we have proposed the notion of sign, replacing that of outcome, since this is characterized by the pejorative tone of the handicap; on the other hand, the sign returns the multipurpose dimension of the painful experience, both in the sense of a handicap or outcome and in the sense of creativity”.
In all these months we have been constantly engaged with every ounce of energy and by all means to avoid contagion, to maintain social distancing, hoping that the lockdown of the bodies would not irremediably translate into a lockdown of the soul and feelings, thus living the pandemic as a watershed between the world before and the world after and where no gesture, however small, can be taken for granted. In several articles and texts, the need for the presence of the other has been mentioned, the coordinates of “dematerialization” of life, as the safest way to keep everything and everyone safe, displacing so many of our functions on the network, placing the relational sphere in the abstract art of bodies. But we have lacked and we lack bodies, we miss feeling and touching that are among the highest senses as stated by Hegel, because they connote us as humans and whose lack over time, could lead to being socially and spiritually distanced humans. Anyone who has given a caress or a kiss knows that in that instant the soul comes out of itself to meet another. For that meeting we fought, we are fighting and we will fight to keep our bodies alive. With this idea of living and embodied presence, we therefore come to terms with the psychological and social effects of a prolonged time of distance learning, smartworking or homeworking, which are not necessarily immediately visible but whose prolonged effects could accompany us for a long time, and as Lingiardi argued in his recent interview [24] we do not contrast the culture of the
In the processes of the “Presence to oneself”, patient and analyst work on shared method conditions that allow an opening to the possibility of going, both beyond the other and the other made one’s own [26] facing it and taking positions about it. This is where the space of crisis and creativity is experienced and in which you can actively choose your own path. Life poses challenges to us and never, as in the past year, the challenge has been and is ongoing, with objectives to be pursued, doubts, our patients’ anxiety and our own as well, to be handled with care and attention; “The quality of creativity not only goes beyond the contents, but it is present regardless of the achievement of any objective, and the mere fact of glimpsing the light at the end of the gallery already modifies one’s walk. It is already creativity to be on the way, in motion, despite the lows and the halts, towards taking one’s life qualitatively in hand” [27]. We as therapists can only emotionally support the process, always being on the patient’s side, whatever path he may take. In this presence and creativity of being, our Resilience could reside, as the ability to be Present to what is happening in that given moment.
After this long period of distancing and the strenuous attempts to avoid contagion, the feeling of needing to touch each other again, to contaminate oneself seems to be gaining ground; the ease with which the virus passed from one body to another has shown how much considering ourselves as single and separate beings is an illusion that is still difficult to sustain. Perceiving oneself as part of a single reality can be experienced as a bond but also as an opportunity to regain possession of a us that is constitutive, not questionable, and that does not block our personal progress but on the contrary supports and enriches it, in a dance which is made up of balance and rupture, harmonic by the mere fact of existing.
During this very long period, many sessions took place online, many “meetings” had instead of the consulting room, a “virtual” setting, such as the telephone and the internet. We constantly questioned about the quality and therapeutics of these interventions, and how it was possible to continue to be so, albeit with great fatigue reported by both sides. Covid entered the sessions, not only through the rooms of the house, the children and pets that burst onto the screen, but with all its reality and emotionality, the shared reality and the concrete suffering of the historical moment, they were no longer contents brought only by the patient, did not concern him excluding the therapist from that given moment, they were our daily life, our life. As reported by the psychotherapist Nancy Mc Williams [28] the Pandemic has made our work more intimate, informal, more revealing of the real interdependence between the patient and the analyst.
The fear of Covid affected both of us. It is here, in this theory of suffering, that this conception is assumed as a condition inextricably connected to the passage. “When a system faces a passage it is inevitable that it is bad, its passage from one state to another implies a passage that is not neutral at all, because it is marked by a laborious and dense elaboration, aimed at assuming the new. This transition is not a private, individual, intrapsychic fact, but also involves the outside world and the environment. The objective of the clinical intervention cannot therefore be the elimination of suffering, neutrality, but the therapist must make sure with his or her presence, that the patient appropriates it, actively, increasing self-awareness to make himself Present to himself, and to accept his own suffering and use it to cross the ford” [29].
Therefore, there is no normality to return to, a return to a first free from suffering, but an active, creative, suffered being there, which leads us to co-construct together, patient with analyst, person with person, an “uncertain here and now” made of human beings. In this perspective of care as a social paradigm, there is an intrinsic peculiarity of the relationship that binds patient and analyst together, trusting and relying, which transforms the process of taking care into an authentic anthropological project. Even beyond the Coronavirus these aspects belong to the human being, “the extraordinary thing of our time is to be open and available to a new vision of the world and therefore of the human being” [29].
We thank the Center of Milan of SIPRe (
The authors declare no conflict of interest in preparing this paper.
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Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"58070",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72427",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. 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Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. 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Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:23,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"},{id:"80821",title:"Neuroimmunology and Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19",slug:"neuroimmunology-and-neurological-manifestations-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103026",abstract:"Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Besides respiratory symptoms due to an attack on the broncho-alveolar system, COVID-19, among others, can be accompanied by neurological symptoms because of the affection of the nervous system. These can be caused by intrusion by SARS-CoV-2 of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and direct infection of local cells. In addition, neurological deterioration mediated by molecular mimicry to virus antigens or bystander activation in the context of immunological anti-virus defense can lead to tissue damage in the CNS and PNS. In addition, cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 can lead to nervous system related symptoms. Endotheliitis of CNS vessels can lead to vessel occlusion and stroke. COVID-19 can also result in cerebral hemorrhage and sinus thrombosis possibly related to changes in clotting behavior. Vaccination is most important to prevent COVID-19 in the nervous system. There are symptomatic or/and curative therapeutic approaches to combat COVID-19 related nervous system damage that are partly still under study.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Robert Weissert"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:17},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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